Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Psalms
A. Divine Names and Titles
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (personal name) | יְהוָה (YHWH) | SENHOR (small caps) (new — extends baseline lord) | Critical | Character of God; Lordship of Christ | 23:1; 24; 110; throughout | Must be small-caps SENHOR whenever rendering YHWH specifically, distinct from regular-case “Senhor” (adonai/kyrios, baseline). Never render as an impersonal universal force/“o Alto.” |
| 2 | Lord (title, “my lord”) | אָדוֹן/אֲדֹנָי (adon/adonai) | Senhor (baseline lord) | Critical | Lordship of Christ; Kingship | 110:1; 8:1 | Reuse baseline exactly. Ps 110’s “my Lord” (adoni) refers to the Davidic Messiah distinct from, yet identified with, YHWH — doctrinally load-bearing distinction. |
| 3 | God | אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | Deus (baseline god) | Critical | Character of God | throughout | Reuse baseline. Note baseline’s Candomblé/Umbanda orixá-syncretism caution applies with special force at Psalm 115’s idol polemic. |
| 4 | LORD of hosts | יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת (YHWH tseva’ot) | SENHOR dos Exércitos (new) | Critical | Character of God as King | 24:10; 46:7, 11 | Extends the SENHOR convention; “Exércitos” (armies/hosts), not a generic “poderes.” |
| 5 | Most High | עֶלְיוֹן (Elyon) | Altíssimo (new) | Medium/High | Character of God as Refuge | 91:1, 9 | Pair with Refuge doctrine’s protection-vs-prosperity caution (Ps 91 misapplied by Satan, Matt 4:6). |
| 6 | Almighty | שַׁדַּי (Shaddai) | Todo-Poderoso (new) | Medium | Character of God | 91:1 | Standard, low ambiguity beyond general prosperity-misuse caution shared with Elyon above. |
| 7 | Father | — | Pai (baseline father) | Critical | Covenant Faithfulness (as compassionate Father, Ps 103:13) | 103:13 | Reuse baseline. |
| 8 | Holy Spirit | רוּחַ קָדְשֶׁךָ (ruach qodshekha) | Espírito Santo (baseline holy_spirit) | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness; Sanctification | 51:11 | Reuse baseline exactly; teach as an OT anticipation of fuller NT Trinitarian revelation. |
B. Shepherd / King / Refuge (Character of God Doctrine)
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | shepherd | רָעָה / רֹעֶה (ra’ah / ro’eh) | pastor (new) | Medium/High | Character of God as Shepherd | 23:1; 28:9; 80:1; 95:7; 100:3 | Collides referentially with “pastor evangélico” (clergy title). Teach: the Shepherd is God/Christ, not a human minister. |
| 10 | king | מֶלֶךְ (melek) | rei (new) | Medium | Character of God as King; Kingship and the Messianic King | 2; 24; 47; 93; 95–99; 145 | No major syncretism risk; ensure distinction between divine kingship and any political/nationalist framing (cf. baseline kingdom_of_god note). |
| 11 | kingdom | מַלְכוּת (malkut) | reino (de Deus) (baseline kingdom_of_god) | Medium | Kingship | 145:11-13 | Reuse baseline; God’s sovereign reign, not a political state. |
| 12 | refuge | מַחְסֶה (machaseh); חָסָה (verb, chasah) | refúgio; refugiar-se (new) | Medium | Character of God as Refuge | 11:1; 46:1; 91:2 | No major Kardecist collision; caution against reducing to an impersonal protective charm/amulet association common in Brazilian folk-religious objects. |
| 13 | rock / stronghold / shield | צוּר / מְצוּדָה / מָגֵן (tsur / metsudah / magen) | rocha / fortaleza / escudo (new) | Medium | Character of God as Refuge | 18:2; 62:2, 7 | Personal protective character of God, not an impersonal cosmic force or protective object. |
| 14 | help | עֵזֶר (ezer) | socorro / ajuda (new) | Low/Medium | Character of God as Refuge | 121:1-2 | Standard; low risk. |
C. Lament and Honest Prayer
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | how long? | עַד־אָנָה (ad-anah) | até quando? (new) | Medium/High | Lament and Honest Prayer | 13:1-2; 6:3; 74:10 | Must be taught as legitimate faith-filled prayer, not doubt/irreverence, esp. against prosperity-only-positivity teaching currents. |
| 16 | my soul pants/longs | תַּעֲרֹג (ta’arog) | suspira / anseia (new) | Medium | Lament and Honest Prayer | 42:1-2 | Ties to nephesh (see #23); models honest internal address in prayer. |
| 17 | valley of the shadow of death | גֵּיא צַלְמָוֶת (gey tsalmavet) | vale da sombra da morte (new) | Medium | Lament and Honest Prayer; Character of God as Shepherd | 23:4 | Present-life crisis under God’s accompaniment; not an intermediate spirit-realm transit stage. |
| 18 | Sheol / the grave | שְׁאוֹל (Sheol) | Seol / sepultura (new) | Medium/High | Messianic Prophecy (Resurrection) | 16:10; 88:3 | Must not be equated with a Spiritist “plano espiritual” of continued existence pending reincarnation; here it is the state from which the Holy One is bodily raised. |
| 19 | unresolved lament (no praise-turn) | (genre feature, Ps 88) | lamento sem resolução (new — pastoral/genre note, not a lexical term) | High | Lament and Honest Prayer | 88 (entire) | Scripture licenses unresolved cries to God; must not be forced into an artificial positive resolution in teaching or translation. |
D. Praise and Worship
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | praise (verb, “boast/glory in”) | הָלַל (halal) | louvar (new) | Low | Praise and Worship | throughout; 146-150 | Standard. |
| 21 | sing praises (with instrument) | זָמַר (zamar) | cantar louvores (new) | Low | Praise and Worship | 33:2; 98:5 | Standard. |
| 22 | give thanks / acknowledge | יָדָה (yadah); תּוֹדָה (todah, noun) | louvar / agradecer; ação de graças (baseline thanksgiving for the noun sense) | Low | Thanksgiving; Praise and Worship | 100:4; 118 | Reuse baseline thanksgiving for todah; halal/yadah verbs are new but Low risk. |
| 23 | Hallelujah / Praise the LORD | הַלְלוּיָה (Halleluyah) | Aleluia (transliteration, per baseline convention alongside Amém) | Low | Praise and Worship | 111-113; 146-150 | Retain transliterated form; do not translate as a full sentence in liturgical headers. |
| 24 | psalm/song | מִזְמוֹר (mizmor) | salmo (new) | Low | — | superscriptions throughout | Standard liturgical genre-title. |
| 25 | Selah (liturgical notation) | סֶלָה (Selah) | Selá (transliteration) | Low | — | throughout | Retain untranslated, as with Halleluyah. |
E. Messianic Prophecy and Kingship
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 | Messiah / Anointed One | מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach) | Messias (baseline messiah) | Critical | Messianic Prophecy; Kingship | 2:2; 89:38; 132:10 | Reuse baseline exactly; exclude Kardecist “most evolved spirit” framing of Jesus. |
| 27 | Son (of God) | בֵּן (ben) | Filho (de Deus) (baseline son_of_god) | Critical | Messianic Prophecy; Sonship of Christ | 2:7 | Reuse baseline; eternal unique Sonship, distinct from believers’ adoptive sonship. |
