Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Revelation 1–22 (English → Filipino)
Purpose and Method
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of Revelation (1–22), into a single reference table for Phase 2 translation memory seeding. It is organized into two parts:
- Part A — Reused Baseline Terms: terms already fixed in the Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonthat recur in Revelation. These renderings MUST be reused exactly; this glossary does not alter them, only notes any Revelation-specific contextual risk addition. - Part B — New Revelation-Specific Terms: terms not present in the Romans baseline, newly assigned a Filipino rendering, risk tier, and grounded rationale, following the same risk-tier conventions (Critical/High/Medium/Low) as the baseline.
All renderings follow the destination-language authority established by the baseline: formal Filipino register matching the Magandang Balita Biblia (MBB) / Ang Biblia Protestant tradition, standard Filipino (Latin-script) orthography, Arabic verse numerals, and book-name citation conventions (Revelation = Pahayag).
Part A — Reused Baseline Terms Recurring in Revelation
| English Term | Filipino Rendering (fixed) | Risk (baseline) | Revelation Chapters | Revelation-Specific Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Diyos | Critical | 1, 4–5, 7, 15, 19–22 (throughout) | No change; reinforced by throne-room worship scenes. |
| Jesus | Jesus | Critical | 1, 12, 17, 19, 22 | No change; also appears as title-bearer (“Faithful and True,” “King of kings”). |
| Lord | Panginoon | Critical | 1, 4, 11, 19, 22 | Reinforced at the climactic titles “Lord of lords” (19:16) and “Come, Lord Jesus” (22:20) — render identically at every occurrence. |
| Holy Spirit | Espiritu Santo | Critical | 1–3 (letters to the churches), 14, 22 | Reused in “the Spirit and the Bride say, Come” (22:17); must render in full, never abbreviated or replaced by bare espiritu. |
| Father | Ama | High | 1, 14 | Low additional risk; standard usage. |
| holy | banal | High | 3–4, 11, 20–22 | Reinforced in “holy city” (21:2, 22:19) and “holy ones/saints” contexts; corporate, not elite-class, sense must be preserved. |
| saints | mga banal | Critical | 5, 8, 11, 13–14, 16–20 | CRITICAL, reinforced: Revelation’s saints are persecuted, ordinary, faithful believers (not a canonized devotional elite); the martyrdom context (chs. 6, 17, 20) makes the baseline’s caution even more urgent, since Filipino usage of “martir” independently carries similar canonization overlay. |
| church | iglesia | Medium | 1–3, 22 | Elevated risk in Revelation context specifically: the seven letters are addressed to seven concrete local ekklēsiai; must not be read as license for any single group’s exclusive-true-church claim (a live, specific issue given Iglesia ni Cristo’s doctrinal claim to be the one true church referenced in biblical prophecy). Recommend Revelation-specific note. |
| kingdom of God | Kaharian ng Diyos | Medium | 1, 11–12 | Reinforced at the seventh trumpet’s “kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ” (11:15) — thesis-level verse for Return and Reign of Christ doctrine. |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | High | 1, 4–5, 7, 15, 19, 21 | Reinforced throughout worship scenes; God’s/the Lamb’s glory illuminates the New Jerusalem (21:11, 23), replacing the need for sun/lamp. |
| grace | biyaya | High | 1, 22 | Reused at the book’s opening (1:4) and closing benediction (22:21, “grace be with all”) — must preserve the unmerited-gift force against utang na loob, and connects directly to dōrean (“freely,” 21:6, 22:17), a High-risk new term below carrying the identical theological concern. |
| faith | pananampalataya | Medium | 2, 13–14, 17 | Reinforced negatively in “the unbelieving” (ἄπιστοι, 21:8) and positively in “keep the faith of Jesus” (14:12); consistency required across both polarities. |
| salvation | kaligtasan | Critical | 7, 12, 19 | CRITICAL, reinforced: the great multitude’s cry “Salvation belongs to our God” (7:10; 19:1) must retain the same faith-not-ritual framing fixed in the baseline. |
| covenant | tipan | Medium | 11 | The “ark of the covenant” appears in the heavenly temple (11:19) — connects to the Davidic/OT covenant background already treated in the baseline; low additional risk. |
| resurrection | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Medium | 20 | Reinforced at “the first resurrection” (20:5–6); must be distinguished from the second death (new Critical-risk term below) as its judicial opposite. |
| power of God | kapangyarihan ng Diyos | High | 1, 4–5, 7, 11–12, 15, 19 | Reinforced by the divine title Pantokrator (Almighty) — same semantic field, applied as a comprehensive divine title throughout. |
| election / calling | pagkahirang / tinawag | Medium/High | 17 | ”Called, chosen, and faithful” (κλητοὶ καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ πιστοί, 17:14) — must reuse both baseline terms exactly in this triad. |
| Messiah / Christ | Mesiyas / Kristo | High | 1, 11–12, 20 | Reinforced at “the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ” (11:15) and “Christ’s thousand-year reign” (20:4,6) — thesis-level Return and Reign of Christ material. |
| prophet / prophecy | propeta / propesiya | Low | 1–2, 10–11, 16, 19, 22 | Reinforced by the book’s own self-designation as prophecy (1:3; 22:7, 10, 18–19) and by the false-prophet contrast term (new High-risk term below). |
| sin | kasalanan | Medium | 1, 18 | ”Freed us from our sins by his blood” (1:5); reinforced relational-not-merely-ritual framing already fixed in baseline. |
| son_of_god | Anak ng Diyos | High | (implicit; title reserved) | Not directly quoted as a title within Revelation’s text, but its exclusivity must be guarded against confusion with the derived “son” language of 21:7 and the “Son of Man” title of ch. 1 (see Part B). |
| lord (Jesus is Lord confession) | Si Jesus ay Panginoon (established Romans 10:9 rendering) | Critical | — | Not directly quoted in Revelation but the underlying Lordship-of-Christ doctrine climaxes here (19:16; 17:14) — teach the two passages together for full-book consistency. |
Part B — New Revelation-Specific Terms
| English Term | Filipino Rendering | Original / Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Grounded Translation-Risk Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revelation (book title) | Pahayag | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | Medium | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:1 | Established book title; teaching note needed to orient readers toward symbolic, visionary reading rather than literalistic newsreel-style interpretation. |
| new (qualitatively) | bago | καινός / kainos | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:1, 5; 3:12; 2:17 | ”Bago” alone loses kainos’s qualitative force (new-in-kind, not merely new-in-time); note required distinguishing genuine new creation from mere restoration, relevant against literalist-earthly-restoration-only readings. |
| sea (symbolic) | dagat | θάλασσα / thalassa | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 21:1; 4:6; 13:1; 15:2 | Symbolic chaos/threat imagery in Revelation’s own idiom; literal-only reading in an archipelagic culture risks obscuring the symbolic “no more chaos” point. |
| holy city / New Jerusalem | banal na lungsod / Bagong Jerusalem | πόλις ἁγία, Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή / polis hagia, Ierousalēm kainē | High | New Heaven and New Earth; Church as Bride of Christ | 21:2, 10; 3:12; 22:19 | Must not be localized onto the literal, geopolitical city of Jerusalem, nor read as a separate reward-place for a spiritual elite; is the consummated whole-Church community. |
| bride | kasintahang babae / nobya | νύμφη / nymphē | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7; 21:2, 9; 22:17 | Risk of individualized-romantic flattening, and of devotional displacement onto Marian imagery; must be taught as corporate — the whole redeemed iglesia. |
