Core Glossary
Core Glossary — James 1–5 (English → Dogri)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACT] and must not be altered. New terms introduced by James are marked [NEW] and are proposed additions to translation memory pending theologian sign-off per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Greek | Dogri (Devanagari) | Transliteration | Risk | James References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faith | πίστις (pistis) | भरोसा | bharosa | High | 1:3,6; 2:1,5,14-26; 5:15 | Object of faith must remain recoverable from context; James activates the “visible evidence of faith” sense alongside Romans’ “forensic object of faith” sense. |
| Grace | χάρις (charis) | बिना कमाई दित्ती दया | bina kamai ditti daya | Critical | 4:6 | Quoting Prov 3:34; guard against mannat/vow-exchange reading as elsewhere. |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | धरमीपन | dharmipan | Critical | 1:20; 2:23; 3:18 | |
| Justification / “justified” | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | धर्मी ठहराए जाना | dharmi thehrae jana | Critical | 2:21,24,25 | MANDATORY translator note distinguishing James’s “vindicated/shown righteous before people” sense from Romans’ “declared righteous before God” sense. Never treat as contradiction. |
| Imputed Righteousness | ἐλογίσθη … εἰς δικαιοσύνην | गिनी गेई धरमीपन | gini gei dharmipan | Critical | 2:23 (citing Gen 15:6 = Rom 4:3) | Cross-curriculum consistency required with Romans rendering of the identical OT citation. |
| Salvation (soteriological) | σωτηρία / σῴζω | उद्धार | uddhar | Critical | 1:21 (implied); 2:14; 5:20 | Never मुक्ति; never framed as mannat vow-outcome. |
| Law | νόμος (nomos) | व्यवस्था | vyavastha | High | 1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11 | Never धरम (Dogra Rajput lineage-duty association). |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | पाप | paap | High | 1:15; 2:9; 4:8,17; 5:15,20 | Never भिट्ट (ritual impurity). |
| Peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | शान्ति | shanti | Medium | 2:16; 3:18 | 2:16 usage is ironic/hollow — flag in translator note. |
| Glory | δόξα (doxa) | महिमा | mahima | High | 2:1 (“Lord of glory”) | Avoid ceremonial-splendor (aarti/darshan) metaphor collision. |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | परमेश्वर दा राज्य | Parmeshwar da rajya | Medium | 2:5 | |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | प्रभु | prabhu | Critical | 1:1,7,12; 2:1; 4:10,15; 5:4,7,8,10,11,14,15 | Never महाराजा. |
| God | θεός (theos) | परमेश्वर | Parmeshwar | Critical | throughout | Never भगवान. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | यीशु | Yishu | Critical | 1:1; 2:1 | |
| Christ | Χριστός | मसीह | Masih | Critical | 1:1; 2:1 | |
| Intercession/Prayer (paired) | (cf. Rom baseline “intercession”) | बिचाल्ले होइयै बिनती | bichalle hoiyai binti | Medium | 5:14-18 (paired with प्रार्थना, new below) | |
| Israel (background reference) | Ἰσραήλ | इस्राएल | Israel | Medium | 1:1 (twelve tribes) | |
| David/Abraham-adjacent covenant background | — | — | — | — | 2:21-23 | See Abraham (new, below); covenant background shared with Romans 4. |
B. New Terms Introduced by James
| English Term | Greek | Dogri (Devanagari) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | James References | Rejected Alternatives / Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Works (deeds) | ἔργα (erga) | कम्म | kamm | Critical | Faith and Works | 1:25; 2:14-26; 3:13 | REJECT कर्म (karma) — carries pan-Indian rebirth/merit doctrine; कम्म is the plain Dogri/Punjabi word for “deed,” carrying no karma-doctrine freight. Must always be taught as fruit/evidence of भरोसा, never as merit earning धरमीपन/उद्धार apart from grace. |
| Trial (testing of faith) | πειρασμός (peirasmos, trial sense) | परीक्षा | pariksha | High | Trials and Testing of Faith | 1:2,12 | Distinguish from प्रलोभन below; same Greek root, must not blur with temptation-to-sin sense. |
| Temptation (enticement to sin) | πειρασμός (peirasmos, temptation sense) | प्रलोभन | pralobhan | High | Trials and Testing of Faith | 1:13-14 | James 1:13: “God tempts no one” — must never share a rendering with परीक्षा above. |
| Testing/proving (of genuineness) | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | जांच | jaanch | Medium | Trials and Testing of Faith | 1:3 | |
| Endurance | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | सहनशीलता | sahanshilta | Medium | Trials and Testing of Faith / Patience | 1:3-4,12; 5:11 | Distinguish from धीरज (patience-in-waiting) below. |
| Wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | बुद्धि | buddhi | High | Wisdom from Above | 1:5; 3:13,17 | REJECT ज्ञान (jnana) — Vedantic liberating-knowledge connotation. |
| Wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν | परमेश्वर आह्ली बुद्धि | Parmeshwar aahli buddhi | High | Wisdom from Above | 3:15,17 | Contrast term for ψυχική/δαιμονιώδης (earthly/demonic) wisdom. |
| Double-minded | δίψυχος (dipsychos) | दुचित्ता | duchitta | Medium | Faith / Wisdom | 1:8; 4:8 | |
| Perfect / mature | τέλειος (teleios) | सम्पूर्ण | sampuran | High | Trials and Testing of Faith | 1:4,17,25; 3:2 | REJECT सिद्ध (siddha) — Hindu/yogic self-attained-perfection connotation. |
| Perfected/completed (of faith) | τελειόω (teleioō) | सम्पूर्ण होई | sampuran hoi | High | Faith and Works | 2:22 | Same guard as τέλειος above. |
| Rich | πλούσιος (plousios) | धनी | dhani | Medium→High (ch.5) | Favoritism and the Poor | 1:10-11; 2:6-7; 5:1 | High risk specifically in 5:1-6 (see below). |
| Poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | गरीब | gareeb | Medium→High (ch.2) | Favoritism and the Poor | 1:9; 2:2-6,15 | |
