Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians (English/Greek → Portuguese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Galatians 1–6. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [REUSED] and carry their exact recorded Portuguese rendering unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. New terms specific to Galatians are marked [NEW] and proposed here for addition to the project’s translation memory in a subsequent step. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier convention (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Reused Terms (from Romans Translation Memory — render exactly as recorded)
| # | Term | Portuguese | Risk (baseline) | Galatians Citations | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | gospel | evangelho | High | 1:6-9, 11; 2:2, 5, 7, 14; 3:8; 4:13 | [REUSED] |
| 2 | grace | graça | High | 1:3, 6, 15; 2:9, 21; 5:4; 6:18 | [REUSED] |
| 3 | faith | fé | High | 1:23; 2:16, 20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6, 22; 6:10 | [REUSED] |
| 4 | righteousness | justiça | Critical | 2:21; 3:6, 21; 5:5 | [REUSED] |
| 5 | justification | justificação | Critical | 2:16-17, 21; 3:8, 11, 24; 5:4 | [REUSED] |
| 6 | salvation | salvação | Critical | (conceptual background; no direct occurrence) | [REUSED — held in reserve] |
| 7 | apostle | apóstolo | Low (doctrine-level Medium/High in Galatians) | 1:1, 17, 19 | [REUSED] |
| 8 | called / calling | chamado | Medium/High | 1:6, 15; 5:8, 13 | [REUSED] |
| 9 | holy | santo | Medium | (implicit in “Espírito Santo” occurrences) | [REUSED] |
| 10 | adoption | adoção | High | 4:5 | [REUSED] |
| 11 | resurrection | ressurreição | Critical | 1:1 | [REUSED] |
| 12 | lord | Senhor | Critical | 1:3; 6:14, 18 | [REUSED] |
| 13 | son_of_god | Filho de Deus | Critical | 2:20; 4:4 | [REUSED] |
| 14 | incarnation (doctrine, not a single lexeme) | encarnação | Critical | 4:4 (“born of woman”) | [REUSED] |
| 15 | peace | paz | Medium | 1:3; 5:22; 6:16 | [REUSED] |
| 16 | church | igreja | Medium | 1:2, 13, 22 | [REUSED] |
| 17 | kingdom_of_god | reino de Deus | Medium | 5:21 | [REUSED] |
| 18 | law | lei | High | throughout, especially chs. 2-5 | [REUSED] |
| 19 | sin | pecado | Medium | 1:4; 2:17; 3:22 | [REUSED] |
| 20 | gentiles | gentios | Low | 2:8-9, 12, 14-15; 3:8, 14 | [REUSED] |
| 21 | glory | glória | Medium | 1:5; 6:14 | [REUSED] |
| 22 | messiah / christ | Messias / Cristo | Critical | throughout | [REUSED] |
| 23 | israel | Israel | Low/Medium | 6:16 | [REUSED] |
| 24 | jesus | Jesus | Critical | throughout | [REUSED] |
| 25 | god | Deus | Critical | throughout | [REUSED] |
| 26 | holy_spirit | Espírito Santo | Critical | 3:2-14; 4:6, 29; 5:16-25; 6:1, 8 | [REUSED] |
| 27 | father | Pai | Critical | 1:1, 3-4; 4:2, 6 | [REUSED] |
| 28 | abba | Abba | Medium | 4:6 | [REUSED] |
| 29 | covenant | aliança | High | 3:15, 17; 4:24 | [REUSED] |
| 30 | imputed_righteousness | justiça imputada | Critical | 3:6 | [REUSED] |
| 31 | fellowship | companheirismo | Low | 2:9 | [REUSED] |
| 32 | mission | missão | Medium | 2:7-9 (apostleship to the Gentiles, conceptual) | [REUSED] |
| 33 | exhort | exortar | Low | 6:1-2 (conceptual, paraenetic material) | [REUSED] |
New Terms Introduced by Galatians
| # | Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Portuguese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Citations | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | erga nomou | obras da lei | High | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | 2:16 (x3); 3:2, 5, 10 | ”boas obras” (too generic; loses Torah-observance specificity) | Must denote specifically Mosaic law-observance attempted as a basis of righteous standing, not good works generally |
| 35 | flesh (neutral/anthropological sense) | σάρξ | sarx | carne | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:16, 20 | — | “All flesh” = idiom for “any human being”; distinct from the ethical sense below |
| 36 | flesh (ethical/sinful-nature sense) | σάρξ | sarx | carne | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; 6:8 | ”corpo” (wrongly implies the physical body itself is sinful) | Must be taught as fallen moral orientation, not a disposable body-container for an intrinsically pure evolving spirit (Kardecist collision risk) |
| 37 | crucified with Christ | συνεσταύρωμαι | synestaurōmai | crucificado com Cristo | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:20 | ”morri para o pecado” alone (loses the specific union-with-Christ’s-death imagery) | Perfect tense: decisive past event, ongoing present effect; not a repeatable ritual or self-improvement project |
| 38 | minister/servant (rhetorical) | διάκονος | diakonos | servo / promotor | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:17 | ”diácono” (wrongly imports later ecclesial office sense) | General agency sense only in this context |
| 39 | transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | transgressor | Medium | Law and Grace | 2:18 | ”pecador” (too generic; loses specific boundary-violation sense) | |
| 40 | another/different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | heteron euangelion | outro evangelho | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6-9 | ”evangelho diferente” (acceptable variant, less idiomatic) | Must be read as a rival/false message, not mere variety; distinguish from Kardecist reinterpretation of “evangelho” already flagged in baseline gospel entry |