| tabernacle / dwell | tolda / tahanan; mananahan | σκηνή, σκηνόω / skēnē, skēnoō | High | New Heaven and New Earth; (extends baseline Incarnation doctrine) | 21:3; 7:15; 12:12; 13:6; 15:5 | Directly echoes John 1:14 and the OT tabernacle; risks being flattened into generic “presence,” losing the incarnational and covenantal resonance; must be linked to baseline pagkakatawang-tao. |
| second death | ikalawang kamatayan | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος / ho thanatos ho deuteros | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8 | Must be sharply distinguished from ordinary death (abolished for the redeemed, 21:4); relevant against Jehovah’s Witness soul-annihilation doctrine and folk-Catholic purgatory-adjacent afterlife categories — this is final, not temporary or purgatorial, judgment. |
| lake of fire (and sulfur) | lawa ng apoy (at asupre) | λίμνη τοῦ πυρός (καὶ θείου) / limnē tou pyros (kai theiou) | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 19:20; 20:10, 14–15; 21:8 | Intersects folk-Catholic impiyerno/purgatoryo categories and Jehovah’s Witness annihilationism; requires explicit note affirming final, conscious, everlasting judgment distinct from purgatorial cleansing or non-conscious annihilation, while respecting appropriate caution about pressing apocalyptic fire-imagery too literally. |
| freely / as a gift | walang bayad / bilang kaloob | δωρεάν / dōrean | High | The Sovereignty of God over History; (extends baseline Grace doctrine) | 21:6; 22:17 | Same theological register as baseline biyaya; must guard against utang na loob framing exactly as the baseline requires for grace. |
| the one who overcomes | ang nagtagumpay / ang mananagumpay | ὁ νικῶν / ho nikōn | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21; 12:11; 21:7 | Must not imply self-achieved, merit-based victory; overcoming is grounded in Christ’s own finished victory (12:11) appropriated by faith, consonant with the grace doctrine. |
| derived sonship (of the overcomer) | anak | υἱός / huios | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness; (must not collide with baseline Sonship of Christ) | 21:7 | Must be kept categorically distinct from the baseline’s fixed, exclusive Anak ng Diyos (Christ’s unique eternal Sonship) — this is derived, adoptive sonship, not equality with Christ. |
| testimony / witness | patotoo / saksi | μαρτυρία, μάρτυς / martyria, martys | High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 1:2, 9; 6:9; 11:7; 12:11, 17; 17:6; 19:10; 20:4 | English loanword “martir” (already present in Filipino) carries Catholic canonized-martyr-veneration overlay parallel to the baseline’s mga banal caution; teaching note required affirming ordinary, non-elite faithful witness. |
| worship | sumamba | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | Critical | Worship of the Lamb | 4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 13:4, 8, 12, 15; 14:9, 11; 19:10; 22:8–9 | Reserved exclusively for God/the Lamb even by refusing angels (19:10; 22:8–9); requires the most careful handling of any term in the book given devotional practices around images/saints — must never be applied loosely to any figure other than God/Christ within the translated text. |
| Lamb | Kordero | ἀρνίον / arnion | High | Worship of the Lamb; Return and Reign of Christ | 5:6–13; 6:1, 16; 7:9–17; 12:11; 13:8; 14:1, 4, 10; 15:3; 17:14; 19:7, 9; 21:9, 14, 22–23, 27; 22:1, 3 | Already devotionally familiar (“Kordero ng Diyos,” Agnus Dei); asset, but requires a note preserving Revelation’s distinctive emphasis (slain-yet-reigning, worship-worthy) beyond a passive liturgical association. |
| kingdom and priests | kaharian at mga saserdote | βασιλεία καὶ ἱερεῖς / basileia kai hiereis | High | Church as Bride of Christ; Worship of the Lamb | 1:6; 5:10; 20:6 | Recommend saserdote over pari (which names ordained Catholic parish clergy specifically) to preserve the corporate, all-believers sense of this priesthood. |
| wrath of the Lamb | poot ng Kordero | ὀργὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου / orgē tou arniou | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6:16 | Deliberate Lamb-plus-wrath paradox must be preserved, not flattened into generic divine anger disconnected from Christ. |
| sealed / seal of God | tinatakan / tatak (ng Diyos) | σφραγίζω / sphragizō | High | Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of Final Victory | 7:2–8; 9:4 | Direct rival term to the beast’s “mark” (ch. 13); must avoid anting-anting resonance per the baseline’s established caution on amulet-thinking. |
| 144,000 | 144,000 | ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες | Critical | Sovereignty of God over History; Judgment/Vindication | 7:4–8; 14:1, 3 | Direct scriptural basis of Jehovah’s Witness “anointed class” two-tier doctrine, a live and specific Philippine religious-landscape risk; mandatory note presenting the historic reading (symbolic number for the whole complete people of God, one vision with the “great multitude,” not two separate classes). |
| great multitude / great crowd | malaking pulutong | ὄχλος πολύς / ochlos polys | High | Sovereignty of God over History; Vindication of the Saints | 7:9; 19:1, 6 | Directly parallels the Jehovah’s Witness technical term for their doctrinally distinct “earthly paradise” class; requires the same clarifying note as the 144,000 entry above. |
| abyss / bottomless pit | kalaliman / bangin | ἄβυσσος / abyssos | High | Sovereignty of God over History | 9:1–2, 11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1, 3 | Risk of merging with Filipino folk-animist underworld/spirit-realm concepts; must be taught as under God’s own sovereign restraint (he holds “the key”), not an independent evil-realm in a dualistic cosmology. |
| dragon | dragon | δράκων / drakōn | High | Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of Final Victory | 12:3–17; 13:2, 4, 11; 16:13; 20:2 | Direct collision with the Visayan/Filipino folk-mythological dragon-serpent Bakunawa; requires explicit note that this is a distinct biblical apocalyptic symbol explicitly identified as Satan (12:9), not the folklore figure. |
| Satan / Devil | Satanas / Diyablo | Σατανᾶς, διάβολος / Satanas, diabolos | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of Final Victory | 2:9–10, 13, 24; 3:9; 12:9–12; 20:2, 7, 10 | Well-established terms; must be kept distinct from unrelated Filipino folk-supernatural figures (aswang, engkanto, diwata) that belong to a different folklore category. |
| Michael | Mikael | Μιχαήλ / Michaēl | High | Sovereignty of God over History; (guards baseline Deity/Sonship of Christ) | 12:7 | Roman Catholic devotional veneration overlay (parallel to sainthood concerns) and Jehovah’s Witness doctrine equating Michael with the pre-incarnate Christ both create live, specific confusion risk; note required affirming Michael as a created angel, categorically distinct from the worshiped, divine Christ. |
| beast | hayop | θηρίον / thērion | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 13:1–18; 14:9, 11; 16:2, 10, 13; 17:3–17; 19:19–20; 20:4, 10 | Ordinary word for “animal” requires context to always signal the symbolic apocalyptic tyrant-power; interpretive restraint urged against speculative specific-identification. |
| mark of the beast / 666 | tatak ng hayop / 666 | χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου, 666 / charagma tou thēriou | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Perseverance under Persecution | 13:16–18; 14:9, 11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 | Documented, live Philippine public-discourse phenomenon connecting national ID/SIM-registration/biometric systems with “mark of the beast” fears; mandatory note affirming the text’s point (total allegiance demanded by an anti-God power) without endorsing speculative identification of specific contemporary systems. |
