Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Luke | English → Filipino
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Luke 1–24. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Baseline reused and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there — no alternative renderings are permitted. Terms new to the Luke curriculum are marked New (Luke) and are proposed for addition to translation memory at the recorded risk tier, pending Phase 1 Step 17-equivalent review routing.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Baseline-Reused Terms (Exact Reuse Required)
| English Term | Filipino Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key Luke Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Mabuting Balita | mabuting balita | Medium | Gospel | 1-24 (thematic) | Reused exactly per baseline. |
| grace | biyaya | biyaya | High | Grace | 1, 15 | Prodigal Son (ch. 15) is the strongest narrative test of the grace-vs-utang na loob distinction in the entire curriculum. |
| faith | pananampalataya | pananampalataya | Medium | Faith | 5, 7, 8, 17, 18 | Object of faith is Christ; “your faith has saved you” (7:50, 8:48, 17:19, 18:42). |
| righteousness | katuwiran | katuwiran | High | Salvation | 18, 23 | 23:47 centurion’s confession. |
| justification | pagpapawalang-sala | pagpapawalang-sala | Critical | Salvation | 18 | Luke 18:14 tax collector “went down justified” — key non-Romans justification text. |
| salvation | kaligtasan | kaligtasan | Critical | Salvation | 1, 2, 7, 19 | Every occurrence needs the baseline faith-vs-sacramental-performance teaching note. |
| apostle | apostol | apostol | Medium | Apostleship | 6, 9, 22 | Choosing of the Twelve. |
| called / calling | tinawag / pagkatawag | tinawag / pagkatawag | Medium/High | Divine Calling | 5, 9, 14, 19 | Context-sensitive per baseline note. |
| holy | banal | banal | High | Sanctification | 1, 2 | |
| holy_spirit | Espiritu Santo | Espiritu Santo | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 24 | Never anito or bare kaluluwa, per baseline. |
| father | Ama | Ama | High | Adoption / Prayer | 11, 15, 23 | Keep distinct from Padre (priest title). |
| lord | Panginoon | Panginoon | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Exclusive, supreme Lordship. |
| son_of_god | Anak ng Diyos | Anak ng Diyos | Critical | Deity/Sonship of Christ | 1, 4, 22 | |
| messiah / christ | Mesiyas / Kristo | Mesiyas / Kristo | High | Messianic Promise | 2, 4, 9, 22, 23, 24 | Ties directly to “anointed” (ch. 4 core passage). |
| david | David | David | Low | Davidic Covenant | 1, 2, 3, 18, 20 | |
| seed_of_david | lahi ni David | lahi ni David | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 1, 3 | Genealogical phrase; distinct from the title “Son of David” (new term, ch. 18). |
| covenant | tipan | tipan | High | Covenant | 1, 22 | Root of new term “bagong tipan” (new covenant, ch. 22). |
| kingdom_of_god | Kaharian ng Diyos | Kaharian ng Diyos | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4, 9, 10, 13, 17, 21 | Central Lukan theme; see new term “kingdom within/among” (ch. 17). |
| law | kautusan | kautusan | Medium | Covenant | 2, 16, 24 | |
| sin | kasalanan | kasalanan | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness | throughout | Root of new term “makasalanan” (sinner). |
| gentiles | mga Hentil | mga Hentil | Medium | Universal Scope | 2, 4, 7 | Centurion (ch. 7) enacts this doctrine narratively. |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | kaluwalhatian | High | Deity of Christ | 2, 9, 24 | Transfiguration (ch. 9). |
| power_of_god | kapangyarihan ng Diyos | kapangyarihan ng Diyos | High | Power for Salvation | 1, 4, 24 | Distinct from new term “awtoridad” (authority/exousia, ch. 4). |
| prophet / prophecy | propeta / propesiya | propeta / propesiya | Low/Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1, 3, 4, 7, 24 | Ch. 4:21 “fulfilled” (natupad) is the thesis-level occurrence. |
| resurrection | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Medium/Critical | Resurrection | 9, 20, 24 | Bodily, historical; ch. 24 is Critical given central importance. |
| peace | kapayapaan | kapayapaan | Medium | Peace with God | 1, 2, 7, 24 | |
| providence | kalinga ng Diyos | kalinga ng Diyos | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 12 | Contrasts with bahala na, per baseline. |
