Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Amos
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Transliteration) | Portuguese Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Status | Chapters | Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (YHWH, tetragrammaton) | יְהוָה (YHWH) | SENHOR (small caps) | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Critical | New (Amos) | 1-9 (pervasive) | New typographic convention not required by the NT-based baseline; must distinguish from Adonai (“Senhor,” normal case). See methodological note in 07. |
| 2 | Lord GOD (Adonai YHWH) | אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה | Senhor DEUS | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Critical | New (Amos) | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 | Compound title stressing absolute sovereign lordship; must render identically at every occurrence. |
| 3 | God | אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | Deus | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Critical | Reused (baseline) | 4:12; 9:15 | Reuse baseline god exactly. |
| 4 | Thus says the LORD | כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה | Assim diz o SENHOR | Inspiration/Authority of Prophecy | Low | New (Amos) | 1:3,6,9,11,13; 2:1,4,6 | Prophetic messenger formula; render identically throughout. |
| 5 | Declares the Lord GOD | נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה | diz o Senhor DEUS | Inspiration/Authority of Prophecy | Low | New (Amos) | 3,4,6,8,9 | Oracle-closing formula. |
| 6 | Transgression(s) | פֶּשַׁע (pesha) | transgressão(ões) | Universal Human Accountability / Judgment | High | New (Amos) | 1-2 (formula), 4:4 | Willful covenant-rebellion, stronger than generic “pecado”; do not conflate with baseline sin. |
| 7 | For three…and for four | עַל־שְׁלֹשָׁה…וְעַל־אַרְבָּעָה | por três…, e por quatro | Judgment / Rhetorical Formula | Medium | New (Amos) | 1-2 | Preserve numeric parallelism literally; do not paraphrase into vague “many sins.” |
| 8 | Fire (judgment) | אֵשׁ (esh) | fogo | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Low | New (Amos) | 1,2,5,7 | Standard judgment imagery. |
| 9 | Roar (of the LORD) | שָׁאַג (sha’ag) | ruge/brama | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Medium | New (Amos) | 1:2; 3:4,8 | Lion-roar imagery; keep vocabulary consistent with 5:19 lion reference. |
| 10 | Law | תּוֹרָה (torah) | lei | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | Reused (baseline) | 2:4 | Reuse baseline law exactly; distinguish from cosmic/karmic order. |
| 11 | Righteous (person) | צַדִּיק (tsaddiq) | justo | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | High | New (Amos) | 2:6; 5:12 | Same word-family as tsedaqah; keep consistent for thematic linkage to 5:24. |
| 12 | Poor / weak | דַּל, דַּלִּים (dal, dallim) | pobre(s) | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | High | New (Amos) | 2:7; 4:1; 5:11; 8:6 | Concrete economic vulnerability; avoid politicized framing either direction (Liberation Theology vs. “social gospel” dismissal). |
| 13 | Needy | אֶבְיוֹן (evyon) | necessitado(s) | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | High | New (Amos) | 2:6; 4:1; 8:4,6 | Pairs with dal; ground in Amos’s concrete economic charges. |
| 14 | Oppress / crush | עשׁק / רצץ (osheq / ratsats) | oprimir / esmagar | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | High | New (Amos) | 3:9; 4:1 | Active exploitation verbs; retain force, not passive “sofrer.” |
| 15 | Nazirite | נָזִיר (nazir) | nazireu | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | New (Amos) | 2:11-12 | Historical-cultic role; brief explanatory note recommended. |
| 16 | Holy (my holy name) | קֹדֶשׁ (qodesh) | santo | Sanctification / Holiness | Medium | Reused (baseline) | 2:7 | Reuse baseline holy exactly. |
| 17 | Known (elective) | יָדַע (yada) | conhecido (escolhido) | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations / Election | High | New (Amos) | 3:2 | Covenantal-elective knowledge, not mere cognition; election heightens accountability, not exemption. |
| 18 | Families of the earth | מִשְׁפְּחוֹת הָאֲדָמָה | famílias da terra | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Medium | New (Amos) | 3:2 | Universal scope framing Israel’s election. |
| 19 | Citadels / strongholds | אַרְמְנוֹת (armenot) | fortalezas/palácios | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | New (Amos) | 3:9-11 | Structures of wealth built on oppression. |
| 20 | Cows of Bashan | פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן | vacas de Basã | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | New (Amos) | 4:1 | Satirical metaphor; retain literally with cultural note. |
| 21 | Tithe | מַעֲשֵׂר (ma’aser) | dízimo | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | New (Amos) | 4:4 | Brazil-specific prosperity-theology collision risk; requires explicit teaching note distinguishing sarcastic critique from transactional tithing doctrine. |
| 22 | Sacrifice | זֶבַח (zevach) | sacrifício | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | New (Amos) | 4:4-5; 5:25 | General cultic offering term. |
| 23 | Yet you did not return to me | וְלֹא־שַׁבְתֶּם עָדַי (shuv) | não vos voltastes/convertestes a mim | Repentance | High | New (Amos) | 4:6-11 | Refrain; genuine relational return, not mere behavioral correction. |
| 24 | Prepare to meet your God | הִכּוֹן לִקְרַאת־אֱלֹהֶיךָ | prepara-te para te encontrares com o teu Deus | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium-High | New (Amos) | 4:12 | Climactic summons anticipating ch. 5. |
| 25 | Lament / dirge | קִינָה (qinah) | lamento/lamentação | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium | New (Amos) | 5:1 | Funeral-song genre marker. |
| 26 | Seek | דָּרַשׁ (darash) | buscar | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | New (Amos) | 5:4,6,14 | Contrast “seek YHWH” vs. “seek Bethel”; preserve direct-object contrast. |
| 27 | Justice | מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) | juízo | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Critical | New (Amos) | 5:7,15,24; 6:12 | Established Almeida rendering; keep distinct from tsedaqah/justiça to preserve 5:24 parallelism. |
| 28 | Righteousness | צְדָקָה (tsedaqah) | justiça | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Critical | Reused (baseline, sense extended) | 5:7,24; 6:12 | Reuses baseline righteousness term; teach the connection/distinction between forensic righteousness by faith (Romans) and lived social righteousness (Amos). |
| 29 | Wormwood | לַעֲנָה (la’anah) | absinto/losna | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Low | New (Amos) | 5:7 | Unfamiliar plant; brief gloss recommended. |
| 30 | Pleiades and Orion | כִּימָה וּכְסִיל | as Plêiades e o Órion | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Low | New (Amos) | 5:8 | Creation imagery; note against astrology-adjacent misreading. |