| Favoritism/partiality | προσωποληψία (prosōpolēmpsia) | मुंह-देखी | munh-dekhi | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:1,9 | Direct collision risk with Dogra Rajput izzat/lineage-honor stratification. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | दया | daya | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor / Wisdom from Above | 2:13; 3:17 | Distinguish standalone दया from the fixed grace-compound बिना कमाई दित्ती दया. |
| Judgment | κρίσις (krisis) | न्याय | nyaay | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:13; 4:11-12 (κριτής, judge, same root) | Personal Judge, not impersonal karmic consequence. |
| Tongue | γλῶσσα (glōssa) | जीह् | jih | Medium | Taming the Tongue | 1:26; 3:1-12 | Prefer native Dogri जीह् over Hindi/Urdu जबान. |
| Desire/lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | लालसा | laalsa | High | Trials / Worldliness | 1:14-15; 4:1-2 | REJECT काम (kama) — positive/neutral status among the four Hindu purusharthas. |
| Envy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος / ἐριθεία (zēlos/eritheia) | जलन ते खुदगर्जी | jalan te khudgarzi | Medium | Wisdom from Above | 3:14,16 | |
| World (ethical/systemic sense) | κόσμος (kosmos) | दुनिया | duniya | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 1:27; 4:4 | Guard against a maya/world-illusion (material existence itself is the problem) misreading. |
| Friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | दुनिया कन्नै मितरता | duniya kannai mitrata | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:4 | Paired opposite of “friend of God” below; retain full force of “enmity with God.” |
| Friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | परमेश्वर दा मितर | Parmeshwar da mitr | Medium-High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God / Faith and Works | 2:23; 4:4 (implied) | Prefer मितर (covenantal friend) over दोस्त (casual friend, already implicitly set aside by baseline’s rejection of “यारी-दोस्ती” for fellowship). |
| Devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | शैतान | shaitan | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:7 | Established regional term; distinct from Hindu asura/rakshasa figures. |
| Proud / Humble | ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός | हंकारी / नमर | hankaari / namr | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:6,10 | Sensitivity to izzat-honor self-abasement associations. |
| Demons | δαιμόνια (daimonia) | भूत-प्रेत | bhoot-pret | Medium | Faith and Works | 2:19 | Distinguish fallen spiritual beings from local ancestral-ghost folklore category. |
| Patience (long-suffering, waiting) | μακροθυμία (makrothymia) | धीरज | dheeraj | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7-8,10 | Distinguish from सहनशीलता (endurance under pressure) above. |
| The Lord’s coming / return | παρουσία (parousia) | प्रभु दा दुबारा आना | Prabhu da dubara aana | Critical | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7-8 | NEVER अवतार — inherits baseline’s Critical incarnation guardrail; singular future bodily return, not a repeatable avatar-descent. |
| Oath / to swear | ὅρκος / ὀμνύω | सौंह खाणा | saunh khaana | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return (integrity while waiting) | 5:12 | Reframes, does not merely restate, regional izzat-bound oath-swearing custom. |
| Elder (church office) | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | कलीसिया दे बुजुर्ग | kalisiya de buzurg | Medium | Prayer and Healing | 5:14 | Distinguish from customary village/clan/caste elder authority. |
| Anointing with oil | ἐλαίῳ ἀλείφω | तेल मलना | tel malna | High | Prayer and Healing | 5:14 | NEVER frame as अभिषेक (deity-anointing ritual); a simple pastoral act, not a sacrament. |
| Prayer | προσεύχομαι / προσευχή | प्रार्थना | praarthana | Medium | Prayer and Healing | 5:13-18 | Pairs with baseline’s बिचाल्ले होइयै बिनती (intercession); direct access to God, not shrine-mediated petition. |
| Healing (physical) | σῴζω (healing sense) / ἰάομαι | चंगा होना | changa hona | Critical | Prayer and Healing | 5:15-16 | NEVER substitute उद्धार (reserved for soteriological salvation); distinguish explicitly from mannat vow-for-healing exchange logic. |
| Confession (of sin) | ἐξομολογέομαι | पाप मन्नना | paap mannana | Medium-High | Confession and Restoration | 5:16 | Guard against izzat/public-shame misreading; mutual confession within trusted संगत, not public humiliation. |
| Turning back / restoring | ἐπιστρέφω | वापस मोड़ना | vaapas modna | Medium | Confession and Restoration | 5:19-20 | Relational restoration, not formal penitential ritual readmission. |
| Wandering/erring | πλανάω | भटकना | bhatakna | Medium | Confession and Restoration | 5:19 | |
| Servant/bondservant | δοῦλος | सेवक | sevak | Medium | (introductory, undergirds all doctrines) | 1:1 | Distinguish from ritual temple-sevak service to a deity/shrine. |
| Body (of a person) | σῶμα (sōma) | सरीर | sareer | Low | Faith and Works | 2:16,26 | |
| Spirit/breath (of a person, NOT Holy Spirit) | πνεῦμα (pneuma, human-breath sense) | प्राण | praan | High | Faith and Works | 2:26 | Must NOT be rendered with पवित्तर आत्मा (reserved exclusively, per baseline, for the Holy Spirit) or bare आत्मा. |
| Dead (of faith without works) | νεκρός/νεκρά | मुर्दा | murda | Medium | Faith and Works | 2:17,26 | Deliberate morphemic echo with baseline’s resurrection phrase मुर्दघरा चा जिंदा होना; do not soften to “weak/incomplete.” |
| Altar | θυσιαστήριον | वेदी | vedi | Medium | Faith and Works | 2:21 | Clarify as the unique Genesis 22 covenant-testing event, not a Vedic homa/yajna fire-altar. |