| mission | misyon | misyon | Medium | Mission to the Nations | 9, 10, 24 | |
| church | iglesia | iglesia | Medium | Discipleship Community | (implicit) | Minimal direct occurrence in Luke; relevant background for discipleship doctrine. |
| exhort | pasiglahin | pasiglahin | Low | Mutual Edification | (minor) |
New Terms Introduced by the Luke Curriculum (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| English Term | Filipino Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key Luke Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anointed | pinahiran | pinahiran | High | Messianic Promise | 4 | Root of Christos/Mesiyas; risk of sacramental-anointing conflation (Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick). |
| acceptable year of the Lord | kaayaayang taon ng Panginoon | kaayaayang taon ng Panginoon | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4 | Jubilee allusion (Lev. 25); requires OT background teaching note. |
| release / liberty | paglaya / kalayaan | paglaya / kalayaan | High | Good News to the Poor / Repentance and Forgiveness | 4, 1, 3, 24 | Same Greek root (aphesis) as “forgiveness of sins”; deliberate double meaning must be preserved. |
| poor | mga dukha | dukha | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 1, 4, 6, 7, 14, 16, 18 | Must not be spiritualized away from literal socioeconomic referent. |
| rich | mayaman | mayaman | Medium | Good News to the Poor (contrast) | 12, 16, 18, 19 | |
| compassion | habag / kahabagan (verb: kinahabagan) | habag | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship | 7, 10, 15, 19 | Must convey visceral, action-producing mercy (splanchnizomai), not detached pity. |
| sinner | makasalanan | makasalanan | Medium | Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5, 7, 15, 18 | |
| tax collector | maniningil ng buwis | maniningil ng buwis | Medium | Table Fellowship / Marginalized | 5, 7, 15, 18, 19 | Retain social stigma of the role for the welcome to read as scandalous. |
| Samaritan | Samaritano | Samaritano | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations / Compassion | 9, 10, 17 | Direct application to Philippine regional/ethnic prejudice. |
| neighbor | kapwa | kapwa | Medium | Compassion / Neighbor-Love | 10 | Must be widened beyond in-group kapwa sense, per the parable’s intent. |
| prayer | panalangin | panalangin | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 18, 22 | Direct address to the Father through Christ; not routed through Marian/saintly intermediaries. |
| son_of_man | Anak ng Tao | Anak ng Tao | High | Christology | 5, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24 | Retains both genuine humanity and divine authority; do not flatten to “a human being.” |
| disciple | alagad | alagad | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 19, 22, 24 | |
| blessed | mapalad | mapalad | High | Good News to the Poor (Kingdom Reversal) | 1, 6, 14, 19 | Beatitudes; retain paradoxical reversal, not moralized happiness. |
| woe | kapighatian / “Sa aba ninyo…” | — | Medium | Kingdom Reversal | 6, 10, 11 | Idiomatic vocative form required in direct address. |
| savior | Tagapagligtas | Tagapagligtas | High | Salvation | 1, 2 | Exclusively Jesus’ title; must not be diluted by devotional co-mediation with Mary/saints. |
| redemption | pagtubos / katubusan | pagtubos | High | Salvation | 2, 21, 24 | Retain “price paid” sense pointing to the cross; consistent rendering ch. 2 to ch. 21. |
| repentance | pagsisisi | pagsisisi | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 24 | Inward, Spirit-produced turning bearing visible fruit — not mere ritual confession. |
| forgiveness of sins | kapatawaran ng mga kasalanan | kapatawaran ng mga kasalanan | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1, 3, 5, 7, 24 | Shares Greek root (aphesis) with “release” in the core passage; every occurrence needs a teaching note distinguishing genuine repentance-and-faith forgiveness from mechanical ritual absolution. |
| baptism | bautismo | bautismo | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3, 7, 12 | John’s baptism of repentance; distinguish from any notion of automatic sacramental regeneration. |
| wrath | poot | poot | Medium | Judgment | 3, 21 | |
| tempted | tinukso | tinukso | Medium | Spiritual conflict / Dependence on God | 4, 11, 22 | |
| devil | diyablo | diyablo | Medium | Spiritual conflict | 4, 8, 10, 11, 22 | Personal adversary; distinguish from neutral folk-spirit categories. |