| 28 | son of man | בֶּן־אָדָם (ben-adam) | filho do homem (new) | High | Messianic Prophecy | 8:4 | Distinguish from son_of_god; humanity’s/Messiah’s dominion title, later Christ’s self-designation. |
| 29 | my Lord (Ps 110, Messiah) | אָדֹנִי (adoni) | meu Senhor (baseline lord framework, contextual) | Critical | Kingship; Lordship of Christ; Deity of Christ | 110:1 | The YHWH/adoni distinction in this verse is the doctrinal crux of Psalm 110; must never be flattened to a single undifferentiated “Senhor.” |
| 30 | Melchizedek | מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק (Malki-Tsedeq) | Melquisedeque (new, proper name) | Medium | Kingship | 110:4 | Requires OT (Gen 14) / NT (Heb 5-7) bridging background. |
| 31 | cornerstone / rejected stone | אֶבֶן / פִּנָּה (even/pinnah) | pedra / pedra angular (new) | High | Messianic Prophecy | 118:22 | Direct messianic fulfillment (Matt 21:42; Acts 4:11; 1 Pet 2:7); Critical-adjacent handling recommended. |
| 32 | Blessed is he who comes in the name of the LORD | בָּא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה | Bendito o que vem em nome do SENHOR (new) | High | Messianic Prophecy | 118:26 | Palm Sunday “Hosanna” text (Matt 21:9); reuses SENHOR/YHWH convention. |
| 33 | seed of David (royal line) | — | descendência de Davi (baseline seed_of_david) | Medium | Kingship; Davidic Covenant | 89; 132 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 34 | David | דָּוִד (David) | Davi (baseline david) | Low | Kingship | 89; 110; 132 | Reuse baseline. |
| 35 | throne, O God (address to the king/Son) | — | trono, ó Deus (new) | Critical | Deity of Christ; Kingship | 45:6 | Quoted Heb 1:8-9 of the Son; requires theologian-level handling of the OT-royal / NT-christological double reference. |
| 36 | anoint with oil (festive/royal, not the mashiach root) | דָּשֵׁן/שֶׁמֶן (dashen/shemen) | ungir com óleo (new) | Medium | Kingship (background) | 23:5; 45:7 | Distinguish from technical מָשַׁח (mashach)/Messias root; festive-honor anointing, thematically related but lexically distinct. |
F. Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | mercy / lovingkindness / covenant faithfulness | חֶסֶד (chesed) | amor leal (primary); “misericórdia/bondade aliançal” (contextual gloss) (new) | High | Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed) | 23:6; 25:10; 36:5; 89; 100:5; 103:8; 107; 118; 136; 145:8 | No single Portuguese word captures loyalty + mercy + covenant-commitment. Do NOT reuse “graça” (reserved for baseline χάρις/grace). “amor leal” is the fixed Language Package rendering; teach with full semantic-range explanation on first occurrence per lesson. |
| 38 | truth / faithfulness | אֱמֶת (emet) | fidelidade / verdade (new) | Medium/High | Covenant Faithfulness | 25:10; 85:10; 100:5 | God’s reliable, truth-grounded loyalty, paired with chesed; not abstract philosophical “truth.” |
| 39 | faithfulness (abstract noun) | אֱמוּנָה (emunah) | fidelidade (new) | Medium | Covenant Faithfulness; Faith | 89:1, 5, 8 | Related to faith/“fé” (baseline High) but denotes God’s own steadfastness, not human belief. |
| 40 | covenant | בְּרִית (berith) | aliança (baseline covenant) | High | Covenant Faithfulness; Davidic Covenant | 89; 105; 132 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 41 | covenant-faithful one / holy one | חָסִיד (chasid) | fiel / santo (new, ties to baseline saints/holy) | Critical | Covenant Faithfulness; Sainthood | 16:10; 116:15; 149:1 | Derived from chesed root; reinforces baseline saints note that this is a corporate designation for the faithful, not an ascetic/canonized elite. |
| 42 | redemption | פָּדָה / גְּאֻלָּה (padah/ge’ulah); פְּדוּת (pedut) | redenção / redimir (new) | High | Covenant Faithfulness; Salvation | 49; 130:7 | Must be distinguished from Kardecist “resgate cármico” (karmic debt paid across lifetimes); this is God’s decisive rescue. |
| 43 | help / compassion / grace-favor (OT root) | חָנַן (chanan); רַחֲמִים (rachamim) | ser gracioso / compaixão (new) | Medium/High | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:1; 103:8, 13 | OT conceptual precursor to baseline grace; do not silently merge lexical slots with χάρις — flag for teacher note on first occurrence. |
G. Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 | sin | חַטָּאה (chattah) | pecado (baseline sin) | Medium/High | Confession and Forgiveness | 32; 51; 103 | Reuse baseline exactly; moral transgression before a personal God, not a correctable “erro” worked off across future lives. |
| 45 | transgression / rebellion | פֶּשַׁע (pesha) | transgressão / rebelião (new) | High | Confession and Forgiveness | 32:1; 51:1, 3 | Distinct nuance from chattah — willful rebellion; both must be covered by decisive divine forgiveness. |
| 46 | iniquity / guilt | עָוֹן (avon) | iniquidade / culpa (new) | High | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:2, 5; 103:3 | Completes the three-term sin-vocabulary cluster (chattah/pesha/avon) central to Ps 51. |
| 47 | forgive / blot out | סָלַח (salach); מָחָה (machah) | perdoar / apagar (new) | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness | 32:5; 51:1, 9; 130:4 | Decisive, once-for-all removal of guilt by God; must not be read as ongoing priestly-mediated absolution requirement nor as karmic self-correction across lifetimes. |
| 48 | wash / cleanse | כָּבַס (kabas); טָהַר (taher) | lavar / purificar (new) | High | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:2, 7 | Ritual-purity vocabulary applied to moral/spiritual cleansing; God’s act, not self-effort. |
| 49 | create (a clean heart) | בָּרָא (bara) | criar (new) | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:10 | The Genesis creation-verb applied to moral renewal — nothing less than new creation, not incremental self-improvement. |
| 50 | broken and contrite heart | לֵב נִשְׁבָּר וְנִדְכֶּה | coração quebrantado e contrito (new) | High | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:17 | The psalm’s doctrinal center: inward repentance valued above external ritual sacrifice. |
H. The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | righteousness / righteous one | צֶדֶק / צַדִּיק (tsedeq/tsaddiq) | justiça / justo (baseline righteousness) | Critical | The Righteous and the Wicked | 1; 15; 24; 37; 112; 119 | Reuse baseline exactly; forensic/relational right-standing, not self-achieved merit across lives. |
| 52 | wicked | רָשָׁע (rasha) | ímpio (new) | Medium/High | The Righteous and the Wicked | 1:1, 4-6 | Direct doctrinal foil to “justo”; consistent across all occurrences. |
| 53 | blessed / happy | אֶשֶׁר / בָּרוּךְ (esher/barukh) | bem-aventurado / feliz (new) | Medium | The Righteous and the Wicked | 1:1; 32:1; 41:1 | Avoid prosperity-gospel over-reading as material-wealth guarantee. |
| 54 | fool | נָבָל (naval) | insensato / tolo (new) | Medium | The Righteous and the Wicked | 14:1; 53:1 | Practical, not intellectual, denial of God; distinguish from mere lack of intelligence. |
