Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Timothy (English → Filipino)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all four chapters of 2 Timothy. Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked TM REUSE and MUST use the exact recorded Filipino rendering; no alternative may be substituted. Terms not present in the baseline are marked NEW and are proposed here as candidates for addition to the Language Package translation memory, with a risk tier assigned using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as bible_term_registry.json / doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s definitions: Critical = mistranslation destroys essential doctrine (human theologian review of every occurrence); High = significant theological confusion/syncretism risk (human theologian review); Medium = reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning (native speaker review); Low = minor imprecision (automated review).
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Translation Memory
| Term (Greek/English) | Filipino Rendering | Risk (baseline) | 2 Timothy References | Doctrine Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel (εὐαγγέλιον) | Mabuting Balita | Medium | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8 | Charge to Preach the Word |
| grace (χάρις) | biyaya | High | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22 | Faithful Transmission; Assurance of Reward (grace vs. merit) |
| faith (πίστις) | pananampalataya | Medium | 1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 | All seven curriculum doctrines |
| righteousness (δικαιοσύνη) | katuwiran | High | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 | Assurance of Reward; Sufficiency of Scripture |
| salvation (σωτηρία) | kaligtasan | Critical | 2:10, 3:15 | Inspiration/Sufficiency of Scripture |
| apostle (ἀπόστολος) | apostol | Medium | 1:1, 1:11 | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel |
| called/calling (κλητός-family) | tinawag / pagkatawag | Medium | 1:9 (“holy calling”) | Guarding Sound Doctrine (context of consecrated task) |
| holy (ἅγιος) | banal | Medium | 1:9 | Guarding Sound Doctrine |
| sanctification (ἁγιασμός-family) | pagpapabanal | Medium | 2:21 (“hēgiasmenon,” sanctified) | Guarding Sound Doctrine |
| resurrection (ἀνάστασις) | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Medium | 2:8, 2:18 | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel |
| lord (κύριος) | Panginoon | High | 1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22 | Assurance of Reward; Charge to Preach |
| glory (δόξα) | kaluwalhatian | Medium | 2:10, 4:18 | Assurance of Reward |
| election (ἐκλογή-family, ἐκλεκτός) | pagkahirang / hinirang | Medium | 2:10 | Perseverance under Suffering |
| seed of David (σπέρμα Δαυίδ) | lahi ni David | Medium | 2:8 | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel |
| exhort (παρακαλέω) | pasiglahin | Low | 4:2 | Charge to Preach the Word |
| kingdom of God (βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ) | Kaharian ng Diyos | Medium | 4:1, 4:18 | Assurance of Reward; Charge to Preach |
| David (proper name) | David | Low | 2:8 | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel |
| God (θεός) | Diyos | Critical | throughout | All doctrines |
| Jesus (Ἰησοῦς) | Jesus | Critical | throughout | All doctrines |
| Christ (Χριστός) | Kristo | Critical | throughout | All doctrines |
| Holy Spirit (πνεῦμα ἅγιον) | Espiritu Santo | Critical | 1:14 | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Faithful Transmission |
| Father (πατήρ) | Ama | High | 1:2 | (salutation) |
B. New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
B1. Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
| Term (Greek/translit.) | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Rendering Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| θεόπνευστος (theopneustos) | God-breathed | kinasihan ng Diyos | Critical | 3:16 | Anchor term of the whole curriculum. Must not be diluted into a claim shared equally by Church Tradition/Magisterium in a two-source framework. Every occurrence requires a teaching note affirming Scripture’s unique divine origin and sufficiency. |
| πᾶσα γραφή (pasa graphē) | all/every Scripture | Ang lahat ng Kasulatan | Critical | 3:16 | The universal scope (“all”) must not be qualified or partitioned; parallels baseline’s universality-preservation rule. |
| ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata) | sacred writings | mga banal na kasulatan | Medium | 3:15 | Keep distinct register from generic “religious writings.” |
| ἄρτιος / ἐξηρτισμένος (artios / exartizō) | complete, fully equipped | sakdal/ganap; lubos na nasangkapan | High | 3:17 | Must not imply moral perfectionism; conveys adequacy/completeness of equipping, and the exclusivity of Scripture’s sufficiency for that equipping. |
| ὠφέλιμος (ōphelimos) | beneficial, profitable | kapaki-pakinabang | Low | 3:16 | Standard. |
| διδασκαλία / διδαχή (didaskalia / didachē) | teaching, doctrine | aral / turo | Medium | 3:16, 4:2, 4:3 | Must convey authoritative content, not generic advice. |
| ἔλεγχος / ἐλέγχω (elegchos / elegchō) | reproof, conviction | pagsaway / sawayin | Medium | 3:16, 4:2 | Standard corrective term. |
| ἐπανόρθωσις (epanorthōsis) | correction, restoration | pagtutuwid | Low-Medium | 3:16 | Standard. |
| παιδεία (paideia) | training, discipline | pagsasanay | Low-Medium | 3:16 | Standard. |
B2. Guarding Sound Doctrine
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι (hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainontes logoi) | healthy/sound doctrine, sound words | malusog na aral / malusog na mga salita | High | 1:13, 4:3 | Must consistently preserve the health/disease metaphor (paired with the gangrene image, 2:17), not flatten to “correct teaching.” Names the doctrine itself. |
| παραθήκη (parathēkē) | deposit entrusted for safekeeping | ang ipinagkatiwala (sa akin) | High | 1:12, 1:14 | Must retain the custody/stewardship nuance — the gospel is not personal property but a trust to be guarded and passed on intact. |
