Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16
Destination Language: Portuguese
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the entire Gospel of Mark, citing terms from every chapter (1–16) plus the verse-by-verse core passage (Mark 10:35-45). It is organized into two parts:
- Part A — Reused Terms: terms already fixed in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json. These renderings MUST be reused exactly per the governing instructions; this table records where in Mark each term recurs and any Mark-specific contextual notes, but does not alter the baseline rendering, risk tier, or rejected alternatives. - Part B — New Terms: terms not present in the baseline Romans Language Package, newly identified in Mark. These are proposed with a Portuguese rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives, following the exact schema of the baseline
translation_memory.json, ready for incorporation into an updated version of that file in Phase 2.
Risk tiers (Critical / High / Medium / Low) and review routing follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly.
Part A — Reused Terms (Baseline Romans TM — Render Exactly as Recorded)
| Term (EN) | Portuguese (baseline, unchanged) | Risk | Mark Occurrences | Mark-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelho | High | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Mark 1:1 makes “evangelho” the self-designation of the whole book. Kardecist “O Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo” collision applies identically per baseline. |
| faith | fé | High | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24 | Repeatedly linked to healing via σῴζω (see Part B); must remain personal trust in Christ, not generic belief. |
| sin | pecado | Medium | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29 | Mark 2:5-10 grounds forgiveness of sin in Jesus’ direct divine authority — reinforce baseline note against “erro cármico.” |
| law | lei | High | 1:44, 7:1-13, 10:3-9, 12:28-34 | Mark 7 shows Jesus reinterpreting ritual-law categories in moral-internal terms; connect to baseline’s dharma/cosmic-law caution. |
| son_of_god | Filho de Deus | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61-62, 15:39 | Mark’s Messianic Secret motif withholds full disclosure until 15:39’s centurion confession; must stay lexically distinct from “Filho do Homem” (Part B) throughout. |
| lord | Senhor | Critical | 1:3, 5:19, 7:28, 10:51, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37, 13:35 | Mark 10:42’s negative katakyrieuō (“lord it over,” Part B) must NOT be rendered with any Senhor-cognate — see core passage note. Mark 12:35-37’s David’s-Lord riddle is a Critical Christological argument reusing this term. |
| holy_spirit | Espírito Santo | Critical | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Mark 3:28-30’s “blasphemy against the Holy Spirit” doctrine (Part B) depends on this exact reused term; same Kardecist/Candomblé-Umbanda distinction as baseline applies with equal force. |
| father | Pai | Critical | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | Mark 14:36 (Gethsemane) is the narrative source of the baseline’s “Abba/Pai” entry. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | 14:36 | Reuse “Aba, Pai” exactly per Almeida precedent already fixed in baseline. |
| resurrection | ressurreição | Critical | 6:14, 9:9-10, 12:18-27, 16:6 | Mark 12:18-27’s Sadducee debate is direct scriptural ammunition against reincarnation readings; NEVER “reencarnação,” per baseline and reinforced here. |
| kingdom_of_god | reino de Deus | Medium | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25 | The Gospel’s central organizing theme (“The Kingdom of God Breaking In” doctrine); ἤγγικεν (1:15) should render as “está próximo”/“chegou,” conveying imminent in-breaking. |
| messiah | Messias | Critical | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21-22, 14:61-62, 15:32 | Peter’s confession (8:29) and the high priest’s question (14:61) are the two structural hinges of the book’s Christology; Mark 8:31-33 is itself an internal correction of triumphalist, non-suffering messianic expectation, directly relevant to the baseline’s Kardecist “most evolved spirit” collision note. |
| prophet | profeta | Low | 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 | Standard, unambiguous per baseline. |
| covenant | aliança | High | 14:24 | ”Blood of the covenant” (14:24) directly echoes 10:45’s ransom “for many” (πολλῶν) — theologian review should connect both verses explicitly. |
| jesus | Jesus | Critical | Throughout | Standard per baseline; doctrinal risk carried by surrounding titles, not the name itself. |
| god | Deus | Critical | Throughout | Standard per baseline. |
| david | Davi | Low | 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 | Combines with “Senhor” in the Mark 12:35-37 riddle for a Critical Christological argument (see Part A “lord” entry above). |
| israel | Israel | Low/Medium | 12:29, 15:32 | Standard per baseline. |
| gentiles | gentios | Low-Medium | 7:24-30 (implicit), 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 | Context-sensitive: Mark 10:42’s “τῶν ἐθνῶν” is a generic reference to worldly political rulers, NOT the Jew-Gentile salvation-history sense; render “nações” there, reserving “gentios” for passages with the Romans-consistent ethnic-theological sense (e.g., 13:10, 11:17). Flag for native speaker review on every occurrence to confirm correct register. |
| glory | glória | Medium | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | Mark 10:37’s request for seats “in your glory” is reframed by the entire passage (10:38-45) through suffering — teach the irony explicitly. |
| exhort | exortar | Low | (general pastoral register; no single direct Markan lexical anchor, but relevant to any accompanying teaching material) | Carried forward for consistency with baseline pastoral vocabulary. |
Part B — New Terms Proposed for This Mark Language Package
Schema matches baseline translation_memory.json fields: translation, doctrine_risk, doctrine, alternatives_rejected, notes.
