Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 1 Corinthians
Consolidated Term Table for Filipino Language Package Extension
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all 16 chapters of 1 Corinthians. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE] and their recorded Filipino rendering is reused exactly, with no alteration. Newly introduced terms for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and carry a proposed risk tier following the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as doctrine_risk_registry.json. New Critical/High entries require the same theologian-review routing as baseline Critical/High terms before Phase 2 translation.
Table 1: Baseline Terms Reused Without Change
| Term (English) | Filipino Rendering | Risk (baseline) | 1 Corinthians Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Mabuting Balita | Medium | 1, 4, 9, 15 | Core content is the resurrection gospel of 15:1-11 |
| grace | biyaya | High | 1, 3, 15, 16 | 15:10 is a prime grace-vs-merit passage; never utang na loob |
| faith | pananampalataya | Medium | 2, 15, 16 | 15:2, 11, 14, 17 — faith’s validity tied to historical gospel content |
| salvation | kaligtasan | Critical | 1, 15 | 15:2 — ongoing salvation grounded in the historic gospel |
| apostle | apostol | Medium | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | 15:5-9 — resurrection-appearance basis of apostleship |
| called / calling | tinawag / pagkatawag | Medium/High | 1, 7 | Context-sensitive: apostleship (1:1), sainthood (1:2), marital state (7:15-24) |
| holy | banal | Medium/High | 3, 6, 7 | Temple/body holiness |
| saints | mga banal | Critical | 1, 6 | Teaching note required: corporate status, not elite class |
| sanctification | pagpapabanal | Medium | 1, 6 | 1:2, 6:11 |
| resurrection | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Medium/Critical | 15 | Core passage; risk elevated to Critical within this curriculum given ch.15’s centrality — see doctrine table below |
| lord | Panginoon | Critical | 1, 8, 12, 15, 16 | 12:3 “Jesus is Lord,” consistent with Romans 10:9 rendering |
| church | iglesia | Medium | 1, 5, 6, 10-16 | Never simbahan when referring to the gathered people |
| kingdom of God | Kaharian ng Diyos | Medium | 4, 6, 15 | |
| sin | kasalanan | High | 15 | 15:3, 17 |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | High | 10, 11, 15 | |
| power of God | kapangyarihan ng Diyos | High | 1, 2, 6 | Never anting-anting; paired with cross/wisdom in ch.1-2 |
| spiritual gifts | kaloob na espirituwal | Medium | 1, 7, 12, 14 | Never anting-anting |
| fellowship | pagsasamahan | Low | 1, 10, 16 | Also underlies 10:16 koinōnia at the Table |
| thanksgiving | pasasalamat | Low | 1, 14 | |
| holy_spirit | Espiritu Santo | Critical | 2, 3, 6, 12 | Never anito/kaluluwa |
| god | Diyos | Critical | throughout | Never Bathala |
| jesus | Jesus | Critical | throughout | Established Protestant spelling |
| messiah/christ | Mesiyas / Kristo | Critical/High | throughout | Kristo as established proper-name form |
| covenant | tipan | High | 11 | 11:25 “new covenant,” Bagong Tipan |
| intercession | pamamagitan | Critical | (implicit, cf. 1 Cor 15:25’s reign motif overlaps with Romans intercession doctrine) | Retained for cross-document consistency where relevant |
| election / called | pagkahirang / tinawag | Medium/High | 1 | 1:26-29, God’s sovereign choice of the “foolish” and “weak” |
| father | Ama | High | 1, 8, 15 | 1:3, 8:6, 15:24 |
| exhort | pasiglahin | Low | 1, 4, 16 | ”I appeal/exhort you, brothers” (1:10, 4:16, 16:15) |
| gentiles | mga Hentil | Medium | 1, 10, 12 | 1:23-24, 10:32, 12:2 |
Table 2: New Terms Introduced by 1 Corinthians
| Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine (curriculum) | Risk | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| divisions/schisms | σχίσμα / schisma | pagkakabaha-bahagi | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | Medium | 1, 11, 12 | Relational rupture within one body |
| wisdom | σοφία / sophia | karunungan | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | Medium | 1, 2, 3 | Contrast with worldly/rhetorical wisdom |
| foolishness | μωρία / mōria | kamangmangan / kahangalan | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | Medium | 1, 3 | Ironic reversal against worldly wisdom |
| cross | σταυρός / stauros | krus | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | High | 1 | Devotional-veneration/reenactment collision risk (Black Nazarene, Good Friday reenactments); anchor to proclaimed saving message, not image devotion |
| stumbling block | σκάνδαλον / skandalon | katitisuran | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | Medium | 1 | |
| boasting | καυχάομαι / kauchaomai | pagmamalaki / pagyabang | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | Medium | 1, 3, 4, 13 | Redirected: boast only in the Lord |
| mystery | μυστήριον / mysterion | hiwaga | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | High | 2, 4, 13, 15 | Collision with “Mga Hiwaga ng Rosaryo” Marian devotional category; anchor to previously-hidden-now-revealed gospel plan |
| spiritual (person) | πνευματικός / pneumatikos | taong espiritwal | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | Medium | 2, 3, 12, 14 | |
| natural/unspiritual (person) | ψυχικός / psychikos | taong walang Espiritu / taong makamundo | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | Medium | 2 | Avoid bare “kaluluwa” root (folk-spirit associations) |
| mind of Christ | νοῦς / nous | isip (ni Kristo) | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | Low | 2 | |
| carnal/fleshly | σαρκικός / sarkikos | makalaman | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | Low-Medium | 3 | |
| temple | ναός / naos | templo | Church Discipline and Holiness | Medium | 3, 6 | Corporate church (3:16) and individual body (6:19); distinguish from simbahan |
| steward | οἰκονόμος / oikonomos | tagapangasiwa | Apostleship / Christ-Centered Ministry | Low-Medium | 4, 9 | |
| judge (verb) | κρίνω / krinō | humatol | Church Discipline and Holiness | Low | 4, 5, 6 | |
| sexual immorality | πορνεία / porneia | pakikiapid | Church Discipline and Holiness | High | 5, 6, 7, 10 | Retain full moral seriousness against cultural normalization |
| leaven | ζύμη / zymē | lebadura / pampaalsa | Church Discipline and Holiness | Medium | 5 | Passover/purity metaphor needs brief explanation |
| Passover | πάσχα / pascha | Paskuwa | Church Discipline and Holiness | Medium | 5 | Distinguish clearly from “Pasko” (Christmas) |
| deliver/hand over (discipline) | παραδίδωμι / paradidōmi | ibigay/ipaubaya sa kapangyarihan ni Satanas | Church Discipline and Holiness | Medium-High | 5 | Formal restorative discipline, not folk exorcism |
| deliver/hand down (transmission) | παραδίδωμι / paradidōmi | ibinigay ko / ipinasa ko | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | High | 11, 15 | Fixed apostolic gospel deposit; distinguish from ongoing magisterial “Sacred Tradition” |