| image of the beast | imahen ng hayop | εἰκὼν τοῦ θηρίου / eikōn tou thēriou | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Worship of the Lamb | 13:14–15; 14:9, 11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 | Identical word (“imahen”) to the everyday Filipino Catholic term for devotional statues of Christ/Mary/saints; requires the most careful pastoral note in the glossary distinguishing condemned idolatrous ultimate-worship-images from devotional practice, without either flattening the doctrine or giving unwarranted offense. |
| false prophet | huwad na propeta | ψευδοπροφήτης / pseudoprophētēs | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked; (contrasts baseline Prophet) | 13:11–17; 16:13; 19:20; 20:10 | Must retain deliberate contrast with baseline propeta — mimics true prophecy’s form while directing worship away from God. |
| Babylon the great, mother of prostitutes | Babilonyang dakila, ina ng mga patutot | Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ μήτηρ τῶν πορνῶν | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 14:8; 16:19; 17:1–18; 18:1–24; 19:2 | Historic Reformation-era and some contemporary Protestant identification with the Roman Catholic Church would be doctrinally reckless and pastorally damaging in this majority-Catholic context; mandatory note presenting the responsible range of interpretive options without endorsing an anti-Catholic institutional reading. |
| sexual immorality (idolatry idiom) | pangangalunya / pakikiapid | πορνεία / porneia | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 2:14, 20–21; 9:21; 14:8; 17:2, 4; 18:3, 9; 19:2 | Functions prophetically as covenant-unfaithfulness to God (cf. Hosea/Ezekiel idiom), not limited to literal sexual conduct; must be read consistently across every occurrence, including the ch. 21:8 vice-list. |
| Armageddon | Armagedon | Ἁρμαγεδών / Harmagedōn | Medium | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 16:16 | Strong secular pop-culture usage as generic “catastrophe” shorthand risks obscuring the specific theological point (God’s certain, sovereign defeat of evil). |
| marriage supper of the Lamb | kasalan ng Kordero | ὁ γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου / ho gamos tou arniou | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7, 9; 21:2, 9 | Must be kept terminologically and thematically linked to the nymphē (bride) entries per Theological Consistency Rules — two complementary pictures of one reality. |
| Faithful and True | Matapat at Totoo | πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός / pistos kai alēthinos | High | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 19:11; 21:5 | Must render identically at both occurrences per Theological Consistency Rules, preserving the deliberate verbal link between Christ’s return and the new creation’s inauguration. |
| King of kings and Lord of lords | Hari ng mga hari at Panginoon ng mga panginoon | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων | High | Return and Reign of Christ; Lordship of Christ | 17:14; 19:16 | Must reuse baseline Panginoon exactly; teach as unrivaled, exclusive supreme authority, not diluted by devotional deference to any other figure. |
| a thousand years | isang libong taon | χίλια ἔτη / chilia etē | High | Return and Reign of Christ; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 20:2–7 | Most contested interpretive question among otherwise orthodox traditions; render plainly/numerically without silently favoring one millennial scheme, per the Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation doctrine. |
| great white throne | dakilang trono na puti | ὁ θρόνος ὁ μέγας ὁ λευκός | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 20:11–15 | Final standing shown to rest on the book of life (belonging to Christ by faith), not works-merit; must be taught alongside the baseline’s Critical kaligtasan note to prevent a merit-based misreading of “according to what they had done.” |
| book of life | aklat ng buhay | βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς / biblion tēs zōēs | High | Assurance of Salvation; Judgment/Vindication | 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27 | Must be rendered identically at every occurrence (Theological Consistency Rules); not to be confused with human institutional/sacramental record-keeping. |
| no temple — God and the Lamb are its temple | walang templo…ang Diyos…at ang Kordero, ang templo nito | ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον…ναὸς αὐτῆς / naon ouk eidon…naos autēs | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 21:22 | Should be linked back to 21:3’s tabernacle (skēnē) term for consistency; fulfillment, not devaluation, of the temple theme. |
| twelve gates / twelve foundations | labindalawang pintuan / pundasyon | δώδεκα πύλαι, δώδεκα θεμέλιοι | Low-Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles; New Heaven and New Earth | 21:12–14, 19–21 | Symbolic architecture uniting OT tribes and NT apostles; not a literal blueprint. |
| river of the water of life / tree of life | ilog ng tubig ng buhay / punongkahoy ng buhay | ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς / τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς | Medium | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:1–2 (cf. Genesis 2–3) | Bookends the whole biblical storyline (Eden restored); connects to 21:6’s spring-of-life imagery for a unified picture across the closing chapters. |
| no more curse | walang sumpa | οὐκ ἔσται…κατάρα / ouk estai…katara | Medium | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 22:3 | Must be distinguished from Filipino folk-witchcraft “curse” (sumpa associated with mangkukulam practice) — reverses the specific Genesis 3 curse, a distinct biblical-theological category. |
| sorcerers | mga mangkukulam | φαρμακοί / pharmakoi | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15 | Collides directly with a live Filipino folk-religious category (mangkukulam, witch/sorcerer); note required affirming the real biblical exclusion of occult practice while cautioning against pastoral misuse for social accusation. |
| idolaters | mga sumasamba sa diyos-diyosan | εἰδωλολάτραι / eidōlolatrai | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Worship of the Lamb | 21:8; 22:15 | Extremely sensitive given widespread devotional image-veneration in Filipino Catholic practice; requires careful, respectful teaching note defining biblical idolatry as misdirected ultimate worship, per the baseline’s instruction not to frame folk-Catholic devotional practice dismissively. |
| Come, Lord Jesus | Halika, Panginoong Jesus | Ἔρχου, Κύριε Ἰησοῦ / Erchou, Kyrie Iēsou | High | Return and Reign of Christ | 22:20 | Must reuse baseline Panginoon and Jesus exactly; recommend rendering identically wherever quoted, given its weight as the book’s climactic, high-use pastoral verse. |
| Spirit and the Bride say, Come | Ang Espiritu at ang Kasintahang Babae ay nagsasabi, Halika | τὸ Πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ νύμφη λέγουσιν· Ἔρχου | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 22:17 | Must reuse baseline Espiritu Santo and the established bride-vocabulary exactly. |
| do not add to or take away | huwag magdagdag…huwag mag-alis | μὴ ἐπιθῇς…μὴ ἀφέλῃ | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture (baseline doctrine, reinforced) | 22:18–19 | Reinforces baseline Inspiration of Scripture doctrine; relevant to the Scripture-vs-tradition/magisterium distinction already flagged there. |
Risk Summary (Revelation-Specific New Terms, Part B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 7 | Human theologian review (second death, lake of fire, 144,000, mark of the beast/666, image of the beast, Babylon the great/mother of prostitutes, idolaters) |
| High | 20 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 8 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium/Low | 2 | Native speaker / automated review |
Note: Part A (reused baseline terms) retains its original baseline risk tiers exactly; this summary counts only the newly introduced Part B terms.