Critical Risk
| Term (EN) | Greek | Portuguese | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou) | Filho do Homem | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | ”o Homem” (loses Daniel 7 divine-authority background); “Filho de Deus” (collapses Mark’s deliberate distinction between the two titles) | Mark’s central paradox-title (14 occurrences: 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21 x2, 41, 62): the Daniel-7 figure of universal, eschatological authority who is also the one who suffers, serves, and is ransomed. Must remain lexically distinct from “Filho de Deus” throughout; the two titles serve different rhetorical functions in Mark’s Messianic Secret structure. |
| ransom | λύτρον (lytron) | resgate | The Ransom for Many | ”sacrifício” (too generic, loses the specific purchase-price/manumission sense); “exemplo” (moralizes away the substitutionary content) | Mark 10:45. The theological anchor of the “Ransom for Many” doctrine. Must be distinguished with maximal clarity from any notion of a debt self-paid gradually through moral effort across reincarnations (the Kardecist karmic framework already flagged as Critical for baseline “salvação” and “graça”). Christ’s ransom is paid once, by him, on others’ behalf. |
| for many / in place of many | ἀντὶ πολλῶν (anti pollōn) | em lugar de muitos (preferred) / “por muitos” (acceptable, flag for review) | The Ransom for Many | ”por causa de muitos” (weakens to mere benefit, losing ἀντί’s substitutionary force) | Mark 10:45. ἀντί is the strongest Greek substitutionary preposition available; the Portuguese “por” is ambiguous between substitution and mere benefit — this ambiguity is exactly where the doctrine of vicarious/substitutionary atonement can be gained or lost. Confirm against Almeida’s historic rendering and apply identically to the Matthew 20:28 parallel per cross-document consistency rules. |
| soul / life | ψυχή (psychē) | vida (preferred in soteriological contexts) / “alma” (contextual) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Ransom for Many | ”espírito” (imports the Kardecist reincarnating-spirit-principle sense) | Mark 8:35-37, 10:45, 12:30. Spans “soul,” “life,” “self” in Greek without one Portuguese equivalent. Critical collision: Kardecism’s “espírito” survives death and progresses across reincarnations; Mark’s ψυχή is the whole, unified personal self whose destiny is decisively settled in this life through following Christ. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | vida eterna | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Ransom for Many | ”evolução espiritual eterna” (Kardecist framing, explicitly rejected) | Mark 10:17, 30. A decisive, granted future state entered through this-life response to Christ, not an open-ended, self-propelled multi-life evolutionary process. Parallels baseline “salvação” Critical risk directly. |
| unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον (pneuma akatharton / daimonion) | espírito imundo / demônio | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | ”espírito desencarnado” (Kardecist term, explicitly rejected); “guia espiritual” / “orixá” (Candomblé/Umbanda terms, explicitly rejected) | Mark 1:23-27, 34, 39; 3:11, 22-30; 5:1-20; 6:7, 13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29. The single highest-frequency Critical-risk term cluster in Mark for a Brazilian audience: both mainstream Kardecist Spiritism and mainstream Afro-Brazilian Candomblé/Umbanda present organized alternative “spirit” frameworks in direct competition with Mark’s binary of malevolent unclean spirits decisively defeated by Christ’s unique authority. |
| blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον (blasphēmia eis to Pneuma to Hagion) | blasfêmia contra o Espírito Santo | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (none; term itself is unambiguous, risk lies in scope of application) | Mark 3:28-30. Reuses baseline “Espírito Santo” exactly. Requires precise, non-alarmist pastoral teaching: a narrow, specific sin (attributing Christ’s Spirit-empowered work to Satan), not a category anxious believers should fear they have casually committed. |
| the necessity (of the cross) | δεῖ (dei) | é necessário que | The Necessity of the Cross | ”por acaso” / fatalistic framing (rejected — loses personal divine purposiveness) | Mark 8:31; 9:31 (implicit); 10:33-34. Divine necessity rooted in the Father’s saving plan and OT fulfillment (cf. 9:12, “as it is written of him”), not impersonal fatalism or karmic law of consequence. |
| lord it over / dominate (illegitimate) | κατακυριεύω (katakyrieuō) | dominar / exercer domínio tirânico sobre | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Any rendering built on the “Senhor” root (explicitly forbidden) | Mark 10:42. Shares its root with “Senhor” (reserved exclusively for Christ’s supreme, saving lordship, baseline Critical risk) but describes illegitimate, self-serving worldly domination. Rendering with Senhor-cognate vocabulary would catastrophically blur this deliberate contrast. |
| slave | δοῦλος (doulos) | escravo (preferred, to preserve Mark’s diakonos→doulos escalation) / “servo de todos” (acceptable with translator note) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Flattening both diakonos and doulos to “servo” (loses Mark’s deliberate intensification) | Mark 10:44-45. Given Brazil’s history as the largest destination of the transatlantic slave trade in the Americas, “escravo” carries acute cultural weight; doctrinal precision (preserving Mark’s escalation) must be balanced against pastoral sensitivity in surrounding teaching material. Flagged for mandatory human theologian review. |
| ”I am” (divine self-disclosure) | ἐγώ εἰμι (egō eimi) | Eu sou | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | (none lexical; risk is under-annotation, not mistranslation) | Mark 6:50; 14:62. Echoes Exodus 3:14/Isaiah’s divine self-disclosure formula. The literal Portuguese translation alone will not convey this resonance without accompanying doctrinal teaching notes — flagged as a case requiring theological annotation beyond lexical translation. |
| cross / crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω (stauros / stauroō) | cruz / crucificar | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | ”sofrimento simbólico” / “sacrifício genérico” (both rejected — dilute the historical, substitutionary specificity) | Mark 8:34; 15:20-39. The historical event in which the ransom of 10:45 is actually enacted; must be presented as a real, once-for-all substitutionary death, not a symbol of general suffering or a stage in ongoing spiritual development. |
High Risk
| Term (EN) | Greek | Portuguese | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repentance / to repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω (metanoia / metanoeō) | arrependimento / arrepender-se | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | ”correção cármica” / “autoaperfeiçoamento gradual” (Kardecist framings, rejected) | Mark 1:4, 15. Decisive, one-time turning available now, not a gradual self-improvement process across lives. |
| authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | autoridade | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Any rendering shared with the negative κατεξουσιάζω/κατακυριεύω vocabulary (see Part B Critical entries) | Mark 1:22, 27; 2:10; 6:7; 11:27-33. Must remain lexically distinct from the illegitimate “dominar” vocabulary used for worldly power in Mark 10:42, preserving Mark’s deliberate contrast. |
| authority to forgive sins | ἐξουσίαν ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας (exousian aphienai hamartias) | autoridade para perdoar pecados | The Necessity of the Cross; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | ”poder de purificação cármica” (rejected) | Mark 2:5-12. Direct, undiluted claim to a divine prerogative (“who can forgive sins but God alone?“). |