| φυλάσσω (phylassō) | guard, keep watch over | ingatan / bantayan | High | 1:14 | Must convey active, vigilant protection, not passive retention. |
| ὀρθοτομέω (orthotomeō) | rightly handle, cut straight | tuwid na gamitin ang salita ng katotohanan | High | 2:15 | No single-word Filipino equivalent; requires a consistent explanatory phrase. Positive counterpart to guarding against error. |
| γάγγραινα (gangraina) | gangrene | ganggrena | Medium | 2:17 | Preserve the vivid decay-metaphor linking to the sound-doctrine health metaphor. |
| λογομαχία / λογομαχέω (logomacheō) | dispute about words | makipagtalo tungkol sa mga salita | Low-Medium | 2:14 | Standard. |
| μῦθος (mythos) | myth, fable | gawa-gawang kwento / haka-haka | High | 4:4 | Avoid alamat (the standard Filipino word for “myth/legend”), which carries strongly positive cultural associations with cherished national folklore; use a fabrication/speculation-focused term instead. |
B3. Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| παρατίθημι (paratithēmi) | commit/entrust into care | ipagkatiwala | High | 2:2 | Must render consistently with parathēkē (1:12, 1:14) as part of the same trust-and-transmission word family. |
| ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται | the word of God is not bound/chained | hindi nagagapos ang salita ng Diyos | Medium-High | 2:9 | The messenger-bound/message-free contrast must remain visible. |
| μανθάνω / ἐπιστώθης (manthanō / pistoō) | learned / was assured | natutuhan / natiyak | Medium | 3:14 | Preserve the pist- root’s connection to faith-rooted certainty, not mere factual confirmation. |
| ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις | sincere, unfeigned faith | tapat na pananampalataya | Medium | 1:5 | Multigenerational (household) transmission model. |
B4. The Charge to Preach the Word
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | proclaim as a herald | ipangaral | High | 4:2 | Must retain authoritative, public, non-optional proclamation; render identically at every occurrence, including noun form κήρυγμα (4:17, “pangaral”). |
| κῆρυξ (kēryx) | herald | tagapaghayag | Medium | 1:11 | Distinct from propeta (prophet) — announces a given message rather than receiving new revelation. |
| διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai) | solemnly charge | taimtim na iniuutos ko | Medium | 4:1, 2:14 | Elevates the charge to a sworn, witnessed commission. |
| ἐπιτίμησον (epitimaō) | rebuke sharply | pagwikaan / mahigpit na sawayin | Medium | 4:2 | Must be kept distinguishable from the milder elegchō (“sawayin” alone) to preserve Paul’s intensity gradient. |
| μακροθυμία (makrothymia) | patience, longsuffering | pagtitiyaga / mahabang pasensya | Low-Medium | 4:2 | Tempers the corrective verbs of the same verse. |
| εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistēs) | evangelist | ebanghelista | Medium | 4:5 | Established loanword; distinguish Paul’s functional sense from any specific denominational office title. |
| διακονία (diakonia) | ministry, service | paglilingkod | Low-Medium | 4:5 | Standard. |
| πληροφορέω (plērophoreō) | fulfill fully | ganap na tuparin | Low-Medium | 4:5 | Echoes “finished the race” (4:7). |
B5. Perseverance under Suffering
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| κακοπαθέω / συγκακοπαθέω (kakopatheō / synkakopatheō) | suffer hardship / share in suffering | magtiis ng hirap | High | 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5 | Backbone verb of the doctrine spanning all four chapters; must be rendered identically at every occurrence to preserve textual/doctrinal unity. |
| στρατιώτης, ἀθλητής, γεωργός | soldier, athlete, farmer | sundalo, atleta, magsasaka | Low-Medium | 2:3-6 | Occupational endurance metaphors; transfer naturally. |
| διωγμός / πάθημα (diōgmos / pathēma) | persecution / suffering | pag-uusig / paghihirap | Medium | 3:10-12 | Universalized to “all who desire to live godly,” not unique to Paul. |
| νήφω (nēphō) | be sober, watchful | magpakahinahon / maging mapagbantay | Low-Medium | 4:5 | Antidote to the drift described in 4:3-4. |
B6. Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ἔσχαται ἡμέραι (eschatai hēmerai) | last days | mga huling araw | High | 3:1 | Names the doctrine. Must be taught as the whole present church age’s characteristic pattern, guarding against Filipino millennialist/date-setting movement associations. |
| εὐσέβεια / μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας (eusebeia / morphōsis eusebeias) | godliness / form of godliness | pagkamaka-Diyos / anyo ng pagkamaka-Diyos | High | 3:5 | Deliberately avoid the banal root to prevent compounding confusion with the baseline’s Critical mga banal (“saints”) collision. Central diagnostic for hollow religiosity without transformative power. |
| ἀρνέομαι (arneomai) | deny, disown | itatwa | High | 2:12, 3:5 | Must retain full eternal seriousness (reciprocal denial by Christ); do not soften to “not recognize.” Must be kept distinct from ἀπιστέω. |
| ἀπιστέω (apisteō) | be unfaithful, faithless | maging di-tapat / mawalan ng pananampalataya | High | 2:13 | Distinct from ἀρνέομαι — describes recoverable human faithlessness met by God’s unchanging faithfulness, not willful apostasy. Must not be merged with the previous term. |
| πλανάω (planaō) | deceive, lead astray | manlinlang / iligaw | Medium-High | 3:13 | Self-perpetuating deception dynamic. |
| γόης (goēs) | impostor, deceiver (root: sorcerer) | manlilinlang | Medium-High | 3:13 | Avoid mangkukulam (witch/curse-caster), which imports specific Filipino folk-occult connotations absent from Paul’s argument. |
| ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) | disqualified, rejected (as failing a test) | itinakwil / hindi karapat-dapat | Medium-High | 3:8 | Formal disqualification regarding genuine faith. |
| ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | desire, craving | masamang pagnanasa | Medium | 4:3 | Disordered, self-serving appetite driving doctrinal drift. |
| κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (knēthomenoi tēn akoēn) | itching ears | nangangati ang mga tainga | Medium | 4:3 | Natural Filipino idiom exists; ensure the truth-avoidance sense (not literal irritation) is clear. |