| Angels/messengers (human sense) | ἄγγελοι (contextual: spies) | जासूस / भेजे गे बंदे | jasoos / bheje ge bande | Medium | Faith and Works | 2:25 | Same Greek word can mean heavenly “angel” elsewhere; render contextually. |
| Show/demonstrate | δείκνυμι | दस्सा / दिखा | dassa / dikha | Medium | Faith and Works | 2:18 | Governs the pericope’s central rhetorical question (visibility, not forensic validity). |
| Wages | μισθός | मजूरी | majoori | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 5:4 | See “Rich” above; resonance with Baba Jitto landlord-exploitation narrative — teach as prophetic judgment, not folk-martyr parallel. |
| James (author name) | Ἰάκωβος | याकूब | Yaqub | Low | (superscription) | 1:1 | Same form as OT “Jacob”; confirm against BSI Dogri Bible. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | अब्राहम | Abraham | Low | Faith and Works | 2:21,23 | Standard regional transliteration. |
| Isaac | Ἰσαάκ | इसहाक | Ishaq | Low | Faith and Works | 2:21 | |
| Rahab | Ῥαάβ | राहाब | Rahab | Low | Faith and Works | 2:25 | Paired with कसबी (prostitute) descriptor; note deliberate social leveling with Abraham. |
| Elijah | Ἠλίας | एलिय्याह | Eliyah | Low | Prayer and Healing | 5:17 |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms |
|---|---|
| Faith and Works | भरोसा, कम्म, धर्मी ठहराए जाना, गिनी गेई धरमीपन, सम्पूर्ण होई, मुर्दा, प्राण, वेदी, परमेश्वर दा मितर |
| Trials and the Testing of Faith | परीक्षा, प्रलोभन, जांच, सहनशीलता, सम्पूर्ण, दुचित्ता |
| Wisdom from Above | बुद्धि, परमेश्वर आह्ली बुद्धि, जलन ते खुदगर्जी, दया |
| Favoritism and the Poor | मुंह-देखी, गरीब, धनी, न्याय, मजूरी |
| Taming the Tongue | जीह्, लगाम देना, अग्ग, नरक, परमेश्वर दी सूरत |
| Worldliness versus Friendship with God | दुनिया, दुनिया कन्नै मितरता, परमेश्वर दा मितर, शैतान, लालसा, हंकारी/नमर |
| Prayer and Healing | प्रार्थना, बिचाल्ले होइयै बिनती, कलीसिया दे बुजुर्ग, तेल मलना, चंगा होना, धर्मी |
| Patience and the Lord’s Return | धीरज, प्रभु दा दुबारा आना, सौंह खाणा, सहनशीलता |
| Confession and Restoration | पाप मन्नना, वापस मोड़ना, भटकना, जान/आत्मा दा उद्धार |
D. Risk Tier Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 4 (कम्म/works, प्रभु दा दुबारा आना/parousia, चंगा होना vs. उद्धार disambiguation, प्राण vs. पवित्तर आत्मा disambiguation) | Human theologian — mandatory |
| High | 13 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
All Critical and High risk new terms above must be submitted to human theologian review and, once approved, written into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment) before Phase 2 segment translation of James may begin, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: बिना कमाई दित्ती दया
Transliteration: bina kamai ditti daya
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: मन्नत दा फल (a boon granted in response to a vow, as sought at Vaishno Devi shrine; never use), पुण्य (merit earned through right action, never use)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34 (‘God gives grace to the humble’); this humility-before-God context must not be re-read as a technique for securing a granted favor within the mannat vow economy.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धरमीपन
Transliteration: dharmipan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: धरम (avoid the bare sense of caste/social duty tied to Dogra Rajput lineage-honor expectations)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. Central to James 2:23 (Abraham’s credited righteousness) but also occurs at 1:20 (human anger does not produce God’s righteousness) and 3:18 (fruit of righteousness sown by peacemakers, cross-reference Wisdom from Above).
Justification
Approved rendering: धर्मी ठहराए जाना
Transliteration: dharmi thehrae jana
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: माफी मिलना (forgiveness received, too narrow)
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. CRITICAL: James 2:21,24,25 use this exact phrase in the sense of being publicly shown/vindicated as righteous before onlookers, NOT Romans’ forensic first-instance declaration before God. MANDATORY translator note required at every James 2:21/24/25 occurrence distinguishing the two senses, so Dogri readers never hear Scripture contradicting itself.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: गिनी गेई धरमीपन
Transliteration: gini gei dharmipan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: कमाई गेई धरमीपन (earned righteousness, the explicit rejected opposite)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 2:23 cites Genesis 15:6, the identical Old Testament text quoted in Romans 4:3. This rendering must be VERBATIM IDENTICAL across the Romans and James curricula per the Theological Consistency Rules — it is the proof-text that James affirms the same doctrine of credited righteousness by faith that Romans teaches.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhar
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति (liberation from the rebirth cycle, never use), मनोकामना पूरी होना (a wish/boon granted, as through a vow at Vaishno Devi, never use as a substitute for eternal salvation)
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. Occurs at 1:21 (implanted word able to save), 2:14 (core passage), and 5:20 (‘will save his soul from death’). CRITICAL: must be kept sharply distinct from the physical-healing sense of the same underlying Greek verb σῴζω in 5:15-16, rendered चंगा होना — never उद्धार there.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: महाराजा (a title strongly associated with the historic Dogra royal dynasty, avoid as the primary term for Christ’s Lordship)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. Used throughout James (1:1,7,12; 2:1; 4:10,15; 5:4,7,8,10,11,14,15), most doctrinally concentrated in 5:7-8 (‘the Lord’s coming’). Never महाराजा.