| baptism / to baptize (metaphorical, of suffering) | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma / baptizō) | batismo / ser batizado | The Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | (retain literal sense at 1:4-11; flag metaphorical extension at 10:38-39) | Mark 10:38-39 extends the literal water-rite (established 1:4-11) metaphorically to suffering. Teaching note required distinguishing the two uses. |
| Messianic Secret (charge to silence) | ἐπιτιμάω / φιμόω (epitimaō / phimoō) | ordenou-lhes severamente que não dissessem a ninguém (standard formula) | The Messianic Secret | Leaving the pattern unexplained as narrative color (rejected — obscures the doctrine) | Mark 1:34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9. Consistent phrasing required across all occurrences so the recurring pattern is recognizable; teaching material must explain its purpose (avoiding premature/triumphalist misunderstanding). |
| Gehenna / hell | γέεννα (geenna) | inferno (with footnote on Gehenna origin) | The Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | ”estado purificatório temporário” (Kardecist framing, explicitly rejected) | Mark 9:43-48. Kardecism denies a literal, eternal hell in favor of temporary purificatory states between incarnations — direct doctrinal collision requiring explicit contrast. |
| transfigured | μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) | transfigurar-se | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | ”transformação espiritual” / “evolução de consciência” (New Age/Spiritist framings, rejected) | Mark 9:2-8. A unique, historical, bodily disclosure of Christ’s own unchanging divine glory, not a model of universal human spiritual evolution. |
| to give one’s life / soul as ransom | δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν (dounai tēn psychēn) | dar a sua vida | The Ransom for Many | ”dar a sua alma” (risks Kardecist reincarnating-spirit reading) | Mark 10:45. See also “soul/life” (ψυχή) Critical entry above. |
| servant / to serve | διάκονος / διακονέω (diakonos / diakoneō) | servo / servir | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | (paired with “escravo” for doulos to preserve Mark’s escalation — see Critical entry) | Mark 9:35; 10:43, 45. Christ’s self-description (“came… to serve”) in 10:45 models the very pattern commanded in 10:43. |
| false christs / false messiahs | ψευδόχριστοι (pseudochristoi) | falsos cristos / falsos messias | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | ”guias espirituais alternativos” (softens the warning; rejected) | Mark 13:22. Reinforces baseline “messianic_promise” Critical doctrine: Jesus is the unique Messiah, not one legitimate spiritual authority among many. |
| textual note: longer ending (16:9-20) | — | (procedural — requires standard textual footnote) | The Kingdom of God Breaking In (Great Commission material) | Silently omitting the textual note (rejected); silently treating “signs” as universally normative (rejected) | Mark 16:9-20 is present in later manuscripts but absent from the earliest witnesses (Sinaiticus, Vaticanus). Standard Portuguese Bible footnoting practice (as in Almeida Revista e Atualizada) must be followed. |
Medium Risk
| Term (EN) | Greek | Portuguese | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to heal | θεραπεύω (therapeuō) | curar | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | ”cura espiritual genérica” (Umbanda-adjacent framing, avoided) | Mark 1:34 and throughout; tie explicitly to Christ’s unique authority and the kingdom’s arrival. |
| to save / be made well | σῴζω (sōzō) | salvar (soteriological contexts) / curar, sarar (physical-healing contexts) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Ransom for Many | Collapsing all occurrences to one sense (rejected — flattens Mark’s deliberate double meaning) | Mark 5:23, 28, 34; 6:56; 10:52. Context-sensitive; flag every occurrence for native speaker review. |
| mystery of the kingdom | μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας (mystērion tēs basileias) | mistério do reino | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret | ”conhecimento esotérico” / “misticismo” (rejected — imports occult/initiatory connotations) | Mark 4:11. Revealed, particular, Christ-centered disclosure, not esoteric hidden knowledge. |
| clean / unclean (ritual) | καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος (katharos / akathartos) | puro / impuro | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (distinguish from “unclean spirit” sense — see Critical entry) | Mark 7:1-23. Ritual/moral defilement in general, relocated by Jesus to the internal condition of the heart. |
| divorce | ἀπολύω (apolyō) | divórcio / repudiar | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (marriage/discipleship ethics) | (none rejected; risk is pastoral delivery, not lexical choice) | Mark 10:2-12. Requires pastorally sensitive teaching material given high separated/blended-family prevalence in the target audience. |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά (hōsanna) | Hosana (transliterated) | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | (none; established loanword) | Mark 11:9-10. Requires OT/Davidic-kingdom background explanation given low general OT literacy. |
| watch / be alert | γρηγορέω (grēgoreō) | vigiar | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | (none; low doctrinal collision risk) | Mark 13:33-37. Vigilant readiness for Christ’s certain but unpredictably-timed return. |
| Passover | πάσχα (pascha) | Páscoa | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | (none rejected; risk is cultural dilution) | Mark 14:1, 12-16. Popular Brazilian usage has secularized “Páscoa”; teaching material must recover the Exodus/Passover-lamb background explicitly. |
| corban | κορβᾶν (korban) | corbã (transliterated, with gloss) | The Necessity of the Cross (contrast with true heart-devotion); general law/tradition material | (none; established practice for preserved Semitic loanwords) | Mark 7:11. Follows the same treatment as other preserved Aramaic/Hebrew terms. |
| Ephphatha | Ἐφφαθά (Ephphatha) | Efatá (transliterated) + gloss “Abre-te” | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (none) | Mark 7:34. Preserved Aramaic healing command, paralleling Talitha cumi. |
| Talitha cumi | Ταλιθὰ κούμ (Talitha koum) | Talitá cumi (transliterated) + gloss “Levanta-te, menina” | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (none) | Mark 5:41. Preserved Aramaic, following the Abba/Pai precedent already established in the Romans baseline. |
| Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί (Eloi Eloi lema sabachthani) | Eloí, Eloí, lemá sabactâni (transliterated) + gloss “Meu Deus, meu Deus, por que me abandonaste?” | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | (none) | Mark 15:34 (quoting Psalm 22:1). Real dereliction borne on behalf of others; must not be taught as evidence against Christ’s deity. |
| temple veil torn | καταπέτασμα (katapetasma) | véu do templo | The Necessity of the Cross | (none; risk is background literacy, not lexical) | Mark 15:38. Requires OT/Temple-background teaching note. |
| Legion | Λεγιών (Legiōn) | Legião (proper name, untranslated) | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (none; established loanword) | Mark 5:9, 15. Dramatizes the scale of Christ’s authority over hostile spirits. |
| David’s Lord (Ps 110 riddle) | υἱὸς Δαυίδ / Κύριος (huios Dauid / Kyrios) | Filho de Davi / Senhor (both reused exactly from baseline components) | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | (none; components already fixed) | Mark 12:35-37. Combines two baseline-fixed terms into one Critical-weight Christological argument; flagged here for cross-reference visibility though its component terms are Part A reuses. |