| authority | awtoridad | awtoridad | High | Christ’s Authority | 4, 5, 9, 20 | Keep distinct from kapangyarihan (baseline power_of_god/dynamis); guard against anting-anting-style “power” framing. |
| unclean spirit / demon | maruming espiritu / demonyo | demonyo | High | Spiritual conflict / Compassion for the Afflicted | 4, 8, 9, 11, 13 | Sharply distinguish from anito/engkanto folk categories treated as neutral. |
| leper | ketongin | ketongin | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 5, 17 | Retain double stigma (disease + ritual exclusion). |
| centurion | senturion | senturion | Low | Savior for All Nations | 7, 23 | |
| widow | balo | balo | Medium | Compassion / Marginalized | 2, 4, 7, 18, 20, 21 | |
| parable | talinghaga | talinghaga | Low | Kingdom Teaching | 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 | |
| transfigured | pagbabagong-anyo | pagbabagong-anyo | High | Deity of Christ | 9 | Must not read as shape-shifting/reincarnation. |
| deny himself | itakwil ang sarili | itakwil ang sarili | High | Cost of Discipleship | 9, 14 | Not generic self-improvement/asceticism. |
| take up cross | pasanin ang krus | pasanin ang krus | High | Cost of Discipleship | 9, 14, 23 | Daily, costly identification with Christ; distinguish from idiom “cross to bear.” |
| lost | nawawala | nawawala | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness / Compassion | 9, 15, 19 | Retain “actively sought and restorable” sense. |
| steward / stewardship | tagapangasiwa | tagapangasiwa | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future / Discipleship | 12, 16, 19 | Entrusted accountability to a returning owner/master. |
| narrow door | makipot na pinto | makipot na pinto | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future | 13 | Urgency of response, not arbitrary exclusion. |
| banquet | piging / hapunan | piging | High | Table Fellowship / Good News to the Poor | 14, 15 | Great Banquet’s deliberate guest-reversal echoes Luke 4:18-21. |
| salt | asin | asin | Low | Cost of Discipleship | 14 | |
| joy | kagalakan | kagalakan | Medium | Kingdom of God / Repentance | 15, 24 | Heaven’s joy over repentance. |
| mammon | salapi / mamona | mamona | Medium | Cost of Discipleship / Wealth | 16 | Divided ultimate loyalty, not wealth-as-evil moralism. |
| Hades | Hades | Hades | High | Eschatology | 16 | Distinguish sharply from Purgatory and from final impiyerno; intermediate state only. |
| kingdom of God within/among you | Ang Kaharian ng Diyos ay nasa gitna ninyo | — | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17 | Corporate/presence reading (Christ’s own presence among hearers), not individualized inner-feeling reading; retains the doctrine’s “present” pole. |
| Son of David (title) | Anak ni David | Anak ni David | High | Messianic Promise | 18, 20 | Messianic confession title; distinct from lineage phrase “lahi ni David.” |
| temple | templo | templo | Medium | Worship / Fulfillment | 2, 19, 20, 21, 24 | The center of covenant worship, not merely a large church building. |
| endurance | pagtitiis / pagbabata | pagtitiis | Medium | Cost of Discipleship / Eschatology | 21 | Active perseverance, distinguished from fatalistic bahala na. |
| Passover | Paskuwa | Paskuwa | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 22 | |
| new covenant | bagong tipan | bagong tipan | Critical | Salvation / Covenant | 22 | Institution of the Lord’s Supper; requires careful, non-partisan teaching note re: Eucharistic devotional sensitivities. |
| betray | ipagkanulo | ipagkanulo | Low | Passion Narrative | 22 | |
| high priest | punong pari | punong pari | Low | Passion Narrative | 22 | Distinct from Padre (clerical title), per baseline father caution. |
| crucify | ipako sa krus | ipako sa krus | Critical | Salvation / Atonement | 23 | Historical, once-for-all, substitutionary; not a generic suffering symbol. |
| Paradise | Paraiso | Paraiso | High | Salvation / Assurance | 23 | Immediate presence with Christ upon repentant death; distinguish from Purgatory/Limbo. |
| witnesses | mga saksi | mga saksi | Low | Mission to the Nations | 24 | |
| ascension | pag-akyat sa langit | pag-akyat sa langit | High | Christology / Salvation History | 24 | Bodily, historical event; not a vague spiritual departure metaphor. |