| 55 | law / instruction | תּוֹרָה (torah) | lei (baseline law) | High | The Righteous and the Wicked (Torah devotion, Ps 1, 19, 119) | 1:2; 19:7-11; 119 (throughout) | Reuse baseline; teach the delight-register of Ps 1/19/119 alongside, not against, the Pauline law-cannot-justify register. |
| 56 | judge / judgment | שֹׁפֵט (shophet); מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) | juiz / juízo (new) | Medium | The Righteous and the Wicked; Kingship | 9-10; 72:1-2; 119 | God as personal Judge, distinct from an impersonal karma-like “lei de causa e efeito” (cf. baseline providence note). |
| 57 | meek / humble | עָנָו (anav) | manso / humilde (new) | Medium | The Righteous and the Wicked | 37:11 | Eschatological inheritance tied to humility, not achieved merit. |
I. Soul, Spirit, and Person (High-Frequency Anthropological Terms)
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58 | soul / life / self | נֶפֶשׁ (nephesh) | alma (new) | Critical | Character of God as Shepherd; Confession and Forgiveness; multiple | 23:3; 42:1-2; 63:1; 103:1; 116:7; throughout (dozens of occurrences) | The single highest new-term risk in this Language Package. Kardecist Spiritism teaches “a alma” as an immortal, pre-existent, evolving spirit reincarnating across bodies. Nephesh = the whole living self restored/renewed by God in this life, not a Spiritist immortal essence. Requires consistent teaching note wherever it recurs. |
| 59 | spirit / breath | רוּחַ (ruach) | espírito (new) | High | Confession and Forgiveness (51:11); Lament | 31:5; 51:10-11; 143:4 | Distinguish from Kardecist “espíritos guias”/mediumship communication and Candomblé/Umbanda incorporated spirits; here, life-breath entrusted to God, not an autonomous invocable entity. |
| 60 | breath | נְשָׁמָה (neshamah) | fôlego / respiração (new) | Low/Medium | Praise and Worship | 150:6 | Related to nephesh/ruach field; closes the Psalter’s praise trajectory (“let everything that has breath praise the LORD”). |
J. Salvation, Glory, and Related Baseline-Reused Terms
| # | English term | Original (translit.) | Portuguese rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Psalms | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 61 | salvation | יֶשַׁע / יְשׁוּעָה (yesha/yeshuah) | salvação (baseline salvation) | Critical | Salvation (cross-cutting) | 18:2; 27:1; 62:1 | Reuse baseline exactly; not Kardecist “evolução espiritual” across reincarnations. |
| 62 | glory | כָּבוֹד (kavod) | glória (baseline glory) | Medium/High | Deity of Christ (via Ps 8, 24, 45) | 8:5; 19:1; 24:7-10 | Reuse baseline. |
| 63 | peace | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | paz (baseline peace) | Medium | Covenant Faithfulness; Kingship | 85:10; 122:6-8 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 64 | trust | בָּטַח (batach) | confiar (new, ties to baseline faith) | High | Faith (cross-cutting) | 62:8; 146:3 | Personal trust in God, ties conceptually to baseline faith/“fé.” |
| 65 | idols / carved images | עֲצַבִּים / פְּסִילִים (atsabim/pesilim) | ídolos (new) | High | Character of God (exclusive monotheism) | 115:4 | Handle pastorally re: Candomblé/Umbanda images and Catholic devotional images per baseline god note; preserve the text’s exclusive-worship claim without contemptuous tone. |
Summary Statistics
| Risk tier | Count (this glossary) | Review routing (per baseline conventions) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 22 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 24 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 9 | Automated review sufficient |
New terms requiring addition to translation_memory.json before Phase 2 processing: all entries marked (new) above (approx. 55 terms). Each must be added with risk tier, doctrine tag, and alternatives-rejected field per the version-increment procedure specified in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions,” and flagged for theologian review where Critical or High.
This glossary must be loaded alongside 07_semantic_analysis.md and the baseline Romans Language Package artifacts before any Phase 2 Psalms segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justiça / justo
Transliteration: tsedeq / tsaddiq
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado por esforço moral próprio, trilha de evolução espiritual traçada pelo próprio espírito (leitura espírita)
Original: צֶדֶק / צַדִּיק
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Anchors Psalm 1’s two-ways contrast and recurs at Psalms 15, 24, 37, 112, 119. Must retain forensic/relational right-standing before God, not self-achieved merit — whether the Tridentine infused-merit reading or the Kardecist merit-across-reincarnations reading.
Justification
Approved rendering: justificação
Transliteration: dikaiōsis (NT Greek); conceptually anticipated in Psalm 32:1-2’s ‘blessed is he to whom the LORD counts no iniquity’ (quoted Romans 4:6-8)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: progresso espiritual gradual
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 32:1-2 is Paul’s own OT proof-text for justification by faith apart from works (Romans 4); teach this connection explicitly rather than treating justification as a purely NT category absent from the Psalter.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvação
Transliteration: yesha / yeshuah
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: evolução espiritual através de reencarnações sucessivas
Original: יֶשַׁע / יְשׁוּעָה
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at Psalms 18:2, 27:1, 62:1 and throughout. Must convey decisive reconciliation accomplished by God, never the Kardecist ‘evolução espiritual’ achieved gradually across many lives.
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: chasidim / qadoshim
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: santos venerados e invocados como intercessores
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at Psalms 16:10, 34:9, 116:15, 149:1 as a corporate designation for every covenant-faithful believer, never the popular Luso-Brazilian Catholic category of canonized, venerated intercessors. Requires an explicit teaching note at every occurrence, exactly as for Romans 1:7.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ressurreição
Transliteration: anastasis (NT Greek); cf. Psalm 16:10’s deliverance from Sheol, quoted Acts 2:25-31
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (Psalm 16)
Rejected alternatives: reencarnação
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ‘reencarnação.’ Psalm 16:10-11 (‘you will not abandon my soul to Sheol’) is Peter’s own proof-text for Christ’s bodily resurrection; must not be rendered or taught in any way compatible with the Kardecist doctrine of the discarnate spirit’s continued existence pending a future incarnation.