| widow’s mite / small coin | λεπτόν (lepton) | pequena moeda (with numismatic footnote) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Forcing an exact modern currency equivalent (rejected — no accurate parallel exists) | Mark 12:41-44. Symbol of total, sacrificial giving. |
| all creation | πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις (pasa hē ktisis) | toda a criação | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | (none) | Mark 16:15. Scope of the Great Commission. |
| tribulation / affliction | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | tribulação | The Necessity of the Cross (eschatological suffering) | (none) | Mark 13:19, 24. Standard eschatological vocabulary. |
| Beelzebul / Satan | Βεελζεβούλ / Σατανᾶς (Beelzeboul / Satanas) | Belzebu / Satanás | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (none; established proper names) | Mark 3:22-27. Reinforces the unclean-spirit collision risk; must not be assimilated to morally-ambivalent spirit frameworks. |
Low Risk
| Term (EN) | Greek | Portuguese | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teacher / Rabbi | Διδάσκαλε / Ῥαββί (Didaskale / Rhabbi) | Mestre / Rabi | (general address, no single doctrine) | (none) | Mark 10:35 and throughout; standard title of respect. |
| parable | παραβολή (parabolē) | parábola | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | (none; established term) | Mark 4:2-34 and throughout. |
| cup (metaphorical, of suffering) | ποτήριον (potērion) | cálice (theological register) | The Necessity of the Cross | ”copo” (too casual for the OT wrath/suffering resonance) | Mark 10:38; 14:23-24, 36. Consistent rendering required across all occurrences per cross-document consistency rules. |
| great / greatness | μέγας (megas) | grande | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | (none) | Mark 10:42-43; 9:34-35. Sets up the deliberate worldly-vs-kingdom greatness contrast. |
| first / last | πρῶτος / ἔσχατος (prōtos / eschatos) | primeiro / último | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | (none) | Mark 9:35; 10:31, 44. |
| commandment | ἐντολή (entolē) | mandamento | (general law material) | (none) | Mark 7:8-9; 10:19; 12:28-31. |
| leprosy / leper | λέπρα / λεπρός (lepra / lepros) | lepra / leproso | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | (none) | Mark 1:40-45; 14:3. Pastoral sensitivity re: modern Hansen’s disease stigma. |
| adultery | μοιχεία / μοιχάω (moicheia / moichaō) | adultério | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (marriage ethics) | (none) | Mark 10:11-12. |
| Elijah, Moses | Ἠλίας, Μωϋσῆς (Ēlias, Mōusēs) | Elias, Moisés | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | (none; established proper names) | Mark 9:4-5. |
| house of prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς (oikos proseuchēs) | casa de oração | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (temple authority) | (none) | Mark 11:17, quoting Isaiah 56:7. |
Cross-Reference Note: Terms Bridging Multiple Doctrines
Several terms in Part B carry doctrinal weight across more than one of the eight curriculum doctrines simultaneously, and should be flagged in Phase 2 for coordinated review rather than treated as isolated single-doctrine terms:
- Son of Man — bridges Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God, The Necessity of the Cross, and The Ransom for Many.
- ransom / for many — bridges The Necessity of the Cross and The Ransom for Many, and is textually linked to covenant (Mark 14:24’s “blood of the covenant… for many”).
- cup — bridges The Necessity of the Cross and the core passage’s Faith and Discipleship amid Fear material (10:38-39).
- unclean spirit / demon and authority — bridge Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature and The Kingdom of God Breaking In (exorcisms as kingdom-arrival signs).
- “I am” (ἐγώ εἰμι) — bridges Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God and The Messianic Secret (its two occurrences, 6:50 and 14:62, mark points where Jesus’ identity is disclosed with unusual directness against the book’s general secrecy pattern).
This glossary is designed for direct incorporation into an updated translation_memory.json (Part B terms added as new keys, Part A terms cross-referenced unchanged) and bible_term_registry.json for Phase 2 Mark curriculum translation. All Critical and High risk new terms require human theologian review routing per the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json framework before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Filho de Deus
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: filho de Deus no sentido genérico aplicado a todo crente
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Unique, eternal, divine Sonship, distinct from the adoptive ‘filhos de Deus’ language applied to believers generally. Occurs Marcos 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61-62, 15:39 — the centurion’s confession at 15:39 is the first unambiguous human confession of this title, the structural payoff of the Messianic Secret motif. Must remain lexically distinct from ‘Filho do Homem’ throughout (see new term below).
Lord
Approved rendering: Senhor
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Senhor apenas em sentido devocional, sem reivindicação de senhorio total
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Must convey exclusive, supreme lordship over the whole of life. Occurs Marcos 1:3, 5:19, 7:28, 10:51, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37, 13:35. CRITICAL CAUTION SPECIFIC TO MARK: Mark 10:42’s negative verb κατακυριεύω (‘lord it over,’ see new term ‘lord_it_over’ below) shares this root but describes illegitimate worldly domination and must NEVER be rendered with any Senhor-cognate form.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espírito Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: espíritos guias ou mentores espirituais (espiritismo), orixás e guias (Candomblé/Umbanda)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Must be taught as the personal third Person of the Trinity, distinguished from Kardecist ‘espíritos guias’ and Candomblé/Umbanda orixás and spirit guides. Occurs Marcos 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11. Mark 3:28-30’s ‘blasphemy against the Holy Spirit’ doctrine depends on this exact rendering.
Father
Approved rendering: Pai
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. God as personal Father. Mark 14:36’s Gethsemane prayer (‘Aba, Pai’) is the narrative source underlying the Romans baseline’s Abba/Pai entry. Occurs also Marcos 8:38, 11:25, 13:32.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ressurreição
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnação
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. NEVER ‘reencarnação.’ Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection. Mark 12:18-27’s Sadducee debate (‘he is not God of the dead, but of the living’) is direct scriptural ammunition against reincarnation readings; Mark 16:6’s angelic declaration is the historical climax the whole Gospel builds toward. Occurs also Marcos 6:14, 9:9-10.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: um espírito superior ou mais evoluído (leitura espírita de Jesus como ‘o mais evoluído dos espíritos’)
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Peter’s confession (Marcos 8:29) and the high priest’s question (14:61) are the two structural hinges of Mark’s Christology; 8:31-33 is itself an internal correction of triumphalist, non-suffering messianic expectation directly relevant to the Kardecist collision. Occurs also 1:1, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21-22, 15:32.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Standard across all Portuguese Bible traditions; doctrinal risk is carried by surrounding titles (Messias, Filho de Deus, Filho do Homem, Senhor), not the name itself.