| receive (tradition) | παραλαμβάνω / paralambanō | tinanggap | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 11, 15 | Paired with paradidōmi as technical transmission pair |
| lawsuits | κρίμα / krima | paghahabla / usapin sa hukuman | Church Discipline and Holiness | Low-Medium | 6 | |
| members (body parts) | μέλη / melē | mga bahagi (ng katawan) | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | Low | 6, 12 | |
| one flesh | μία σάρξ / mia sarx | isang laman | Marriage and Singleness | Low | 6 | |
| marriage | γάμος / gamos | kasal | Marriage and Singleness | Medium | 7 | |
| virgin/unmarried | παρθένος / parthenos | dalagang walang asawa / hindi kasal | Marriage and Singleness | High | 7 | Avoid unqualified “birhen” — strong Marian-devotional collision risk |
| separate/divorce | χωρίζω / chorizō | maghiwalay | Marriage and Singleness | Medium | 7 | No Philippine civil divorce category; use biblical-relational sense |
| unbeliever (spouse) | ἄπιστος / apistos | hindi mananampalataya | Marriage and Singleness | Low | 7 | |
| gift (personal, marital state) | χάρισμα / charisma | kaloob | Marriage and Singleness | Medium | 7 | Singular application of the spiritual-gifts term |
| idol | εἴδωλον / eidōlon | diyus-diyosan | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | High | 8, 10, 12 | Anchor to formal pagan-deity images; do not conflate with Catholic santos devotion |
| food sacrificed to idols | εἰδωλόθυτον / eidōlothyton | pagkaing inihandog sa diyus-diyosan | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | High | 8, 10 | Same collision-avoidance note as “idol” |
| conscience | συνείδησις / syneidēsis | budhi / konsensya | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | Medium | 8, 10 | |
| right/liberty | ἐξουσία / exousia | karapatan | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | Medium | 8, 9 | Context-sensitive vs. divine “authority” (kapangyarihan) sense elsewhere |
| knowledge | γνῶσις / gnōsis | kaalaman | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat / Love as the Greater Way | Medium | 8, 13 | Governed by love; distinct from esoteric-cult “knowledge” |
| build up/edify | οἰκοδομέω / oikodomeō | magpatibay / magpatayo | Love as the Greater Way | Low | 8, 14 | |
| reward | μισθός / misthos | gantimpala | Apostleship | Low | 3, 9 | |
| crown / race | στέφανος / ἀγών | korona / karera | Apostleship | Low | 9 | Athletic self-discipline metaphor |
| demon | δαιμόνιον / daimonion | mga demonyo | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | High | 10 | Real spiritual danger; do not collapse into or dismiss folk-spirit categories |
| temptation/testing | πειρασμός / peirasmos | tukso | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | Low | 10 | |
| head (headship) | κεφαλή / kephalē | ulo | Order in Worship | High | 11 | Loving, Christ-modeled order, not domination; sensitive to Filipino family-authority norms |
| head covering | κατακαλύπτω / katakalyptō | pagtakip ng ulo / talukbong | Order in Worship | Medium | 11 | Partial cultural analogue (belo/mantilla); do not over-claim universal mandate in translation |
| Lord’s Supper | κυριακὸν δεῖπνον / kyriakon deipnon | Hapunan ng Panginoon | The Lord’s Supper | Critical | 11 | Parallels Banal na Eukaristiya; keep focus on remembrance/self-examination, not denominational resolution |
| body and blood | σῶμα καὶ αἷμα / sōma kai haima | katawan at dugo (ni Kristo) | The Lord’s Supper | Critical | 11 | Institution words; translate faithfully without resolving Real Presence/memorial debate |
| remembrance | ἀνάμνησις / anamnēsis | pag-alaala | The Lord’s Supper | Medium | 11 | |
| unworthy manner | ἀναξίως / anaxiōs | sa hindi nararapat na paraan | The Lord’s Supper | Medium-High | 11 | Self-examination, not ritual-worthiness/merit |
| discern (the body) | διακρίνω / diakrinō | kilalanin/suriin (ang katawan) | The Lord’s Supper | Medium-High | 11 | Preserve interpretive ambiguity; flag for review |
| tongues | γλῶσσα / glōssa | mga wika / mga dila | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | High | 12, 13, 14 | Live continuationist/cessationist fault line in Filipino church landscape; render neutrally |
| body of Christ | σῶμα Χριστοῦ / sōma Christou | katawan ni Kristo | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | Medium-High | 12 | Distinguish from Lord’s Supper “body” language in ch.11 |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | pag-ibig | Love as the Greater Way | Critical | 13, 16 (also underlies 8:1) | Highest-frequency new Critical term; distinguish from romantic pag-ibig and from utang na loob-style reciprocal debt |
| edification (noun) | οἰκοδομή / oikodomē | pagpapatibay | Order in Worship | Low | 14 | |
| interpretation | ἑρμηνεία / hermēneia | pagpapaliwanag / interpretasyon | Order in Worship | Medium | 12, 14 | |
| order | τάξις / taxis | kaayusan | Order in Worship | Low | 14 | |
| firstfruits | ἀπαρχή / aparchē | unang bunga | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | Familiar Filipino harvest-offering imagery |
| last Adam | ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ | huling Adan | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | Established OT background in Filipino catechesis |
| imperishability | ἀφθαρσία / aphtharsia | walang kasiraan / hindi nasisira | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | |
| immortality | ἀθανασία / athanasia | imortalidad / walang-kamatayan | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | |
| victory | νῖκος / nikos | tagumpay | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Low | 15 | |
| sting (of death) | κέντρον / kentron | tibo / tusok | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Low | 15 | |
| appeared (resurrection) | ὤφθη / ōphthē (root ὁράω) | napakita | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | Literal, eyewitness-verifiable sight, not vision-only |
| fallen asleep (death euphemism) | κοιμάομαι / koimaomai | nakatulog na | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | Distinguish from folk wandering-soul/Undas associations |
| in vain | κενός / kenos | walang kabuluhan | Faith / The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Medium | 15 | Faith must be anchored to true historical content |
| collection | λογία / logia | koleksyon / abuloy | Christian Fellowship | Low | 16 | |
| holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον / philēma hagion | banal na halik | Christian Fellowship | Low-Medium | 16 | Communicate meaning, not literal ritual mandate |
| Maranatha | Μαρανα θα | Maranata | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | Low | 16 | Retain Aramaic transliteration, parallel to “Abba” |
Table 3: Doctrine-Level Risk Summary (New Terms Only)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Highest New-Term Risk | Key Driver |
|---|---|---|