This glossary must be loaded alongside translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Revelation content. New terms in Part B should be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json as part of Phase 1 Step 8 (Core Glossary) finalization, incrementing the translation memory version number per the established Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
144000
Approved rendering: 144,000
Transliteration: 144,000
Doctrine: Unity of the Whole People of God
Original: ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες
Category: Sovereignty
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: a symbolic number (12x12x1000) representing the complete, whole covenant people of God (7:4-8; 14:1,3). Direct scriptural basis of Jehovah’s Witness doctrine of a literal, limited ‘anointed class’ distinct from an earthly ‘great crowd’ — a live, actively taught distinction among some Filipino households. Mandatory note distinguishing the historic reading (one redeemed people, two complementary symbolic angles) from this two-class doctrine at every occurrence.
Babylon The Great
Approved rendering: Babilonyang dakila, ina ng mga patutot
Transliteration: Babilonyang dakila, ina ng mga patutot
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Idolatry and the Occult / Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ μήτηρ τῶν πορνῶν
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: historic Reformation-era and some contemporary Protestant polemic identify this figure specifically with the Roman Catholic Church — doctrinally reckless and pastorally damaging if imported uncritically into a majority-Catholic Filipino context. Mandatory note presenting the responsible range of interpretive options without endorsing an anti-Catholic institutional reading.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced throughout Revelation’s throne-room worship scenes (chs. 4-5, 7, 15, 19-22). Never Bathala.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification / Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reused in ‘Ang Espiritu at ang Kasintahang Babae ay nagsasabi, Halika’ (22:17); must render in full, never bare espiritu.
Idolaters
Approved rendering: mga sumasamba sa diyos-diyosan
Transliteration: mga sumasamba sa diyos-diyosan
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Idolatry and the Occult
Original: εἰδωλολάτραι
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: extremely sensitive given widespread, deeply loved devotional image-veneration in Filipino Catholic practice. Teaching note must define biblical idolatry as misdirected ultimate worship/allegiance without either flattening it onto a blanket condemnation of Filipino Catholic devotion or softening the term’s real force (21:8; 22:15).
Image Of The Beast
Approved rendering: imahen ng hayop
Transliteration: imahen ng hayop
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Idolatry and the Occult
Original: εἰκὼν τοῦ θηρίου
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: ‘imahen’ is the everyday Filipino Catholic term for devotional statues of Christ, Mary, and the saints. Identical-word overlap with the beast’s condemned idolatrous image (13:14-15) requires the most careful handling in the whole registry: a teaching note must clarify the beast’s image is condemned for demanding ultimate worship-allegiance in place of God, without either flattening the doctrine or offending Catholic devotional practice.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Appears as title-bearer at the climax (Faithful and True, King of kings, 19:11-16) and in the book’s closing prayer (22:20).
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: lawa ng apoy at asupre
Transliteration: lawa ng apoy at asupre
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: intersects Filipino Catholic folk belief in impiyerno/purgatoryo (a temporary cleansing state absent from Revelation’s theology) and Jehovah’s Witness annihilationism. Mandatory note: final, conscious, everlasting judgment (19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8), not a temporary purgatorial stage nor non-conscious annihilation.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Must render identically at every occurrence, including ‘Panginoon ng mga panginoon’ (17:14; 19:16) and ‘Halika, Panginoong Jesus’ (22:20).
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: tatak ng hayop / 666
Transliteration: tatak ng hayop / 666
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints / Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: documented, live Philippine public-discourse phenomenon connecting national ID/SIM-registration/biometric systems with ‘the mark of the beast’ fears (13:16-18). Mandatory note affirming the text’s own point (total allegiance demanded by an anti-God power) without endorsing speculative identification of any specific contemporary technology or program.
Saints
Approved rendering: mga banal
Transliteration: mga banal
Doctrine: Sainthood and Faithful Martyrdom
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. CRITICAL, heightened in Revelation: the persecuted, ordinary, faithful believers of chs. 6, 17, 20 must not be absorbed into the Filipino Catholic canonized martyr-saint category (feast days, images, intercessory role) that the loanword ‘martir’ independently evokes.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and the Book of Life
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. CRITICAL, reinforced: the cry ‘Salvation belongs to our God’ (7:10; 19:1) must retain the same faith-not-ritual framing fixed in the baseline.
Second Death
Approved rendering: ikalawang kamatayan
Transliteration: ikalawang kamatayan
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: must be sharply distinguished from ordinary kamatayan (abolished for the redeemed at 21:4) — the same Filipino word describes two theologically distinct realities within the same passage (2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8). Also relevant against annihilationist readings (some Jehovah’s Witness teaching) that reduce this to non-existence rather than conscious, final judgment.
Worship
Approved rendering: sumamba
Transliteration: sumamba
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Worship
New Revelation term. CRITICAL: reserved exclusively for God and the Lamb, even refused by an angel (19:10; 22:8-9). Must never be applied, in translation, to any figure other than God/Christ within the biblical text; teaching note must respectfully distinguish this exclusivity from (without dismissing) Catholic theology’s own latria/veneration distinction.
High Risk Terms
Abyss
Approved rendering: kalaliman / bangin
Transliteration: kalaliman / bangin
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History / Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: ἄβυσσος
Category: Sovereignty
New Revelation term. The bottomless pit, prison-realm of demonic forces (9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1,3); risk of merging with Filipino folk-animist underworld/spirit-realm concepts. Must be taught as under God’s own sovereign restraint (he alone holds ‘the key’), not an independent evil-realm in a dualistic cosmology.
Beast
Approved rendering: hayop
Transliteration: hayop
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints / Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: θηρίον
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. A symbolic apocalyptic figure for oppressive, self-deifying political/religious power (13:1-18; 14:9,11; 16:2,10,13; 17:3-17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10); as the ordinary Filipino/Greek word for ‘animal,’ context must always signal the symbolic tyrant-power; interpretive restraint urged against speculative specific-identification.