God
Approved rendering: Deus
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Standard and unambiguous throughout Mark. Note for pastoral awareness: Candomblé/Umbanda orixás are sometimes syncretized with Catholic saints, which can blur exclusive monotheism if not addressed directly.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvação
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: evolução espiritual através de reencarnações sucessivas
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. The single highest-risk term in the baseline package. Carried forward for Mark because the Ransom for Many doctrine (10:45, 14:24) is the Markan grounding for exactly the decisive, once-for-all reconciliation this term requires, in direct contrast to Kardecist ‘evolução espiritual’ across reincarnations. Also underlies Mark’s context-sensitive σῴζω (see ‘to_save_be_made_well’ below), which spans healing and salvation senses.
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: santos venerados e invocados como intercessores
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Mark’s own narrative makes minimal direct use of ἅγιοι as a corporate title, but this entry is carried forward for cross-curriculum consistency: any accompanying Mark teaching material that refers to believers as ‘santos’ must carry the same explanatory note fixed in the Romans baseline (every believer, not only canonized figures).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Filho do Homem
Transliteration: huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: o Homem (loses Daniel 7 divine-authority background), Filho de Deus (collapses Mark’s deliberate distinction between the two titles)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark’s central paradox-title, occurring 14 times (2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21 [x2], 41, 62). The Daniel 7:13-14 figure of universal, eschatological authority who is also the one who suffers, serves, and is ransomed. Must remain lexically distinct from ‘Filho de Deus’ throughout the entire book; the two titles serve different rhetorical functions in Mark’s Messianic Secret structure.
Ransom
Approved rendering: resgate
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: sacrifício (too generic, loses the specific purchase-price/manumission sense), exemplo (moralizes away the substitutionary content)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 10:45, the theological anchor of the curriculum’s core passage. The purchase-price paid to free a slave or captive; here Christ’s death paid to secure others’ release from bondage to sin and death. Must be distinguished with maximal clarity from any notion of a debt paid off gradually through the sufferer’s own accumulated moral effort across reincarnations, the Kardecist karmic-self-purification framework already flagged Critical for baseline ‘salvação’ and ‘graça.’ Dominant secular register (kidnapping ransom, financial ‘resgate de investimento’) requires an explanatory teaching note at every occurrence.
For Many
Approved rendering: em lugar de muitos
Transliteration: anti pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: por causa de muitos (weakens to mere benefit, losing ἀντί’s substitutionary force), por muitos (acceptable Almeida-tradition alternative but ambiguous between substitution and mere benefit; flag for theologian review if used)
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 10:45. ἀντί is the strongest available Greek substitutionary preposition; Portuguese ‘por’ is ambiguous between substitution (‘in place of’) and mere benefit (‘for the sake of’), and this ambiguity is precisely where the doctrine of vicarious/substitutionary atonement can be gained or lost. Apply identically at the Matthew 20:28 parallel per cross-document consistency rules.
Soul Life
Approved rendering: vida
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: espírito (imports the Kardecist reincarnating-spirit-principle sense), alma (acceptable only where a narrower sense is clearly intended, e.g. 12:30)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs Marcos 8:35-37, 10:45, 12:30. Spans ‘soul,’ ‘life,’ and ‘self’ in Greek without one Portuguese equivalent. CRITICAL COLLISION: Kardecist Spiritism teaches an ‘espírito’ that survives bodily death and progresses across successive incarnations — a framework readers may default to when encountering ‘alma’ language. Mark’s ψυχή is the whole, unified personal self whose destiny is decisively settled in this life through following Christ, not an evolving spirit-principle cycling through multiple embodiments. Default to ‘vida’ in soteriological contexts.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: espírito imundo
Transliteration: pneuma akatharton / daimonion
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: espírito desencarnado (Kardecist term), guia espiritual (Candomblé/Umbanda term), orixá (Candomblé/Umbanda term)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. The single highest-frequency Critical-risk term cluster in Mark for a Brazilian audience, occurring at 1:23-27, 34, 39; 3:11, 22-30; 5:1-20; 6:7, 13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29. Both mainstream Kardecist Spiritism (spirits as morally evolving, not fixed malevolent entities) and mainstream Afro-Brazilian Candomblé/Umbanda (spirits/orixás venerated and ritually incorporated as benevolent-ambivalent intermediaries) present organized, culturally dominant alternative ‘spirit’ frameworks directly competing with Mark’s binary of unclean spirits decisively and permanently defeated by Christ’s unique authority.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: blasfêmia contra o Espírito Santo
Transliteration: blasphēmia eis to Pneuma to Hagion
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Mark 3:28-30. Reuses baseline ‘Espírito Santo’ exactly. A narrow, specific sin — willfully and knowingly attributing Christ’s Spirit-empowered work to Satan — not a broad category anxious believers should fear having casually committed. Teaching material must be precise, not alarmist.