| The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | High (paradidōmi/transmission) | Apostolic tradition transmission vs. Sacred Tradition category |
| Christian Unity versus Factionalism | Medium | Social/relational rupture terms |
| The Cross as Wisdom and Power | High (krus, hiwaga) | Devotional-veneration collision; Rosary-mystery collision |
| Church Discipline and Holiness | High (pakikiapid) | Cultural normalization of premarital cohabitation |
| Marriage and Singleness | High (birhen/parthenos) | Marian-devotional collision on “virgin” |
| Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | High (diyus-diyosan, demonyo) | Santos-devotion adjacency; folk-spirit category overlap |
| The Lord’s Supper | Critical (Hapunan ng Panginoon; katawan at dugo) | Direct Real Presence/transubstantiation denominational fault line |
| Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | High (mga wika/glōssa) | Continuationist/cessationist denominational fault line |
| Love as the Greater Way | Critical (pag-ibig) | Romantic-love conflation; highest-frequency new term in curriculum |
| Order in Worship | High (ulo/kephalē) | Filipino family-authority/gender-role cultural sensitivity |
Escalation Note for Phase 2
Per the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md escalation rules, the following new Critical/High terms must be added to the automatic human-theologian-review trigger list for all 1 Corinthians segments:
- Hapunan ng Panginoon (Lord’s Supper) and katawan at dugo (body and blood) — every occurrence (ch. 11)
- pag-ibig (agapē/love) — every occurrence in ch. 13 and wherever agapē occurs elsewhere in the letter (1:2’s opening framing, 8:1, 14:1, 16:14, 16:24)
- krus (cross) — every occurrence in ch. 1-2
- hiwaga (mystery) — every occurrence
- diyus-diyosan / pagkaing inihandog sa diyus-diyosan (idol / idol meat) and mga demonyo (demons) — every occurrence in ch. 8, 10, 12
- birhen/parthenos decisions — every occurrence in ch. 7
- pakikiapid (sexual immorality) — every occurrence in ch. 5, 6, 7, 10
- ulo/kephalē (head/headship) — every occurrence in ch. 11
- mga wika/glōssa (tongues) — every occurrence in ch. 12, 14
- ibinigay ko/ipinasa ko (paradidōmi, transmission sense) — 11:2, 11:23, 15:3
These entries should be merged into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json (Phase 1 Step 2) alongside the existing Romans baseline entries, without altering any existing baseline record.
Critical Risk Terms
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: katawan at dugo (ni Kristo)
Transliteration: katawan at dugo (ni Kristo)
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμα καὶ αἷμα
Category: Ordinance
CRITICAL. NEW TERM. σῶμα καὶ αἷμα. The words of institution: ‘this is my body… this cup is the new covenant in my blood.’ 1 Corinthians 11:24-25. Direct denominational sensitivity (Real Presence/transubstantiation vs. memorial/spiritual-presence views coexisting across Filipino Catholic and Protestant traditions). Translate faithfully and completely as Scripture states, without affirming or resolving the denominational debate through translation choice. Mandatory human theologian review every occurrence.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Diyos (from Spanish Dios) is shared across Catholic and Protestant Filipino usage; avoid Bathala, the pre-colonial Tagalog supreme-being concept. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (baseline risk High; retained here at Critical per this curriculum’s extended registry). 1 Corinthians 8:4-6, ‘there is no God but one.‘
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Never use anito (ancestral/nature spirit) or bare kaluluwa (wandering soul/ghost). Espiritu Santo in full marks the divine, personal third Person of the Trinity. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 2:10-14, 3:16, 6:19, 12:3-11 — the Spirit’s revelatory, indwelling, and gifting work is developed more extensively here than anywhere else in this Language Package.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pamamagitan
Transliteration: pamamagitan
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (cf. πρεσβεία-type mediating language implied in 1 Cor)
Category: Faith
CRITICAL: Pamamagitan ng mga santo (intercession of the saints) is a central, extremely common devotional practice in Filipino folk Catholicism. Every Critical-risk occurrence needs a teaching note affirming Christ’s and the Spirit’s intercession as unique and sufficient. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. Not independently load-bearing as a distinct vocabulary item in 1 Corinthians, but retained for cross-document consistency; any prayer-mediation language in this letter must continue to affirm the same uniqueness.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Established Filipino Protestant Bible spelling, consistent with this pipeline’s Protestant register. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (baseline risk High; retained here at Critical per this curriculum’s extended term registry given the resurrection-appearance emphasis of ch.15). Used throughout 1 Corinthians.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: Hapunan ng Panginoon
Transliteration: Hapunan ng Panginoon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: κυριακὸν δεῖπνον
Category: Ordinance
CRITICAL. NEW TERM. κυριακὸν δεῖπνον. The commemorative meal instituted by Christ, corrupted in Corinth by factional, self-indulgent practice. 1 Corinthians 11:20. Parallels the sacramental ‘Banal na Eukaristiya’/Misa central to Filipino Catholic practice, where priest-mediated transubstantiation is doctrinally central; Filipino Protestant/evangelical traditions vary between memorial and other views. Every occurrence requires a teaching note keeping the text’s own emphasis on proclamation, remembrance, and self-examination (11:23-29) central, without imposing a denominational resolution on the nature of Christ’s presence. Mandatory human theologian review every occurrence.
Love
Approved rendering: pag-ibig
Transliteration: pag-ibig
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
CRITICAL. NEW TERM. ἀγάπη. A selfless, others-oriented, willed love, distinct from erotic or merely affectionate love. 1 Corinthians 13:1-13 (also 8:1; 14:1; 16:14,24). ‘Pag-ibig’ is the ordinary, all-purpose Filipino word for love, overwhelmingly associated in daily usage and popular culture (kundiman love songs, teleserye romance narratives) with romantic/erotic love. This is a true missing-vocabulary gap with no available coinage remedy. Every occurrence requires a mandatory teaching/translator note clarifying this is selfless, willed, others-oriented love modeled on God’s own love — not romantic feeling, infatuation, or a reciprocal relational debt echoing the utang na loob framing the baseline flags for grace. Highest-frequency Critical-risk term in this curriculum; especially sensitive at 13:1-13 given its frequent public/wedding-liturgical use in Filipino Christian life.