Lord
Approved rendering: Senhor
Transliteration: adon / adonai (Hebrew); kyrios (NT Greek)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Kingship
Rejected alternatives: Senhor apenas em sentido devocional, sem reivindicação de senhorio total
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged as the rendering for adon/adonai/kyrios (regular case). In Psalms this MUST be kept typographically distinct from the new term yhwh_lord (‘SENHOR,’ small caps, for the divine name YHWH). Psalm 110:1’s ‘the LORD said to my Lord’ depends entirely on this distinction being preserved without exception.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Filho de Deus
Transliteration: ben (Hebrew, Psalm 2:7); huios theou (NT Greek)
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ (Psalm 2)
Rejected alternatives: filho de Deus no sentido genérico aplicado a todo crente, uma encarnação entre muitas vidas sucessivas de um espírito (leitura espírita)
Original: בֵּן
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 2:7 (‘You are my Son’), quoted Acts 13:33, Hebrews 1:5, 5:5, grounds Christ’s eternal, unique Sonship. Must be sharply distinguished from the new term son_of_man (‘filho do homem,’ Psalm 8:4), a different title with a different referent-range.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: encarnação
Transliteration: cf. Psalm 1:3’s seed of David typology and Psalm 2:7’s Son declaration, applied to Christ’s assumption of human nature
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: encarnação como uma entre muitas vidas sucessivas de um espírito (sentido espírita)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not a lexical term within the Hebrew Psalter itself, but the theological category underlying the NT’s christological use of Psalm 2’s Sonship and Psalm 45’s throne-address. Every teaching use must pair ‘encarnação’ with explicit contrast to the everyday Kardecist sense of a spirit’s routine encarnação into a new body across successive lives.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Rejected alternatives: um espírito superior ou mais evoluído (leitura espírita de Jesus como ‘o mais evoluído dos espíritos’)
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at Psalms 2:2, 89:38, 132:10. Must exclude the Kardecist ‘most evolved spirit’ framing of Jesus as an exemplary guide among many advancing spirits — a mainstream, organized rival Christology in Brazil, not a marginal one.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used in teaching apparatus wherever a psalm’s NT fulfillment is named (e.g., Psalm 22, 110, 118); the risk lies in the doctrinal content around the name (see messiah, son_of_god, my_lord_adoni_ps110), not the name itself.
God
Approved rendering: Deus
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: Exclusive Monotheism and Idolatry (Psalm 115)
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 115’s idol polemic and Psalm 82’s application of ‘elohim’ to human judges both require the same pastoral care the baseline already flags around orixá/saint devotional syncretism.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espírito Santo
Transliteration: ruach qodshekha (‘your Holy Spirit,’ Psalm 51:11)
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: espíritos guias ou mentores espirituais (espiritismo), orixás e guias (Candomblé/Umbanda)
Original: רוּחַ קָדְשֶׁךָ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 51:11 is one of only two exact occurrences of this phrase in the Hebrew Bible; teach as an early anticipation of fuller NT Trinitarian revelation, without overclaiming full Trinitarian precision was available to the psalmist, and explicitly distinguished from Kardecist and Candomblé/Umbanda spirit frameworks.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justiça imputada
Transliteration: cf. Psalm 32:1-2, ‘blessed is he to whom the LORD counts no iniquity,’ quoted Romans 4:6-8
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness / The Righteous and the Wicked
Rejected alternatives: justiça infundida (categoria tridentina), justiça conquistada por mérito próprio ao longo de vidas sucessivas
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 32 supplies Paul’s own Old Testament proof-text for this doctrine; teach the Romans 4 connection explicitly so learners see the doctrine’s roots in the Psalter, not only in the New Testament.
Yhwh Lord
Approved rendering: SENHOR
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge / Lordship of Christ (Psalm 110)
Rejected alternatives: Iavé / Jeová (transliteration avoided due to strong Jehovah’s Witness denominational association in Brazil), Senhor, regular case (flattens the YHWH/adonai distinction), a Força Universal / o Alto (impersonal Kardecist/Umbanda framings)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
New term, extends the baseline lord entry. Rendered small-caps SENHOR per Almeida-tradition convention, exclusively for the divine personal covenant name YHWH, never for adon/adonai (regular-case ‘Senhor,’ inherited baseline term). This typographic distinction is doctrinally load-bearing at Psalm 110:1 and must be enforced mechanically at every occurrence, not treated as a stylistic choice.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: SENHOR dos Exércitos
Transliteration: YHWH tseva’ot
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Rejected alternatives: SENHOR dos poderes / das forças (vaguer, risks an impersonal-power reading)
Original: יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
New term, extends the yhwh_lord/SENHOR convention. Appears at Psalm 24:10 and 46:7, 11. Render ‘Exércitos’ (armies/hosts) specifically, never a vaguer ‘poderes’ or ‘forças.‘
My Lord Adoni Ps110
Approved rendering: meu Senhor
Transliteration: adoni
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (Psalm 110) / Kingship and the Messianic King
Rejected alternatives: um título indiferenciado de ‘Senhor’ que não distinga adoni de YHWH (rejected: destroys the psalm’s argument)
Original: אָדֹנִי
Category: Christology
New term. Psalm 110:1, ‘The LORD [SENHOR/YHWH] said to my Lord [meu Senhor/adoni].’ The single most doctrinally dense verse in this Language Package: Jesus himself presses this SENHOR/meu Senhor distinction in Matthew 22:41-46 to argue the Messiah’s deity; Acts 2:34-35 and Hebrews 1:13 resolve it christologically. Must never be flattened into one undifferentiated title.
Throne O God
Approved rendering: o teu trono, ó Deus
Transliteration: kis’akha Elohim
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (via the Psalms)
Rejected alternatives: um endereçamento meramente honorífico ao rei davídico, sem carga cristológica (rejected: misses the NT’s deliberate application)
Original: כִּסְאֲךָ אֱלֹהִים
Category: Christology
New term. Psalm 45:6, quoted Hebrews 1:8-9 as direct address to the Son. Requires theologian-level handling to avoid both overclaiming (reading later Christology naively into the original royal-wedding setting) and underclaiming (missing the NT’s deliberate christological application).
Chasid Covenant Faithful
Approved rendering: fiel / santo
Transliteration: chasid
Doctrine: Sainthood / Corporate Covenant Identity
Original: חָסִיד
Category: Covenant Faithfulness
New term, derived from the chesed root. Psalms 16:10, 116:15, 149:1. Reinforces the baseline saints Critical-risk note that this is a corporate designation for all the covenant-faithful, not an ascetic or canonized elite, since popular Luso-Brazilian Catholic piety reserves ‘os santos’ for venerated, canonized figures.