Necessity Of The Cross
Approved rendering: é necessário que
Transliteration: dei
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: por acaso / fatalistic framing (loses personal divine purposiveness)
Original: δεῖ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs Marcos 8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34, grounding the doctrine in Jesus’ own repeated, deliberate teaching. Must preserve divine necessity rooted in the Father’s saving plan and Scripture’s fulfillment (cf. 9:12, ‘as it is written of him’), never assimilated to the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito’ (impersonal karmic-consequence law) or bare fatalism.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: dominar
Transliteration: katakyrieuō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: senhoriam (any Senhor-cognate form is absolutely forbidden), são senhores sobre (any Senhor-cognate form is absolutely forbidden)
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:42, inside the core passage. Shares its root with ‘Senhor’ (Christ’s exclusive, saving Lordship, Critical in the baseline) but describes illegitimate, self-serving worldly domination. Rendering this verb with any Senhor-cognate vocabulary would catastrophically blur the sharp contrast Mark draws between Christ’s unique lordship and the world’s abusive lording-over. Render ‘dominar’ or ‘exercer domínio tirânico sobre.‘
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: escravo
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: servo de todos (flattens Mark’s diakonos-to-doulos escalation; acceptable only with an explicit translator note flagging the loss of intensification)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:44-45. Preserves Mark’s deliberate escalation from διάκονος (‘servo,’ v.43) to δοῦλος (‘escravo,’ v.44-45). Given Brazil’s history as the largest destination of the transatlantic slave trade in the Americas, ‘escravo’ carries acute cultural weight; doctrinal precision (preserving Mark’s intensification) must be held together with careful pastoral framing in surrounding teaching material, never lexical softening. Flagged for mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
I Am Divine Disclosure
Approved rendering: Eu sou
Transliteration: egō eimi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs Marcos 6:50 (walking on water) and 14:62 (before the high priest, immediately followed by a Danielic Son of Man claim). Echoes God’s self-revelation to Moses (Exodus 3:14) and Isaiah’s divine self-declarations. The literal Portuguese translation alone will not convey this resonance without accompanying doctrinal teaching notes — flagged as requiring theological annotation beyond lexical translation.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: cruz / crucificar
Transliteration: stauros / stauroō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: sofrimento simbólico (dilutes the historical, substitutionary specificity), sacrifício genérico (dilutes the historical, substitutionary specificity)
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs Marcos 8:34; 15:20-39. Ties together ‘The Necessity of the Cross’ and ‘The Ransom for Many’ as one historical event: the cross is the ransom-payment enacted. ‘Cruz’ is culturally over-familiar in Brazil (decorative jewelry, tattoo motif, generic-hardship idiom ‘a cruz que carrego’); teaching material, not lexical softening, must recover its substitutionary, once-for-all sense.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: vida eterna
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: evolução espiritual eterna (Kardecist framing, explicitly rejected)
NEW. Mark 10:17, 30. A decisive, granted future state entered through this-life response to Christ, not an open-ended, self-propelled multi-life evolutionary process. Parallels baseline ‘salvação’ Critical risk directly; sets up the rich young man’s failed self-achieved righteousness (10:17-22) against gracious kingdom-inheritance (10:23-31).
Davids Lord Riddle
Approved rendering: Filho de Davi / Senhor
Transliteration: huios Dauid / Kyrios
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ / Κύριος
Category: Christology
NEW (combines already-fixed baseline components). Mark 12:35-37. Jesus’ riddle — David himself calls the Messiah ‘Lord’ (Psalm 110:1) — is Mark’s own internal argument for the Messiah’s divine transcendence over David. Render both component terms exactly (‘Davi,’ ‘Senhor’); flag for theologian review to ensure teaching material draws out the implicit deity claim a casual reading might miss.
Cup
Approved rendering: cálice
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: copo (too casual for the OT wrath/suffering resonance)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs Marcos 10:38; 14:23-24, 36. An OT metaphor for a divinely-appointed portion of wrath/suffering (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17), here Jesus’ appointed suffering and death, the very cup he foretold James and John would share (10:38-39) and himself drinks in Gethsemane (14:36). Consistent liturgical-register rendering (‘cálice’) required across all occurrences; ‘copo’ would flatten the verse into a trivial beverage metaphor.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelho
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: mensagem de evolução moral (Kardecist ethical-progress framing)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Standard term shared by Catholic and Protestant Portuguese Bibles; Kardec’s ‘O Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo’ collision applies with equal force. Mark 1:1 makes ‘evangelho’ the self-designation of the whole book (‘the beginning of the gospel’), so this curriculum’s evangelho must be taught as the in-breaking historical narrative of Jesus’ authoritative deeds, death, and resurrection culminating in 16:15’s Great Commission, not an ethical-progress teaching. Occurs Marcos 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: fé
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: convicção espírita, fé genérica em forças espirituais
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Personal trust in Christ, not generic belief in ‘the spirit world’ or confidence in one’s own moral/spiritual progress. Mark repeatedly links faith to healing via σῴζω (5:34; 10:52); the object of faith (Jesus specifically) must remain recoverable. Occurs Marcos 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24.
Law
Approved rendering: lei
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. The Mosaic Law/Torah; distinguish clearly from the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito’ when near providence or justice language. Mark 7:1-23 shows Jesus reinterpreting ritual-law categories in moral-internal terms. Occurs Marcos 1:44, 7:1-13, 10:3-9, 12:28-34.
Covenant
Approved rendering: aliança
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Relational covenant bond, not a mere legal contract. Mark 14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant, poured out for many,’ directly echoes 10:45’s ransom ‘for many’ (πολλῶν) — both describe the same singular redemptive event and should be taught together.
Give Life As Ransom
Approved rendering: dar a sua vida
Transliteration: dounai tēn psychēn autou (lytron)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: dar a sua alma (risks a Kardecist reincarnating-spirit reading of a surviving ‘alma’ distinct from the offered ‘vida’)
Original: δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ (λύτρον)
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 10:45’s specific verb phrase describing the Son of Man’s self-offering. Works together with the ‘soul_life’ and ‘ransom’ entries as one integrated theological statement; do not translate ‘ψυχή’ here as ‘alma.‘
Repentance
Approved rendering: arrependimento
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Repentance and Response to the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: correção cármica (Kardecist framing, rejected), autoaperfeiçoamento gradual (Kardecist framing, rejected)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs Marcos 1:4, 1:15. Decisive, one-time turning available now, in view of the kingdom’s present arrival, not a gradual self-improvement process. Distinguish from the Kardecist framing of moral failure as an ‘erro’ to be corrected through effort across future incarnations.
Authority
Approved rendering: autoridade
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: any rendering shared with the negative κατεξουσιάζω/κατακυριεύω vocabulary
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs Marcos 1:22, 27; 2:10; 6:7; 11:27-33. Must remain lexically distinct from the illegitimate ‘dominar’/‘exercer domínio tirânico’ vocabulary used for worldly power in 10:42 — Jesus’ exousia is legitimate and self-giving, the world’s illegitimate exercise of power is self-serving.
Authority To Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: autoridade para perdoar pecados
Transliteration: exousian aphienai hamartias
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: poder de purificação cármica (rejected)
Original: ἐξουσίαν ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 2:5-12. A direct, undiluted claim to a divine prerogative (‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’); must not be softened into a merely priestly or prophetic role.