| 31 | Sikkuth / Kiyyun | סִכּוּת / כִּיּוּן | Sicute / Quium | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations (idolatry critique) | Medium-High | New (Amos) | 5:26 | Foreign astral deity names; preserve as proper nouns with footnote; relevant to Brazil’s syncretistic religious landscape. |
| 32 | Woe | הוֹי (hoy) | ai | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium | New (Amos) | 5:18; 6:1 | Prophetic doom-cry; retain full rhetorical force. |
| 33 | Day of the LORD | יוֹם יְהוָה (yom YHWH) | dia do SENHOR | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Critical | New (Amos) | 5:18-20 | See full Core Passage entry; contrast with Kardecist gradualism and secular apocalyptic pop-culture flattening. |
| 34 | Darkness / gloom | חֹשֶׁךְ / אֹפֶל | trevas / escuridão profunda | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium | New (Amos) | 5:18,20 | Preserve escalation between the two Hebrew terms if possible. |
| 35 | I hate, I despise (feasts) | שָׂנֵאתִי, מָאַסְתִּי | odeio, rejeito | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | New (Amos) | 5:21 | Two distinct forceful verbs; do not soften or merge. |
| 36 | Feasts | חַגִּים (chagim) | festas | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | New (Amos) | 5:21; 8:10 | Distinguish from atzarot; clarify God rejects insincerity, not festive worship as such. |
| 37 | Solemn assemblies | עֲצָרוֹת (atzarot) | assembleias solenes | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | New (Amos) | 5:21 | Keep distinct from chagim. |
| 38 | Burnt offering | עֹלָה (olah) | holocausto(s) | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | New (Amos) | 5:22; 4:4 | Modern Portuguese association with the Nazi Holocaust; pair with descriptive gloss on first use. |
| 39 | Grain offering | מִנְחָה (minchah) | oferta de cereais | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | New (Amos) | 5:22 | Prefer clearer modern phrase over archaic “ofertas de manjares.” |
| 40 | Peace/fellowship offering | שֶׁלֶם (shelamim) | ofertas pacíficas | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | New (Amos) | 5:22 | Do not confuse with the relational “paz” doctrine. |
| 41 | Ever-flowing stream | נַחַל אֵיתָן | ribeiro perene | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | New (Amos) | 5:24 | Wadi/perennial-stream contrast unfamiliar to most readers; gloss recommended. |
| 42 | At ease / complacent | שַׁאֲנָן (sha’anan) | tranquilos/despreocupados (falsa segurança) | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium-High | New (Amos) | 6:1 | Negative false-security connotation; do not confuse with baseline peace. |
| 43 | Vision | חָזוֹן (chazon) | visão | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual / Prophecy | Medium | New (Amos) | 1:1; 7:1; 8:1; 9:1 | Distinguish from Kardecist mediumistic “revelation,” per baseline prophecy guardrail. |
| 44 | Plumb line | אֲנָךְ (anakh) | prumo | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium-High | New (Amos) | 7:7-8 | Construction-trade image exposing deviation from God’s standard; brief explanatory note useful. |
| 45 | Forgive / pardon | סָלַח (salach) | perdoar | Grace and Mercy | Medium-High | New (Amos) | 7:2 | Distinct from, but related to, baseline grace; God relents from temporal judgment in response to intercession. |
| 46 | Son of a prophet (prophetic guild) | בֶּן־נָבִיא (ben-navi) | filho de profeta | Divine Calling | Medium | New (Amos) | 7:14 | Ties to baseline divine_calling; God’s call can override institutional/professional credentialing. |
| 47 | Took (me) / calling | לָקַח (laqach) / chamado | tomou-me / chamado | Divine Calling | High | Reused (baseline calling) | 7:15 | Reuse baseline “chamado”; do not narrow to “vocação” (priesthood-specific sense). |
| 48 | Prophet | נָבִיא (navi) | profeta | Inspiration of Scripture | Low | Reused (baseline) | 2:11; 3:7; 7:14 | Reuse baseline prophet exactly. |
| 49 | Summer fruit / the end (wordplay) | קַיִץ / קֵץ (qayits / qets) | fruta de verão / fim | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | High | New (Amos) | 8:1-2 | Untranslatable Hebrew pun; mandatory translator’s note required. |
| 50 | Dishonest scales | מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה | balanças fraudulentas | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | High | New (Amos) | 8:5 | Concrete commercial-fraud text; strong anchor for the doctrine. |
| 51 | Famine of hearing the word of the LORD | רָעָב לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת־דִּבְרֵי יְהוָה | fome de ouvir as palavras do SENHOR | Inspiration of Scripture / Judgment | High | New (Amos) | 8:11-12 | Contrast with baseline’s psicografia guardrail: God’s word can be sovereignly withdrawn, unlike claimed continuous mediumistic revelation. |
| 52 | Cushites, Philistines, Arameans (Syrians) | כּוּשִׁים, פְלִשְׁתִּים, אֲרָם | cuchitas (etíopes), filisteus, arameus (sírios) | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | High (doctrine) / Low (lexical) | New (Amos) | 9:7 | Strongest single proof-text in the book for God’s sovereign governance of all nations’ histories. |
| 53 | Fallen tent/booth of David | סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת | cabana de Davi (caída/que caiu) | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | Critical | New (Amos) | 9:11 | Established Almeida (ARA) rendering; cross-reference baseline davidic_covenant/seed_of_david; guard against narrow ethno-political (Christian Zionist) readings and against confusion with the Mosaic “tabernáculo.” Quoted in Acts 15:16-17. |
| 54 | Nations called by my name | הַגֹּויִם אֲשֶׁר־נִקְרָא שְׁמִי עֲלֵיהֶם | as nações que são chamadas pelo meu nome | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | High | New (Amos) | 9:12 | OT root of Acts 15’s argument for Gentile inclusion; teach alongside Acts 15:16-17. |
| 55 | I will plant them, never again uprooted | וּנְטַעְתִּים…וְלֹא יִנָּתְשׁוּ עוֹד | plantarei… nunca mais serão arrancados | The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | Medium-High | New (Amos) | 9:15 | Permanence/finality of restoration; do not over-read as a resurrection text. |
Risk Tier Summary (Amos-specific new terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (new Amos terms) | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (SENHOR, Senhor DEUS, mishpat/juízo, Day of the LORD, cabana de Davi) | Human theologian |
| High | 19 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 7 | Human theologian (borderline; recommend theologian review) |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review |
Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
Deus, Senhor (as base for the Senhor/SENHOR distinction), lei, santo, profeta, chamado, justiça (righteousness sense extended to Amos’s social-ethical usage), graça (conceptually related to Amos’s “perdoar”).