| 41 | accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | anátema / maldito | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:8-9 | ”está errado” (drastically weakens the formal curse-pronouncement) | Retain full formal weight of covenantal exclusion/curse |
| 42 | revelation (of Jesus Christ) | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | revelação | Medium-High | Paul’s Apostleship; Inspiration of Scripture | 1:12, 16 | — | Must be anchored to the unrepeatable apostolic-era disclosure; distinguish explicitly from ongoing Kardecist mediumistic “revelações”/psicografia already flagged in baseline |
| 43 | false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | pseudadelphoi | falsos irmãos | Low | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2:4 | — | |
| 44 | Judaize / compel circumcision | ἰουδαΐζειν / περιτέμνεσθαι | ioudaizein / peritemnesthai | judaizar / circuncidar-se | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3-5, 14 | — | Requires historical-background teaching note for readers unfamiliar with the first-century Jewish-Gentile church controversy |
| 45 | circumcision | περιτομή | peritomē | circuncisão | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3, 7-9, 12; 5:2-3, 6, 11; 6:12-13, 15 | — | Doctrinal freight is the practice’s claimed soteriological necessity, not the practice itself; must not be taught as inherently negative culturally/medically |
| 46 | bewitched | ἐβάσκανεν (βασκαίνω) | ebaskanen (baskainō) | enfeitiçou / fascinou | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 3:1 | ”confundiu” (loses the rhetorical force of the sorcery idiom) | Live cultural collision: Brazilian feitiçaria/mau-olhado beliefs are mainstream, not a dead metaphor; must read as rhetorical rebuke of deception, not affirmation of literal occult efficacy |
| 47 | blessing (of Abraham) | εὐλογία | eulogia | bênção | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:8-9, 14 | — | |
| 48 | curse (of the law) | κατάρα | katara | maldição | High | The Law’s Purpose; The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:10, 13 | ”má sorte” (wrongly reduces to impersonal misfortune) | Real covenantal judicial curse, not impersonal fate/karma |
| 49 | redeem / redemption | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | redimir | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Adoption and Sonship | 3:13; 4:5 | ”libertar” alone (loses the costly-purchase/substitution sense) | Must preserve substitutionary payment sense |
| 50 | promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | promessa | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14, 16-22, 29; 4:23, 28 | — | Keep terminologically distinct from “aliança” (covenant) though closely related |
| 51 | seed / offspring | σπέρμα | sperma | descendência | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16, 19, 29 | ”descendentes” (wrongly pluralizes; loses Paul’s singular-noun argument at 3:16) | Must preserve collective-singular form in doctrinally load-bearing verses |
| 52 | tutor / guardian | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | tutor | Medium-High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | ”professor” (wrongly implies academic instruction) | Ancient custodial/disciplinary household role ending at legal maturity; brief explanatory gloss recommended at first occurrence |
| 53 | no distinction (Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female) | οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην κτλ. | ouk eni Ioudaios oude Hellēn ktl. | não há judeu nem grego… | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 3:28 | — | Retain fully unqualified universal language; acute social resonance given Brazil’s colonial/slaveholding history |
| 54 | heir | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | herdeiro | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 3:29; 4:1, 7 | — | |
| 55 | elements of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | elementos do mundo | High | The Law’s Purpose; Freedom in Christ | 4:3, 9 | ”espíritos elementares” (risks affirming their reality as active spiritual agents) | Distinctive Brazilian collision with Candomblé/Umbanda elemental-force associations and general esoteric “elemental spirits” readings; teach as a past condition of bondage, not a real cosmology to be respected |
| 56 | fullness of time | τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | to plērōma tou chronou | a plenitude do tempo | Low-Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:4 | — | |
| 57 | born of woman | γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός | genomenon ek gynaikos | nascido de mulher | High | Adoption and Sonship (Incarnation background) | 4:4 | — | Teach alongside “Filho de Deus” for full humanity/full deity balance; distinguish from Kardecist “encarnação” per baseline |
| 58 | slave vs. son | δοῦλος / υἱός | doulos / huios | escravo / filho | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:1, 7 | — | |
| 59 | allegory | ἀλληγορούμενα | allēgoroumena | alegoria (dito alegoricamente) | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Freedom in Christ | 4:24 | — | Paul’s own explicit interpretive signal for this specific narrative; not a general license for allegorizing Scripture broadly |