| ἀποστρέφω / ἐκτρέπομαι (apostrephō / ektrepomai) | turn away / be diverted | tatalikuran / maliligaw | Medium-High | 4:4 | Decisive, willful turning, not passive drift. |
| ἐγκαταλείπω (enkataleipō) | abandon, desert | iniwan / pinabayaan | Medium-High | 4:10, 4:16 | Concrete example (Demas) of apostasy through worldliness. |
| αἰών (aiōn) | age, world-order | kasalukuyang daigdig/panahon | Medium | 4:10 | ”Loved this present age” — worldliness as the root of Demas’s desertion. |
| διάβολος (diabolos) | devil, slanderer | diyablo | Medium | 2:26 | Keep as the singular, personal biblical adversary, distinct from the broader Filipino folk-spirit taxonomy (e.g. aswang). |
| μετάνοια (metanoia) | repentance, change of mind | pagsisisi | Medium | 2:25 | Anchor to genuine inward reorientation, not ritual confession alone. |
B7. Assurance of Reward
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| στέφανος (stephanos) | victor’s crown/wreath | korona | High | 2:5, 4:8 | Contemporary Filipino usage is dominated by beauty-pageant crowning culture; teaching must redirect the image to the ancient athletic victor’s wreath awarded for faithful endurance, not outward glamor or popularity. |
| ἀποδίδωμι (apodidōmi) | give back, reward, repay | gagantimpalaan | High | 4:8 | Must be explicitly reconnected to the grace doctrine (grace ≠ utang na loob, per baseline) so the reward is understood as a gracious bonus for the already-saved, not a merit-based second track to standing before God. |
| δίκαιος κριτής (dikaios kritēs) | righteous Judge | matuwid na Hukom | Medium-High | 4:8 | Reward’s certainty rests on God’s just character, not self-earned merit. |
| ἀγών / δρόμος / τηρέω τὴν πίστιν | fight / race / kept the faith | nilabanan ko ang mabuting pakikibaka / natapos ko ang takbuhin / iningatan ko ang pananampalataya | Medium | 4:7 | ”Kept the faith” = persevering faithfulness, not merely retained belief. |
| ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | appearing, manifestation | pagpapakita | High | 1:10, 4:1, 4:8 | Collision risk with the Filipino Catholic “Kapistahan ng Epifania” (Feast of the Epiphany/Three Kings), a first-coming/infancy referent. Every occurrence needs a clarifying phrase anchoring the term to Christ’s future return, not the nativity feast. |
| σπένδομαι (spendomai) | poured out as a libation | ibinubuhos (bilang handog na inumin) | Medium-High | 4:6 | Anchor to the OT sacrificial drink-offering background, not folk-practice spirit libations. |
| ῥύομαι (rhyomai) | rescue, deliver | iniligtas / sasagip | Medium | 4:17-18 | Near the kaligtasan (salvation) word family; God’s ongoing rescue of his faithful servant. |
| κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | judge the living and the dead | hahatol sa mga buhay at mga patay | Medium | 4:1 | Already well-affirmed via the Apostles’ Creed in Filipino Christian tradition; low additional risk. |
B8. Additional Supporting Terms (Chapters 1–2 salutation/personal material)
| Term | Literal Meaning | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| θέλημα θεοῦ (thelēma theou) | will of God | kalooban ng Diyos | Medium | 1:1 | Distinguish from bahala na fatalism, per baseline’s Providence guard. |
| ἔλεος (eleos) | mercy | awa | Medium | 1:2 | Retain covenantal active compassion, not mere sentiment/pity. |
| λατρεύω (latreuō) | serve/worship (cultic) | paglingkuran / sambahin | Medium | 1:3 | Clarify devotional/cultic service to God, distinct from secular service. |
| συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | conscience | budhi | Medium | 1:3 | Morally accountable faculty before God, not mere subjective feeling. |
| χάρισμα (charisma) | gift (singular) | kaloob | Medium | 1:6 | Same forbidden-substitution guard as baseline’s spiritual_gifts (never anting-anting). |
| ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | laying on of hands | pagpapatong ng kamay | Medium | 1:6 | Distinguish from folk-healing “pagpapatong ng kamay” rituals. |
| σωφρονισμός (sōphronismos) | self-discipline, sound mind | pagpipigil sa sarili / disiplina sa sarili | Medium | 1:7 | Part of the fear/power/love/self-discipline character contrast. |
| σωτήρ (sōtēr) | Savior | Tagapagligtas | High | 1:10 | Keep exclusively applied to Christ/God, guarding against devotional dilution via Marian co-redemptrix language or saintly intercessors. |
| ἀφθαρσία (aphtharsia) | incorruption, immortality | kawalang-kasiraan | High | 1:10 | Must be taught as the common resurrection hope of every believer, not the reputed “incorrupt body” phenomenon associated with particular venerated saints in Filipino folk-Catholic piety. |
| καταργέω (katargeō) | abolish, nullify | pinawi | Medium | 1:10 | Christ’s decisive, historical defeat of death — must not be softened. |
| μαρτύριον (martyrion) | testimony | patotoo | Low | 1:8 | Standard. |
| στρατιώτης-family metaphors | soldier/athlete/farmer | (see B5) | Low-Medium | 2:3-6 | Cross-referenced under Perseverance. |
| σκεῦος (skeuos) | vessel | sisidlan | Low-Medium | 2:20-21 | Metaphor for usefulness/honor in service. |
| πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (pistos ho logos) | faithful is the saying | Tapat ang sabing ito | Low-Medium | 2:11 | Recurring Pastoral Epistles formula. |
| δόκιμος (dokimos) | approved | sinang-ayunan | Medium | 2:15 | Contrast term to ἀδόκιμος (B6). |
| πραΰτης (prautēs) | gentleness | kahinahunan | Low | 2:25 | Standard, tempers correction of opponents. |
| παγίς τοῦ διαβόλου | snare of the devil | bitag ng diyablo | Medium | 2:26 | See διάβολος, B6. |
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Enforcement
- Term-family consistency required: parathēkē (1:12, 1:14), paratithēmi (2:2), phylassō (1:14), and orthotomeō (2:15) together form the textual backbone of “Guarding Sound Doctrine” and “Faithful Transmission of the Gospel.” All four must be rendered with visibly related, consistent Filipino vocabulary across every occurrence so learners perceive the single connected doctrine Paul is building across chapters 1–2.