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Deus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Standard and unambiguous. Note for pastoral awareness in Afro-Brazilian contexts: Candomblé/Umbanda orixás are sometimes syncretized with Catholic saints (e.g. Iemanjá with Our Lady of Navigators), which can blur exclusive monotheism if not addressed directly. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Amos as the rendering of Elohim (Amos 4:12; 9:15) and as the base term underlying the SENHOR/Senhor DEUS typographic system that anchors ‘God’s Sovereignty over All Nations.‘
Lord
Approved rendering: Senhor
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Senhor apenas em sentido devocional, sem reivindicação de senhorio total
CRITICAL: Romans 10:9, ‘Jesus é o Senhor,’ is the salvation confession. Must convey exclusive, supreme lordship over the whole of life. Inherited from Romans package. In Amos, ‘Senhor’ (normal case) is the base term used ONLY for Adonai standing alone; it must be visually and doctrinally distinguished from SENHOR (small caps, YHWH) and Senhor DEUS (Senhor + DEUS small caps, Adonai YHWH combined) — see the new Amos-specific entries lord_yhwh and lord_god_adonai_yhwh below.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justiça
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado por esforço moral próprio
Original: צְדָקָה
Category: Social Justice
CRITICAL: right standing before God granted through faith. Both the Tridentine infused-merit reading and the Kardecist self-earned moral-progress-across-lifetimes reading must be excluded. Inherited from Romans package. IMPORTANT EXTENSION FOR AMOS: this exact Portuguese word also renders tsedaqah, Amos’s term for lived, social-ethical righteousness especially toward the vulnerable (Amos 5:7, 5:24, 6:12), paired in deliberate Hebrew parallelism with mishpat (‘juízo,’ see justice entry below). Curriculum materials must explicitly teach that Amos’s tsedaqah is the lived, social outworking flowing from right relationship with God, not a second, competing definition of salvation by works, and Amos’s concrete economic demands must never be spiritualized away.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvação
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: evolução espiritual através de reencarnações sucessivas
CRITICAL: the single highest-risk term in the Romans Language Package. Kardecist Spiritism explicitly teaches ‘salvação’ as the spirit’s gradual evolução espiritual achieved through its own moral effort across many reincarnations. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Amos as a contrast term: Amos’s Day-of-the-LORD judgment and the restoration of David’s fallen tent both depict a decisive, historical divine act, not a gradual process — reinforcing rather than duplicating this baseline guardrail.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ressurreição
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnação
CRITICAL: NEVER reencarnação. Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection, sharply distinct from the Kardecist Spiritist doctrine of reincarnation. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Amos 9:15’s ‘I will plant them, and they shall never again be uprooted’: this text is agricultural/national restoration imagery, not a resurrection text, and must not be over-read as one, though it echoes the same anti-cyclical, decisive-and-final theological instinct.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: um espírito superior ou mais evoluído (leitura espírita de Jesus como ‘o mais evoluído dos espíritos’)
CRITICAL: Kardecist doctrine explicitly teaches Jesus as the most morally evolved spirit ever incarnated on Earth, rather than the unique, eternally divine Messiah promised in the Old Testament. Inherited from Romans package. Amos 9:11-15’s promise to restore David’s fallen tent is a key Old Testament root of the Messianic hope fulfilled in Jesus, the Son of David; this connection must be taught explicitly even though the word ‘Messias’ does not itself occur in Amos.
Lord Yhwh
Approved rendering: SENHOR
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: Senhor (sem distinção tipográfica), Iavé/Jeová (transliteração)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW CONVENTION for this package (not required by the Greek-only Romans baseline). Render YHWH alone with the Almeida-tradition small-caps convention SENHOR, distinct from normal-case ‘Senhor’ (Adonai). Recurs pervasively throughout Amos 1-9. Collapsing this distinction into a single undifferentiated ‘Senhor’ would erase Amos’s rhetorical emphasis on YHWH as the sovereign covenant God addressing the nations, directly weakening ‘God’s Sovereignty over All Nations.‘
Lord God Adonai Yhwh
Approved rendering: Senhor DEUS
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: Senhor (forma simples, sem duplicação)
Original: אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
Category: God
Compound divine title (‘Master’ + covenant name), extremely frequent in Amos (1:8; 3:7-8,11,13; 4:2,5; 5:3; 6:8; 7:1-6; 8:1,3,9,11; 9:8). Render identically at every occurrence as ‘Senhor DEUS’ (Senhor normal case + DEUS small caps). Must not be flattened to a single ‘Senhor,’ which would erase the doubled emphasis on absolute sovereignty central to Amos’s oracles against nations that never received the Sinai covenant.