| breaking of bread | pagpuputol-putol ng tinapay | — | Medium | Table Fellowship | 22, 24 | Echoes Last Supper without being a sacramental re-institution; note the connection carefully. |
| good will | mabuting kalooban | mabuting kalooban | Medium | Salvation History Announcement | 2 | God’s gracious initiative, not human niceness. |
| shepherds | mga pastol | mga pastol | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 2 | Low-status first recipients of the good news. |
Risk Summary (Luke-Specific New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (forgiveness of sins, new covenant, crucify — plus reused baseline Critical terms applied in new Lukan contexts: justification [18:14], salvation [multiple]) | Human theologian review |
| High | 22 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 10 | Automated review |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json before Phase 2 segment translation of any Luke curriculum document begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Crucify
Approved rendering: ipako sa krus
Transliteration: ipako sa krus
Doctrine: Atonement and the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Salvation
New term, building on the baseline concept of the cross. Jesus’ central atoning act, once-for-all and historical (23:33); must retain the historical, once-for-all, substitutionary significance, not reduced to a generic symbol of suffering divorced from its atoning function.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: kapatawaran ng mga kasalanan
Transliteration: kapatawaran ng mga kasalanan
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
New term, sharing the Greek root aphesis with ‘release/liberty’ in the core passage (4:18). Every occurrence (1:77; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47) needs a teaching note distinguishing genuine repentance-and-faith forgiveness, granted directly by Christ’s authority, from mechanical ritual absolution performed apart from inward repentance.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Actively empowers salvation history throughout Luke (1:15,35,41,67; 2:25-27; 3:22; 4:1,14,18; 10:21; 11:13; 24:49). Never anito or bare kaluluwa. Additionally, distinguish Luke’s active, prophetic, mission-empowering filling from a folk-Catholic view of the Spirit as automatically/passively conferred through Confirmation. Also guard against the opposite, de-personalizing risk documented in the Iglesia ni Cristo / Members Church of God International unitarian commentary tradition, which treats the Spirit as an impersonal force rather than the third divine Person.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. This exact phrase does not recur verbatim in Luke, but the underlying concept at 18:14 (the tax collector’s justification) must be taught consistently with it — a credited status, not a ritually or morally achieved one.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pamamagitan
Transliteration: pamamagitan
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Especially acute in Luke given the volume of prayer material (1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 22:39-46); Christ’s own prayer must be taught as modeling direct filial access, not intercession routed through Mary or the saints as one channel among several.
Justification
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιόω (δεδικαιωμένος)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Luke 18:14 (tax collector ‘went down to his house justified’) is a key non-Romans justification text and must carry the same declared, forensic, not gradually earned or sacramentally achieved, sense as the baseline term.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: bagong tipan
Transliteration: bagong tipan
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
New term, root reused exactly from baseline covenant (tipan). ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood’ (22:20). Theologically dense given the centrality of the Mass/Eucharist and transubstantiation in majority-Catholic Filipino devotional life; must render the text faithfully without flattening into bare memorialism or reinforcing a specific sacramental metaphysic beyond what the text states. A contextual teaching note distinguishing this once-for-all covenant-inaugurating meaning from any repeatable re-sacrifice is mandatory; Emmaus’s ‘breaking of bread’ (24:30,35) must be noted as an echo, not a sacramental re-institution.