Baptism Metaphorical
Approved rendering: batismo
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:38-39 extends the literal water-rite (established 1:4-11) metaphorically to being overwhelmed in suffering and death. Retain the literal sense at 1:4-11 and flag the metaphorical extension at 10:38-39 with a teaching note distinguishing ‘batismo literal’ from ‘batismo metafórico de sofrimento.‘
Messianic Secret
Approved rendering: ordenou-lhes severamente que não dissessem a ninguém
Transliteration: epitimaō / phimoō
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: leaving the pattern unexplained as narrative color (obscures the doctrine)
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / φιμόω
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs Marcos 1:34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9. Fix this exact phrasing across all seven occurrences so the recurring pattern is recognizable; a standalone teaching note (not embedded per-verse) must explain the motif’s purpose — avoiding premature, politically-charged, triumphalist misunderstanding — given Brazil’s populist self-proclaimed prophetic-messianic figures.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: inferno
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Hell
Rejected alternatives: estado purificatório temporário (Kardecist framing, explicitly rejected)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Mark 9:43-48. Established Portuguese Bible tradition renders γέεννα as ‘inferno,’ with a footnote on its origin as a real Jerusalem valley turned symbol of final judgment. Kardecist Spiritism explicitly denies a literal, eternal hell in favor of temporary purificatory states between incarnations — a direct doctrinal collision requiring explicit contrast.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: transfigurar-se
Transliteration: metamorphoō
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: transformação espiritual / evolução de consciência (New Age/Spiritist framings, rejected)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 9:2-8. A unique, historical, bodily event disclosing Christ’s own unchanging divine glory, not a model of universal human spiritual evolution.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: servo
Transliteration: diakonos / diakoneō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος / διακονέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs Marcos 9:35; 10:43, 45. Christ’s self-description in 10:45 (‘came… to serve’) models the very pattern he commands in 10:43. Deliberately paired with and escalated by ‘escravo’ (doulos, v.44) — do not flatten both terms to ‘servo.‘
False Christs
Approved rendering: falsos cristos / falsos messias
Transliteration: pseudochristoi
Doctrine: False Messiahs and Discernment
Rejected alternatives: guias espirituais alternativos (softens the warning; rejected)
Original: ψευδόχριστοι
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 13:22. Reinforces the baseline’s messianic_promise Critical doctrine: Jesus is the unique OT-fulfilled Messiah, not one spiritual guide among many legitimate claimants in Brazil’s religiously plural landscape.
Textual Note Longer Ending
Approved rendering: (nota textual, sem termo lexical único)
Transliteration: N/A
Doctrine: Inspiration and Textual Reliability of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: silently omitting the textual note (rejected), treating the ‘signs’ passage as universally normative (rejected)
Original: Marcos 16:9-20 (variant manuscript tradition)
Category: Textual Criticism
NEW — procedural, not lexical. Mark 16:9-20 is present in later manuscripts but absent from the earliest witnesses (Sinaiticus, Vaticanus). Any Phase 2 rendering must include a standard textual footnote (as in Almeida Revista e Atualizada), neither dismissing the passage as inauthentic nor treating tongues/snake-handling as required, universal expectations, given Brazil’s large Pentecostal/charismatic movements.
Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: Eloí, Eloí, lemá sabactâni
Transliteration: Eloi Eloi lema sabachthani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1. Preserve the Aramaic transliteration followed by the Portuguese gloss ‘Meu Deus, meu Deus, por que me abandonaste?’ Teaching material must handle this verse with theological care: real dereliction borne on behalf of others (ransom, substitution), not evidence against Christ’s deity or merely human despair.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: erro a ser corrigido em vidas futuras (leitura espírita)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Moral transgression before a personal, holy God requiring atonement in this life, not a correctable karmic ‘erro’ worked off across future incarnations. Mark 2:5-12 grounds forgiveness of sin directly in Jesus’ unique divine authority (‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’), reinforcing this distinction with unusual force. Occurs Marcos 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Aramaic term of intimacy paired with ‘Pai’ following Almeida precedent (‘Aba, Pai’). Mark 14:36 is the original narrative setting from which the Romans 8:15 baseline entry is drawn.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Deus
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. God’s sovereign reign, not a political state or the institutional church; must not blur into generic ‘evolução’/‘progresso espiritual’ framings. Mark’s central organizing theme. Occurs Marcos 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25. ἤγγικεν (1:15) must render as imminent in-breaking (‘está próximo’/‘chegou’), never a distant future hope.
Glory
Approved rendering: glória
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. God’s radiant honor and presence. Mark 10:37’s request for seats ‘in your glory’ is reframed by the entire passage (10:38-45) through suffering — the central Markan irony. Occurs also 8:38, 13:26.
To Heal
Approved rendering: curar
Transliteration: therapeuō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: cura espiritual genérica (Umbanda-adjacent framing, avoided)
Original: θεραπεύω
Category: Miracles
NEW. Occurs Marcos 1:34 and throughout. Tie explicitly to Christ’s unique authority and the kingdom’s arrival, not to a generalized ‘poder de cura’ available through any spiritual intermediary.
To Save Be Made Well
Approved rendering: salvar
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: collapsing all occurrences to one sense (rejected — flattens Mark’s deliberate double meaning)
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs Marcos 5:23, 28, 34; 6:56; 10:52. Context-sensitive: ‘salvar’ when the fuller soteriological sense is in view, ‘curar’/‘sarar’ when physical healing alone is emphasized. Flag every occurrence for native speaker review; connects without conflating with baseline ‘salvação’ (Critical).
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: mistério do reino
Transliteration: mystērion tēs basileias
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom and Parables
Rejected alternatives: conhecimento esotérico / misticismo (rejected — imports occult/initiatory connotations)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 4:11. Revealed, particular, Christ-centered disclosure to those who follow Jesus, not esoteric hidden knowledge accessible through special initiation or mediumship — a distinction to make explicit given popular Brazilian usage of ‘mistério.‘
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: puro / impuro
Transliteration: katharos / akathartos
Doctrine: Purity, Law, and the Heart
Original: καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος
Category: Purity
NEW. Mark 7:1-23. Ritual/moral defilement in general, relocated by Jesus to the internal condition of the heart; must be distinguished from the lexically similar but doctrinally distinct ‘espírito imundo’ (unclean spirit) vocabulary used elsewhere for demonic categories.