Justice
Approved rendering: juízo
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: justiça (colapsaria o paralelismo hebraico com tsedaqah)
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Social Justice
CRITICAL: concrete, enacted justice in courts, economy, and social relations (5:7,15,24; 6:12). Render as ‘juízo,’ following the established Almeida rendering, and keep strictly distinct from tsedaqah (‘justiça’) to preserve the Hebrew parallelism of Amos 5:24. A further Brazilian risk: ‘justiça social’ carries strong political-ideological associations for some Evangelical audiences; ground mishpat in God’s own ethical demand, not a partisan platform.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: dia do SENHOR
Transliteration: yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: lei de causa e efeito espírita (regência cármica gradual), apocalipse genérico de cultura pop, evento único e distante de arrebatamento (leitura dispensacionalista over-literalizada)
Original: יוֹם יְהוָה
Category: Judgment
CORE PASSAGE TERM (5:18-20). A decisive, climactic day of divine intervention that Israel’s popular theology wrongly assumed would mean victory over Gentile enemies; Amos reverses this into judgment on Israel itself. Reuse the baseline’s providence guardrail against the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito.’ Also guard against secular apocalyptic pop-culture flattening and against over-literalizing into a single future rapture-adjacent event that misses Amos’s present-tense pastoral point. Teaching note required at every occurrence.
Fallen Tent Of David
Approved rendering: cabana de Davi
Transliteration: sukkat David hannophelet
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: tabernáculo (confunde com o conceito mosaico distinto da tenda do encontro), restauração político-nacional exclusiva do moderno Estado de Israel (leitura sionista cristã estreita)
Original: סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת
Category: Messianic Hope
CORE MESSIANIC PASSAGE (9:11), quoted in Acts 15:16-17 as fulfilled in the multiethnic, Gentile-inclusive church. Use the established Almeida (ARA) rendering exactly. Two distinct risks: (1) a narrow ethno-political reading current in some Brazilian charismatic/dispensationalist circles influenced by Christian Zionism; (2) confusion with the unrelated Mosaic ‘tabernáculo’ if that word is substituted.
High Risk Terms
Law
Approved rendering: lei
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
The Mosaic law/Torah. When ‘lei’ appears near providence or justice language, distinguish clearly from the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito,’ a moral law governing a spirit’s progress across reincarnations. Inherited from Romans package. Amos 2:4 condemns Judah for explicitly rejecting ‘the law of the LORD’ — the same guardrail against a cosmic/karmic-order reading applies with equal force here.
Calling
Approved rendering: chamado
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocação (narrow sense of a call to priesthood or religious life)
As in other Catholic-heritage Romance languages, ‘vocação’ in Luso-Brazilian culture narrows to a call to the priesthood or consecrated religious life. Use ‘chamado’ for the universal divine calling of every believer. Inherited from Romans package. Central to Amos 7:14-15, where Amos denies being a professional ‘prophet’s son’ and grounds his ministry entirely in God’s direct ‘chamado,’ a point with pastoral relevance in Brazilian church cultures that over-credential formal ministry training.
Election
Approved rendering: eleição
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado ao longo de reencarnações
God’s sovereign personal choice, not a status earned through accumulated merit across lifetimes as in Kardecist doctrine. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Amos 3:2 (‘You only have I known of all the families of the earth; therefore I will punish you’), where election intensifies accountability rather than granting exemption — see the new Amos entry known_elective below.
Providence
Approved rendering: providência
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: lei de causa e efeito espírita (regência cármica das reencarnações)
God’s personal, purposive governance, not the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito,’ an impersonal moral law governing a spirit’s progress across reincarnations. Inherited from Romans package. This exact guardrail is the single most important cross-reference for Amos’s ‘Day of the LORD as Judgment’ doctrine: the Kardecist gradualist/karmic reading is the sharpest collision point in the entire book (Amos 5:18-20).
Covenant
Approved rendering: aliança
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Unlike Spanish’s pacto/alianza split by tradition, Portuguese Catholic and Protestant Bibles converge more on ‘aliança.’ Convey a relational covenant bond, not a mere legal contract. Inherited from Romans package. Amos never uses the word explicitly, but the Davidic covenant (2 Samuel 7) is the essential Old Testament background for Amos 9:11-15’s restoration promise and requires explicit teaching, since no analogous concept is assumed in general Luso-Brazilian culture.
Grace
Approved rendering: graça
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: mérito espiritual acumulado ao longo de vidas sucessivas
Unmerited favor received by faith, distinguished from Kardecism’s doctrine of merit accumulated through moral effort across successive reincarnations. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant as a doctrinal companion to, but distinct from, Amos’s ‘perdoar’ (salach, Amos 7:2-6): God’s relenting from a specific temporal judgment in response to Amos’s intercession is not identical to unconditional grace for eternal salvation, and the two must not be conflated in teaching materials.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercessão
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: comunicação com espíritos de mortos por meio de médiuns, intercessão exclusiva dos santos e de Maria
Romans 8:26-27 and 8:34 describe the Spirit’s and Christ’s direct intercession, distinguished from Catholic saint/Marian intercession and from Kardecist mediumistic communication with the dead. Inherited from Romans package. Amos 7:1-6 depicts the prophet’s own direct intercession (‘O Senhor DEUS, perdoa!’) moving God to relent from temporal judgment — a companion, not identical, category to this baseline doctrine; see the new entry forgive_pardon below.
Transgression
Approved rendering: transgressão
Transliteration: pesha
Doctrine: Covenant, Law, and Transgression
Rejected alternatives: pecado (categoria mais ampla)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
Willful, rebellious breach of covenant, stronger than the general ‘missing the mark.’ Amos applies it even to nations outside the Sinai covenant (chs. 1-2), grounding moral accountability in God’s universal sovereignty rather than Torah possession alone. Do not collapse into the baseline’s broader ‘pecado.‘
Righteous Person
Approved rendering: justo
Transliteration: tsaddiq
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: צַדִּיק
Category: Social Justice
A person in the right, especially the innocent party in a legal/court setting; Amos 2:6, the innocent poor sold for a bribe by corrupt courts. Keep in the same word-family as tsedaqah (‘justiça,’ 5:24) so learners can trace the connection between the righteous person wronged (2:6) and the demand that righteousness flow (5:24).