Blood Of Lamb And Word Of Testimony
Approved rendering: dugo ng Kordero at ang salita ng kanilang patotoo
Transliteration: dugo ng Kordero at ang salita ng kanilang patotoo
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου καὶ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. The saints overcome the accuser by Christ’s atoning work and their own faithful testimony (12:11); must reuse Kordero exactly and preserve both halves of the formula in order — Christ’s finished atoning work first, faithful testimony second.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: aklat ng buhay
Transliteration: aklat ng buhay
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and the Book of Life
Original: βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
New Revelation term. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence (3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27); not to be confused with folk-Catholic parish sacramental record-keeping — names God’s own sovereign, certain knowledge of those who belong to him.
Bride
Approved rendering: kasintahang babae
Transliteration: kasintahang babae
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nobya (acceptable in casual register but risks a stronger individualized-romantic connotation)
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church
New Revelation term. Central image for the whole redeemed Church corporately in covenant union with Christ (19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17). Risk of individualized-romantic flattening via Filipino wedding culture, and of devotional displacement onto Marian imagery. Must be taught as the whole iglesia, never an individual figure.
Called Chosen Faithful Triad
Approved rendering: tinawag at pinili at tapat
Transliteration: tinawag at pinili at tapat
Doctrine: Unity of the Whole People of God / The Return and Reign of Christ
New Revelation term. ‘Called, chosen, and faithful’ (17:14); must reuse baseline tinawag and pagkahirang exactly, alongside ‘tapat’ for faithful, preserving the sovereign-call framing already fixed in the baseline (never swerte/kapalaran).
Come Lord Jesus
Approved rendering: Halika, Panginoong Jesus
Transliteration: Halika, Panginoong Jesus
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: Ἔρχου, Κύριε Ἰησοῦ
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. The book’s closing prayer of longing expectation for Christ’s return (22:20); must reuse baseline Panginoon and Jesus exactly; render identically wherever quoted as a climactic, high-use pastoral verse.
Derived Sonship
Approved rendering: anak
Transliteration: anak
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ and the Derived Sonship of Believers
Original: υἱός
Category: Christology
New Revelation term. The overcomer’s full filial standing (21:7), derived from and dependent on Christ’s own unique Sonship, not equal to it. Must be kept categorically distinct from Anak ng Diyos at every occurrence; a translator note preventing conflation is required.
Dragon
Approved rendering: dragon
Transliteration: dragon
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare / Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: δράκων
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
New Revelation term. Explicitly identified as ‘the ancient serpent…the Devil and Satan’ (12:9). Direct collision with the Visayan/Filipino folk-mythological dragon-serpent Bakunawa, believed to swallow the moon and cause eclipses. Teaching note required clarifying this is a distinct biblical apocalyptic symbol explicitly named as Satan, not the folklore figure.
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: Matapat at Totoo
Transliteration: Matapat at Totoo
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ / Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός
Category: Christology
New Revelation term. Must render identically at both occurrences (19:11; 21:5) per Theological Consistency Rules, preserving the deliberate verbal link between Christ’s return and the new creation’s inauguration.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Low additional risk in Revelation (1:6; 14:1) beyond the baseline’s caution against confusion with the priestly title ‘Padre.‘
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: unang pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: unang pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Millennial Reign of Christ
Original: ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. Must reuse baseline pagkabuhay na mag-uli exactly (20:5-6); distinguish this specific, first-in-sequence narrative event from the general bodily resurrection doctrine already fixed as Medium risk in the baseline.
Freely As A Gift
Approved rendering: walang bayad / bilang kaloob
Transliteration: walang bayad / bilang kaloob
Doctrine: Grace and the Free Gift of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob framing (implied repayment obligation)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
New Revelation term. Same theological register as baseline biyaya; eternal life offered gratis (21:6; 22:17) must guard against utang na loob (a debt of gratitude requiring repayment) with the same force as the baseline’s grace doctrine.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Worship of the Lamb
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced throughout worship scenes; God’s/the Lamb’s glory illuminates the New Jerusalem (21:11, 23), replacing the need for sun or lamp.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace and the Free Gift of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reused at the book’s opening greeting (1:4) and closing benediction (22:21); connects directly to the new term ‘freely_as_a_gift’ (dōrean, 21:6, 22:17), carrying the identical utang-na-loob risk.
Great Multitude
Approved rendering: malaking pulutong
Transliteration: malaking pulutong
Doctrine: Unity of the Whole People of God
Original: ὄχλος πολύς
Category: Sovereignty
New Revelation term. An uncountable multitude from every nation (7:9; 19:1,6); directly parallels the Jehovah’s Witness technical term for their doctrinally distinct ‘earthly paradise’ class. Requires the same clarifying note as 144000: one redeemed people, described from two symbolic angles.
Great White Throne
Approved rendering: dakilang trono na puti
Transliteration: dakilang trono na puti
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints / Assurance of Salvation and the Book of Life
Original: ὁ θρόνος ὁ μέγας ὁ λευκός
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. The final judgment scene (20:11-15); must be taught alongside the baseline’s Critical kaligtasan note — final standing rests on the book of life (faith-belonging to Christ), not works-merit; ‘according to what they had done’ (v.13) must not be isolated into a merit-based salvation reading.
Holy City New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: Bagong Jerusalem
Transliteration: Bagong Jerusalem
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth / Church as Bride of Christ
Original: πόλις ἁγία, Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. The consummated, God-given, descending dwelling of the whole covenant people (21:2,10; 3:12; 22:19). Must not be localized onto the literal, geopolitical city of Jerusalem, nor read as a separate reward-place for a spiritual elite (cf. 144,000/great crowd two-class doctrine).
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification / New Heaven and New Earth
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced in ‘holy city’ (21:2, 22:19); the corporate, not elite-class, sense must be preserved.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: pagkakatawang-tao
Transliteration: pagkakatawang-tao
Doctrine: New Heaven and New Earth (extends baseline Incarnation doctrine)
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Directly echoed by 21:3’s tabernacle/dwell (skēnē/skēnoō) language (see ‘tabernacle_dwell’ below), which must be explicitly linked back to this entry.
Incense Prayers Of Saints
Approved rendering: insenso; mga panalangin ng mga banal
Transliteration: insenso; mga panalangin ng mga banal
Doctrine: Sainthood and Faithful Martyrdom
Original: θυμιάματα…προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων
Category: Worship
New Revelation term. Must reuse baseline mga banal exactly, carrying the same Critical-risk teaching note (every believer, not a canonized elite); clarify this is a symbolic picture of prayer (8:3-5), not a warrant for a specific liturgical incense practice.