| 60 | Jerusalem above | ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ | hē anō Ierousalēm | a Jerusalém do alto / celestial | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 4:26 | — | Avoid confusion with contemporary political Jerusalem |
| 61 | freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | liberdade | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 5:1, 13 | ”liberdade espiritual” unqualified (risks Kardecist self-liberation-across-lifetimes reading) | Christ-secured and Spirit-empowered, not self-achieved or license for the flesh |
| 62 | yoke of slavery | ζυγῷ δουλείας | zygō douleias | jugo de escravidão | Medium-High | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | — | Voluntary regression into already-broken bondage |
| 63 | faith working through love | πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | fé que atua/opera pelo amor | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | ”fé mais amor” (wrongly implies two separate, additive requirements) | Love is faith’s active expression/evidence, not a further meritorious work added atop faith |
| 64 | works of the flesh | τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | ta erga tēs sarkos | as obras da carne | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19-21 | — | Itemized vice-list contrasted with the singular “fruit of the Spirit” |
| 65 | sorcery / witchcraft | φαρμακεία | pharmakeia | feitiçaria | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | ”uso de drogas” (too narrow; misses the occult-ritual sense) | Distinctively Brazilian collision with Afro-Brazilian ritual practice and Kardecist-adjacent folk practice; handle with pastoral clarity in teaching notes, not by naming specific communities in the translated text |
| 66 | fruit of the Spirit | ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | ho karpos tou pneumatos | o fruto do Espírito | Medium-High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | ”os frutos do Espírito” (wrongly pluralizes, losing organic-unity sense) | Deliberate singular form: one Spirit-produced character, not an independently attainable checklist |
| 67 | — faithfulness (fruit) | πίστις | pistis | fidelidade | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22 | ”fé” (would collide with the saving-faith term already reserved in TM) | Distinct character-trait sense; must not be confused with saving faith |
| 68 | keep in step with the Spirit | τῷ πνεύματι στοιχῶμεν | tō pneumati stoichōmen | andar de acordo com o Espírito | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:25 | — | |
| 69 | bear one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε | allēlōn ta barē bastazete | levar as cargas uns dos outros | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Balance with 6:5’s individual responsibility to avoid erasing personal accountability |
| 70 | law of Christ | ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | ho nomos tou Christou | a lei de Cristo | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace | 6:2 | — | Governing ethic of self-giving love, not a reinstated legal-works basis for justification |
| 71 | sow and reap | ὃ ἐὰν σπείρῃ… τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει | ho ean speirē… touto kai therisei | o que o homem semear, isso também colherá | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 6:7-8 | ”lei de causa e efeito” (must be explicitly rejected — see baseline providence entry) | God’s personal moral governance of consequences in this life, not impersonal karma across reincarnations |
| 72 | new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | nova criação | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | ”renovação espiritual” unqualified (risks a gradualist Kardecist-adjacent reading) | Decisive, Christ-accomplished new state received now, not a gradual evolutionary process across lifetimes |
| 73 | boast (only in the cross) | καυχᾶσθαι | kauchasthai | gloriar-se | Medium-High | Crucified with Christ | 6:14 | ”orgulhar-se” (weaker; more self-focused connotation) | Exclusive, exultant confidence in the cross alone |
| 74 | marks of Jesus | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | ta stigmata tou Iēsou | as marcas de Jesus | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 6:17 | ”estigmas” (imports Catholic mystical-stigmata devotional association, e.g. Padre Pio) | Refers to Paul’s actual persecution scars, not devotional stigmata phenomena |
Risk Summary (New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 1 | Human theologian |
| High | 16 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 5 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker |
| Low-Medium | 2 | Native speaker |
| Low | 3 | Automated |
Total new terms requiring theologian-level review: 22 Total new terms requiring native-speaker-level review: 14 Total new terms requiring automated review only: 3
Coverage Statement
This glossary consolidates terms from every chapter of Galatians (1–6), cross-referenced against the full baseline Romans translation memory. All previously established Portuguese renderings are reused verbatim per the hard rule; no baseline term has been altered, and every new term proposed here is scoped for downstream addition to an updated translation_memory.json in a later Phase 1 step.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justiça