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parmeshwar
Doctrine: God as the Unchanging Source of Every Good Gift
Rejected alternatives: भगवान (broad Hindu deity usage, avoid for doctrinal precision)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 1:17 describes God as the unchanging ‘Father of lights,’ giver of wisdom (1:5) and grace (4:6), whom even demons acknowledge with dread (2:19). Never भगवान.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु
Transliteration: Yishu
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: ईसा (used in Muslim/Urdu-influenced contexts; reserve for interfaith-dialogue framing only)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. Named at 1:1 (James as a सेवक ‘of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ’) and 2:1 (paired with महिमा/glory).
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: masih
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 2:1: ‘our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory’ — occurs in the verse introducing the favoritism prohibition.
Works
Approved rendering: कम्म
Transliteration: kamm
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: कर्म (karma) — carries the pan-Indian doctrine of moral cause-and-effect determining rebirth-status; NEVER use, as it would turn ‘faith and works’ into a merit-earns-salvation framework, directly reversing the baseline’s Critical grace/justification guardrails
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM, highest-stakes new terminological decision in this curriculum. कम्म is the plain, religiously unmarked Dogri/Punjabi word for ‘deed, task’ — chosen specifically because it carries no karma-doctrine freight. Every occurrence (1:25; 2:14-26; 3:13) must be taught as the fruit/evidence of भरोसा, never as merit earning धरमीपन or उद्धार apart from grace (cf. Romans 3:28, 4:4-5, 11:5-6). Always pair with दस्सा/दिखा (show/demonstrate) in 2:14-26 so the evidentiary logic is carried by syntax, not the noun alone.
Lords Coming
Approved rendering: प्रभु दा दुबारा आना
Transliteration: Prabhu da dubara aana
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: अवतार (avatar) — repeatable divine-descent theology anchored at the Dogra-royal-patronized Raghunath Mandir’s Rama devotion; NEVER use under any circumstance
Original: παρουσία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW TERM. Inherits the baseline’s single highest-salience Critical forbidden-substitution guardrail. Christ’s parousia (5:7-8) is a singular, future, bodily, unrepeatable return — never a repeatable avatar-descent across ages/yugas.
Healing Physical
Approved rendering: चंगा होना
Transliteration: changa hona
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: उद्धार (reserved exclusively for eternal salvation; NEVER substitute here even though both James 5:15-16 and the salvation entries render the same underlying Greek verb σῴζω)
Original: σῴζω (healing sense) / ἰάομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW TERM. Physical restoration of the sick through the prayer of faith (5:15-16). This is the single most acute lexical-collision point in the letter — mandatory translator note required at every occurrence. Must also be explicitly distinguished from the mannat vow-for-healing economy of Vaishno Devi pilgrimage.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: भरोसा
Transliteration: bharosa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा (generalized devotional reverence, too broad)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James activates a second argumentative question alongside Romans’: not merely ‘is भरोसा the sole ground of standing before God’ (Romans) but ‘is a claimed भरोसा genuine/demonstrable’ (James 2:14-26). Both must be taught as complementary, never contradictory. Also occurs 1:3,6; 5:15.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavastha
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: धरम (avoid Dogra Rajput lineage-duty associations)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged, but risk tier is escalated from Romans’ Medium to High for James, since James builds two load-bearing compounds on it: ‘law of liberty’ (1:25, ऐलेव्थेरिया/अजादी) and ‘royal law’ (2:8, राजसी व्यवस्था), and invokes it again at 4:11 (one Lawgiver). Never धरम.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: paap
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: भिट्ट (ritual impurity/pollution, avoid as a substitute)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. Occurs across the letter: born from unchecked लालसा (1:15), manifest in favoritism (2:9), in quarrels (4:8,17), and confessed/forgiven in 5:15,16,20 (Confession and Restoration doctrine).
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahima
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 2:1 (‘our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory’) invokes this term in the very verse that forbids favoritism — avoid ceremonial-splendor metaphors (aarti, temple lighting rites) that could conflate Christ’s महिमा with darshan-associated devotional radiance.
Trial
Approved rendering: परीक्षा
Transliteration: pariksha
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός (trial sense)
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW TERM. An external, faith-refining trial or hardship permitted by God for the maturing of endurance (1:2,12; 5:7-11). Must be kept lexically distinct from प्रलोभन (temptation) — see that entry. Must not be read as karmic consequence for past deeds or as a hardship resolved by a mannat vow.