Saints Chasidim
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: chasidim
Doctrine: Sainthood / Corporate Covenant Identity
Rejected alternatives: santos venerados e invocados como intercessores
Original: חֲסִידִים
Category: Church
New term, the plural corporate form of chasid_covenant_faithful, functionally identical to the inherited baseline saints entry. Recorded separately to flag its distinct Hebrew derivation (the chesed root) for teacher completeness. Requires the same explicit corporate-identity teaching note at every occurrence.
Forgive Blot Out
Approved rendering: perdoar / apagar
Transliteration: salach / machah
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: absolvição sacramental contínua e repetida (leitura de cultura católica), reforma íntima (autocorreção espírita ao longo de vidas sucessivas)
Original: סָלַח / מָחָה
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term. Psalms 32:5, 51:1, 9, 130:4. Must convey God’s decisive, once-for-all removal of guilt; must not be read as an ongoing priestly-mediated absolution requirement nor as karmic self-correction achieved by the spirit’s own effort across lifetimes.
Create Bara
Approved rendering: criar
Transliteration: bara
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: melhorar / renovar gradualmente (rejected: collapses the doctrine into incremental self-improvement)
Original: בָּרָא
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term. Psalm 51:10, ‘create in me a clean heart’ — the same Hebrew verb used of Genesis ex nihilo creation. Must retain full creation-force; moral renewal is nothing less than new creation, not incremental self-improvement compatible with either a Tridentine merit-cooperation reading or Kardecist gradual purification across lifetimes.
Nephesh Soul
Approved rendering: alma
Transliteration: nephesh
Doctrine: Biblical Anthropology: Soul and Spirit
Rejected alternatives: alma como espírito imortal pré-existente que reencarna em múltiplos corpos (leitura espírita)
Original: נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Anthropology
New term — the single highest-risk new term in this entire Language Package. Core passage anchor (Psalm 23:3); recurs dozens of times across the Psalter (42:1-2, 63:1, 103:1, 116:7, and throughout). Kardecist Spiritism teaches ‘a alma’ as an immortal, pre-existent, evolving spirit that survives death and reincarnates across many bodies. Nephesh denotes the whole living self/breath/being restored and renewed by God in this life, not a Spiritist immortal essence progressing across incarnations. Requires a consistent teaching note at every recurrence.
Forsaken Azavtani
Approved rendering: tu me abandonaste
Transliteration: azavtani
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Rejected alternatives: uma ruptura real na unidade eterna da Trindade (rejected theological implication — must be explicitly guarded against)
Original: עֲזַבְתָּנִי
Category: Messianic Prophecy
New term. Psalm 22:1, quoted by Christ on the cross (Matthew 27:46; Mark 15:34). Requires careful theologian handling to teach the reality of Christ’s cry of dereliction without implying an actual rupture within the eternal Trinity.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: graça
Transliteration: charis (NT Greek; OT conceptual precursor is chanan, see chanan_rachamim)
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: mérito espiritual acumulado ao longo de vidas sucessivas, amor leal (hesed — reserved for the OT covenant-loyalty concept, never interchangeable with graça)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In the Psalms package this term functions primarily as a FENCE: hesed/‘amor leal’ must never be rendered or explained as ‘graça,’ since that would blur the NT unmerited-gift concept with the OT covenant-loyalty concept. Keep the two lexical slots strictly separate.
Faith
Approved rendering: fé
Transliteration: pistis (NT Greek); cf. Hebrew aman/emunah for the related but distinct OT concept of steadfastness
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: convicção espírita, fé genérica em forças espirituais
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Psalms this covers the psalmist’s personal trust in God (Psalm 62:8; 146:3, conceptually tied to the new term trust_batach/‘confiar’). Do not conflate with emunah (God’s own steadfastness, a distinct new term).
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: qadosh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro em sentido ritual
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium; Psalms extension retains High per bible_term_registry.json Psalms entry). Applies to God’s character (Psalm 99; 145:17) and, derivatively, to his covenant people; not a ritual-purity-only category.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificação
Transliteration: hagiasmos (NT Greek); cf. Hebrew taher (‘to be clean/pure’) applied morally in Psalm 51
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness / Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purificação cármica ao longo de reencarnações (leitura espírita)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 51’s wash/cleanse/create vocabulary (see wash_cleanse, create_bara) describes the beginning of this ongoing work; must not be read as Kardecist gradual purification across multiple incarnations.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dons espirituais
Transliteration: cf. Psalm 68:18, quoted Ephesians 4:8, charismata (NT Greek)
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Ascension
Rejected alternatives: mediunidade (dom mediúnico espírita), dons de incorporação (Candomblé/Umbanda)
Original: — (cf. Psalm 68:18, quoted Eph 4:8)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 68:18’s ‘received gifts to give’ is applied to the ascended Christ equipping the church in Ephesians 4:8; must be distinguished from Kardecist mediunidade and Candomblé/Umbanda gifts of spirit incorporation, both mainstream Brazilian practices.
Law
Approved rendering: lei
Transliteration: torah
Doctrine: Torah as Delight / The Righteous and the Wicked
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Righteousness
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalms 1:2, 19:7-11, and the entirety of Psalm 119 form the densest concentration of ‘law’ vocabulary in Scripture, framed entirely as delight rather than burden. Teach in careful balance with, never against, the baseline’s Pauline law-cannot-justify register — both are true within their own contexts.
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: chattah
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness / Universal Human Sinfulness
Rejected alternatives: erro a ser corrigido em vidas futuras (leitura espírita)
Original: חַטָּאה
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium; Psalms extension retains High per bible_term_registry.json Psalms entry, given the density of Psalm 32/51/103 confession material). Must be held distinct from, yet complementary to, the new terms transgression_pesha and iniquity_avon in Psalm 51’s three-term sin cluster.
Glory
Approved rendering: glória
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (via the Psalms)
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium; Psalms extension retains High given Psalm 8:5, 19:1, and 24:7-10’s load-bearing use). God’s radiant honor and presence.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: poder de Deus
Transliteration: qol YHWH (‘voice of the LORD,’ Psalm 29)
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Original: קוֹל יְהוָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium; Psalms extension retains High per bible_term_registry.json Psalms entry). Standard, unambiguous rendering; God’s power displayed in creation and speech.
Covenant
Approved rendering: aliança
Transliteration: berith
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed) / Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Anchors Psalms 89, 105, 132; a relational covenant bond, not a mere legal contract. Requires explicit Old Testament covenant background (2 Samuel 7) generally absent from Luso-Brazilian catechesis.
Election
Approved rendering: eleição
Transliteration: bachar
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado ao longo de reencarnações
Original: בָּחַר
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at Psalm 33:12, 135:4. God’s sovereign, personal choice, not a status earned through accumulated merit across lifetimes.