Keys Of Death And Hades
Approved rendering: mga susi ng Kamatayan at ng Hades
Transliteration: mga susi ng Kamatayan at ng Hades
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου
Category: Christology
New Revelation term. Christ’s resurrection-won authority over death and the realm of the dead (1:18); ‘Hades’ transliterated risks merging with Filipino folk-animist underworld concepts or Catholic purgatory categories — teaching note should clarify Hades names simply the realm/state of the dead, not a rival cosmology.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Hari ng mga hari at Panginoon ng mga panginoon
Transliteration: Hari ng mga hari at Panginoon ng mga panginoon
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ / Lordship of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων
Category: Christology
New Revelation term. Must reuse baseline Panginoon exactly (17:14; 19:16); teach as unrivaled, exclusive supreme authority, not diluted by devotional deference paid to any other figure. Render the full compound title; never abbreviate to ‘Hari’ alone, which risks reading as a merely political honorific.
Kingdom And Priests
Approved rendering: kaharian at mga saserdote
Transliteration: kaharian at mga saserdote
Doctrine: Church as Bride of Christ / Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: kaharian at mga pari
Original: βασιλεία καὶ ἱερεῖς
Category: Church
New Revelation term. Believers are made, corporately, a royal people and priesthood (1:6; 5:10; 20:6). Use saserdote, never pari (which names ordained Roman Catholic parish clergy specifically and would wrongly restrict this identity to an ordained class).
Lamb
Approved rendering: Kordero
Transliteration: Kordero
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb / The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Christology
New Revelation term. Revelation’s dominant Christological title (28 occurrences). Already deeply familiar via Filipino Catholic liturgical devotion (Agnus Dei); teaching note required to retain Revelation’s own emphasis — a slain-yet-actively-reigning, worship-worthy figure — beyond only a passive liturgical/sacrificial image.
Marriage Supper Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: kasalan ng Kordero
Transliteration: kasalan ng Kordero
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: ὁ γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
New Revelation term. The consummation of Christ’s covenant union with his redeemed people (19:7,9), continuous with 21:2,9. Must reuse Kordero exactly and stay linked to the bride vocabulary per Theological Consistency Rules.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesiyas
Transliteration: Mesiyas
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced at ‘the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ’ (11:15) and Christ’s millennial reign (20:4,6); render identically wherever quoted.
Michael
Approved rendering: Mikael
Transliteration: Mikael
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare / Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Angelology
New Revelation term. A created angel (12:7), categorically distinct from the worshiped, divine Christ. Roman Catholic devotional veneration (feast day, intercessory role) and Jehovah’s Witness doctrine identifying Michael as the pre-incarnate Christ both create live, specific confusion risk; mandatory note required at every occurrence.
Overcomer
Approved rendering: ang nagtagumpay / ang mananagumpay
Transliteration: ang nagtagumpay / ang mananagumpay
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ὁ νικῶν
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. The refrain closing each of the seven letters and recurring at 12:11; 21:7; must not imply self-achieved, merit-based victory — overcoming is Spirit-enabled perseverance grounded in Christ’s own victory (‘by the blood of the Lamb,’ 12:11).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation / Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced by the divine title Pantokrator (Almighty), the same semantic root applied as a comprehensive divine title (1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7,14; 19:6,15; 21:22).
Sealed Seal Of God
Approved rendering: tinatakan
Transliteration: tinatakan
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History / Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Sovereignty
New Revelation term. God’s protective ownership-mark on his own people (7:2-8; 9:4), deliberately contrasted with the beast’s mark (ch. 13); must avoid anting-anting (amulet) resonance per the baseline’s established caution — a relational mark of ownership and security, not a magical talisman.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ and the Derived Sonship of Believers
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Not directly quoted as a title within Revelation’s text, but its exclusivity must be guarded against confusion with ‘Son of Man’ (ch. 1) and the derived ‘son’ of the overcomer (21:7).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak ng Tao
Transliteration: Anak ng Tao
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ / Sonship of Christ and the Derived Sonship of Believers
Original: υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New Revelation term. Daniel 7-derived title applied to the glorified Christ (1:13); must not be confused with, or substituted for, Anak ng Diyos — complementary but distinct theological freight (full humanity vs. eternal divine Sonship).
Sorcerers
Approved rendering: mga mangkukulam
Transliteration: mga mangkukulam
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Idolatry and the Occult
Original: φαρμακοί
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. Collides directly with a live Filipino folk-religious category (mangkukulam, witch/sorcerer believed to cause harm through curses; 9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15). Teaching note required affirming this is a real biblical exclusion category while cautioning against inciting fear-based social accusation pastorally.
Souls Under The Altar
Approved rendering: mga kaluluwa sa ilalim ng altar
Transliteration: mga kaluluwa sa ilalim ng altar
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints / Sainthood and Faithful Martyrdom
Original: αἱ ψυχαὶ…ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. The martyred faithful crying out for divine vindication (6:9-11); ‘kaluluwa’ here should be read as the conscious, vindication-seeking martyrs’ souls, not conflated with folk-Catholic wandering-soul concepts (flagged in the baseline’s Holy Spirit caution) — different referent, same word.
Spirit And Bride Say Come
Approved rendering: Ang Espiritu at ang Kasintahang Babae ay nagsasabi, Halika
Transliteration: Ang Espiritu at ang Kasintahang Babae ay nagsasabi, Halika
Doctrine: Church as Bride of Christ
Original: τὸ Πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ νύμφη λέγουσιν· Ἔρχου
Category: Church
New Revelation term. The Spirit-indwelt Church joining in longing invitation for Christ’s return (22:17). Must reuse baseline Espiritu Santo and the established bride vocabulary exactly.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: sinagoga ni Satanas
Transliteration: sinagoga ni Satanas
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution / Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. A polemical designation for a hostile, persecuting religious body opposing the churches at Smyrna and Philadelphia (2:9; 3:9); must not be generalized into a blanket condemnation of any other contemporary religious group.
Tabernacle Dwell
Approved rendering: tolda/tahanan ng Diyos; mananahan
Transliteration: tolda/tahanan ng Diyos; mananahan
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth (extends baseline Incarnation doctrine)
Original: σκηνή / σκηνόω
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. Echoes John 1:14 and the OT tabernacle (21:3; 7:15; 12:12; 13:6; 15:5); easily flattened into a generic ‘will be with them’ that loses the incarnational/covenantal resonance. Must be linked to baseline pagkakatawang-tao.
Testimony Witness
Approved rendering: patotoo / saksi
Transliteration: patotoo / saksi
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution / Sainthood and Faithful Martyrdom
Rejected alternatives: martir (as a default rendering)
Original: μαρτυρία, μάρτυς
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. The loanword ‘martir’ carries Catholic canonized-martyr-veneration overlay parallel to the baseline mga banal caution; Revelation’s witnesses (1:2,9; 6:9; 11:7; 12:11,17; 17:6; 19:10; 20:4) are ordinary faithful believers, not an elite canonized class receiving intercessory veneration.
Thousand Years
Approved rendering: isang libong taon
Transliteration: isang libong taon
Doctrine: The Millennial Reign of Christ
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. The most contested interpretive question among otherwise orthodox traditions (premillennial/postmillennial/amillennial); render plainly and numerically (20:1-6) without silently favoring one interpretive scheme.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: dalawang saksi
Transliteration: dalawang saksi
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution / Sainthood and Faithful Martyrdom
Original: οἱ δύο μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. Prophetic figures who testify faithfully, are killed, and are vindicated by resurrection (11:3-12); carries the same martys-root caution as testimony_witness; their vindication comes directly from God, not human commemoration or intercessory status.