Saints
Approved rendering: mga banal
Transliteration: mga banal
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant background for Luke’s discipleship-community doctrine; every occurrence needs the baseline note that this applies to Luke’s whole discipleship community, not an elite canonized class.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Every Luke occurrence (1:47,69,71,77; 2:11,30; 3:6; 7:50; 19:9-10; 23:43) needs the baseline teaching note distinguishing faith-received salvation, evidenced by repentance and changed life (e.g., Zacchaeus’ restitution, 19:8), from sacramental performance treated as mechanically securing salvation.
High Risk Terms
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: kaayaayang taon ng Panginoon
Transliteration: kaayaayang taon ng Panginoon
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν
Category: Kingdom
New term (core passage, 4:19). Allusion to the Levitical Year of Jubilee (Lev. 25) — debt cancellation, land restoration, slave release. No cultural or lexical Filipino equivalent exists; requires a mandatory Leviticus 25 background teaching note so this does not read as a vague ‘special/blessed time’ or a repeatable liturgical observance.
Anointed
Approved rendering: pinahiran
Transliteration: pinahiran
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: krisma-derived vocabulary
Original: χρίω (ἔχρισέν)
Category: Christology
New term (core passage, 4:18). Root of Christos/Mesiyas. Deliberately avoids ‘krisma’-family vocabulary to prevent conflation with Filipino Catholic sacramental anointing (Confirmation chrism, Anointing of the Sick); requires a teaching note that this is the Spirit’s unique, one-time messianic commissioning of Christ, never a repeatable ritual anointing available to any believer.
Ascension
Approved rendering: pag-akyat sa langit
Transliteration: pag-akyat sa langit
Doctrine: Ascension and Exaltation of Christ
Original: ἀνελήμφθη
Category: Christology
New term. Christ’s bodily, visible, historical departure into heaven (24:51); must affirm a bodily, historical, one-time event, not a vague spiritual departure or metaphor for ‘going to a better place,’ paralleling the baseline’s care around bodily resurrection.
Authority
Approved rendering: awtoridad
Transliteration: awtoridad
Doctrine: Christ’s Authority over Spiritual Forces
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
New term, kept distinct from baseline power_of_god (dynamis). Jesus teaches and casts out demons ‘with authority’ (4:32,36); is questioned about the source of his authority (20:2). Conflating exousia with dynamis blurs Christ’s unique right to command with generic supernatural potency, risking an anting-anting-style ‘power’ framing.
Banquet
Approved rendering: piging / hapunan
Transliteration: piging
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: δεῖπνον
Category: Kingdom
New term. The Great Banquet parable explicitly invites ‘the poor, the crippled, the blind, the lame’ (14:21) after the invited guests refuse; must retain the deliberate guest-reversal, a direct narrative echo of the core passage’s announcement (4:18).
Baptism
Approved rendering: bautismo
Transliteration: bautismo
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Salvation
New term. John’s ‘baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins’ (3:3). Must be distinguished from a folk-Catholic view of baptism as mechanically conferring saving grace apart from repentance and faith; John’s baptism is a sign of repentance, not the ground of salvation.
Blessed
Approved rendering: mapalad
Transliteration: mapalad
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
New term. Lukan Beatitudes name the poor, hungry, weeping, and hated as ‘blessed’ now (6:20-22); must retain the paradoxical kingdom-reversal force, not moralized into ‘those who deserve to be happy’ or softened into future-only comfort.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: Kristo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term added for the Luke package (the baseline Romans package used only ‘Mesiyas’ as a distinct key, though it referenced Kristo in its transliteration standards). Used as a title/name for Jesus throughout Luke, especially in the combination ‘Christ the Lord’ (2:11) and ‘the Christ of God’ (9:20). Keep tied to the Anointed One’s exclusive OT fulfillment, not treated as a surname.
Compassion
Approved rendering: habag / kinahabagan
Transliteration: habag
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: nahabag (bare, weak rendering)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Deep, visceral, gut-level mercy moving to action (splanchnizomai): the widow of Nain’s son (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), the waiting father (15:20). A weak rendering (‘felt sorry for’) loses the whole-being force; prefer intensified verbal phrasing at each key occurrence rather than the bare noun.