Divorce
Approved rendering: divórcio
Transliteration: apolyō
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: ἀπολύω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Mark 10:2-12. Jesus grounds marriage’s permanence in the creation order against the Mosaic concession for divorce. Requires pastorally sensitive teaching material given high rates of separated/blended families in the target audience; doctrinal content must not be softened, but delivery should avoid needless shame.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 11:9-10, from Psalm 118:25-26. A liturgical shout of acclamation addressed to the coming messianic king; requires OT/Davidic-kingdom background explanation given generally low OT literacy in the target audience.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: vigiar
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: The Second Coming and Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs Marcos 13:33-37; 14:34-38. Vigilant readiness for Christ’s certain but unpredictably-timed return; ties discipleship ethics to eschatological hope.
Passover
Approved rendering: Páscoa
Transliteration: pascha
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Occurs Marcos 14:1, 12-16. Pastoral risk: in Brazilian popular usage ‘Páscoa’ (Easter) has become heavily secularized/commercialized (chocolate eggs, bunnies); teaching material must recover the Exodus/Passover-lamb background explicitly.
Corban
Approved rendering: corbã
Transliteration: korban
Doctrine: Purity, Law, and the Heart
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Covenant
NEW. Mark 7:11. Transliterated loanword with explanatory gloss, following the established practice for preserved Semitic loanwords in Portuguese Bible tradition.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: Efatá
Transliteration: Ephphatha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Miracles
NEW. Mark 7:34. Preserved Aramaic healing command with gloss ‘Abre-te,’ paralleling Talitha cumi.
Talitha Cumi
Approved rendering: Talitá cumi
Transliteration: Talitha koum
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ταλιθὰ κούμ
Category: Miracles
NEW. Mark 5:41. Preserved Aramaic with gloss ‘Levanta-te, menina,’ following the Abba/Pai precedent already fixed in the Romans baseline.
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: véu do templo
Transliteration: katapetasma
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Mark 15:38. Requires OT/Temple-background teaching note; the curtain torn at Christ’s death signifies opened access to God’s presence.
Legion
Approved rendering: Legião
Transliteration: Legiōn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Mark 5:9, 15. Proper name (untranslated loan) given by the demon-possessed man’s unclean spirits; dramatizes the scale of Jesus’ authority over hostile spirits.
Widows Mite
Approved rendering: pequena moeda
Transliteration: lepton
Doctrine: Sacrificial Stewardship and Generosity
Rejected alternatives: forcing an exact modern currency equivalent (rejected — no accurate parallel exists)
Original: λεπτόν
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 12:41-44. Requires a numismatic footnote; the theological point (proportional, sacrificial generosity) must be clear without an exact modern-currency equivalent.
All Creation
Approved rendering: toda a criação
Transliteration: pasa hē ktisis
Doctrine: Mission to All Nations
Original: πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 16:15, the scope of the Great Commission.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: tribulação
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: The Second Coming and Watchfulness
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs Marcos 13:19, 24. Standard eschatological vocabulary for unprecedented suffering preceding the Son of Man’s coming.
Beelzebul Satan
Approved rendering: Belzebu / Satanás
Transliteration: Beelzeboul / Satanas
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Βεελζεβούλ / Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Mark 3:22-27. Established proper names; reinforces the unclean-spirit collision risk — this passage’s logic of two competing kingdoms of spirits must not be assimilated to morally ambivalent Umbanda/Candomblé frameworks.
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: casa de oração
Transliteration: oikos proseuchēs
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 11:17, quoting Isaiah 56:7 against Jeremiah 7:11’s ‘den of robbers.’ Requires OT background note for full force.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: médium (channeler of spirit messages)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. God’s spokesperson, not a Kardecist medium. Occurs Marcos 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32; Jesus applies the category to himself while implying a status beyond it.
David
Approved rendering: Davi
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Standard proper name. Occurs Marcos 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, and combines with ‘Senhor’ in the Mark 12:35-37 riddle for a Critical Christological argument (see ‘davids_lord_riddle’ new term below).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Standard proper name. Occurs Marcos 12:29, 15:32.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: gentios
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: pagãos (pejorative)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. CONTEXT-SENSITIVE IN MARK: 10:42’s τῶν ἐθνῶν is a generic reference to worldly political rulers, NOT the Jew-Gentile salvation-history sense — render ‘nações’ there, reserving ‘gentios’ for passages carrying the Romans-consistent ethnic-theological sense (e.g., 11:17, 13:10). Flag every occurrence for native speaker review to confirm correct register.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exortar
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Carried forward for pastoral-register consistency; no single dedicated Markan narrative anchor but relevant to accompanying teaching material.
Teacher Rabbi
Approved rendering: Mestre
Transliteration: Didaskale / Rhabbi
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: Διδάσκαλε / Ῥαββί
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:35 and throughout. Standard title of respect addressed to Jesus; no significant Brazilian syncretism risk when context is clear, though ‘mestre espiritual’ has independent currency in Kardecist/Umbanda usage — flag only if a title is isolated from its narrative anchor.
Parable
Approved rendering: parábola
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom and Parables
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Occurs Marcos 4:2-34 and throughout. Well-established, unambiguous term in Portuguese Bible tradition.
Great Greatness
Approved rendering: grande
Transliteration: megas
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: μέγας
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs Marcos 9:34-35; 10:42-43. Must retain semantic link across the passage so the contrast between worldly and kingdom greatness is visible.
First Last
Approved rendering: primeiro / último
Transliteration: prōtos / eschatos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: πρῶτος / ἔσχατος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs Marcos 9:35; 10:31, 44. Kingdom ‘firstness’ is redefined as total self-giving service, inverting worldly honor hierarchies.
Commandment
Approved rendering: mandamento
Transliteration: entolē
Doctrine: Purity, Law, and the Heart
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Covenant
NEW. Occurs Marcos 7:8-9; 10:19; 12:28-31. The greatest commandment (love God, love neighbor) summarizes the Law.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: lepra / leproso
Transliteration: lepra / lepros
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Miracles
NEW. Occurs Marcos 1:40-45; 14:3. Minor cultural note: modern Hansen’s disease stigma persists in Brazil; use compassionate framing in teaching notes.
Adultery
Approved rendering: adultério
Transliteration: moicheia / moichaō
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: μοιχεία / μοιχάω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Mark 10:11-12. Standard, unambiguous term.
Elijah Moses
Approved rendering: Elias / Moisés
Transliteration: Ēlias, Mōusēs
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Ἠλίας, Μωϋσῆς
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 9:4-5. Established Bible-translation proper-name forms; represent the Law and the Prophets at the Transfiguration.
Referenced passages