Providence
Approved rendering: providência
Transliteration: cf. Psalm 139:16, ‘written before any of them came to be’
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Sovereignty (Psalm 139)
Rejected alternatives: lei de causa e efeito espírita (regência cármica das reencarnações)
Original: — (cf. Psalm 139:16, “written before any of them came to be”)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Psalm 139:16 is the Psalter’s most vulnerable text to a Kardecist ‘karmic script’ misreading; must be taught, consistent with the baseline Romans 8:28 handling, as God’s intimate, personal, purposive knowledge and care.
Father
Approved rendering: Pai
Transliteration: av
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: אָב
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Critical; Psalms extension records High per bible_term_registry.json Psalms entry for the specific Psalm 103:13 compassion image). Personal, relational father, not an impersonal creator-principle.
Most High
Approved rendering: Altíssimo
Transliteration: Elyon
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
Original: עֶלְיוֹן
Category: God
New term. Psalm 91:1, 9. This psalm is quoted by Satan to tempt Christ (Matt 4:6) and is frequently misapplied in Brazilian Pentecostal prosperity-and-protection preaching as an unconditional guarantee against harm. Must be taught as covenant trust in God’s supreme character, never a magical protection formula.
Shepherd
Approved rendering: pastor
Transliteration: ra’ah / ro’eh
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd
Original: רָעָה / רֹעֶה
Category: Shepherd Imagery
New term. Core passage anchor (Psalm 23:1); recurs at 28:9, 80:1, 95:7, 100:3. Rendering ‘pastor’ collides referentially with the everyday Brazilian title for a Protestant/Evangelical clergyman. Every occurrence applied to God/Christ must be taught explicitly as God/Christ himself (cf. João 10:11), never a human minister or church office.
How Long
Approved rendering: até quando?
Transliteration: ad-anah
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Original: עַד־אָנָה
Category: Lament
New term. The classic lament interrogative (Psalm 13:1-2; 6:3; 74:10). Must be taught as legitimate, faith-filled prayer, not doubt or irreverence — an important corrective given Brazilian Pentecostal/prosperity-gospel streams that discourage voicing unresolved complaint to God.
Sheol
Approved rendering: Seol / sepultura
Transliteration: Sheol
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (Psalm 16)
Rejected alternatives: plano espiritual (leitura espírita do pós-morte)
Original: שְׁאוֹל
Category: Anthropology
New term, hybrid transliteration/paraphrase strategy: ‘Seol’ in proper-noun contexts, ‘sepultura’ in descriptive contexts. Psalms 16:10, 88:3. Must not be equated with a Spiritist ‘plano espiritual’ of ongoing conscious existence pending reincarnation; in Psalm 16 this is the state from which the Holy One is delivered by bodily resurrection.
Unresolved Lament
Approved rendering: lamento sem resolução
Transliteration: N/A — genre/pastoral note, not a lexical term
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Rejected alternatives: adição de um final de louvor não presente no hebraico (rejected: never insert a resolution absent from the source text)
New term (genre marker). Psalm 88, the Psalter’s darkest lament, ends without a turn to praise. Scripture licenses this unresolved cry to God as legitimate faith; must never be forced into an artificial positive conclusion in translation or teaching.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: filho do homem
Transliteration: ben-adam
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: בֶּן־אָדָם
Category: Christology
New term. Psalm 8:4, quoted Hebrews 2:6-8. Humanity’s God-given dominion title, later Christ’s characteristic self-designation. Must be sharply distinguished from the inherited baseline term son_of_god/‘Filho de Deus’ — these are lexically and doctrinally distinct titles that must never bleed into one another.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: pedra angular
Transliteration: even / pinnah
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: אֶבֶן / פִּנָּה
Category: Messianic Prophecy
New term. Psalm 118:22, ‘the stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone,’ quoted Matthew 21:42, Acts 4:11, 1 Peter 2:7. Requires Critical-adjacent theologian handling to preserve the rejection-to-vindication pattern fulfilled in Christ’s death and resurrection.
Blessed Is He Who Comes
Approved rendering: Bendito o que vem em nome do SENHOR
Transliteration: ba be-shem YHWH
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: בָּא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה
Category: Messianic Prophecy
New term. Psalm 118:26, the ‘Hosanna’ text quoted at Christ’s triumphal entry (Matthew 21:9). Reuses the yhwh_lord/SENHOR convention; must retain the direct messianic-entry resonance for teaching continuity with the Gospel accounts.
Hesed
Approved rendering: amor leal
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Rejected alternatives: graça (reserved exclusively for the baseline’s NT χάρις term — never interchangeable), misericórdia (alone, loses the covenant-loyalty dimension), bondade (alone, loses the loyalty/permanence dimension)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Covenant Faithfulness
New term — the single largest true vocabulary gap in this Language Package. No Portuguese word natively fuses loyalty, covenant obligation, and compassionate mercy the way chesed does. ‘Amor leal’ is the fixed, non-negotiable primary rendering; supply the fuller descriptive gloss (‘bondade e fidelidade de aliança’) at every first occurrence per lesson. Anchors Psalm 23:6, 25:10, 36:5, 89, 100:5, 103:8, 107, 118, and the 26-fold refrain of Psalm 136.
Emet
Approved rendering: fidelidade / verdade
Transliteration: emet
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: אֱמֶת
Category: Covenant Faithfulness
New term. Regularly paired with hesed (Psalm 25:10, 85:10, 100:5). God’s reliable, truth-grounded loyalty, not abstract philosophical ‘truth’ divorced from covenant relationship.
Redemption
Approved rendering: redenção / redimir
Transliteration: padah / ge’ulah / pedut
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed) / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: resgate cármico (leitura espírita de dívida paga ao longo de vidas sucessivas)
Original: פָּדָה / גְּאֻלָּה / פְּדוּת
Category: Salvation
New term. Psalms 49, 130:7. Must be distinguished from a Kardecist ‘resgate cármico’ (karmic debt paid off across lifetimes); this is God’s decisive rescue accomplished for the person, not a self-managed debt gradually worked off.
Chanan Rachamim
Approved rendering: ser gracioso / compaixão
Transliteration: chanan / rachamim
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: חָנַן / רַחֲמִים
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term, the Old Testament conceptual precursor to the baseline’s NT χάρις/‘graça,’ but must not be silently merged into that same lexical slot. Psalms 51:1, 103:8, 13. Flag for a teacher note on first occurrence distinguishing the OT root from the fixed NT term.
Transgression Pesha
Approved rendering: transgressão / rebelião
Transliteration: pesha
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
New term. Psalms 32:1, 51:1, 3. Distinct nuance from the inherited sin/‘pecado’ term, emphasizing willful rebellion; both, along with iniquity_avon, must be covered by decisive divine forgiveness rather than a ledger of accumulated moral debt.