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in Zechariah’s prophecy (1:72) and fulfilled in the Last Supper’s new covenant (22:20). Root of the new Luke term bagong tipan (new covenant); see that Critical-risk entry.
Deny Himself
Approved rendering: itakwil ang sarili
Transliteration: itakwil ang sarili
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀρνησάσθω ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
New term. Radical renunciation of self-rule and self-interest for the sake of following Christ (9:23); must not be softened into generic self-improvement or asceticism.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Addressed directly in the Lord’s Prayer (11:2) and Gethsemane (22:42); enacted narratively in the father of the Prodigal Son (ch. 15). Keep distinct from Padre (priest title) and from ancestor-veneration address.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Avoid Bathala, the pre-colonial Tagalog supreme-being concept.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Luke 15:11-32 (Prodigal Son) is this Language Package’s strongest narrative test case: the elder son’s resentment enacts exactly the reciprocal-debt (utang na loob) logic the baseline forbids. Also present at 1:30 (Mary’s favor) and 4:22 (words of grace).
Hades
Approved rendering: Hades
Transliteration: Hades
Doctrine: Intermediate State and Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Purgatoryo, impiyerno
Original: Ἅιδης
Category: Eschatology
New term. The intermediate realm of the dead awaiting final judgment; the rich man is in torment there while Lazarus is at Abraham’s side (16:23). Retain the transliteration untranslated and clearly distinguished from both the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory (temporary purification before heaven) and from impiyerno as the final, post-judgment hell; a three-way fence is required per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: pagkakatawang-tao
Transliteration: pagkakatawang-tao
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Grounds Luke’s nativity narrative (chs. 1-2) in a real, historical event; guard against localization of devotional attention onto a specific miraculous image (e.g., Santo Niño) rather than the historical event itself.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Established Filipino Protestant Bible spelling used throughout this pipeline.
Kingdom Within Among
Approved rendering: Ang Kaharian ng Diyos ay nasa gitna ninyo
Transliteration: nasa gitna ninyo
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: nasa loob ninyo (individualized inner-feeling reading), nasa puso ninyo
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν
Category: Kingdom
New term. The kingdom of God as a present, in-breaking reality active in Jesus’ own presence (17:20-21). The Greek entos is genuinely ambiguous; this Language Package fixes the corporate/presence reading (consistent with MBB’s ‘nasa gitna ninyo’) and must not be individualized into a private inner-feeling doctrine, nor pushed entirely into the future.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship, not diluted by devotion shared with Mary and the saints, especially acute in the heavily Marian annunciation narrative (1:26-56). NOTE: within several parables (12:42-46; 16:1-8; 19:12-27; 20:9-16) the same Greek/Filipino word names a story-internal human master; use lowercase ‘panginoon’ or ‘amo’ for that parabolic human figure and reserve capitalized ‘Panginoon’ exclusively for God/Christ, per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md Section C.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesiyas
Transliteration: Mesiyas
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Confirmed by Simeon (2:26), affirmed by demons (4:41), confessed by Peter (9:20), expounded from all Scripture after the resurrection (24:26-27). Filipino Catholic tradition has no rival messianic figure; teaching task is connecting Mesiyas to its OT roots (Isaiah 61, quoted 4:18-19).
Paradise
Approved rendering: Paraiso
Transliteration: Paraiso
Doctrine: Intermediate State and Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Purgatoryo, Limbo
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
New term. ‘Today you will be with me in Paradise,’ spoken to the repentant criminal (23:43); must not be conflated with Purgatory or Limbo — immediate presence with Christ upon death for the repentant, received by faith alone, with no ritual or purgatorial prerequisite. CRITICAL CAUTION: mainstream Filipino translations (including MBB) place the comma to support this immediate-presence reading; the Jehovah’s Witness NWT relocates the comma to defer the promise, consistent with Watchtower’s denial of a conscious intermediate state — this relocated-comma rendering must never be echoed.