- Health-metaphor family: hygiainousa didaskalia (1:13, 4:3) and gangraina (2:17) must preserve the same organic health/disease imagery; do not resolve one to a literal metaphor and the other to an abstract gloss.
- Suffering-verb family: every occurrence of kakopatheō/synkakopatheō (1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5) must use the identical Filipino verb to preserve the doctrine’s unity across the whole letter.
- Denial vs. faithlessness distinction: arneomai (2:12) and apisteō (2:13) must never be collapsed into the same Filipino verb; this is a doctrinally load-bearing distinction between apostasy and recoverable human weakness.
- Epiphaneia disambiguation: every occurrence of epiphaneia (1:10, 4:1, 4:8) requires a context-anchoring phrase distinguishing Christ’s future return from the Filipino Catholic Feast of the Epiphany.
- Reward–grace connective note: every occurrence of stephanos/apodidōmi (2:5, 4:8) requires a teaching note reconnecting the promised reward to grace-received salvation, per the baseline’s grace-vs-utang na loob guard, to prevent a merit-based misreading of “Assurance of Reward.”
- New-term TM submission: all terms marked NEW in Section B above must be submitted for addition to
translation_memory.jsonbefore Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the risk tiers assigned here, with Critical/High entries flagged for human theologian review before enforcement.
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans Language Package. All Section A terms are binding exactly as recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json. See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter argumentation supporting each entry.
Critical Risk Terms
All Scripture
Approved rendering: Ang lahat ng Kasulatan
Transliteration: pasa graphe
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ang ibang bahagi ng Kasulatan (partitioned reading)
Original: πᾶσα γραφή
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16. The universal scope (‘all’) must never be softened or partitioned into inspired vs. non-inspired portions, paralleling the baseline’s universality-preservation rule for Romans 3:23.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: Kristo
Doctrine: Lordship and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Mesiyas (reserved for OT-promise register)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW for this curriculum. Kristo is the established Filipino Bible form for Christos when paired with the name Jesus (‘Jesus Kristo’/‘Kristo Jesus’), distinct from Mesiyas, which anchors the baseline’s OT messianic-promise doctrine (Romans). Both refer to the same person; use Kristo for the name-title form throughout 2 Timothy. Critical because this name-title appears in nearly every chapter’s doctrinal statements and must remain perfectly consistent.
Inspired By God
Approved rendering: kinasihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: theopneustos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: banal na inspirasyon (bilang pantay na katangian kasama ang Sagradong Tradisyon)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
NEW. Highest-stakes term in this curriculum (2 Timothy 3:16). Philippine Catholic catechesis holds Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium as a co-equal rule of faith alongside Scripture (a two-source model). Every occurrence requires a teaching note that this God-breathed, sufficient quality belongs to Scripture itself uniquely, not equally to extra-biblical tradition.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: 2 Timothy 3:15 explicitly ties saving faith to Scripture-formed wisdom (‘mga banal na kasulatan… makapagpapadunong sa iyo tungo sa kaligtasan’), not ritual performance. Every occurrence requires the baseline’s faith-vs-ritual teaching note.
High Risk Terms
Abandon Desert
Approved rendering: iniwan / pinabayaan
Transliteration: enkataleipo
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐγκαταλείπω
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:10, 4:16. Concrete named example (Demas) of apostasy through worldliness; also used of others who abandoned Paul at trial.
Appearing
Approved rendering: pagpapakita
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: Epifanya (direct transliteration invoking the Catholic liturgical feast name)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1:10 (first coming/incarnation sense), 4:1 and 4:8 (future Second Coming sense). Collision risk with the Filipino Catholic ‘Kapistahan ng Epifania’ (Feast of the Epiphany/Three Kings), a first-coming/infancy referent. Every occurrence in the future-return sense (4:1, 4:8) requires a clarifying modifier (e.g., ‘ang kanyang pagpapakita sa katapusan’) anchoring the term to Christ’s return, not the nativity feast. Never transliterate as ‘Epifanya.‘
Be Faithless
Approved rendering: maging di-tapat / mawalan ng pananampalataya
Transliteration: apisteo
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness amid Human Weakness
Rejected alternatives: itatwa (would erase the distinction from arneomai)
Original: ἀπιστέω
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:13. Recoverable human faithlessness, met by God’s unchanging faithfulness — ‘he cannot deny himself.’ Must never be merged with arneomai; this distinction is essential for teaching assurance without either presumption or despair.