Iniquity Avon
Approved rendering: iniquidade / culpa
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
New term. Psalms 51:2, 5, 103:3. Completes the three-term sin-vocabulary cluster (chattah/pesha/avon) central to Psalm 51’s confession; hold distinct from the near-synonymous Portuguese terms despite their overlapping ordinary usage.
Wash Cleanse
Approved rendering: lavar / purificar
Transliteration: kabas / taher
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: כָּבַס / טָהַר
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term. Psalm 51:2, 7. Ritual-purity vocabulary applied to moral and spiritual cleansing; God’s decisive act, not a self-effort achievement.
Broken Contrite Heart
Approved rendering: coração quebrantado e contrito
Transliteration: lev nishbar ve-nidkeh
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: לֵב נִשְׁבָּר וְנִדְכֶּה
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term. Psalm 51:17, the psalm’s doctrinal center: inward repentance valued above external ritual sacrifice.
Wicked
Approved rendering: ímpio
Transliteration: rasha
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: רָשָׁע
Category: Righteousness
New term. Psalm 1:1, 4-6, direct doctrinal foil to the inherited baseline righteousness/‘justo’ term. Render consistently across all occurrences to preserve Psalm 1’s structural two-ways contrast.
Ruach Spirit
Approved rendering: espírito
Transliteration: ruach
Doctrine: Biblical Anthropology: Soul and Spirit
Rejected alternatives: espíritos guias (comunicação mediúnica com entidades desencarnadas), espíritos incorporados (Candomblé/Umbanda)
Original: רוּחַ
Category: Anthropology
New term. Psalms 31:5 (quoted by Christ, Luke 23:46), 51:10-11, 143:4. Must be distinguished from Kardecist ‘espíritos’ (discarnate entities communicated with via mediums) and Candomblé/Umbanda incorporated spirits; here it denotes the psalmist’s own life-breath entrusted wholly to God, not an autonomous entity to be invoked or channeled.
Trust Batach
Approved rendering: confiar
Transliteration: batach
Doctrine: Faith (cross-cutting)
Original: בָּטַח
Category: Faith
New term. Psalms 62:8, 146:3. Ties conceptually to the inherited baseline faith/‘fé’ term; personal trust in God’s character, not generic belief in ‘the spirit world’ or confidence in one’s own moral progress.
Idols
Approved rendering: ídolos
Transliteration: atsabim / pesilim
Doctrine: Exclusive Monotheism and Idolatry (Psalm 115)
Original: עֲצַבִּים / פְּסִילִים
Category: God
New term. Psalm 115:4 (paralleled at 135:15-18). Given Brazil’s religious plurality, this exclusive-monotheism polemic must be taught pastorally, without a triumphalist or contemptuous tone toward Afro-Brazilian Candomblé/Umbanda images or Catholic devotional images of saints, while preserving the text’s clear claim that God alone is to be worshiped.
Pierced Hands Feet Garments
Approved rendering: perfuraram as minhas mãos e os meus pés / repartiram entre si as minhas vestes
Transliteration: ka’aru/daqru yadai ve-ragelai; yechalleku begadai
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: כָּארוּ/דָּקְרוּ יָדַי וְרַגְלָי; יְחַלְּקוּ בְגָדַי
Category: Messianic Prophecy
New term. Psalm 22:16, 18, directly fulfilled at the crucifixion (John 19:23-24). Requires theologian-level handling given the doctrine’s centrality and a known textual-transmission crux worth a teacher’s note.
Sacrifice Not Desired
Approved rendering: sacrifício e oferta não desejaste… fazer a tua vontade é o meu prazer
Transliteration: zevach u-minchah lo-chafatsta… la’asot retsonkha chafetsti
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: זֶבַח וּמִנְחָה לֹא־חָפַצְתָּ… לַעֲשׂוֹת־רְצוֹנְךָ חָפֵצְתִּי
Category: Messianic Prophecy
New term. Psalm 40:6-8, applied to Christ’s obedience in Hebrews 10:5-9. Ties directly to Christ’s obedience fulfilling and surpassing the sacrificial system; requires theologian handling given its direct christological application in Hebrews.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness / Kingship
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidade emocional
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at Psalms 85:10 (paired with hesed and emet) and 122:6-8. Relational, covenantal well-being, not merely psychological calm.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Deus
Transliteration: malkut
Doctrine: Kingship
Original: מַלְכוּת
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at Psalm 145:11-13. God’s sovereign, everlasting reign, not a political or nationalist state.
Mission
Approved rendering: missão
Transliteration: cf. ammim/le’ummim (‘peoples/nations,’ Psalms 66-67, 96-98, 117)
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: עַמִּים / לְאֻמִּים
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard term for the call of all peoples to know and praise God.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendência de Davi
Transliteration: zera David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (Psalms 89, 110, 132)
Original: זֶרַע דָּוִד
Category: Kingship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The promised royal line fulfilled in the Messiah; anchors Psalms 89 and 132.
Almighty
Approved rendering: Todo-Poderoso
Transliteration: Shaddai
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
Original: שַׁדַּי
Category: God
New term. Psalm 91:1. Shares the prosperity-misapplication caution noted for most_high/Elyon, with lower independent risk.
King
Approved rendering: rei
Transliteration: melek
Doctrine: Character of God as King / Kingship and the Messianic King
Original: מֶלֶךְ
Category: Kingship
New term. Applied to God, the Davidic king, and messianically to Christ (Psalms 2, 24, 47, 93, 95-99, 145). Keep distinct from a political or nationalist framing, consistent with baseline kingdom_of_god note.
Refuge
Approved rendering: refúgio / refugiar-se
Transliteration: machaseh / chasah
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
Original: מַחְסֶה / חָסָה
Category: Refuge
New term. Psalms 11:1, 46:1, 91:2. Must not be reduced to an impersonal protective charm/amulet, a common association with protective religious objects in Brazilian folk-Catholic and Afro-Brazilian practice.
Rock Stronghold Shield
Approved rendering: rocha / fortaleza / escudo
Transliteration: tsur / metsudah / magen
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
Original: צוּר / מְצוּדָה / מָגֵן
Category: Refuge
New term cluster. Psalms 18:2, 62:2, 7. Titles for God’s personal protective character, not impersonal cosmic forces or protective objects.
Soul Pants
Approved rendering: suspira / anseia
Transliteration: ta’arog
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Original: תַּעֲרֹג
Category: Lament
New term. Psalm 42:1-2, ‘as the deer pants for water.’ Models honest internal address in prayer; ties to the nephesh_soul doctrine.
Valley Of Shadow Of Death
Approved rendering: vale da sombra da morte
Transliteration: gey tsalmavet
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer / Character of God as Shepherd
Original: גֵּיא צַלְמָוֶת
Category: Lament
New term. Core passage, Psalm 23:4. Must be taught as present-life crisis traversed under God’s real accompaniment, not a description of an intermediate ‘spirit realm’ transition between reincarnations as in Kardecist afterlife cosmology.