Poor
Approved rendering: pobres
Transliteration: dal / dallim
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: דַּל / דַּלִּים
Category: Social Justice
The economically weak and powerless, oppressed and exploited (2:7; 4:1; 5:11; 8:6). Ground the term in Amos’s own concrete economic charges (bribery, sandals-for-a-person, rigged scales) rather than in either Liberation Theology or ‘social gospel’-dismissal framings current in Brazilian religious discourse.
Needy
Approved rendering: necessitados
Transliteration: evyon
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: אֶבְיוֹן
Category: Social Justice
One lacking basic necessities and dependent on others, paired throughout Amos with dal (2:6; 4:1; 8:4,6). Keep distinct from but paired with ‘pobres’ to preserve Amos’s frequent word-pairing.
Oppress Crush
Approved rendering: oprimir / esmagar
Transliteration: osheq / ratsats
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: sofrer (softens agency of the oppressor)
Original: עשׁק / רצץ
Category: Social Justice
Active, ongoing exploitation and violent suppression of the poor and needy (3:9; 4:1). Preserve the active-verb force of perpetrated injustice; do not soften into a passive ‘sofrer,’ which shifts responsibility away from the oppressors Amos names.
Known Elective
Approved rendering: conhecido (escolhido)
Transliteration: yada
Doctrine: Divine Election and Heightened Accountability
Rejected alternatives: conhecimento meramente cognitivo, favor automático de nação escolhida
Original: יָדַע
Category: Election
Covenantal, relational, elective knowledge — not mere cognitive awareness; Amos 3:2: ‘You only have I known of all the families of the earth; therefore I will punish you.’ Reuses the baseline ‘eleição’ guardrail against a Kardecist merit-across-lifetimes reading, and additionally must not be misread as privilege exempting from judgment — the text argues election heightens accountability, and must also be fenced against a Brazilian folk-Catholic ‘blessed nation’ civic-religious framing implying automatic favor.
Tithe
Approved rendering: dízimo
Transliteration: ma’aser
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: מַעֲשֵׂר
Category: Worship
Prescribed cultic offering, commanded in mocking exaggeration (‘every three days’) in Amos 4:4 as part of a sarcastic call to keep sinning through empty ritual. HIGH Brazil-specific risk: Brazilian Pentecostal/neo-Pentecostal prosperity theology (‘teologia da prosperidade’) places heavy doctrinal weight on the dízimo as a means of securing material blessing. Amos 4:4-5 sarcastically depicts tithing at a corrupted worship site as compounding sin, not earning favor. Requires an explicit teaching note at every occurrence distinguishing this sarcasm from any transactional reading.
Yet You Did Not Return To Me
Approved rendering: não vos voltastes/convertestes a mim
Transliteration: ve-lo shavtem adai (shuv)
Doctrine: Repentance and Divine Patience
Rejected alternatives: correção moral gradual ao longo de reencarnações (leitura espírita)
Original: וְלֹא־שַׁבְתֶּם עָדַי
Category: Repentance
Refrain repeated five times (4:6,8,9,10,11) after each disciplinary disaster. Must convey genuine relational return demanded now, not a correctable ‘erro’ addressed gradually across future reincarnations, the same collision the baseline documents for ‘sin.’ Keep the refrain identically worded across all five recurrences.
Prepare To Meet Your God
Approved rendering: prepara-te para te encontrares com o teu Deus
Transliteration: hikon liqrat Eloheicha
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: reencontro cósmico genérico
Original: הִכּוֹן לִקְרַאת־אֱלֹהֶיךָ
Category: Judgment
Formal summons to a decisive, unavoidable confrontation with the covenant God (4:12), closing the refrain-cycle and anticipating the Day of the LORD material in ch. 5. Must retain the sense of an unavoidable, personal encounter with a specific covenant God, not a generic cosmic reckoning.
Seek
Approved rendering: buscar
Transliteration: darash
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: praticar religião (paráfrase genérica)
Original: דָּרַשׁ
Category: Worship
To seek God earnestly, contrasted in 5:4,6,14 with seeking the corrupted shrine of Bethel. Preserve the direct-object contrast (‘buscai-me a mim’ vs. ‘não busqueis a Betel’); collapsing both into a generic ‘praticar religião’ would flatten Amos’s sharp either/or.
Sikkuth And Kiyyun
Approved rendering: Sicute / Quium
Transliteration: Sikkuth / Kiyyun
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: ídolos (perde a acusação específica de sincretismo)
Original: סִכּוּת / כִּיּוּן
Category: Idolatry
Proper names of Mesopotamian astral deities secretly carried and worshiped alongside YHWH (5:26). Preserve as untranslated transliterated proper names with an explanatory footnote; a generic ‘ídolos’ would lose the specific charge of hidden syncretism, directly relevant to Brazil’s Catholic-Umbanda-Candomblé blending.
I Hate I Despise
Approved rendering: odeio / rejeito
Transliteration: sane’ti / ma’asti
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: não aprecio (suaviza demais a fala divina em primeira pessoa)
Original: שָׂנֵאתִי / מָאַסְתִּי
Category: Worship
CORE PASSAGE TERM (5:21). First-person divine speech expressing YHWH’s own total rejection of Israel’s hollow ritual. Render as two distinct, equally forceful verbs, never merged or softened; this is God, not merely the prophet, speaking.
Feasts
Approved rendering: festas
Transliteration: chagim
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: חַגִּים
Category: Worship
Appointed pilgrim festivals, now emptied of meaning through injustice (5:21; 8:10). Distinct from atzarot (‘assembleias solenes’). Brazilian risk: readers may hear this as blanket suspicion of festive/liturgical worship; teaching note must clarify God rejects insincere ritual, not festivity or liturgical form itself.