Temptation
Approved rendering: प्रलोभन
Transliteration: pralobhan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός (temptation sense)
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW TERM. Inner enticement toward sin, arising from one’s own लालसा, never from God (1:13-14). CRITICAL cross-check: if this ever shares a rendering with परीक्षा (trial), James 1:13 (‘God tempts no one’) becomes internally incoherent in Dogri, since God would appear to both send and forbid the same thing. The two must NEVER be merged.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: बुद्धि
Transliteration: buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ज्ञान (jnana) — Vedantic liberating self-knowledge that dissolves the illusion of a separate self and leads toward moksha; NEVER use, since James’s wisdom is a practical, moral, relational gift requested simply in prayer, not a path of liberating gnosis
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW TERM. God-given practical, moral, relational insight for godly living and enduring trials (1:5; 3:13,17). This is the single most likely ‘more fluent-sounding’ substitution risk in the letter, since ज्ञान is far more common in general North Indian religious registers.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर आह्ली बुद्धि
Transliteration: Parmeshwar aahli buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW TERM. Compound built on बुद्धि. Wisdom whose source is God, marked by purity, peaceableness, gentleness, mercy, good fruit, impartiality, and sincerity (3:15,17), contrasted with earthly/unspiritual/demonic wisdom. Several of the 3:17 descriptor adjectives have no settled single-word Dogri equivalent; flag the full list for native-speaker review as a set.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: सम्पूर्ण
Transliteration: sampuran
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: सिद्ध (siddha) — a Hindu/yogic term for a perfected adept who has attained supernatural powers through self-directed spiritual discipline; NEVER use, as this would reframe Christian maturity as a self-achieved spiritual accomplishment rather than God-given, endurance-produced character
Original: τέλειος
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW TERM. Complete, whole, mature in Christlike character, the intended outcome of endurance under trial (1:4,17,25; 3:2).
Perfected Faith
Approved rendering: सम्पूर्ण होई
Transliteration: sampuran hoi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: सिद्ध (siddha) — same guard as perfect_mature; NEVER use
Original: τελειόω (ἐτελειώθη)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. Verb-phrase built on सम्पूर्ण. Faith ‘brought to completion/maturity’ through its cooperating कम्म, as in Abraham’s case (2:22). Faith reaching its God-given intended maturity through obedient action, not a self-attained spiritual perfection.
Rich
Approved rendering: धनी
Transliteration: dhani
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. The economically wealthy, warned against arrogance and the fleeting nature of their status (1:10-11; 2:6-7). Escalates to acute risk in the 5:1-6 indictment of landowners defrauding laborers — see ‘wages’ and ‘riches_wealth’ below for the Baba Jitto folk-martyr resonance guardrail.
Poor
Approved rendering: गरीब
Transliteration: gareeb
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. The economically poor, specially chosen by God as heirs of the kingdom, who must not be dishonored in the assembly (1:9; 2:2-6,15). Directly intersects Dogra Rajput izzat/lineage-honor stratification; James 2:1-9 must retain full unqualified force.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: मुंह-देखी
Transliteration: munh-dekhi
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωποληψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. Judging or honoring people by external status — dress, wealth, lineage — rather than treating all with equal dignity (2:1,9). Directly confronts Dogra Rajput izzat/lineage-honor stratification; the doctrine must never be softened to accommodate existing honor-rank deference customs.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: लालसा
Transliteration: laalsa
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: काम (kama) — one of the four classical Hindu purusharthas (dharma-artha-kama-moksha) and thus positively/neutrally weighted; avoid, since James pictures ἐπιθυμία as sin’s generative root (1:14-15), not a legitimate life-goal
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW TERM. Inner craving that, when it conceives, gives birth to sin (1:14-15) and is identified as the root of quarrels (4:1-2).
World
Approved rendering: दुनिया
Transliteration: duniya
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW TERM. The value-system and way of life opposed to God (1:27; 4:4), not physical creation itself. Must be explicitly taught as ethical/systemic, never as physical matter itself, to avoid drift toward a Vedantic maya/world-illusion framework.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: दुनिया कन्नै मितरता
Transliteration: duniya kannai mitrata
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW TERM. James 4:4: aligning affections/values with the world’s system, constituting ἔχθρα θεοῦ (‘enmity with God’). Must be preserved at full stark force, never softened to ‘distance’ or ‘coldness,’ and never softened to accommodate honor-culture expectations of maintaining multiple simultaneous loyalty/patronage relationships.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर दा मितर
Transliteration: Parmeshwar da mitr
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: दोस्त (a casual Persian/Urdu-origin friend-word, already implicitly set aside by the baseline’s rejection of ‘यारी-दोस्ती’ for koinonia/fellowship); too weak/casual
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW TERM. Abraham’s covenantal intimacy with God because of his faith (2:23), the positive counterpart to ‘friendship with the world’ (4:4). Cross-references Faith and Works. Must be taught as covenantal, faith-based intimacy, not a favor secured through vow/offering (the mannat pattern).
Oath Swear
Approved rendering: सौंह खाणा
Transliteration: saunh khaana
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὅρκος / ὀμνύω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW TERM. James 5:12: let a plain yes/no suffice, without swearing by heaven, earth, or anything else. Reframes — does not merely restate — Dogra Rajput izzat-bound oath-swearing custom (swearing by honor, ancestors, weapons, or shrine-directed vows).
Anointing With Oil
Approved rendering: तेल मलना
Transliteration: tel malna
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: अभिषेक (abhishek) — the standard term for ceremonial ritual anointing of a deity’s image with oil/milk/water, practiced at regional shrines including Vaishno Devi and Raghunath Mandir, understood to carry independent ritual efficacy; NEVER use
Original: ἐλαίῳ ἀλείψαντες
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW TERM. The elders’ simple pastoral act of applying oil while praying in faith over the sick (5:14). Not a sacrament or devotional offering with independent power.