Saints
Approved rendering: mga banal
Transliteration: mga banal
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
CRITICAL: Mga banal is the same term used for canonized Catholic saints venerated with feast days, images, novenas, and requests for intercession. Every Critical-risk occurrence needs a teaching note clarifying that this word names every believer, not an elite canonized class. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:2 and 6:1-2 apply this term to a visibly flawed, quarreling, sexually compromised congregation — the strongest self-fencing context in the whole Language Package for this term.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία / σώζεσθε
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Kaligtasan is the established term, but folk-Catholic practice can treat salvation as mechanically secured through receiving the sacraments apart from genuine faith. Every Critical-risk occurrence needs a teaching note clarifying that salvation is received by faith in Christ’s finished work. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 15:2 uses the present tense (‘you are being saved’) — an ongoing reality grounded in the fixed historic gospel just recited (15:3-8), not a status mechanically renewed through sacramental performance. Also 1:18, 1:21.
High Risk Terms
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: katawan ni Kristo
Transliteration: katawan ni Kristo
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
NEW TERM. σῶμα Χριστοῦ. The church as a unified, interdependent organism, each believer a distinct but necessary member. 1 Corinthians 12:12-27. Distinguish carefully from the sacramental ‘body’ language of the Lord’s Supper (ch.11) — here it is corporate-ecclesiological metaphor (the church), not the sacramental elements.
Cross
Approved rendering: krus
Transliteration: krus
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: pahirapang tulos
Original: σταυρός
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW TERM. σταυρός. 1 Corinthians 1:17-18. Filipino devotional culture holds intense attachment to the cross as a venerated devotional object (Black Nazarene/Poong Nazareno processions, Holy Week Via Crucis, literal Good Friday crucifixion reenactments in San Fernando, Pampanga). Teaching must anchor ‘krus’ to the proclaimed message of Christ’s atoning death received by faith, never to image devotion, ritual reenactment, or meritorious self-suffering. ‘Pahirapang tulos’ (torture stake) is the Jehovah’s Witnesses New World Translation’s doctrinally motivated substitute and must never be echoed; the historic cross image is central to Paul’s own argument in this passage.
Deliver Hand Down
Approved rendering: ibinigay ko / ipinasa ko
Transliteration: ibinigay ko / ipinasa ko
Doctrine: Apostolic Gospel Transmission
Rejected alternatives: ipinagkatiwala sa Banal na Tradisyon
Original: παραδίδωμι (transmission sense)
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW TERM. παραδίδωμι (transmission sense). To formally transmit authoritative teaching, as one hands over an entrusted deposit. 1 Corinthians 11:2,23; 15:3. Forms a technical transmission pair with παραλαμβάνω (‘receive_tradition’). This fixed, closed, apostolically-verified deposit (Christ died, was buried, was raised, appeared) must be distinguished from an open-ended magisterial ‘Banal na Tradisyon’ (Sacred Tradition) that continues to develop; that framing is explicitly rejected here.
Deliver To Satan
Approved rendering: ibigay / ipaubaya sa kapangyarihan ni Satanas
Transliteration: ibigay / ipaubaya sa kapangyarihan ni Satanas
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: παραδίδωμι (disciplinary sense)
Category: Church Discipline
NEW TERM. παραδίδωμι (disciplinary sense). Formal removal from the church’s fellowship/protection as an act of restorative discipline. 1 Corinthians 5:5. This is formal church discipline with a restorative goal, not a magical curse or folk-exorcism ritual; teaching must keep the restorative intent central and must not be read through an engkanto/aswang-adjacent folk-affliction lens.
Demon
Approved rendering: mga demonyo
Transliteration: mga demonyo
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Christian Liberty
NEW TERM. δαιμόνιον. A malevolent spiritual being in opposition to God, behind pagan idol worship. 1 Corinthians 10:20-21 — pagan sacrifices are, spiritually, offerings to demons. Teaching should affirm the real spiritual danger without either uncritically collapsing all Filipino folk-spirit categories (multo, engkanto, aswang, duwende) into daimonion, or dismissing the passage’s seriousness as ancient superstition.
Discern The Body
Approved rendering: kilalanin / suriin (ang katawan)
Transliteration: kilalanin / suriin (ang katawan)
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διακρίνω (τὸ σῶμα)
Category: Ordinance
NEW TERM. διακρίνω (τὸ σῶμα). To discern/judge rightly, here ‘discerning the body’ at the Lord’s Supper. 1 Corinthians 11:29. Debated whether this refers to discerning the elements as Christ’s body or recognizing the unity of the church body (cf. 12:12-27); preserve the interpretive ambiguity rather than resolving it unilaterally in translation. Flag for review.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal, relational Father. Keep distinct from the reverence-title Padre used for Catholic priests. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:3, 8:6 (‘one God, the Father, from whom all things came’), 15:24 (the kingdom delivered to the Father).
Food Sacrificed To Idols
Approved rendering: pagkaing inihandog sa diyus-diyosan
Transliteration: pagkaing inihandog sa diyus-diyosan
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Christian Liberty
NEW TERM. εἰδωλόθυτον. Meat/food formally offered in sacrifice to an idol before being sold or served. 1 Corinthians 8:1-13; 10:19,28. Same collision-avoidance note as ‘idol’: must not be equated with contemporary Filipino Catholic devotional practice around santos.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s radiant honor and majesty; standard, well-established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (baseline risk Medium; retained here at High per this curriculum’s extended term registry given its ties to resurrection-body glory). 1 Corinthians 10:31, 11:7, 15:40-43 (varying degrees of resurrection glory).
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Never frame grace as utang na loob, the deeply held Filipino social value of a debt of gratitude that obligates repayment through loyalty and reciprocal favor. Biyaya must be taught as a gift creating no debt to repay. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 15:10 (‘by the grace of God I am what I am… I worked harder… though not I, but the grace of God’) is a prime newly-available grace-vs-merit passage: the labor described is grace-empowered fruit, never repayment of a debt.
Head Headship
Approved rendering: ulo
Transliteration: ulo
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Order in Worship
NEW TERM. κεφαλή. The physical head; metaphorically, source, prominence, or relational headship within an ordered relationship. 1 Corinthians 11:3 (God/Christ/man/woman headship structure). Intersects directly with strong existing Filipino cultural expectations about male household authority (the father as punong-tahanan); must be presented as loving, Christ-modeled order, not domination or unilateral control, avoiding both an exaggerated patriarchal reading and a flattened reading that erases the text’s structure. Preserve the same interpretive latitude between ‘source’ and ‘authority-over’ senses that the Greek itself carries; do not resolve the debate through word choice.