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado por esforço moral próprio
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: right standing before God granted through faith. Galatians 2:21 and 3:21 make this the very term whose law-based attainment would render Christ’s death pointless. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Justification
Approved rendering: justificação
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: progresso espiritual gradual
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: a forensic declaration of righteousness received by faith. Galatians 2:16 is this letter’s doctrinal thesis-verse and one of the highest-risk verses in this curriculum. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvação
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: evolução espiritual através de reencarnações sucessivas
Original: σωτηρία (conceptual background)
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: the single highest-risk term in this Language Package. Though the noun does not occur directly in Galatians, the concept underlies the entire justification argument; must never be conflated with Kardecism’s ‘evolução espiritual.’ Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ressurreição
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnação
Original: ἐγείρω / ἀνάστασις (Gal 1:1)
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: NEVER reencarnação. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostolic authority directly in God who raised Jesus from the dead. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Lord
Approved rendering: Senhor
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Senhor apenas em sentido devocional, sem reivindicação de senhorio total
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: invoked in Galatians’ opening (1:3) and closing (6:14, 18) benedictions. Must convey exclusive, supreme lordship, not a devotional title alongside spirit guides or orixás. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Filho de Deus
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: filho de Deus no sentido genérico aplicado a todo crente
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Galatians 2:20 and 4:4. Unique, eternal, divine Sonship, sharply distinct from the adoptive ‘filhos de Deus’ status Galatians 4 goes on to describe for believers. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: encarnação
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: encarnação como uma entre muitas vidas sucessivas de um espírito (sentido espírita)
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός (Gal 4:4)
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: applies to Galatians 4:4’s ‘born of woman.’ Every occurrence must be paired with explicit teaching distinguishing the eternal Son’s unique, non-repeating assumption of human nature from the everyday Kardecist sense of routine reincarnation. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: um espírito superior ou mais evoluído (leitura espírita de Jesus como ‘o mais evoluído dos espíritos’)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Rendered ‘Messias’/‘Cristo’ throughout Galatians. Must never be interpreted through the Kardecist framing of Jesus as merely the most morally evolved spirit. Central to the Abrahamic-promise argument of chapter 3. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Standard throughout Galatians; the risk is the doctrinal content surrounding the name (see Messiah, Incarnation, Son of God), not the name itself. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
God
Approved rendering: Deus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Standard and unambiguous throughout Galatians. Pastoral awareness of Afro-Brazilian syncretism (orixás identified with Catholic figures) remains relevant background. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espírito Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: espíritos guias ou mentores espirituais (espiritismo), orixás e guias (Candomblé/Umbanda)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: God
Central to Galatians 3-6’s argument for life ‘by the Spirit’ rather than by law. This distinction is especially load-bearing in Galatians 5’s flesh-versus-Spirit contrast. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Father
Approved rendering: Pai
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Galatians 1:1, 3-4; 4:2, 6. God as personal Father; standard and unambiguous. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justiça imputada
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: justiça infundida (categoria tridentina), justiça conquistada por mérito próprio ao longo de vidas sucessivas
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Galatians 3:6, quoting Genesis 15:6, the pattern for all who believe. Rejects both the Tridentine ‘infused righteousness’ category and the Kardecist notion of merit earned across reincarnations. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: crucificado com Cristo