Washed In Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: hinugasan sa dugo ng Kordero
Transliteration: hinugasan sa dugo ng Kordero
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and the Book of Life
Original: πλύνω…ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Salvation
New Revelation term. Purification/salvation accomplished solely through Christ’s atoning death (7:14); kept distinct from ritual/sacramental washing categories apart from underlying faith; consonant with the baseline’s Critical caution on kaligtasan not being ritual-guaranteed.
Wrath Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: poot ng Kordero
Transliteration: poot ng Kordero
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὀργὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. The striking juxtaposition of the sacrificial Lamb as also the executor of righteous judgment (6:16-17); must retain the deliberate paradox rather than softening into generic divine anger disconnected from Christ.
Medium Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: pag-ampon
Transliteration: pag-ampon
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family / Sonship of Christ and the Derived Sonship of Believers
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. The overcomer’s inheritance and derived sonship (21:7) ties directly to this doctrine: full, certain inheritance rights, not a reward for exceptional merit.
Almighty
Approved rendering: Makapangyarihan sa Lahat
Transliteration: Makapangyarihan sa Lahat
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
New Revelation term. Should be read consistently with baseline kapangyarihan ng Diyos as the same semantic root applied here as a comprehensive divine title (1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7,14; 19:6,15; 21:22).
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: Alpha at Omega
Transliteration: Alpha at Omega
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History / Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: God
New Revelation term. Transliterate as an established biblical title with a mandatory explanatory gloss, since Filipino readers use Latin script and the Greek-alphabet imagery is not self-evident. Applied to both God (1:8; 21:6) and Christ (1:17; 22:13).
Apollyon Abaddon
Approved rendering: Apolyon; Abadon
Transliteration: Apolyon; Abadon
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: Ἀπολλύων / Ἀβαδδών
Category: Sovereignty
New Revelation term. ‘Destroyer’ — named king of the abyss’s locust-army (9:11); transliterate as proper names; low general-audience familiarity requires a brief explanatory gloss.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Covenant Continuity between Old and New Testament
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. The twelve foundations of the New Jerusalem are named for the twelve apostles (21:14), uniting OT and NT covenant people.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: Armagedon
Transliteration: Armagedon
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation / Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
New Revelation term. The symbolic site of final gathering (16:16); strong secular pop-culture usage as generic-catastrophe shorthand risks obscuring the text’s specific theological point — God’s certain, sovereign defeat of evil.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling / Unity of the Whole People of God
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Part of the ‘called, chosen, and faithful’ triad (17:14): tinawag at pinili at tapat (see ‘called_chosen_faithful_triad’ below).
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Low direct occurrence in Revelation beyond the called/election triad; retained for whole-curriculum consistency.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Church as Bride of Christ
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Elevated risk in Revelation: the seven letters address seven concrete local congregations; must not license any single group’s exclusive-true-church claim (cf. Iglesia ni Cristo’s doctrinal claim to be the one true church of biblical prophecy).
Come Out Of Her My People
Approved rendering: Lumabas kayo sa kaniya, bayan ko
Transliteration: Lumabas kayo sa kaniya, bayan ko
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἐξέλθατε ἐξ αὐτῆς, ὁ λαός μου
Category: Sanctification
New Revelation term. A call to remain distinct from, and not complicit in, corrupt worldly systems and idolatry (18:4); should be read as a call to moral/spiritual distinctiveness, not literal geographic/social withdrawal divorced from continued faithful witness.
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Covenant Continuity between Old and New Testament
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. The ‘ark of the covenant’ appears in the heavenly temple (11:19), connecting to the Davidic/OT covenant background already treated in the baseline.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: korona ng buhay
Transliteration: korona ng buhay
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. Victor’s wreath promised to the one who perseveres unto death (2:10); should not be read as a merit-earned reward contradicting the grace doctrine — Christ’s gracious commendation of faithfulness he himself enables.
Do Not Add Or Take Away
Approved rendering: huwag magdagdag; huwag mag-alis
Transliteration: huwag magdagdag; huwag mag-alis
Doctrine: Inspiration and Canonicity of Scripture
Original: μὴ ἐπιθῇς…μὴ ἀφέλῃ
Category: Scripture
New Revelation term. A closing canonical-authority warning protecting the integrity of the prophetic revelation (22:18-19); reinforces the baseline’s Inspiration of Scripture doctrine, relevant to the Scripture-vs.-tradition/magisterium distinction given the Philippines’ majority-Catholic context.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Election / Unity of the Whole People of God
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reused in the ‘called, chosen, and faithful’ triad (17:14): tinawag at pinili at tapat; never swerte/kapalaran.
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: walang hanggang Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: walang hanggang Mabuting Balita
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation / Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον
Category: Scripture
New Revelation term. A universal proclamation call to worship God alone (14:6-7); must reuse baseline Mabuting Balita exactly, with the ‘eternal’ qualifier emphasizing its unchanging, ultimate character.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced negatively in ‘the unbelieving’ (21:8) and positively in ‘keep the faith of Jesus’ (14:12); consistency required across both polarities.
False Prophet
Approved rendering: huwad na propeta
Transliteration: huwad na propeta
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. The second beast (13:11-17; 16:13; 19:20; 20:10); should retain deliberate contrast with baseline propeta — mimics the form of true prophecy while directing worship away from God.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reused with the ‘eternal’ qualifier at 14:6-7 (see ‘eternal_gospel’ below).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission / The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ / τοῦ κόσμου…τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced at the seventh trumpet’s ‘kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ’ (11:15), a thesis-level verse for the Return and Reign of Christ; render identically wherever quoted.
Mystery Of God
Approved rendering: misteryo ng Diyos
Transliteration: misteryo ng Diyos
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Sovereignty
New Revelation term. God’s certain, imminent completion of his redemptive-historical plan (10:7); ‘misteryo’ in everyday Filipino usage suggests a puzzle rather than a sovereign plan now disclosed and fulfilled — a clarifying gloss helps retain the biblical sense.
New Qualitative
Approved rendering: bago
Transliteration: bago
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καινός
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. Renders kainos (qualitatively new, new-in-kind), not merely new-in-time. ‘Bago’ alone loses this force; mandatory qualitative-newness gloss required at 21:1,5; 3:12; 2:17, distinguishing genuine new creation from mere renovation — relevant against readings echoed in some Jehovah’s Witness teaching of a cleaned-up present earth.
No More Curse
Approved rendering: walang sumpa
Transliteration: walang sumpa
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil / The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: οὐκ ἔσται…κατάρα
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. The final reversal of Genesis 3’s curse (22:3); must be distinguished from Filipino folk-witchcraft sumpa associated with mangkukulam practice — a distinct biblical-theological category.