Confession
Approved rendering: पाप मन्नना
Transliteration: paap mannana
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐξομολογέομαι
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW TERM. Mutual admission of sin among trusted believers for prayer and healing (5:16). Must be taught as occurring within a safe, trusted संगत, distinguished from public izzat-loss/shaming exposure and from formal sacramental confession-absolution systems.
Spirit Breath Human
Approved rendering: प्राण
Transliteration: praan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: पवित्तर आत्मा (reserved exclusively and Critically, per the baseline, for the Holy Spirit; NEVER use here), bare आत्मा (would create confusion with the reserved पवित्तर आत्मा term)
Original: πνεῦμα (human-breath sense)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. James 2:26: the animating life-breath of a person (not the Holy Spirit), whose absence leaves the body dead. This disambiguation must be enforced identically every time this verse is translated or quoted.
Wages
Approved rendering: मजूरी
Transliteration: majoori
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: μισθός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. The pay owed to laborers, fraudulently withheld by wealthy landowners (5:4), provoking God’s judgment. Carries a striking regional resonance with the venerated Baba Jitto folk-martyr narrative (self-sacrifice in protest against an exploitative landlord); mandatory translator/teaching note required that James 5’s indictment is prophetic judgment grounded in God’s own coming justice, never a Christianized retelling of the Aghar Jitto story.
Riches Wealth
Approved rendering: धन-दौलत
Transliteration: dhan-daulat
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλοῦτος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. Hoarded wealth condemned as ‘rotting’/‘corroding’ in the face of God’s coming judgment (5:1-3). This passage’s severity toward unjust wealth must not be softened; handle the Baba Jitto resonance risk as documented under ‘wages.‘
Soul Life
Approved rendering: जान/आत्मा
Transliteration: jaan/aatma
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति (never use), bare आत्मा alone (risks confusion with the reserved पवित्तर आत्मा/Holy Spirit term)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW TERM. James 5:20: the soul/life of a wandering sinner, saved from death through restoration by a fellow believer. Pairs with उद्धार (never मुक्ति); जान is the safer default head-noun, parallel to the प्राण fence established at 2:26.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: शान्ति
Transliteration: shanti
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 2:16 uses this word ironically — an empty social farewell (‘go in peace’) spoken instead of concrete help; James 3:18 uses it positively (fruit sown by peacemakers, cross-reference Wisdom from Above). Flag the 2:16 occurrence in translator notes so शान्ति itself is not devalued — the problem is the absent कम्म, not the word.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर दा राज्य
Transliteration: Parmeshwar da rajya
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 2:5: the poor whom God has chosen are ‘heirs of the kingdom.’ Handle alongside the favoritism doctrine so this is not misheard as a general spiritualization of poverty.
Intercession
Approved rendering: बिचाल्ले होइयै बिनती
Transliteration: bichalle hoiyai binti
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: (cf. Rom. baseline) / εὔχομαι-family in James 5:14-18
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 5:14-18 pairs elders’ intercessory prayer over the sick with Elijah’s example; paired with the new term प्रार्थना (general prayer). Direct, unmediated intercession must be distinguished from mediated petitionary practice associated with shrine pilgrimage.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Ministry
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; Dogri wording unchanged. James 1:1: ‘the twelve tribes’ addressed as the scattered covenant people, in the same salutation verse that establishes James’s servant identity.
Testing Proving
Approved rendering: जांच
Transliteration: jaanch
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW TERM. The proving/refining process by which the genuineness of faith is demonstrated (1:3). Keep the metallurgical proving/refining sense, not a punitive sense.
Endurance
Approved rendering: सहनशीलता
Transliteration: sahanshilta
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW TERM. Steadfast endurance under active pressure that produces spiritual maturity (1:3-4,12; 5:11). Distinguish from धीरज (patience-in-waiting, ch.5) — सहनशीलता is endurance under pressure now, not primarily patient waiting for a future event.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: दुचित्ता
Transliteration: duchitta
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW TERM. Divided in loyalty or trust, wavering between God and the world (1:8; 4:8). Contrasted with singular, undivided भरोसा.
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: daya
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. Compassion shown toward the needy or guilty, which triumphs over judgment (2:13) and marks wisdom from above (3:17). दया also appears as a morpheme inside the baseline’s fixed grace compound बिना कमाई दित्ती दया; used standalone here it must be understood as compassion in conduct, not confused with or treated as an abbreviation of the full grace compound.
Judgment
Approved rendering: न्याय
Transliteration: nyaay
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κρίσις
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. God’s personal verdict on human conduct, invoked at 2:13 (favoritism) and 4:11-12 (slander/self-exaltation). Teach as a personal Judge’s verdict, not an impersonal karmic consequence.
Tongue
Approved rendering: जीह्
Transliteration: jih
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: जबान (jabaan) — the more common Hindi/Urdu-derived word; avoid defaulting to it where Dogri’s own जीह् exists, per the standing house-style instruction against Hindi/Urdu linguistic gravity
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW TERM. The organ of speech, portrayed as small but disproportionately powerful for blessing or destruction (1:26; 3:1-12).
Envy Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: जलन ते खुदगर्जी
Transliteration: jalan te khudgarzi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος / ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW TERM. Jealousy and self-serving rivalry, marks of earthly/unspiritual/demonic ‘wisdom’ opposed to wisdom from above (3:14,16). No single settled Dogri word carries ἐριθεία’s full sense; two-word compound retained.