Melchizedek
Approved rendering: Melquisedeque
Transliteration: Malki-Tsedeq
Doctrine: The King as Priest (Melchizedek Typology)
Rejected alternatives: Rei de Justiça (literal translation, rejected as it would sever the reader’s ability to cross-reference Genesis 14 and Hebrews 5-7)
Original: מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק
Category: Kingship
New term, established proper name. Psalm 110:4. Requires Old Testament (Genesis 14) and New Testament (Hebrews 5-7) bridging background largely absent from general Luso-Brazilian catechesis.
Anoint With Oil Festive
Approved rendering: ungir com óleo
Transliteration: dashen ba-shemen
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (background)
Original: דָּשֵׁן בַּשֶּׁמֶן
Category: Kingship
New term. Psalms 23:5, 45:7. Festive/ceremonial anointing of an honored guest, lexically distinct from the technical mashach root behind ‘Messias.’ Teach as thematically related to, but not identical with, the technical messianic-anointing terminology of Psalm 2.
Emunah
Approved rendering: fidelidade
Transliteration: emunah
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: אֱמוּנָה
Category: Covenant Faithfulness
New term. Psalm 89:1, 5, 8. God’s own covenant steadfastness, related to but distinct from the inherited baseline term faith/‘fé’ (human trust); keep the two conceptually distinct in teaching.
Blessed Happy
Approved rendering: bem-aventurado / feliz
Transliteration: esher / barukh
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: אֶשֶׁר / בָּרוּךְ
Category: Righteousness
New term. Psalms 1:1, 32:1, 41:1. A state of flourishing favor before God; avoid a prosperity-gospel over-reading that turns this into a guarantee of material wealth.
Fool
Approved rendering: insensato / tolo
Transliteration: naval
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: נָבָל
Category: Righteousness
New term. Psalms 14:1, 53:1. A practical, not intellectual, denial of God in one’s living; must be distinguished from mere lack of intelligence.
Judge Judgment
Approved rendering: juiz / juízo
Transliteration: shophet / mishpat
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked / Imprecatory Prayer and Divine Justice
Original: שֹׁפֵט / מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Righteousness
New term. Psalms 9-10, 72:1-2, 119. God as personal Judge, distinct from an impersonal karma-like ‘lei de causa e efeito’ as taught in Kardecism, consistent with the baseline providence note.
Meek Humble
Approved rendering: manso / humilde
Transliteration: anav
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: עָנָו
Category: Righteousness
New term. Psalm 37:11, ‘the meek shall inherit the land,’ quoted Matthew 5:5. Eschatological inheritance tied to humility before God, not to achieved merit or self-directed spiritual advancement.
Neshamah Breath
Approved rendering: fôlego / respiração
Transliteration: neshamah
Doctrine: Biblical Anthropology: Soul and Spirit / Praise and Worship
Original: נְשָׁמָה
Category: Anthropology
New term. Psalm 150:6, ‘let everything that has breath praise the LORD,’ closing the Psalter’s praise trajectory. Related to the nephesh/ruach field; shares the general anthropological caution against Spiritist re-readings.
Gentiles Nations Goyim
Approved rendering: nações
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalm 2) / Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: gentios (rejected for this specific sense: would import the baseline NT ethnē salvation-history freight uncritically into Psalm 2’s distinct political-rebellion context)
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Kingdom
New term, distinct from the inherited baseline gentiles entry. Psalm 2:1, 8’s goyim denotes the political nations of the earth in rebellion against God and his Anointed, not the NT ethnē/‘gentios’ category. Render ‘nações’ in this specific context; reserve ‘gentios’ for the NT-consonant sense used elsewhere (Psalms 67, 96-98, 117).
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ação de graças
Transliteration: todah
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: תּוֹדָה
Category: Praise
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reuses the baseline rendering for the Hebrew noun todah (Psalm 100:4), though todah derives from a distinct Hebrew root than the NT eucharistia; minimal risk.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentios
Transliteration: goyim (in its NT-adjacent ethnē sense); see the separate new term gentiles_nations_goyim for Psalm 2’s distinct political-rebellion sense
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: pagãos (pejorative)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged, for contexts consistent with the NT ethnē/‘gentios’ salvation-history sense (e.g., Psalm 67, 96-98, 117’s call for all peoples to praise God). Do NOT use for Psalm 2:1, 8’s goyim, which denotes the political nations in rebellion against God’s Anointed — render that distinct sense as ‘nações’ per the new term gentiles_nations_goyim.
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: cf. Psalm 105:15, ‘do my prophets no harm’
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: médium (channeler of spirit messages)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Low-frequency in the Psalter itself but retained for consistency with the baseline’s contrast against Kardecist mediums channeling spirit messages.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecia
Transliteration: cf. Psalm 2, 16, 22, 110’s forward-pointing royal/messianic language
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy / Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Rejected alternatives: psicografia (spirit messages transcribed through mediums)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Governs the general category of God-inspired forward-pointing declaration that the Messianic Prophecy doctrine’s specific psalms instantiate; distinct from psicografia, the Kardecist practice of mediums transcribing messages purportedly from the dead.
David
Approved rendering: Davi
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Kingship / Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Kingship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard proper name, central to Psalms 89, 110, 132.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard proper name for the covenant people who are the recipients of God’s hesed and covenant promises throughout the Psalter.
Help Ezer
Approved rendering: socorro / ajuda
Transliteration: ezer
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
New term. Psalm 121:1-2. Standard, low-risk rendering.
Praise Halal
Approved rendering: louvar
Transliteration: halal
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: הָלַל
Category: Praise
New term. Standard verb, ‘to praise, boast in, glory in God,’ used throughout the Psalter, especially 146-150.
Sing Praises Zamar
Approved rendering: cantar louvores
Transliteration: zamar
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: זָמַר
Category: Praise
New term. Standard verb for singing praise, typically with a stringed instrument (Psalm 33:2, 98:5).
Halleluyah
Approved rendering: Aleluia
Transliteration: Halleluyah
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: tradução expandida em frase completa (rejected: breaks cross-denominational recognizability)
Original: הַלְלוּיָה
Category: Praise
New term. Retain transliterated per established Bible-translation convention (alongside ‘Amém’), framing Psalms 111-113 and 146-150; do not expand into a full translated sentence in liturgical headers.
Psalm Mizmor
Approved rendering: salmo
Transliteration: mizmor
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: מִזְמוֹר
Category: Praise
New term. Standard liturgical genre-title used in superscriptions throughout the book.
Selah
Approved rendering: Selá
Transliteration: Selah
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: סֶלָה
Category: Praise
New term. Retain untranslated, as with ‘Aleluia,’ throughout the Psalter.