No Temple
Approved rendering: walang templo; ang Diyos at ang Kordero, ang templo nito
Transliteration: walang templo; ang Diyos at ang Kordero, ang templo nito
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ναὸν οὐκ εἶδον…ναὸς αὐτῆς
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. The consummation of the whole biblical temple-theme (21:22); should be linked back to 21:3’s tabernacle term for theological consistency — fulfillment, not devaluation, of the temple/tabernacle theme.
Patient Endurance
Approved rendering: pagtitiis / pagtitiyaga
Transliteration: pagtitiis / pagtitiyaga
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. Steadfast endurance marking faithful churches and saints (2:2-3,19; 3:10; 13:10; 14:12); should convey active, faith-fueled steadfastness, not passive fatalistic resignation (cf. baseline’s bahala na caution for Providence).
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence / The Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. God’s rule over even the abyss and demonic forces (9:1; 20:1, ‘he holds the key’) must be taught as personal, purposive governance, never bahala na.
Repent
Approved rendering: magsisi / pagsisisi
Transliteration: magsisi / pagsisisi
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. The repeated call across five of the seven churches; should not be reduced to the sacramental category of confession/absolution but understood as genuine, ongoing turning of heart and life.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ / Millennial Reign of Christ
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced at ‘the first resurrection’ (20:5-6); must be distinguished from the second death as its judicial opposite (see ‘second_death’ below).
Revelation Book Title
Approved rendering: Pahayag
Transliteration: Pahayag
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation / Inspiration and Canonicity of Scripture
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Scripture
New Revelation term. An unveiling, uncovering, disclosure (1:1); established Filipino Bible title. Teaching note should orient readers toward symbolic, visionary reading, guarding against overly literalistic newspaper-exegesis.
River And Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: ilog ng tubig ng buhay; punongkahoy ng buhay
Transliteration: ilog ng tubig ng buhay; punongkahoy ng buhay
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς / τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
New Revelation term. Bookends the whole Bible (Genesis 2-3 to Revelation 22, 22:1-2); should be read consistently with 21:6’s spring-of-life imagery as one unified picture.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. The practical outworking called for in ‘Come out of her, my people’ (18:4) — distinctiveness amid a compromised culture.
Satan Devil
Approved rendering: Satanas; Diyablo
Transliteration: Satanas; Diyablo
Doctrine: Angelology and Spiritual Warfare
Original: Σατανᾶς, διάβολος
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
New Revelation term. The ultimate personal, defeated-yet-still-active enemy (2:9-10,13,24; 3:9; 12:9-12; 20:2,7,10); must be kept distinct from unrelated Filipino folk-supernatural figures (aswang, engkanto, diwata).
Sea Symbolic
Approved rendering: dagat
Transliteration: dagat
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth / Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: θάλασσα
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic
New Revelation term. In Revelation’s own idiom, the sea symbolizes chaos, the abyss, and the beast (4:6; 13:1; 15:2); ‘no more sea’ (21:1) signals removal of all threat. A literal-only reading in an archipelagic Filipino context risks obscuring this symbolic force.
Sexual Immorality Idiom
Approved rendering: pangangalunya / pakikiapid
Transliteration: pangangalunya / pakikiapid
Doctrine: Divine Judgment on Idolatry and the Occult
Original: πορνεία
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. Functions prophetically as covenant-unfaithfulness to God (cf. Hosea, Ezekiel 16, 23), used of Babylon and in the 21:8 vice-list; must be read consistently across every occurrence in its full prophetic-idiomatic range, not narrowed only to literal sexual conduct.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. ‘Freed us from our sins by his blood’ (1:5); relational-not-merely-ritual framing already fixed in the baseline retained.
Song Of Moses And Lamb
Approved rendering: awit ni Moises at ng Kordero
Transliteration: awit ni Moises at ng Kordero
Doctrine: Covenant Continuity between Old and New Testament / Worship of the Lamb
Original: ᾠδὴ Μωϋσέως…καὶ ᾠδὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Worship
New Revelation term. Links the Exodus deliverance (Exodus 15) with Christ’s ultimate deliverance, sung as one song (15:3); requires OT background to be fully meaningful.
The One Seated On The Throne
Approved rendering: ang nakaupo sa trono
Transliteration: ang nakaupo sa trono
Doctrine: The Sovereignty of God over History
Original: ὁ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ
Category: God
New Revelation term. Recurring divine-identity formula naming God the Father (4:2,9-10; 5:1,7,13; 19:4; 21:5); context must make the referent unmistakably God, not an ambiguous authority-figure.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: kapighatian / paghihirap
Transliteration: kapighatian / paghihirap
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
New Revelation term. Present suffering/persecution faced by the seven churches; distinguish the general use here from ‘the Tribulation’ as a technical future-period term in popular prophecy-teaching usage.
Twelve Gates Foundations
Approved rendering: labindalawang pintuan; labindalawang pundasyon
Transliteration: labindalawang pintuan; labindalawang pundasyon
Doctrine: Covenant Continuity between Old and New Testament
Original: δώδεκα πύλαι, δώδεκα θεμέλιοι
Category: Church
New Revelation term. Symbolic architecture naming the twelve tribes (gates) and twelve apostles (foundations), 21:12-14,19-21; not a literal blueprint; unites OT and NT covenant people.
Twenty Four Elders
Approved rendering: dalawampu’t apat na matatanda
Transliteration: dalawampu’t apat na matatanda
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Worship
New Revelation term. Heavenly worship-leaders (4:4,10; 5:8); should not be conflated with the office of local-church ‘elders,’ a distinct contemporary church-governance term.
Winepress Of Wrath
Approved rendering: pisaan ng ubas ng poot ng Diyos
Transliteration: pisaan ng ubas ng poot ng Diyos
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ληνὸς τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Judgment
New Revelation term. Harvest-judgment imagery (14:19-20) depicting the certainty and completeness of final judgment; vivid agricultural imagery familiar in a Filipino agrarian context — read as apocalyptic symbolism, not a literal winepress.
Worthy
Approved rendering: karapat-dapat
Transliteration: karapat-dapat
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
New Revelation term. The repeated worship-refrain ‘Worthy is the Lamb’ (5:9,12); should retain the sense of intrinsic worthiness because of Christ’s accomplished redemption, not merely formal ceremonial honor.
Low Risk Terms
Four Living Creatures
Approved rendering: apat na buhay na nilalang
Transliteration: apat na buhay na nilalang
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: τέσσαρα ζῷα
Category: Worship
New Revelation term. Angelic worship-beings echoing Ezekiel 1 and Isaiah 6; apocalyptic symbolic imagery, not a literalistic zoological reading.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: propesiya
Transliteration: propesiya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy / Inspiration and Canonicity of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced by the book’s own self-designation as prophecy (1:3; 22:7, 10, 18-19).
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Inherited from Romans package baseline exactly. Reinforced by the false-prophet contrast term (see ‘false_prophet’ below).
Referenced passages