Devil
Approved rendering: शैतान
Transliteration: shaitan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW TERM. The personal spiritual adversary resisted by submission to God (4:7). Established regional Christian/Islamic term; distinct from Hindu असुर/राक्षस demon-figures, which are typically myth-cycle-bound rather than a singular personal adversary.
Proud Humble
Approved rendering: हंकारी / नमर
Transliteration: hankaari / namr
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός (ταπεινόω)
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW TERM. Arrogant self-sufficiency versus voluntary lowliness before God, who gives grace to the humble (4:6,10). Teach नमर as a voluntary posture before God, not a socially processed loss of izzat/honor before people.
Demons
Approved rendering: भूत-प्रेत
Transliteration: bhoot-pret
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. Rebellious spiritual beings who know God exists and tremble, yet do not obey (2:19) — cited as proof that mere correct belief without कम्म is not saving भरोसा. भूत-प्रेत in regional folk belief usually denotes restless human ghosts/ancestral spirits, a different category; mandatory brief clarifying note required each occurrence.
Patience
Approved rendering: धीरज
Transliteration: dheeraj
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW TERM. Patient, long-suffering waiting for the Lord’s coming, exemplified by the farmer awaiting harvest and the prophets (5:7-8,10). Distinguish from सहनशीलता (endurance under active pressure).
Elder
Approved rendering: कलीसिया दे बुजुर्ग
Transliteration: kalisiya de buzurg
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW TERM. A church leader called to pray over and anoint the sick (5:14). Must be distinguished from customary village/clan/caste elders holding lineage-based social authority; this is a spiritual office of prayer-ministry.
Prayer
Approved rendering: प्रार्थना
Transliteration: praarthana
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW TERM. Direct, personal petition to God, commended in all circumstances (5:13-18). Pairs with the baseline’s बिचाल्ले होइयै बिनती (intercession). Distinguish from mediated petitionary practice associated with shrine pilgrimage and vows.
Turning Back Restoring
Approved rendering: वापस मोड़ना
Transliteration: vaapas modna
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέφω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW TERM. Bringing a believer who has strayed back to the truth (5:19-20). Relational restoration within community, not a formal penitential-ritual readmission.
Wandering Erring
Approved rendering: भटकना
Transliteration: bhatakna
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: πλανάω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW TERM. Straying from the truth of the gospel in belief or conduct (5:19). Neutral descriptive term; low collision risk.
Servant
Approved rendering: सेवक
Transliteration: sevak
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Ministry
Original: δοῦλος
Category: General
NEW TERM. James’s self-identification as a bondservant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ (1:1). सेवक/सेवा is also the standard term for ritual temple service (a sevak serving a deity/shrine, e.g. Raghunath Mandir or Vaishno Devi); must be taught as total, willing bondservice to the one true God and Christ specifically, not ritual temple-attendant service.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: मुर्दा
Transliteration: murda
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: νεκρός / νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. A claimed faith producing no works, described as lifeless, not merely deficient (2:17,26). Deliberate morphemic echo with the baseline’s resurrection phrase मुर्दघरा चा जिंदा होना; do not soften to ‘weak’ or ‘incomplete’ faith.
Altar
Approved rendering: वेदी
Transliteration: vedi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. The altar on which Abraham offered Isaac (2:21, referencing Genesis 22). वेदी is also live vocabulary in regional Hindu ritual practice (a havan/yajna fire-altar); clarify this is the unique historical Genesis 22 covenant-testing event, not a devotional votive offering or Vedic homa rite.
Angels Messengers Human
Approved rendering: जासूस / भेजे गे बंदे
Transliteration: jasoos / bheje ge bande
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἄγγελοι (contextual: spies)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. James 2:25: the human spies of Joshua 2 whom Rahab welcomed, not heavenly angels. Render contextually to avoid implying Rahab hosted heavenly beings.
Show Demonstrate
Approved rendering: दस्सा / दिखा
Transliteration: dassa / dikha
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δείκνυμι
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. James 2:18: the operative verb of the faith-and-works pericope — the demand to make faith visible through कम्म. James’s concern is faith’s visibility, not its validity before God (Romans 4’s question); preserve this distinction wherever this verb and its cognates occur.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: मन च गाड़ी दित्ता वचन
Transliteration: man ch gaadi ditta vachan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: λόγος ἔμφυτος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. God’s word received and taking root in the heart, able to save (1:21). Anticipates the hearer/doer distinction (1:22-25) and the faith-and-works doctrine of ch.2; keep register consistent with कम्म terminology established there.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: राजसी व्यवस्था
Transliteration: raajsi vyavastha
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. The ‘royal law’ of loving one’s neighbor, which favoritism violates (2:8). Built on baseline व्यवस्था; राजसी (‘royal, kingly’) chosen carefully so as not to evoke the historic Dogra dynasty’s own legal-royal authority.
Freedom Liberty
Approved rendering: अजादी
Transliteration: ajaadi
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. The freedom given by the ‘law of liberty’ (2:12; cf. 1:25) — obedience flowing from a transformed heart, not external compulsion. Must not be taught as license.
Assembly Gathering
Approved rendering: सभा
Transliteration: sabha
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW TERM. The concrete gathering/meeting of believers in which favoritism toward the rich is forbidden (2:2). Distinguished from कलीसिया (church, the corporate covenant community) as the concrete meeting-event itself.
Fire Hell
Approved rendering: अग्ग / नरक
Transliteration: agg / narak
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: πῦρ / γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW TERM. The destructive fire the tongue is compared to, and its ultimate source in hell (3:6). नरक is shared vocabulary across regional Hindu and Christian usage; must be anchored as a place of God’s final righteous judgment, distinct from any cyclical/rebirth-adjacent cosmology.