Idol
Approved rendering: diyus-diyosan
Transliteration: diyus-diyosan
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Christian Liberty
NEW TERM. εἴδωλον. An image/statue representing a false god, formally worshiped as a pagan deity. 1 Corinthians 8:4,7; 10:19; 12:2. Must be anchored to Paul’s specific first-century referent (formal pagan-deity worship) and not extended casually into contemporary debate over Filipino Catholic sacred images/santos, generally understood in that tradition as devotional aids rather than objects of worship in themselves; teaching should distinguish the two categories carefully rather than assume equivalence in either direction.
Justification
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις / ἐδικαιώθητε
Category: Salvation
Literally ‘being declared without guilt.’ Compound phrase required; conveys the forensic, legal-declaration sense the doctrine needs. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 6:11: ‘you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified’ — a completed, forensic declaration alongside washing/sanctification, not a ritual outcome achieved through repeated performance.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
In Romans 10:9 the confession ‘Jesus is Lord’ = Si Jesus ay Panginoon. Established term; must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared broadly with Mary and the saints. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 12:3: no one can say ‘Jesus is Lord’ except by the Holy Spirit; render ‘Si Jesus ay Panginoon,’ IDENTICAL to the Romans 10:9 rendering per cross-document consistency rules. Also 8:6, 15:57, 16:22-23.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesiyas
Transliteration: Mesiyas
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Transliterated term; the unique, exclusively fulfilled OT promise. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. In 1 Corinthians, used continually as part of the proper name ‘Kristo’; reserve ‘Mesiyas’ for explicit title-emphasis contexts, consistent with baseline usage.
Mystery
Approved rendering: hiwaga
Transliteration: hiwaga
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW TERM. μυστήριον. 1 Corinthians 2:1,7; 4:1; 13:2; 15:51. ‘Hiwaga’ in Filipino Catholic devotional usage is strongly tied to ‘Mga Hiwaga ng Rosaryo’ (Mysteries of the Rosary), a Marian-devotional framework. Teaching must anchor ‘hiwaga’ to a previously hidden, now fully disclosed gospel plan — a closed, revealed content — explicitly distinct from the Rosary’s structured meditative categories.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
God’s own personal power to save; never anting-anting. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:18,24; 2:5 — paired directly with the cross and wisdom themes at the heart of ‘The Cross as Wisdom and Power’ doctrine.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Right standing before God received by faith. Katuwiran is also the ordinary word for ‘reasonableness/rightness,’ so context must make clear a relational/legal standing is meant. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:30: Christ himself ‘became for us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification and redemption’ — katuwiran here is received status in Christ, not moral achievement.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: pakikiapid
Transliteration: pakikiapid
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. πορνεία. Unlawful sexual activity outside of marriage, covering a broad range of sexual sin. 1 Corinthians 5:1 (incest case), 6:9,13,18; 7:2; 10:8. Given a Philippine cultural context where premarital cohabitation and informal unions are common and not always treated as morally serious, pakikiapid must retain full moral seriousness and not be softened into a merely social or legal irregularity or a euphemistic ‘kasalanan sa katawan.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression against a personal God; anchored to relational offense rather than left as a purely sacramental category. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE (baseline risk was Medium; retained here at the Filipino term-registry’s High per this curriculum’s extended assessment). 1 Corinthians 15:3,17 — Christ died ‘for our sins’; without the resurrection, believers would still be ‘in your sins.‘
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱός
Category: Christology
Full phrase required. Already affirmed clearly in Filipino Catholic catechesis; the risk here is devotional dilution rather than doctrinal denial. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 15:28’s statement that ‘the Son himself will also be subjected’ to the Father (eschatological consummation) must not be read as denying Christ’s eternal deity or equality; it describes the Son’s mediatorial role reaching its purposed goal, not a lesser ontological status. Filipino Bible tradition also renders this simply ‘Anak’ in some contexts (15:28); both forms name the same eternal Sonship.
Tongues
Approved rendering: mga wika / mga dila
Transliteration: mga wika / mga dila
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: γλῶσσα / γλῶσσαι
Category: Spiritual Gifts
NEW TERM. γλῶσσα / γλῶσσαι. A natural human language, or a Spirit-given gift of speech (known language or ecstatic utterance requiring interpretation). 1 Corinthians 12:10,28,30; 13:1,8; 14:1-33. This term sits at a live continuationist/cessationist denominational fault line in Filipino Protestant, Evangelical, and Pentecostal/Charismatic church life; render accurately and neutrally, following Paul’s own regulated treatment (chs.12,14), without importing a partisan denominational stance not present in the text.
Unworthy Manner
Approved rendering: sa hindi nararapat na paraan
Transliteration: sa hindi nararapat na paraan
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀναξίως
Category: Ordinance
NEW TERM. ἀναξίως. Unworthily, inappropriately — a warning against careless participation lacking self-examination. 1 Corinthians 11:27-29. Must be framed as a call to sincere self-examination and discernment of unity/love toward fellow believers, not a sacramental-worthiness bar achieved through ritual preparation, confession, or merit, consistent with the baseline’s caution against ritually-achieved righteousness.
Virgin Unmarried
Approved rendering: dalagang walang asawa / hindi kasal
Transliteration: dalagang walang asawa / hindi kasal
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Rejected alternatives: birhen
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage
NEW TERM. παρθένος. A virgin/unmarried woman; by extension, the unmarried state Paul commends as a valid, good calling. 1 Corinthians 7:25-38. ‘Birhen’ in Filipino Catholic devotional culture overwhelmingly evokes Birhen Maria and her many titled shrine-devotions; using it unqualified risks unintentionally invoking Marian association rather than Paul’s plain teaching. Always use marital-status-qualified renderings; never use unqualified ‘birhen.‘
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established loanword; conveys a directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 15:5-9 grounds apostleship specifically in a genuine resurrection-appearance encounter, including Paul’s own unusual, last-in-order calling (15:8-9). Also 1:1, 4:9, 9:1-2, 12:28-29.