Crown
Approved rendering: korona
Transliteration: stephanos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: putong (still carries floral/pageant-adjacent literary-crowning associations)
Original: στέφανος
Category: Reward
NEW. 2:5, 4:8. Retain the established Bible-tradition term korona, but every occurrence requires a mandatory teaching note redirecting the image from contemporary beauty-pageant crowning culture (Binibining Pilipinas, Miss Universe) to the ancient athletic victor’s wreath awarded for faithful endurance to the end of a race.
Deceive
Approved rendering: manlinlang / iligaw
Transliteration: planao
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: πλανάω
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:13. The self-perpetuating ‘deceiving and being deceived’ dynamic of false teachers.
Deny
Approved rendering: itatwa
Transliteration: arneomai
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness amid Human Weakness
Rejected alternatives: hindi kilala (too soft; loses willful, relational rejection sense)
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:12, 3:5. Decisive, culpable disowning of Christ; must retain full eternal seriousness (reciprocal denial by Christ). Must be kept visibly distinct from apisteo — never merge the two verbs into one Filipino term.
Deposit Entrusted
Approved rendering: ang ipinagkatiwala (sa akin)
Transliteration: paratheke
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: mensahe (a vague, ownerless ‘message’)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 1:12, 1:14. A valuable deposit placed in another’s care for safekeeping. Must retain the custody/stewardship nuance so Timothy is understood as steward, not owner, of the gospel.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: itinakwil / hindi karapat-dapat
Transliteration: adokimos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:8. Formal disqualification concerning genuine faith, the verdict on Jannes-and-Jambres-like opponents.
Entrust
Approved rendering: ipagkatiwala
Transliteration: paratithemi
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: παρατίθημι
Category: Gospel Transmission
NEW. 2:2. Must render consistently with paratheke (1:12, 1:14) as one connected trust-and-transmission word family completing the four-generation chain (Paul→Timothy→faithful men→others).
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the epistolary salutation (1:2, grace/mercy/peace from God the Father).
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: anyo ng pagkamaka-Diyos
Transliteration: morphosis eusebeias
Doctrine: True Godliness versus Hollow Religiosity
Rejected alternatives: anyo ng kabanalan (banal-rooted, rejected for the same reason as godliness above)
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:5. External religious appearance without transforming inward reality; a live pastoral warning that must be applied evenhandedly across denominational lines, not singling out one tradition’s outward practices.
Fully Equipped
Approved rendering: sakdal/ganap; lubos na nasangkapan
Transliteration: artios / exartizo
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: walang-kasalanan (sinlessness misreading)
Original: ἄρτιος / ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:17. Must not imply moral perfectionism or sinlessness; conveys adequate equipping. Prefer ‘lubos na nasangkapan’ as the primary rendering, with ‘ganap’ only as a secondary gloss, never standing alone. The implied exclusivity (Scripture alone fully equips) must be rendered without qualification.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly, including doctrine_risk tier as recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json. Never Bathala. Used throughout 2 Timothy.
Godliness
Approved rendering: pagkamaka-Diyos
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: True Godliness versus Hollow Religiosity
Rejected alternatives: kabanalan (banal-rooted, collides with mga banal)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:5. Deliberately avoids the banal root to prevent compounding the baseline’s already-Critical mga_banal (canonized sainthood) collision. False teachers hold ‘a form of’ this while denying its power.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never utang na loob. In 2 Timothy grace grounds the calling itself (1:9) and sustains endurance under hardship (2:1); framing endurance as repayment owed for grace received would reintroduce the rejected utang na loob dynamic. Must be explicitly reconnected to the crown/reward vocabulary of 2:5 and 4:8 (see apodidomi/stephanos below) so reward is never read as a second, merit-based track.
Guard
Approved rendering: ingatan / bantayan
Transliteration: phylasso
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: panatilihin lamang (passive retention only)
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 1:14. Must convey active, vigilant protection, not passive retention.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly, including doctrine_risk tier as recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json. Never anito or bare kaluluwa. In 2 Timothy 1:14, the Spirit dwelling in believers enables the guarding of the entrusted deposit (paratheke) — must always be rendered as the full, capitalized, personal divine Person; never adopt the impersonal-force framing found in some non-mainstream Filipino translation traditions (see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md cult/sect avoidance rules).
Impostor
Approved rendering: manlilinlang
Transliteration: goes
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: mangkukulam (imports occult folk-taxonomy connotations absent from Paul’s argument)
Original: γόης
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:13. Calculated deceiver/charlatan (root sense ‘sorcerer’). Avoid mangkukulam, which imports specific Filipino folk-occult connotations not present in Paul’s argument.
Incorruption Immortality
Approved rendering: kawalang-kasiraan
Transliteration: aphtharsia
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Incorruption
Rejected alternatives: reputed ‘incorrupt’ saintly relic framing
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1:10. Freedom from decay, the resurrection hope Christ brought to light. Filipino Catholic folk piety includes devotion to reputed ‘incorrupt’ bodies of particular canonized saints as evidence of exceptional holiness; must be taught as the common hope of every believer, not a rare relic-attested phenomenon reserved for a holy few.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly, including doctrine_risk tier as recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json. Standard Filipino Protestant Bible spelling, used throughout 2 Timothy.