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: morri para o pecado (alone; loses the specific union-with-Christ’s-death imagery)
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL doctrine. Galatians 2:20. Perfect tense: a decisive past event with abiding present effect. Must not be rendered as an ongoing self-improvement process or a repeatable ritual re-crucifixion, which would collapse this doctrine into the Kardecist gradualist framework.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelho
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: mensagem de evolução moral (Kardecist ethical-progress framing)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Standard term shared by Catholic and Protestant Portuguese Bibles. Distinctive Brazilian risk: Allan Kardec’s ‘O Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo’ explicitly reinterprets ‘evangelho’ as ethical teaching compatible with reincarnation and mediumship. In Galatians this risk is compounded by Paul’s own polemic against ‘ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον’ (1:6-9); the term must be taught as the single, fixed apostolic message under direct attack, not one variant teaching among several. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Grace
Approved rendering: graça
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: mérito espiritual acumulado ao longo de vidas sucessivas
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Unmerited favor received by faith. In Galatians (2:21; 5:4) grace and law-righteousness are presented as strictly mutually exclusive bases for justification; this antithesis must be preserved against both the Tridentine cooperative-merit framing and the Kardecist doctrine of merit accumulated across successive reincarnations. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Faith
Approved rendering: fé
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: convicção espírita, fé genérica em forças espirituais
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust in Christ. Galatians 2:16’s ‘πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ’ is rendered with the established objective-genitive sense (‘fé em Jesus Cristo’). Note: the fruit-of-the-Spirit list (5:22) uses the same Greek root (πίστις) in a distinct character-trait sense; that occurrence must be rendered ‘fidelidade,’ never ‘fé’ — see faithfulness_fruit below. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Calling
Approved rendering: chamado
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocação (narrow sense of a call to priesthood or religious life)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
Galatians 5:13, ‘called to freedom.’ Use ‘chamado’ for the universal divine calling of every believer, not the narrow Catholic-culture sense of ‘vocação.’ Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Adoption
Approved rendering: adoção
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Adoption and Sonship
Galatians 4:5, the stated goal of Christ’s redemptive mission. Full son-status with complete inheritance rights; guard against any rendering implying reduced or probationary status, especially against the slave-vs-son contrast of 4:1-7. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Law
Approved rendering: lei
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
The Mosaic law/Torah. Galatians develops this term far more extensively than Romans (chs. 2-5). Wherever ‘lei’ appears near consequence or purpose language (esp. 6:7-8), distinguish clearly from the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito.’ Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Covenant
Approved rendering: aliança
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Applied in Galatians to the Abrahamic promise (3:15, 17) and, allegorically, to Sinai and the promise (4:24). Must be kept terminologically distinct from ‘promessa’ (promise), the content pledged within the covenant relationship. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: obras da lei
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: boas obras (too generic; loses Torah-observance specificity)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 2:16 (x3); 3:2, 5, 10. Must denote specifically Mosaic Torah-observance (circumcision, dietary law, calendar) attempted as a basis of righteous standing, not good deeds generally.
Flesh Ethical
Approved rendering: carne
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: corpo (wrongly implies the physical body itself is sinful)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW, distinct sense from flesh_neutral above though same lexeme. Galatians 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; 6:8. Fallen moral orientation warring against the Spirit; the single most acute Brazilian collision risk in this Language Package given Kardecism’s own body/spirit dualism.
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: outro evangelho
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: evangelho diferente (acceptable variant, less idiomatic)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
NEW. Galatians 1:6-9. Must convey a rival, false message, not mere variety; the letter’s own vocabulary for warning against exactly the kind of reinterpretation Kardec’s ‘O Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo’ represents.