Appeared Resurrection
Approved rendering: napakita
Transliteration: napakita
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ὤφθη
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ὤφθη (root ὁράω). Made himself visible/perceivable; eyewitness-verifiable appearance. 1 Corinthians 15:5-8. Preserve the sense of literal, eyewitness-verifiable sight in a list alongside named individuals and 500 witnesses, not a subjective religious experience or vision-only category.
Boasting
Approved rendering: pagmamalaki / pagyabang
Transliteration: pagmamalaki / pagyabang
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Church
NEW TERM. καυχάομαι. 1 Corinthians 1:29,31; 3:21; 4:7; 13:3 — redirected boasting: no one may boast in status, wisdom, or preacher-loyalty; if anyone boasts, let it be in the Lord. Use the positive redirected sense (‘pagmamalaki sa Panginoon’) where the source text pivots to that positive register.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλεῖσθαι
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive per doctrine in question. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. In 1 Corinthians: 1:1 apostleship, 1:2 sainthood, 1:9 fellowship with Christ, 7:15-24 marital/social state at the time of calling, 15:9 apostolic calling despite past persecution of the church.
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Noun form for the act/state of being called; standard term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. Relevant to 1 Corinthians 7:20’s instruction to remain in the state in which one was called.
Carnal
Approved rendering: makalaman
Transliteration: makalaman
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: σαρκικός
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. σαρκικός. Dominated by sinful human nature rather than the Spirit. 1 Corinthians 3:1,3-4 — the Corinthians’ jealousy and strife over leaders.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Iglesia (the gathered body of believers) is preferred over simbahan, which names the physical building and its parish institution. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. Used throughout 1 Corinthians for the local gathered congregation (1:2, 5:1-13, 11:18, 14:33-35, 16:1,19).
Conscience
Approved rendering: budhi / konsensya
Transliteration: budhi / konsensya
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Christian Liberty
NEW TERM. συνείδησις. Moral self-awareness, the inner faculty evaluating one’s own actions as right or wrong. 1 Corinthians 8:7,10,12; 10:25-29.
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη / καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
A relational, binding bond initiated by God; established term (as in Bagong Tipan, New Testament). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 11:25, the words of institution: ‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood’ — a Critical-adjacent occurrence because it anchors the Lord’s Supper institution words; use ‘bagong tipan’ register.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐξελέξατο
Category: Salvation
God’s sovereign personal choice, not swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:26-29 — God’s deliberate choosing of the ‘foolish,’ ‘weak,’ and ‘low and despised’ of the world, directly reinforcing the anti-merit thrust of this doctrine.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Object of faith must always be specified as Christ; standard, well-established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. In 1 Corinthians 15:2,11,14,17 faith’s validity is explicitly tied to the truth of the historic gospel content (Christ’s death, burial, resurrection), not to sincerity of belief alone.
Fallen Asleep
Approved rendering: nakatulog na
Transliteration: nakatulog na
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἐκοιμήθησαν
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ἐκοιμήθησαν (root κοιμάομαι). A euphemism for the death of believers, implying a temporary state pending resurrection. 1 Corinthians 15:6,18,20,51. Keep distinct from Filipino folk beliefs about wandering or unsettled souls of the dead requiring appeasement or ritual visitation (e.g., Undas/All Souls’ Day customs); the euphemism signals confident hope of future bodily awakening, not an unresolved spirit-state.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: unang bunga
Transliteration: unang bunga
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ἀπαρχή. The first portion of a harvest; metaphor for Christ as the first of a coming full harvest of resurrected believers. 1 Corinthians 15:20,23. Harvest-offering imagery is broadly familiar in the Philippines’ agricultural regions, giving comparatively strong native intelligibility.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: kamangmangan / kahangalan
Transliteration: kamangmangan / kahangalan
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μωρία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW TERM. μωρία. The charge leveled at cross-centered preaching by those valuing worldly sophistication. 1 Corinthians 1:18,21,23; 3:19.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: mga Hentil
Transliteration: mga Hentil
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη / Ἕλληνες
Category: Church
Non-Jews; established, transliterated Bible term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:22-24, 10:32, 12:13 — retain consistency with the Jew/Gentile (‘Greek’) pairing used throughout the letter.
Gift Marital State
Approved rendering: kaloob
Transliteration: kaloob
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Marriage
NEW TERM. χάρισμα (singular, personal application). A Spirit-given enablement, here applied personally to marriage or singleness. 1 Corinthians 7:7 — the singular application of the same root used for ‘kaloob na espirituwal’ more broadly (12:1-31).
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Established Filipino Bible term (‘good news’). Standard, well-understood across Catholic and Protestant usage. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. In 1 Corinthians this is specifically the fixed, apostolically-transmitted resurrection gospel of 15:1-11 (also 1:17, 4:15, 9:12-18).
Head Covering
Approved rendering: pagtakip ng ulo / talukbong
Transliteration: pagtakip ng ulo / talukbong
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κατακαλύπτω
Category: Order in Worship
NEW TERM. κατακαλύπτω. To cover over, veil (the head). 1 Corinthians 11:5-15. Has a partial cultural analogue in the older Filipino Catholic custom of women wearing a veil (belo/mantilla) at Mass, but this should not be presented as settling the debate over the passage’s universal applicability today; do not over-claim a fixed contemporary practical mandate.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: banal na halik
Transliteration: banal na halik
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Fellowship
NEW TERM. φίλημα ἅγιον. A kiss of familial/covenantal greeting, marked as ‘holy’ (non-erotic). 1 Corinthians 16:20. Communicate the meaning (warm, holy Christian greeting) rather than prescribe the literal greeting practice as a binding contemporary ritual in the Filipino cultural setting.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure; standard, well-established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 3:17 (the corporate temple) and 7:14 (spouse/children made ‘holy’ through a believing spouse) both require the relational/moral set-apartness sense, not ritual purity alone.
Immortality
Approved rendering: imortalidad / walang-kamatayan
Transliteration: imortalidad / walang-kamatayan
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ἀθανασία. Deathlessness. 1 Corinthians 15:53-54.
Imperishability
Approved rendering: walang kasiraan / hindi nasisira
Transliteration: walang kasiraan / hindi nasisira
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ἀφθαρσία. The state of not being subject to decay/corruption. 1 Corinthians 15:42,50-54 — the resurrection body’s new, incorruptible quality.