Last Days
Approved rendering: mga huling araw
Transliteration: eschatai hemerai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: a calculable end-time countdown framing
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:1. Names the doctrine. Must be taught as the whole present church age’s characteristic pattern of decline (already underway since Christ’s first coming), guarding against Philippine home-grown millennialist/date-setting movements. Also note the LDS Church’s Filipino self-designation ‘Ang Simbahan ni Jesucristo ng mga Banal sa mga Huling Araw’ — teaching material must not endorse or engage any modern restorationist movement’s claim to this title.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used of Christ throughout 2 Timothy (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22); must convey exclusive, supreme lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints.
Myth
Approved rendering: gawa-gawang kwento / haka-haka
Transliteration: mythos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: alamat
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:4. Avoid alamat, the standard Filipino word for myth/legend, which carries strongly positive associations with cherished national folklore (Bernardo Carpio, Ibong Adarna); using alamat would trivialize the warning or dignify false teaching with beloved-heritage status. ‘Mito’ may be retained only as an advanced-study footnote gloss, never as the primary congregational rendering.
Poured Out As Libation
Approved rendering: ibinubuhos (bilang isang handog na inumin)
Transliteration: spendomai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: pag-aalay sa mga espiritu (folk-syncretic spirit/ancestor libation framing)
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 4:6. Paul’s approaching martyrdom pictured as a sacrificial drink-offering. Anchor explicitly to the OT sacrificial drink-offering background, not folk-syncretic offerings/libations to spirits or ancestors (pag-aalay).
Preach
Approved rendering: ipangaral
Transliteration: kerysso
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: patotoo (private testimony-sharing register)
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:2. Must retain authoritative, public, non-optional herald-proclamation. Everyday colloquial Filipino ‘mangaral’ can carry a pejorative nagging/moralizing sense (‘huwag kang mangaral sa akin’); pair with authority-conveying framing language to keep the solemn-herald sense dominant. Render identically at every occurrence, including the noun form kerygma (4:17, ‘pangaral’).
Reward Repay
Approved rendering: gagantimpalaan
Transliteration: apodidomi
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob framing (reward as repayment owed)
Original: ἀποδίδωμι
Category: Reward
NEW. 4:8. Must be explicitly reconnected to the grace doctrine (grace ≠ utang na loob) so the reward is understood as a gracious bonus for the already-saved, not a merit-based second track to standing before God.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: matuwid na Hukom
Transliteration: dikaios krites
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Reward
NEW. 4:8. Grounds the promised crown in God’s own righteous, impartial character — the reward is certain because the Judge is just, not because the reward is self-earned.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy also names the conduct Scripture trains believers toward (3:16) and the ground of the crown reserved for Paul (4:8, stephanos tes dikaiosynes) — must not collapse into ethical performance alone; the crown is a gracious award for the already-justified, not a status earned by the reward itself.
Rightly Handle
Approved rendering: tuwid na gamitin ang salita ng katotohanan
Transliteration: orthotomeo
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 2:15. No single-word Filipino equivalent; this phrase is locked at exactly this wording as the positive counterpart to guarding against error (phylasso), and must never vary across occurrences.
Savior
Approved rendering: Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: soter
Doctrine: Lordship and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Marian co-redemptrix framing, saintly-intercessor-as-rescuer framing
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
NEW. 1:10. Applied to Christ Jesus as the agent who abolished death and brought life and incorruption to light. Keep exclusively applied to Christ/God, guarding against devotional dilution via Marian co-redemptrix language or invocation of saints as functional rescuers.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: malusog na aral / malusog na mga salita
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainontes logoi
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: tamang aral (loses the health/disease metaphor)
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 1:13, 4:3. Names the ‘Guarding Sound Doctrine’ curriculum doctrine. Must preserve the health/disease metaphor (paired with gangraina, 2:17), not flatten to bare ‘correct teaching’; must be rendered identically at every occurrence.
Suffer Hardship
Approved rendering: magtiis ng hirap
Transliteration: kakopatheo / synkakopatheo
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: bahala na framing (fatalistic resignation), penitensya-rooted merit-earning framing
Original: κακοπαθέω / συγκακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
NEW. 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5. Backbone verb of the Perseverance doctrine spanning all four chapters; must be rendered identically at every occurrence and always paired with an explicit object (‘alang-alang sa Mabuting Balita’ / ‘para kay Kristo’) so it is never read as generic cultural stoicism (matiisin), bahala na fatalism, or Lenten penitensya merit-earning.
Turn Away
Approved rendering: tatalikuran / maliligaw
Transliteration: apostrepho / ektrepomai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀποστρέφω / ἐκτρέπομαι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:4. Decisive, willful turning away from the truth toward myths, not passive drift.
Word Not Bound
Approved rendering: hindi nagagapos ang salita ng Diyos
Transliteration: ho logos tou theou ou dedetai
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Gospel Transmission
NEW. 2:9. The gospel’s unstoppable spread despite Paul’s physical imprisonment; the messenger-bound/message-free contrast must remain visible in the rendering.
Medium Risk Terms
Abolish
Approved rendering: pinawi
Transliteration: katargeo
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Incorruption
Rejected alternatives: binawasan/pinahina (softened ‘reduced/lessened’)
Original: καταργέω
Category: Christology
NEW. 1:10. Christ’s decisive, historical defeat of death; must not be softened into ‘reduced’ or ‘lessened.‘
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Paul’s self-designation (1:1, 1:11) grounding his authority to charge Timothy.
Approved
Approved rendering: sinang-ayunan
Transliteration: dokimos
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: δόκιμος
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 2:15. Tested and found acceptable; the positive contrast to adokimos.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy 1:9, a ‘holy calling’ grounded in God’s own purpose and grace, not works — reinforces the baseline’s forensic, sovereign-summons sense.