Anathema
Approved rendering: anátema
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: está errado (drastically weakens the formal curse-pronouncement)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
NEW. Galatians 1:8-9, pronounced twice. Retain full formal weight of covenantal exclusion/curse; the strongest curse-language in the Pauline corpus.
Revelation
Approved rendering: revelação
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: revelação mediúnica contínua / psicografia (Kardecist claim to ongoing revelation through mediums)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Inspiration of Scripture
NEW. Galatians 1:12, 16. Must be anchored to the historical, unrepeatable, apostolic-era disclosure of Jesus Christ, explicitly distinguished from ongoing Kardecist mediumistic ‘revelações.‘
Circumcision
Approved rendering: circuncisão
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:3, 7-9, 12; 5:2-3, 6, 11; 6:12-13, 15. The doctrinal freight is the practice’s claimed soteriological necessity, not the physical procedure; must not be taught as inherently negative culturally or medically.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: enfeitiçou
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: confundiu (loses the rhetorical force of the sorcery idiom)
Original: ἐβάσκανεν (βασκαίνω)
Category: Gospel
NEW. Galatians 3:1. Belief in feitiçaria/mau-olhado is culturally live and mainstream in Brazil; the line must read as Paul’s rhetorical rebuke of deception, never as an affirmation of literal occult efficacy.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: maldição da lei
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: má sorte (wrongly reduces to impersonal misfortune)
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:10, 13. A real covenantal judicial curse, not impersonal fate/karma — analogous to the baseline’s warning against reframing ‘providência’ through the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito.‘
Redeem
Approved rendering: redimir
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: libertar (alone; loses the costly-purchase/substitution sense)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:13 (redemption from the law’s curse) and 4:5 (redemption unto adoption). Must preserve a real, costly substitutionary transaction — Christ becoming a curse in believers’ place.
Seed Offspring
Approved rendering: descendência
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: descendentes (wrongly pluralizes; loses Paul’s singular-noun argument at 3:16)
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:16, 19, 29. Portuguese ‘descendência’ is naturally collective-singular like the Greek ‘σπέρμα’; must never be pluralized in doctrinally load-bearing verses.
Tutor Guardian
Approved rendering: tutor
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: professor (wrongly implies academic instruction)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25 (‘παιδαγωγός’). The ancient household custodial/disciplinary role ending at legal maturity, not a modern academic instructor; requires a mandatory explanatory gloss at first occurrence.
No Distinction
Approved rendering: não há judeu nem grego, não há escravo nem livre, não há homem e mulher
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:28. Retain fully unqualified universal language across all three pairs; acute social resonance given Brazil’s colonial and slaveholding history. Cross-references the reused Romans doctrine category ‘Unity of Jews and Gentiles’ and feeds directly into the Adoption and Sonship argument of 3:29.
Elements Of The World
Approved rendering: elementos do mundo
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: espíritos elementares (risks affirming their reality as active spiritual agents)
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 4:3, 9 (‘στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου’). Distinctively Brazilian collision with Candomblé/Umbanda elemental-force associations and general esoteric ‘elemental spirits’ readings; teach as a past condition of bondage, never a real cosmology to be respected.
Born Of Woman
Approved rendering: nascido de mulher
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 4:4. Affirms Christ’s genuine, full human birth and nature; must be taught alongside ‘Filho de Deus’ (the immediately preceding clause) and explicitly distinguished from the Kardecist sense of ‘encarnação’ as one of a spirit’s many successive embodiments.