In Vain
Approved rendering: walang kabuluhan
Transliteration: walang kabuluhan
Doctrine: Faith
Original: κενός / κενή
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. κενός / κενή. Empty, without substance or result. 1 Corinthians 15:2,10,14,58. Faith’s validity depends on the truth of the historical gospel content, not sincerity of belief alone.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: pagpapaliwanag / interpretasyon
Transliteration: pagpapaliwanag / interpretasyon
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: ἑρμηνεία
Category: Spiritual Gifts
NEW TERM. ἑρμηνεία. The gift of interpreting tongues, required for tongues to edify the gathered church. 1 Corinthians 12:10; 14:13,26-28.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign; standard, well-established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 4:20, 6:9-10 (exclusion warnings), 15:24-28,50 (eschatological consummation, Christ delivering the kingdom to the Father).
Knowledge
Approved rendering: kaalaman
Transliteration: kaalaman
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Liberty
NEW TERM. γνῶσις. Ordinary correct theological understanding. 1 Corinthians 8:1,7,10-11; 13:2,8-9 — ‘knowledge puffs up, but love builds up’; must be governed by love, and kept distinct from any esoteric-knowledge-cult association.
Last Adam
Approved rendering: huling Adan
Transliteration: huling Adan
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ. Christ as the second/last Adam, reversing the death introduced by the first Adam and securing resurrection life. 1 Corinthians 15:21-22,45-49. Requires OT background (Adam and the Fall), already well-established in both Filipino Catholic and Protestant catechesis, giving this comparatively lower risk.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Mosaic Law; standard, well-established term with no significant unwanted folk-religious connotation. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 9:8-9,20 — Paul’s missionary flexibility toward those ‘under the law.‘
Lawsuits
Approved rendering: paghahabla / usapin sa hukuman
Transliteration: paghahabla / usapin sa hukuman
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: κρίμα / κριτήριον
Category: Church Discipline
NEW TERM. κρίμα / κριτήριον. Legal cases and civil litigation between believers. 1 Corinthians 6:1-8 — believers suing fellow believers in secular courts, set against the eschatological reversal that ‘the saints will judge the world.‘
Leaven
Approved rendering: lebadura / pampaalsa
Transliteration: lebadura / pampaalsa
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη
Category: Church Discipline
NEW TERM. ζύμη. Yeast; metaphor for corrupting influence spreading through a whole body, drawing on Passover unleavened-bread imagery. 1 Corinthians 5:6-8. Requires brief explanation since Passover practice is not a lived Filipino cultural referent, though the baking process itself is familiar.
Marriage
Approved rendering: kasal
Transliteration: kasal
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος
Category: Marriage
NEW TERM. γάμος. The marriage institution/relationship. 1 Corinthians 7:1-40 throughout.
Natural Person
Approved rendering: taong walang Espiritu / taong makamundo
Transliteration: taong walang Espiritu / taong makamundo
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: taong may kaluluwa
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. ψυχικός. A person governed by natural human faculties alone, without the Spirit. 1 Corinthians 2:14. Avoid rendering with bare ‘kaluluwa’ as the defining root, since that carries folk wandering/ancestral-spirit associations unrelated to Paul’s Spirit/nature contrast here.
Passover
Approved rendering: Paskuwa
Transliteration: Paskuwa
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: Pasko
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. πάσχα. The Jewish Passover feast, fulfilled in Christ as the Passover lamb. 1 Corinthians 5:7. ‘Paskuwa’ must be clearly distinguished from ‘Pasko’ (Christmas); both derive historically from Spanish ‘Pascua,’ creating real confusion risk. Always gloss with ‘(Jewish Passover)’ on first occurrence.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
In Romans 5:1, relational peace with God through justification, not merely the absence of conflict. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:3 (greeting) and 14:33 (‘God is not a God of disorder but of peace’) extend this to relational and orderly peace within congregational worship.
Receive Tradition
Approved rendering: tinanggap
Transliteration: tinanggap
Doctrine: Apostolic Gospel Transmission
Original: παραλαμβάνω
Category: Apostolic Authority
NEW TERM. παραλαμβάνω. To receive/take over a formally transmitted tradition or teaching. 1 Corinthians 11:23; 15:1,3. Must not be confused with reception of a separate, ongoing oral ‘Banal na Tradisyon’ as a parallel authority stream alongside Scripture; here it names the fixed, closed apostolic gospel content.
Remembrance
Approved rendering: pag-alaala
Transliteration: pag-alaala
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: Ordinance
NEW TERM. ἀνάμνησις. A calling to mind, memorial. 1 Corinthians 11:24-25.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγήγερται
Category: Eschatology
Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection; already clearly affirmed in Filipino Catholic catechesis, giving this term comparatively lower syncretism risk. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. Within the 1 Corinthians curriculum this term’s effective risk is elevated to Critical at the doctrine level (see doctrine_risk_registry.json ‘resurrection_of_christ_and_believers’) because 1 Corinthians 15 directly confronts in-church denial of a future bodily resurrection (15:12) and because ‘fallen asleep’ (see ‘fallen_asleep’ entry below) risks Undas/wandering-soul collision. The term itself is unchanged from baseline.
Right Liberty
Approved rendering: karapatan
Transliteration: karapatan
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christian Liberty
NEW TERM. ἐξουσία. Authority, permission, or the personal right/freedom to act. 1 Corinthians 8:9; 9:4-6,12,18. Note the distinct sense from ‘kapangyarihan’ (divine power/authority) used elsewhere in this Language Package.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy; standard, well-established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:2, 6:11 — paired with justification and washing as part of the believer’s fixed identity in Christ, not self-directed moral improvement.
Schisms
Approved rendering: pagkakabaha-bahagi
Transliteration: pagkakabaha-bahagi
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Original: σχίσματα
Category: Church
NEW TERM. σχίσματα. Relational fractures/factions within the one church body caused by loyalty to rival leaders (Paul/Apollos/Cephas), not mere disagreement. 1 Corinthians 1:10-13, 11:18, 12:25. Filipino compadre/patronage loyalty networks create a live cultural parallel; supply explanatory phrasing at first occurrence (1:10-13) naming the leader-loyalty dynamic explicitly.
Separate Divorce
Approved rendering: maghiwalay
Transliteration: maghiwalay
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Marriage
NEW TERM. χωρίζω. To separate, divide, put apart; marital separation/divorce. 1 Corinthians 7:10-15. The Philippines has no civil divorce process (only annulment/legal separation), so this should be understood in its biblical-relational sense, not assumed to map onto a specific Filipino legal category.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: kaloob na espirituwal
Transliteration: kaloob na espirituwal
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Spirit-given enablements for service; never anting-anting (folk-Catholic amulets believed to grant supernatural power or invulnerability). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:7, 7:7 (singular application to marital state, see ‘gift_marital_state’), 12:1-31, 14:1 — the letter’s most extensive treatment of this doctrine in the whole Language Package.