Image Likeness
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर दी सूरत च
Transliteration: Parmeshwar di soorat ch
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εἰκών
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW TERM. Humans made in the likeness of God, the basis for James’s prohibition of cursing others with the same tongue that blesses God (3:9). Theologically important for the dignity-of-all-people argument, reinforcing the favoritism doctrine.
Speak Against Judge
Approved rendering: निंदा करना / न्याय करना
Transliteration: ninda karna / nyaay karna
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: καταλαλέω / κρίνω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW TERM. Slandering or judging a fellow believer, usurping God’s role as the one Lawgiver and Judge (4:11-12). Reuses the न्याय root established for the favoritism doctrine.
Lawgiver Judge
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था देने आह्ला / न्यायी
Transliteration: vyavastha dene aahla / nyaayi
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: νομοθέτης / κριτής
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW TERM. God alone as the one who gives the moral law and renders final judgment (4:12). Personal moral Lawgiver and Judge, not an impersonal cosmic-law arbiter.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: प्रभु सबाओथ
Transliteration: Prabhu Sabaoth
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: Κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
NEW TERM (title). Divine title emphasizing God’s sovereign command over the armies of heaven, invoked as the one who hears the cries of defrauded laborers (5:4). Reuse baseline प्रभु with the transliterated title retained, per baseline convention for theological proper nouns.
Religion
Approved rendering: धरम-करम
Transliteration: dharam-karam
Doctrine: Pure and Undefiled Religion
Rejected alternatives: bare धरम — carries Dogra Rajput caste/lineage-duty association, already excluded elsewhere for νόμος (law); avoid using alone for this sense
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Pure Religion
NEW TERM. Outward religious observance, redefined by James as caring for orphans/widows and moral purity (1:26-27), not the caste/lineage-duty sense or a ritual-observance checklist.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: जोतां दा पिता
Transliteration: jotaan da pita
Doctrine: God as the Unchanging Source of Every Good Gift
Original: πατὴρ τῶν φώτων
Category: God
NEW TERM. James 1:17: God as the unchanging source of every good and perfect gift, with no variation or shifting shadow. Guards against a fatalistic/karmic view of divine favor and against a shrine-deity model in which favor rises and falls with vow-performance or ritual correctness.
Hearer Doer
Approved rendering: सुणने आह्ला / करने आह्ला
Transliteration: sunne aahla / karne aahla
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἀκροατής / ποιητής
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. One who merely hears the word versus one who acts on it (1:22-25). Directly anticipates the faith-and-works doctrine of ch.2; keep register consistent with कम्म terminology.
Low Risk Terms
Body
Approved rendering: सरीर
Transliteration: sareer
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: σῶμα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. The physical human body; used in the illustration that a body without breath is dead, just as faith without works is dead (2:26); also the physical necessities of the poor (2:16). Standard, low-risk term.
James Author
Approved rendering: याकूब
Transliteration: Yaqub
Doctrine: Servant Identity in Ministry
Original: Ἰάκωβος
Category: General
NEW TERM (proper name). The author’s name, the same Greek/Hebrew form used for the Old Testament patriarch Jacob (1:1). Confirm against the BSI Dogri Bible; flag that this is the same name form used for the patriarch Jacob.
Abraham
Approved rendering: अब्राहम
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM (proper name). The patriarch whose offering of Isaac is cited as proof that genuine faith produces कम्म (2:21,23). Standard regional transliteration.
Isaac
Approved rendering: इसहाक
Transliteration: Ishaq
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ἰσαάκ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM (proper name). Abraham’s son, offered on the वेदी in Genesis 22, referenced in 2:21. Standard regional transliteration.
Rahab
Approved rendering: राहाब
Transliteration: Rahab
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ῥαάβ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM (proper name). The prostitute whose welcome of the spies is cited alongside Abraham as proof of faith shown through works (2:25). Her inclusion alongside the honored patriarch deliberately levels social/moral status — worth foregrounding given izzat sensitivities.
Elijah
Approved rendering: एलिय्याह
Transliteration: Eliyah
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: Ἠλίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW TERM (proper name). The prophet cited as an example of the power of a righteous person’s prayer (5:17). Standard regional Bible form.
Orphan Widow
Approved rendering: अनाथ / बिधवा
Transliteration: anaath / bidhwa
Doctrine: Pure and Undefiled Religion
Original: ὀρφανός / χήρα
Category: Pure Religion
NEW TERM. The vulnerable whom pure religion cares for (1:27). Standard, low-risk terms.
Unstained
Approved rendering: बिना दाग्
Transliteration: bina daag
Doctrine: Pure and Undefiled Religion
Original: ἄσπιλος
Category: Pure Religion
NEW TERM. Moral purity, kept unstained by the world, part of James’s definition of pure religion (1:27). This is ethical, not ritual-purity, language — do not drift toward शुद्ध/भिट्ट-adjacent ritual-purification registers.
Bridle
Approved rendering: लगाम देना
Transliteration: lagaam dena
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: χαλιναγωγέω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW TERM. To put a bit/rein on, used metaphorically of controlling the tongue (1:26; 3:2-3). A well-attested regional equestrian/agrarian idiom.
Benefit Usefulness
Approved rendering: फायदा
Transliteration: fayda
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ὄφελος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM. The practical benefit or evidentiary value James asks about in his opening rhetorical question of the core passage (2:14,16). Natural, everyday word; signals James’s opening concern is usefulness/evidence, not faith’s ontological reality.
Referenced passages