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form used of Timothy’s holy calling (1:9), grounding the whole letter’s charge.
Conscience
Approved rendering: budhi
Transliteration: syneidesis
Doctrine: Conscience and Ministerial Integrity
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Ministry
NEW. 1:3. Moral self-awareness before God, validating the integrity of Paul’s ministry. Must be understood as a morally accountable faculty before God, not purely subjective feeling.
Cultic Service
Approved rendering: paglingkuran / sambahin
Transliteration: latreuo
Doctrine: Conscience and Ministerial Integrity
Original: λατρεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW. 1:3. Religious service rendered specifically to God, describing Paul’s ancestral line of service; distinguish from secular service.
Devil
Approved rendering: diyablo
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: aswang or broader folk-spirit taxonomy terms
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:26. The singular, personal biblical adversary who traps false teachers and their followers; keep distinct from the broader Filipino folk-spirit taxonomy.
Dispute About Words
Approved rendering: makipagtalo tungkol sa mga salita
Transliteration: logomachia / logomacheo
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: λογομαχία / λογομαχέω
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 2:14. Quarreling over words to no profit.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Divine Election and Perseverance
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never swerte/kapalaran. Paul endures suffering specifically ‘for the sake of the elect’ (2:10), tying God’s sovereign choice directly to the motivation for perseverance under suffering.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: ebanghelista
Transliteration: euangelistes
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:5. Established Filipino Protestant loanword; distinguish Paul’s functional sense from any specific denominational office title.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy adds emphasis on faith transmitted across generations (1:5) and faith ‘kept’ through trial (4:7, tereo ten pistin) — persevering faithfulness, not merely retained belief. Object of faith (Christ) must remain recoverable from context.
Faithful Saying
Approved rendering: Tapat ang sabing ito
Transliteration: pistos ho logos
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 2:11. A recurring Pastoral Epistles formula introducing a reliable, memorable summary statement.
Fight Race Kept Faith
Approved rendering: nilabanan ko ang mabuting pakikibaka / natapos ko ang aking takbuhin / iningatan ko ang pananampalataya
Transliteration: agon / dromos / tereo ten pistin
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀγών / δρόμος / τηρέω τὴν πίστιν
Category: Reward
NEW. 4:7. Three parallel images of a completed, faithful ministry life. ‘Kept the faith’ must convey persevering faithfulness through trial, not merely retained intellectual belief.
Fulfill Fully
Approved rendering: ganap na tuparin
Transliteration: plerophoreo
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: πληροφορέω
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:5. To fulfill completely, leaving nothing undone; echoes 4:7’s ‘finished the race.‘
Gangrene
Approved rendering: ganggrena
Transliteration: gangraina
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 2:17. Established medical loanword; preserves linkage to the sound-doctrine health metaphor family.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Goal of Paul’s endurance for the elect (2:10) and the closing doxology (4:18).
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy tied to ‘the power of God’ (1:8) and to Paul’s suffering for it (2:8-9); must convey an authoritative announcement, not generic good news.
Herald
Approved rendering: tagapaghayag
Transliteration: keryx
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κῆρυξ
Category: Ministry
NEW. 1:11. Paul’s self-designation. Keep distinct from propeta (prophet, TM-adjacent) — a herald announces an already-given message rather than receiving new revelation.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Describes Timothy’s ‘holy calling’ (1:9). NOTE: do not extend this banal-root to eusebeia/godliness (3:5) — see godliness entry below, which is deliberately kept on a separate root to avoid compounding the mga_banal collision.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: nangangati ang mga tainga
Transliteration: knethomenoi ten akoen
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:3. A natural Filipino idiom exists; ensure the truth-avoidance sense (not literal physical irritation) is clear from context.
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: hahatol sa mga buhay at mga patay
Transliteration: krinein zontas kai nekrous
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 4:1. Christ’s universal judgment over all humanity; already well-affirmed via the Apostles’ Creed in Filipino Christian tradition.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy, ‘his Kingdom’ at Christ’s coming (4:1) and the ‘heavenly Kingdom’ Paul will be brought safely into (4:18, add modifier ‘makalangit’); render consistently with the TM base term.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: pagpapatong ng kamay
Transliteration: epithesis ton cheiron
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Ministry Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: folk-healing hand-laying rituals attributed to albularyo/faith healers
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Ministry
NEW. 1:6. The commissioning/ordination act through which Timothy’s gift was imparted. Distinguish from folk-healing hand-laying rituals attributed to faith healers/albularyo — here the act is ministerial commissioning, not healing.
Learned And Assured
Approved rendering: natutuhan / natiyak
Transliteration: manthano / epistothes
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: μανθάνω / ἐπιστώθης
Category: Gospel Transmission
NEW. 3:14. Preserve the pist- root’s connection to faith-rooted certainty, not mere factual confirmation, echoing the TM term pananampalataya.
Mercy
Approved rendering: awa
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
NEW. 1:2. God’s compassionate response to human need, paired with grace and peace in the salutation’s fuller triad. Retain covenantal active compassion, not mere sentiment/pity.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: paglilingkod
Transliteration: diakonia
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:5. Timothy’s total ministry, to be fully carried out.
Occupational Endurance Metaphors
Approved rendering: sundalo, atleta, magsasaka
Transliteration: stratiotes, athletes, georgos
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης, ἀθλητής, γεωργός
Category: Suffering
NEW. 2:3-6. Three pictures of disciplined, single-minded, patient ministry endurance; transfer naturally into Filipino context.