Spiritual Person
Approved rendering: taong espiritwal
Transliteration: taong espiritwal
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: πνευματικός
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. πνευματικός. One indwelt by and responsive to the Holy Spirit, able to discern spiritual truth. 1 Corinthians 2:13-15; 3:1; 14:37.
Steward
Approved rendering: tagapangasiwa
Transliteration: tagapangasiwa
Doctrine: Christ-Centered Ministry and Stewardship
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. οἰκονόμος. A household manager entrusted with an owner’s estate/resources. 1 Corinthians 4:1-2 — apostles/ministers as entrusted stewards of ‘the mysteries of God,’ accountable to Christ, not to popular or factional preference.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: katitisuran
Transliteration: katitisuran
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σκάνδαλον
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW TERM. σκάνδαλον. An offense that causes rejection of the gospel. Implied at 1 Corinthians 1:23. No better single-word Filipino option exists; accepted as adequate at Medium risk.
Temple
Approved rendering: templo
Transliteration: templo
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ναός
Category: Church
NEW TERM. ναός. The inner sanctuary; metaphorically the church corporately (3:16-17) or the believer’s individual body (6:19) as God’s dwelling. 1 Corinthians 3:16-17, 6:19. Distinguish from ‘simbahan,’ the physical parish building, per the baseline ‘church’ note.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: karunungan
Transliteration: karunungan
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom and the Cross
NEW TERM. σοφία. Insight/skill, contrasted between worldly rhetorical sophistication (prized in the Corinthian context) and God’s wisdom revealed in the cross. 1 Corinthians 1:17-2:16, 3:19. Must retain the ironic reversal: worldly karunungan is exposed as folly against the cross’s true wisdom; preserve Paul’s antithetical parallelism in matching grammatical structures.
Low Risk Terms
Build Up Edify
Approved rendering: magpatibay / magpatayo
Transliteration: magpatibay / magpatayo
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: οἰκοδομέω
Category: Love
NEW TERM. οἰκοδομέω. To strengthen or benefit another spiritually, as one builds a structure. 1 Corinthians 8:1,10; 10:23; 14:4,17.
Collection
Approved rendering: koleksyon / abuloy
Transliteration: koleksyon / abuloy
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: λογία
Category: Fellowship
NEW TERM. λογία. A monetary collection/contribution. 1 Corinthians 16:1-2 — the collection for believers in Jerusalem, an act of cross-congregational fellowship and generosity.
Crown Race
Approved rendering: korona / karera
Transliteration: korona / karera
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: στέφανος / ἀγών
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. στέφανος / ἀγών. A victor’s wreath; an athletic contest. 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 — athletic-competition metaphor for disciplined ministry and self-control toward an imperishable crown.
Edification Noun
Approved rendering: pagpapatibay
Transliteration: pagpapatibay
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: οἰκοδομή
Category: Love
NEW TERM. οἰκοδομή. The building up of the church. 1 Corinthians 14:3,5,12,26.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Context-sensitive: use makiusap for entreaty and pasiglahin for building up in encouragement. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:10, 4:16, 16:15.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ, deeper than ordinary social camaraderie. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:9 (fellowship with Christ) and 10:16 (participation in Christ’s body/blood at the Table, conceptually introducing the Lord’s Supper doctrine of chapter 11).
Judge Verb
Approved rendering: humatol
Transliteration: humatol
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: κρίνω
Category: Church Discipline
NEW TERM. κρίνω. To judge, evaluate, decide. 1 Corinthians 4:3-5; 5:12-13; 6:1-6.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: Maranata
Transliteration: Maranata
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: Μαρανα θα
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Μαρανα θα (Aramaic: ‘Our Lord, come!’). 1 Corinthians 16:22. Retain the Aramaic transliteration untranslated, parallel to the baseline’s treatment of ‘Abba.‘
Members Body Parts
Approved rendering: mga bahagi (ng katawan)
Transliteration: mga bahagi (ng katawan)
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: μέλη
Category: Church
NEW TERM. μέλη. Body parts/limbs; metaphor for individual believers as parts of Christ’s body. 1 Corinthians 6:15; 12:12-27.
Mind Of Christ
Approved rendering: isip ni Kristo
Transliteration: isip ni Kristo
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: νοῦς Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. νοῦς Χριστοῦ. Christ’s own mind/understanding, granted to believers through the Spirit. 1 Corinthians 2:16.
One Flesh
Approved rendering: isang laman
Transliteration: isang laman
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: μία σάρξ
Category: Marriage
NEW TERM. μία σάρξ. A single body/flesh entity created through sexual union. 1 Corinthians 6:16, citing Genesis 2:24. Established idiom.
Order
Approved rendering: kaayusan
Transliteration: kaayusan
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: τάξις
Category: Order in Worship
NEW TERM. τάξις. Arrangement, sequence, order. 1 Corinthians 14:40 — ‘let all things be done decently and in order,’ the governing principle for regulating worship practices in this chapter.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: propesiya
Transliteration: propesiya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Church
God-inspired declaration; standard, well-established term. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 12:10, 13:2,8-9, 14:1-39 — a regulated spiritual gift in the gathered assembly.
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Original: προφήτης
Category: Church
God’s spokesperson; do not confuse with manghuhula (a fortune-teller). INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 12:28-29, 14:29,32,37.
Reward
Approved rendering: gantimpala
Transliteration: gantimpala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: μισθός
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. μισθός. Wages, payment for labor. 1 Corinthians 3:8,14; 9:17-18 — Paul’s reward for preaching free of charge, forgoing a legitimate right for the gospel’s sake.
Sting
Approved rendering: tibo / tusok (ng kamatayan)
Transliteration: tibo / tusok (ng kamatayan)
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: κέντρον
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. κέντρον. A goad or sting; death’s power to harm believers decisively removed. 1 Corinthians 15:55-56.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pasasalamat
Transliteration: pasasalamat
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστῶ
Category: Faith
Standard term; no significant doctrinal risk. INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE. 1 Corinthians 1:4, 14:16-18.
Unbeliever Spouse
Approved rendering: hindi mananampalataya
Transliteration: hindi mananampalataya
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄπιστος
Category: Marriage
NEW TERM. ἄπιστος. An unbelieving spouse. 1 Corinthians 7:12-15.
Victory
Approved rendering: tagumpay
Transliteration: tagumpay
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Original: νῖκος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. νῖκος. Triumphant resolution over death. 1 Corinthians 15:54-57.
Referenced passages