Solemn Assemblies
Approved rendering: assembleias solenes
Transliteration: atzarot
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: עֲצָרֹת
Category: Worship
Formal covenant gatherings, equally rejected alongside the feasts (5:21). Keep distinct from ‘festas’ to preserve the doubled indictment; do not collapse both Hebrew terms into one Portuguese word.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: holocausto
Transliteration: olah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: עֹלָה
Category: Worship
The most costly, complete sacrifice type (5:22; 4:4), offered correctly by ritual yet refused because of accompanying injustice. HIGH risk unique to modern Portuguese: ‘holocausto’ is now overwhelmingly associated with the Nazi genocide. Pair with the descriptive gloss ‘ofertas totalmente queimadas’ on first occurrence in study materials, retaining ‘holocausto’ as the recognized biblical-register term in Scripture quotation itself.
At Ease Complacent
Approved rendering: os que vivem em falsa segurança
Transliteration: sha’anan
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: tranquilos/despreocupados (soa positivo demais em português)
Original: שַׁאֲנָן
Category: Judgment
Comfortable self-confidence rooted in wealth and status, denounced as false security (6:1). Must be clearly distinguished from the baseline’s positive doctrine of ‘paz’ (peace with God); this term names complacent false security, not covenantal peace.
Plumb Line
Approved rendering: prumo
Transliteration: anakh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: אֲנָךְ
Category: Judgment
A measuring standard exposing deviation from true vertical; YHWH sets it in the midst of Israel to expose the nation’s deviation from his standard (7:7-8). A construction-trade term possibly unfamiliar to some readers; a brief explanatory note aids comprehension.
Forgive Pardon
Approved rendering: perdoar
Transliteration: salach
Doctrine: God’s Mercy and Forgiveness in Response to Intercession
Original: סָלַח
Category: Mercy
Removal of guilt or averted judgment, exclusively a divine prerogative; Amos intercedes and God relents from the locust and fire judgments (7:1-6). Note the connection to, but distinctness from, the baseline’s ‘grace’: this is God relenting from temporal, national judgment in response to intercessory prayer, not a general statement of unconditional acceptance apart from Amos’s ongoing call to repentance and justice.
Took Me Calling
Approved rendering: tomou-me / chamado
Transliteration: laqach
Doctrine: Divine Calling of the Prophet
Rejected alternatives: vocação (sentido restrito ao sacerdócio ou vida consagrada)
Original: לָקַח
Category: Divine Calling
God’s direct, initiating action calling Amos from his ordinary vocation (herding, sycamore-fig cultivation) to prophetic ministry (7:15). Render the verb as ‘tomou-me’ and the calling itself with the baseline’s exact term ‘chamado,’ never narrowed to ‘vocação.‘
Summer Fruit The End
Approved rendering: fruta de verão / fim
Transliteration: qayits / qets
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: קַיִץ / קֵץ
Category: Judgment
A Hebrew wordplay (‘summer fruit’/‘the end’ sound nearly identical) used in the vision of 8:1-2 to declare Israel ready to be harvested for judgment. The pun cannot be reproduced in Portuguese; a mandatory translator’s note is required at every occurrence explaining the wordplay so the passage’s rhetorical logic is not lost.
Dishonest Scales
Approved rendering: balanças fraudulentas
Transliteration: mo’znei mirmah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה
Category: Social Justice
Rigged commercial weighing instruments used to cheat the poor (8:5). Highly concrete, directly applicable economic-justice language; an excellent anchor text because it names a specific, verifiable business practice rather than abstract sentiment.
Famine Of The Word
Approved rendering: fome de ouvir as palavras do SENHOR
Transliteration: ra’av lishmoa et-divrei YHWH
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Prophecy
Original: רָעָב לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת־דִּבְרֵי יְהוָה
Category: Prophecy
The ultimate judgment of 8:11-12 — not material famine but the withdrawal of God’s speaking. Draw an explicit contrast with the baseline’s psicografia guardrail: Amos depicts God’s word as sovereignly withdrawable as judgment, sharply unlike Kardecism’s claim of continuously available mediumistic revelation.
Nations Called By My Name
Approved rendering: as nações que são chamadas pelo meu nome
Transliteration: ha-goyim asher niqra shemi aleihem
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Original: הַגֹּויִם אֲשֶׁר־נִקְרָא שְׁמִי עֲלֵיהֶם
Category: Messianic Hope
The purpose clause of the restored tent of David (9:12): that the nations, not Israel alone, would be possessed by and named for YHWH — the Old Testament root of Acts 15’s argument for full Gentile inclusion. Must be taught alongside Acts 15:16-17, avoiding both a purely ethnic-Israel-restrictive reading and a supersessionist erasure of Israel’s place in the promise.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro em sentido ritual
Set apart for God and morally pure; applies to all believers, not only the canonized. Inherited from Romans package. Amos 2:7 uses this term-family for God’s own ‘holy name’ (qodesh), profaned through combined sexual and economic sin — holiness is relational and moral, not merely ritual, in Amos as in Romans.
Called
Approved rendering: chamado
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: convocado (bureaucratic register)
Context-sensitive: Romans 1:1 (called to apostleship), 1:7 (called to be saints), 8:28-30 (effectual calling to salvation). Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Amos 7:15 (‘the LORD took me… and said to me, Go, prophesy’) as the noun-form companion to the verb ‘tomou-me.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: erro a ser corrigido em vidas futuras (leitura espírita)
Moral transgression before a personal, holy God requiring atonement in this life, not a correctable ‘erro’ to be worked off across future incarnations as Kardecism frames moral failure. Inherited from Romans package. Amos introduces a distinct, stronger covenant-rebellion term, pesha (‘transgressão,’ see new entry below), which must not be collapsed into this broader ‘pecado’ category, since Amos applies pesha even to nations outside the Sinai covenant.
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidade emocional
Relational peace with God through justification, not merely inner calm. Inherited from Romans package. Must be sharply distinguished from Amos 6:1’s sha’anan (‘os que vivem em falsa segurança’), a negative term for complacent false security rooted in wealth and status, never to be confused with or softened toward this positive doctrine of peace.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendência de Davi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and covenant fulfillment. Inherited from Romans package. Thematic background for Amos 9:11-12’s promise to restore the Davidic dynasty (‘cabana de Davi’), quoted in Acts 15:16-17 as fulfilled in Christ and the Gentile-inclusive church.