Patience Longsuffering
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga / mahabang pasensya
Transliteration: makrothymia
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:2. Tempers the corrective verbs elegcho/epitimao in the same verse.
Persecution Suffering
Approved rendering: pag-uusig / paghihirap
Transliteration: diogmos / pathema
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμός / πάθημα
Category: Suffering
NEW. 3:10-12. Universalized to ‘all who desire to live godly,’ not unique to Paul’s own apostolic experience.
Present Age
Approved rendering: kasalukuyang daigdig/panahon
Transliteration: aion
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: αἰών
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:10. The present world-order Demas ‘loved,’ leading to his desertion.
Rebuke Sharply
Approved rendering: pagwikaan / mahigpit na sawayin
Transliteration: epitimao
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: sawayin lamang (collapses the intensity gradient with elegcho)
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:2. Must be kept distinguishable from the milder elegcho (‘sawayin’ alone) to preserve Paul’s intensity gradient (reprove → rebuke → exhort with patience).
Repentance
Approved rendering: pagsisisi
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: ritual confession apart from inward change
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:25. Anchor to genuine inward reorientation toward truth, not a ritual act of confession performed apart from actual change.
Reproof
Approved rendering: pagsaway / sawayin
Transliteration: elegchos / elegcho
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἔλεγχος / ἐλέγχω
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16, 4:2. Exposing hidden error or fault so it can be corrected.
Rescue Deliver
Approved rendering: iniligtas / sasagip
Transliteration: rhyomai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 4:17-18. The Lord’s rescue of Paul from present and future evil; near the kaligtasan (salvation) word family.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. 2:8 cites Christ’s bodily resurrection as core gospel content; 2:18’s warning against a false teaching claiming the resurrection ‘has already happened’ (spiritualized/over-realized) must be preserved as a named doctrinal error, not softened into an acceptable alternate view.
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: mga banal na kasulatan
Transliteration: hiera grammata
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: mga relihiyosong sulatin (generic religious writings)
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:15. A Jewish designation for the OT scriptures describing Timothy’s lifelong formation. Keep distinct register from generic ‘religious writings’ so its unique authority is not flattened.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιάζω / ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Referenced in 2:21’s picture of a vessel sanctified (hegiasmenon) for the Master’s use.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: lahi ni David
Transliteration: lahi ni David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Cited in 2:8 alongside the resurrection as the summary content of the gospel Paul preached.
Self Discipline
Approved rendering: pagpipigil sa sarili / disiplina sa sarili
Transliteration: sophronismos
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Ministry Empowerment
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Ministry
NEW. 1:7. Self-mastery/sound judgment, part of the fear-power-love-self-discipline character contrast.
Sincere Faith
Approved rendering: tapat na pananampalataya
Transliteration: anypokritos pistis
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις
Category: Faith
NEW. 1:5. Unfeigned faith traced through Timothy’s grandmother and mother, reinforcing multigenerational, household transmission.
Sinful Desire
Approved rendering: masamang pagnanasa
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:3. Disordered, self-serving craving driving the coming rejection of sound doctrine.
Snare Of The Devil
Approved rendering: bitag ng diyablo
Transliteration: pagis tou diabolou
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:26. The devil’s trap ensnaring false teachers and their followers.
Sober Watchful
Approved rendering: magpakahinahon / maging mapagbantay
Transliteration: nepho
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: νήφω
Category: Suffering
NEW. 4:5. The antidote to the drifting, appetite-driven culture described in 4:3-4.
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: taimtim na iniuutos ko
Transliteration: diamartyromai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:1, 2:14. Elevates the charge of 4:2 to a sworn, witnessed commission before God and Christ, not casual advice.
Spiritual Gift Singular
Approved rendering: kaloob
Transliteration: charisma
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Ministry Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Ministry
NEW. 1:6. Timothy’s specific Spirit-given ministry gift. Same forbidden-substitution guard as baseline’s spiritual_gifts entry: never anting-anting (folk amulets granting supernatural power).
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: aral / turo
Transliteration: didaskalia / didache
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16, 4:2, 4:3. Must convey authoritative content, not generic advice or opinion.
Training Discipline
Approved rendering: pagsasanay
Transliteration: paideia
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: παιδεία
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16. Formative discipline aimed at mature character, the fourth function of Scripture.
Vessel
Approved rendering: sisidlan
Transliteration: skeuos
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. 2:20-21. A container/utensil; the picture of vessels of honor and dishonor illustrating usefulness for the Master, reinforcing personal integrity as a prerequisite for faithful gospel transmission.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: kalooban ng Diyos
Transliteration: thelema theou
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: bahala na (fatalistic resignation)
Original: θέλημα θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW. 1:1. God’s determined, personal purpose grounding Paul’s apostleship; distinguish from bahala na fatalism per the baseline’s Providence guard.
Low Risk Terms
Correction
Approved rendering: pagtutuwid
Transliteration: epanorthosis
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16. Restoration, setting right again after fault is exposed.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Established Filipino Bible proper-name form; referenced in 2:8.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the fourfold pastoral task of 4:2 (parakaleson), balancing the sharper corrective verbs elegxon/epitimeson in the same verse.
Gentleness
Approved rendering: kahinahunan
Transliteration: prautes
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Ministry
NEW. 2:25. Gentleness in correcting opponents, tempering the correction that may lead to repentance.
Profitable
Approved rendering: kapaki-pakinabang
Transliteration: ophelimos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16. Standard, low-risk term describing Scripture’s practical usefulness.
Testimony
Approved rendering: patotoo
Transliteration: martyrion
Doctrine: Faith
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Faith
NEW. 1:8. Witness/testimony concerning the Lord.
Referenced passages