Freedom Liberty
Approved rendering: liberdade
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: liberdade espiritual unqualified (risks Kardecist self-liberation-across-lifetimes reading)
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4; 5:1, 13. Christ-secured, Spirit-empowered release from the law’s condemning claim and sin’s dominion; never self-achieved. Must never be left doctrinally unqualified given the Kardecist ‘liberdade espiritual’ parallel.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: jugo de escravidão
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγῷ δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 5:1. Voluntary regression into already-broken bondage, warning against returning to law-observance.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: fé que atua pelo amor
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: fé mais amor (wrongly implies two separate, additive requirements)
Original: πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW, names a curriculum doctrine directly. Galatians 5:6. Love is faith’s active expression and evidence, not a separate meritorious work added to faith.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: obras da carne
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:19-21. Deliberately plural and itemized, contrasted with the singular ‘fruto do Espírito’; individual items (e.g. ‘feitiçaria’) require pastoral handling.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: feitiçaria
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: uso de drogas (too narrow; misses the occult-ritual sense)
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:20 (‘φαρμακεία’). Distinctively Brazilian collision with Afro-Brazilian ritual practice and Kardecist-adjacent folk practice; handle as a named vice in teaching notes without naming specific living religious communities in the translated text.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: fruto do Espírito
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: os frutos do Espírito (wrongly pluralizes, losing organic-unity sense)
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW, names a curriculum doctrine directly. Galatians 5:22-23. Deliberate Greek singular must be preserved to retain a single Spirit-produced character, not a checklist of independently attainable virtues.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: lei de Cristo
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Deliberately echoes and reframes ‘lei’ (already High risk); must not be read as a reinstatement of legal-works righteousness — a governing ethic of love, not a new performance-basis for justification.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nova criação
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: renovação espiritual unqualified (risks a gradualist Kardecist-adjacent reading)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW, names a curriculum doctrine directly. Galatians 6:15. A decisive, Christ-accomplished new state received now, not a gradual evolutionary process across lifetimes.
Boast
Approved rendering: gloriar-se
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: orgulhar-se (weaker; more self-focused connotation)
Original: καυχᾶσθαι
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 6:14. Exclusive, exultant confidence in Christ’s cross alone; the letter’s climactic exclusion of every other ground of confidence, directly echoing 2:21.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: chamado
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: convocado (bureaucratic register)
Original: καλέω / κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
Context-sensitive. Galatians 1:6, 1:15 ground Paul’s call and the Galatians’ call to grace in God’s sovereign choice before birth. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro em sentido ritual
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Underlies ‘Espírito Santo’ throughout Galatians 3-6. Applies to all believers, not only the canonized. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidade emocional
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Galatians 1:3 (greeting) and 5:22 (fruit of the Spirit). Relational peace with God, not merely emotional calm; in the fruit list, a Spirit-produced relational disposition, not self-cultivated. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Church
Approved rendering: igreja
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: a Igreja (institutional-hierarchical sense)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Galatians 1:2, 13, 22 — the community Paul once persecuted and now serves. Distinguish from the capitalized institutional sense. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Deus
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Galatians 5:21 names it as excluding those characterized by works of the flesh; functions as an ethical-eschatological boundary tied to the flesh/Spirit contrast. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: erro a ser corrigido em vidas futuras (leitura espírita)
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Galatians 1:4; 2:17; 3:22. Moral transgression before a personal, holy God, not a correctable ‘erro’ worked off across future incarnations. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Glory
Approved rendering: glória
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Galatians 1:5 (doxology) and 6:14 (cross-centered close). Standard usage. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Galatians 4:6, the Spirit’s cry within adopted believers; preserved untranslated, paired with ‘Pai’ (‘Aba, Pai’) per Almeida precedent. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Mission
Approved rendering: missão
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή (conceptual, Gal 2:7-9)
Category: Church
Galatians 2:7-9, the distinct apostolic assignments to Gentiles (Paul) and to Jews (Peter). Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: carne
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: σάρξ (πᾶσα σάρξ, ἐν σαρκί)
Category: Anthropology
NEW, distinct sense. Galatians 2:16 (‘πᾶσα σάρξ’ = ‘any human being’) and 2:20 (‘ἐν σαρκί’ = ‘in this present bodily life’). Never suggests ‘carne’ names a temporary vehicle a spirit discards and re-enters across successive incarnations.
Diakonos Rhetorical
Approved rendering: servo
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: diácono (wrongly imports later ecclesial office sense)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Ministry
NEW, distinct sense. Galatians 2:17, rhetorical question asking whether Christ promotes sin. General agency term only here.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: transgressor
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: pecador (too generic; loses specific boundary-violation sense)
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:18, one who violates a known legal boundary, describing reversion to law-righteousness after abandoning it.