Church
Approved rendering: igreja
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: a Igreja (institutional-hierarchical sense)
Distinguish Romans 16’s gathered people of God from the capitalized institutional sense foregrounded in Catholic usage. Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to teaching Amos 9:11-12 alongside Acts 15:16-17: the restored ‘cabana de Davi’ is fulfilled in the multiethnic, Gentile-inclusive church, not merely a future political-national restoration.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Deus
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
God’s sovereign reign, not a political state or the institutional church. Inherited from Romans package. Useful cross-reference for teaching Amos 9:11-15’s restoration hope as the advance of God’s reign through the gospel, not a nationalist or purely political program tied to the modern state of Israel.
For Three And For Four
Approved rendering: por três transgressões…, e por quatro
Transliteration: al-shelosha pish’ei… ve’al-arba’ah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Extended to the Nations)
Rejected alternatives: muitos pecados (paráfrase vaga)
Original: עַל־שְׁלֹשָׁה פִּשְׁעֵי… וְעַל־אַרְבָּעָה
Category: Judgment
Numerical escalation formula opening each of the eight oracles (chs. 1-2), signaling a full, overflowing measure of guilt. Preserve the literal numeric parallelism; never paraphrase into a vaguer ‘many sins,’ which would flatten the near-liturgical rhythm unifying the oracle cycle.
Roar
Approved rendering: ruge
Transliteration: sha’ag
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: שָׁאַג
Category: God
The fierce roar of a lion, applied to YHWH’s own voice (1:2; 3:4,8), echoed in the lion imagery of 5:19. Render consistently across all occurrences so readers connect YHWH’s opening roar with the lion-threat imagery later in the book.
Nazirite
Approved rendering: nazireu
Transliteration: nazir
Doctrine: Covenant, Law, and Transgression
Original: נָזִיר
Category: Worship
One under a special vow of consecration (abstaining from wine, uncut hair); in Amos 2:11-12, Israel forces Nazirites to drink wine, corrupting its own consecrated ones. A brief explanatory note (cf. Numbers 6; Samson, Samuel) is recommended, as no equivalent role exists in contemporary Luso-Brazilian religious practice.
Families Of The Earth
Approved rendering: famílias da terra
Transliteration: mishpechot ha’adamah
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: מִשְׁפְּחוֹת הָאֲדָמָה
Category: God’s Sovereignty
All the peoples of the earth, universal scope framing Israel’s unique election (Amos 3:2). Standard, low-ambiguity universal-scope phrase.
Citadels Strongholds
Approved rendering: fortalezas
Transliteration: armenot
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: palácios (variant acceptable, use consistently)
Original: אַרְמְנוֹת
Category: Social Justice
Fortified palaces, centers of accumulated wealth and power targeted for judgment (3:9-11). Render consistently across occurrences.
Cows Of Bashan
Approved rendering: vacas de Basã
Transliteration: parot ha-Bashan
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: os ricos (perde o sarcasmo)
Original: פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן
Category: Social Justice
Satirical metaphor for the wealthy women of Samaria, fattened like the prized cattle of fertile Bashan, who oppress the poor to fund their own luxury (4:1). Render literally with a brief cultural note; do not soften into a generic ‘os ricos,’ which loses Amos’s satirical bite.
Sacrifice
Approved rendering: sacrifício
Transliteration: zevach
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: זֶבַח
Category: Worship
General cultic offering term (4:4-5; 5:25). Standard usage, low ambiguity beyond the surrounding ritual-critique context already flagged under related High-risk terms.
Woe
Approved rendering: Ai
Transliteration: hoy
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: interjeição amena que perde a força de lamento fúnebre
Original: הוֹי
Category: Judgment
A funeral-lament interjection opening prophetic judgment oracles (5:18; 6:1). Must retain the force of a prophetic doom-cry, not soften into a mild interjection.
Darkness And Gloom
Approved rendering: trevas / escuridão profunda
Transliteration: choshek / ophel
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: חֹשֶׁךְ / אֹפֶל
Category: Judgment
Darkness and intensified thick gloom on the Day of the LORD (5:18,20). Preserve the escalation between the two Hebrew terms so v.20 reads as more intense than v.18.
Grain Offering
Approved rendering: oferta de cereais
Transliteration: minchah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: ofertas de manjares (arcaico)
Original: מִנְחָה
Category: Worship
Offering of flour, oil, or grain representing ongoing daily devotion, likewise rejected (5:22). Prefer the clearer modern phrase over Almeida’s archaic ‘ofertas de manjares.‘
Peace Offering
Approved rendering: ofertas pacíficas
Transliteration: shelem / shelamim
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: שֶׁלֶם
Category: Worship
Communal sacrifice shared between worshiper, priest, and God, offered here from prized fattened animals yet still rejected (5:22). Must not be confused with the baseline’s relational ‘paz’ (peace with God) doctrine; this is a specific sacrificial category.
Ever Flowing Stream
Approved rendering: ribeiro perene
Transliteration: nachal eitan
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: נַחַל אֵיתָן
Category: Social Justice
CORE PASSAGE TERM (5:24). A perennial stream that never fails, contrasted with intermittent desert wadis, imaging the permanence God demands of justice. A brief explanatory note on the wadi/perennial-stream contrast is recommended, as this hydrological image is largely unfamiliar to Brazilian readers.
Vision
Approved rendering: visão
Transliteration: chazon
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: sonho (perde o caráter revelatório específico), revelação mediúnica (leitura espírita)
Original: חָזוֹן
Category: Prophecy
A revelatory sight given by God to a prophet, framing chs. 7-9 as a distinct vision-cycle. Distinguish from a generic ‘sonho’ and, per the baseline’s existing guardrail, from Kardecist mediumistic ‘revelation.‘
Son Of A Prophet
Approved rendering: filho de profeta
Transliteration: ben-navi
Doctrine: Divine Calling of the Prophet
Original: בֶּן־נָבִיא
Category: Divine Calling
A member of an organized prophetic guild/school; Amos denies being one, grounding his authority in direct divine calling instead (7:14). Ties to the baseline’s ‘divine_calling’ doctrine: God’s call can override social/professional structures.
Whole Captivity
Approved rendering: cativeiro total
Transliteration: galut shelemah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Extended to the Nations)
Original: גָּלוּת שְׁלֵמָה
Category: God’s Sovereignty
Total deportation of a population, a war-crime condemned even though its victims are not Israel (1:6,9). Reinforces universal moral accountability under God’s sovereignty.
Standing At The Altar
Approved rendering: em pé junto ao altar
Transliteration: nitsav al-hamizbeach
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: נִצָּב עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ
Category: Judgment
Theophanic vision of YHWH positioned beside the altar to command judgment at the very site of corrupted worship (9:1). Reinforces that judgment begins at Bethel’s altar, the center of the empty ritual condemned in chs. 4-5.
I Will Plant Them Never Uprooted
Approved rendering: eu os plantarei… e nunca mais serão arrancados
Transliteration: u-neta’tim…ve-lo yinnatshu od
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Final Blessing
Original: וּנְטַעְתִּים…וְלֹא יִנָּתְשׁוּ עוֹד
Category: Messianic Hope
Closing promise of irreversible restoration (9:15) — a single, final, secure planting, not a repeating cycle. Worth a brief thematic note on finality and permanence; agricultural/national restoration imagery, must not be over-read as a resurrection text.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: médium (channeler of spirit messages)
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophecy
God’s spokesperson, not a Kardecist medium channeling messages from discarnate spirits, a common alternate frame for ‘revelation’ in Brazil. Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for Amos 2:11; 3:7; 7:14, where Amos’s own prophetic authority (grounded in direct divine calling, not guild membership) is central to ‘Divine Calling of the Prophet’ and ‘Inspiration and Authority of Prophecy.‘
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: psicografia (spirit messages transcribed through mediums)
God-inspired declaration, not psicografia, the well-known Kardecist practice of mediums transcribing messages purportedly from the dead. Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Amos 8:11-12’s ‘famine of hearing the words of the LORD,’ where God’s word is sovereignly withdrawable as judgment, sharply unlike Kardecism’s claim of continuously available mediumistic revelation.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentios
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: pagãos (pejorative)
Standard term. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Amos 9:12’s ‘the nations who are called by my name’ (goyim), the Old Testament root of Acts 15’s argument for Gentile inclusion without requiring Torah observance — see the new entry nations_called_by_my_name below.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Standard proper name. Inherited from Romans package. Amos addresses the northern kingdom of Israel throughout; be aware of contemporary political sensitivity around this proper name, as already flagged in the baseline, especially relevant to Amos 9:11-15’s restoration promise (see fallen_tent_of_david).
David
Approved rendering: Davi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Standard proper name. Inherited from Romans package. Central to Amos 9:11’s ‘cabana de Davi’ (the fallen tent/booth of David), the core Messianic Hope text of this curriculum.
Thus Says The Lord
Approved rendering: Assim diz o SENHOR
Transliteration: koh amar YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Messenger Formula and Authority
Original: כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה
Category: Prophecy
Standard prophetic messenger formula opening each of the eight oracles against the nations (1:3,6,9,11,13; 2:1,4,6). Render identically every time; low doctrinal ambiguity, but mechanical consistency across all eight occurrences is required to preserve the book’s structural rhythm.
Declares The Lord God
Approved rendering: diz o Senhor DEUS
Transliteration: ne’um Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Messenger Formula and Authority
Original: נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
Category: Prophecy
Oracle-closing formula sealing prophetic pronouncements with divine authority (chs. 3,4,6,8,9). Render consistently wherever it recurs.
Fire Judgment
Approved rendering: fogo
Transliteration: esh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: אֵשׁ
Category: Judgment
Consuming, irresistible destruction sent as divine judgment; refrain repeated against each nation (chs. 1-2) and recurring in chs. 5 and 7. Standard rendering, low ambiguity.
Lament
Approved rendering: lamento
Transliteration: qinah
Doctrine: Lament and Mourning over Coming Judgment
Original: קִינָה
Category: Judgment
Funeral-dirge genre marker; Amos sings Israel’s funeral song in advance of its fall (5:1-2). A brief genre note is recommended.
Wormwood
Approved rendering: absinto
Transliteration: la’anah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: לַעֲנָה
Category: Social Justice
A bitter, poisonous plant, metaphor for justice perverted into something harmful (5:7; echoed 6:12). Unfamiliar plant to most Brazilian readers; a short explanatory gloss is recommended.
Pleiades And Orion
Approved rendering: as Plêiades e o Órion
Transliteration: Kimah and Kesil
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Creation
Original: כִּימָה וּכְסִיל
Category: God’s Sovereignty
Star clusters cited as evidence of YHWH’s sovereignty as maker of the constellations (5:8). Include a brief note that this is creation-praise, not an endorsement of astrology, given horoscope culture’s popularity in Brazil.
Nations Cushites Philistines Arameans
Approved rendering: cuchitas (etíopes) / filisteus / arameus (sírios)
Transliteration: Kushim / Pelishtim / Aram
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: כּוּשִׁים / פְלִשְׁתִּים / אֲרָם
Category: God’s Sovereignty
Peoples outside Israel’s covenant history, cited in 9:7 as proof of YHWH’s sovereignty over every nation’s history. Lexically low risk (standard proper nouns), but doctrinally this is the strongest single proof-text in the book for ‘God’s Sovereignty over All Nations’ and should be flagged prominently in teaching materials.
Plowman Overtakes Reaper
Approved rendering: o que lavra alcançará o que sega
Transliteration: ha-choresh ba-qotser
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Final Blessing
Original: הַחֹרֵשׁ בַּקֹּצֵר
Category: Messianic Hope
Hyperbolic image of agricultural superabundance, harvest and planting seasons overlapping, picturing eschatological material blessing accompanying the restoration (9:13). Low doctrinal risk; standard restoration-blessing imagery.
Referenced passages