Judaize Circumcision
Approved rendering: judaizar
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἰουδαΐζειν / περιτέμνεσθαι
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:3-5, 14 (‘ἰουδαΐζειν’/‘περιτέμνεσθαι’). Requires an explanatory teaching note for readers unfamiliar with the first-century Jewish-Gentile church controversy.
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: bênção de Abraão
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:8-9, 14. Requires Old Testament covenant background many culturally Christian Brazilian readers were never catechized in.
Promise
Approved rendering: promessa
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:14-22, 29; 4:23, 28. Must be kept terminologically distinct from ‘aliança’ (covenant) though closely related; repeatedly contrasted with ‘lei’ throughout chapter 3.
Heir
Approved rendering: herdeiro
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Adoption and Sonship
NEW. Galatians 3:29; 4:1, 7. One with legal right to receive an inheritance; consistent rendering required across all occurrences.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: a plenitude do tempo
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 4:4. The divinely appointed, ripe moment for God’s decisive redemptive act, introducing the incarnation and redemption of 4:4-5.
Slave Vs Son
Approved rendering: escravo / filho
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: δοῦλος / υἱός
Category: Adoption and Sonship
NEW. Galatians 4:1, 7. Contrasted legal statuses; must preserve the full legal-status contrast, not merely a difference in subjective feeling or intimacy.
Allegory
Approved rendering: alegoria
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:24 (‘ἀλληγορούμενα’). Paul’s own explicit interpretive signal for the Hagar-Sarah narrative specifically; requires a teaching note that this is not a general license for allegorizing all Scripture.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: Jerusalém do alto
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:26. The heavenly, eschatological Jerusalem contrasted with the present earthly Jerusalem under law; avoid confusion with contemporary political Jerusalem.
Faithfulness Fruit
Approved rendering: fidelidade
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: fé (would collide with the saving-faith term already reserved in TM)
Original: πίστις (Gal 5:22, distinct sense)
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW, distinct sense of πίστις. Galatians 5:22. Character-trait sense (reliability), must NOT be rendered ‘fé.‘
Keep In Step With Spirit
Approved rendering: andar de acordo com o Espírito
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τῷ πνεύματι στοιχῶμεν
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:25 (‘τῷ πνεύματι στοιχῶμεν’). Military/marching metaphor for disciplined, Spirit-directed conduct.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: levar as cargas uns dos outros
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
NEW, names a curriculum doctrine directly. Galatians 6:1-2. Must be taught alongside 6:5’s individual-responsibility statement to avoid either pure individualism or erasure of personal accountability.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: o que o homem semear, isso também colherá
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: lei de causa e efeito (must be explicitly rejected — see baseline providence entry)
Original: ὃ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 6:7-8. God’s personal moral governance of consequences in this present life, not an impersonal cosmic law operating across successive reincarnations.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: marcas de Jesus
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: estigmas (imports Catholic mystical-stigmata devotional association, e.g. Padre Pio)
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Galatians 6:17. Physical scars from persecution, offered as authentication of Paul’s apostleship; must not be conflated with devotional stigmata phenomena.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apóstolo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Lexically unambiguous and stable. Galatians 1:1’s emphatic denial of human derivation (‘not from men nor through man’) raises the doctrine-level stakes (see Paul’s Apostleship in the doctrine registry) without changing the term itself. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentios
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: pagãos (pejorative)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Central to Galatians’ argument for Jew-Gentile unity in Christ (2:8-9, 12, 14-15; 3:8, 14). Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Galatians 6:16’s closing benediction ‘the Israel of God.’ Theological usage must remain distinct from any contemporary geopolitical referent. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: companheirismo
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: comunhão dos santos (specific Catholic liturgical formula)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Galatians 2:9’s ‘right hand of fellowship’ extended to Paul and Barnabas; contextual ‘comunhão’ permitted for this formal-partnership sense per baseline note. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exortar
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (conceptual, underlying Gal 6:1-2 paraenesis)
Category: Faith
Underlies the burden-bearing exhortation of Galatians 6:1-2. Inherited from Romans package; no change.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: falsos irmãos
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:4. Standard compound, low ambiguity; professing believers who undermine the gospel.
Referenced passages