Poor
Approved rendering: mga dukha
Transliteration: dukha
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Absolute economic destitution and social powerlessness; explicit object of the gospel announcement (4:18) and the first Beatitude (6:20). Must not be spiritualized into ‘poor in spirit’ only, losing the literal socioeconomic referent; given severe economic inequality in Philippine society this carries direct, unavoidable pastoral weight.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Spirit’s power upon Jesus in ministry (4:14) and the promised ‘power from on high’ (24:49). Never anting-anting; must also be kept distinct from the new Luke term awtoridad (Christ’s authority/exousia), a different concept.
Redemption
Approved rendering: pagtubos / katubusan
Transliteration: pagtubos
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
New term. Simeon and Anna speak of redemption for Israel (2:38); Jesus speaks of the disciples’ ‘redemption’ drawing near at his return (21:28). Must retain the ‘price paid’ sense pointing forward to the cross; consistent rendering required across ch. 2 and ch. 21.
Release Liberty
Approved rendering: paglaya / kalayaan
Transliteration: paglaya
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation
New term (core passage, 4:18). Same Greek root (aphesis) as ‘forgiveness of sins’ elsewhere in Luke (1:77; 3:3; 24:47); Filipino has no single word spanning both senses. Every occurrence of either paglaya (4:18) or kapatawaran ng mga kasalanan (1:77 etc.) requires an explicit cross-reference teaching note linking the two so Luke’s deliberate double meaning is taught, not lost.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pagsisisi
Transliteration: pagsisisi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
New term. John’s baptism (3:3,8) and Jesus’ call throughout (5:32; 13:1-5; 15:7,10; 24:47). Must be taught as inward, Spirit-produced turning bearing visible fruit (3:8-14), not reduced to the ritual act of sacramental confession (kumpisal) apart from genuine heart change.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. At Luke 23:47 (centurion’s confession) the same Filipino word is genuinely ambiguous between forensic ‘righteous’ and ordinary legal ‘innocent’; flag for theologian review rather than silently resolving.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: Samaritano
Transliteration: Samaritano
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. The unexpected hero of the Good Samaritan parable (10:25-37) and the sole thankful leper (17:11-19). Direct application to Philippine regional, ethnic, and religious prejudice must be made explicit, not left as distant historical curiosity.
Savior
Approved rendering: Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New term, tied to baseline salvation (kaligtasan). Angelic announcement’s title for the newborn Jesus (2:11) and God in the Magnificat (1:47); must remain exclusively Jesus’ (and God’s) unique saving title, never diluted by folk-devotional attention to Mary/saints as co-mediators.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Anak ni David
Transliteration: Anak ni David
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New term, distinguished from lahi ni David (seed of David, physical lineage). The blind beggar’s confessional cry, ‘Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me!’ (18:38-39); must be rendered so the messianic confession force is not lost by treating it as a mere genealogical note.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Declared at the annunciation (1:32,35), the baptism (3:22), and the Transfiguration (9:35). Must never read as adoptive/honorary sonship, and must never be softened toward the diminished, created-being Christology documented in Jehovah’s Witness (NWT) or INC/MCGI sect materials.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak ng Tao
Transliteration: Anak ng Tao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term. Danielic title combining genuine humanity with divine authority; Jesus’ self-designation with authority to forgive sins (5:24), as Lord of the Sabbath (6:5), and in passion/return predictions (9:22,26,44; 17:24-30; 21:27; 22:69). A literal calque risks flattening to ‘a human being’; mandatory recurring teaching note pairing the title with its Daniel 7:13-14 background at first occurrence (5:24), reinforced at later occurrences.
Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: pasanin ang krus
Transliteration: pasanin ang krus
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: krus na dinadala (idiom, too weak alone)
Original: ἄρας τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ
Category: Discipleship
New term. Paired with ‘daily’ (9:23; 14:27); the everyday Filipino idiom ‘cross to bear’ (krus na dinadala) can flatten this into generic hardship-endurance. Must retain the specific, continual, costly call to identify with Christ’s own path, explicitly distinguished from the idiom in teaching notes.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: pagbabagong-anyo
Transliteration: pagbabagong-anyo
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω (μετεμορφώθη)
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’ appearance changes before Peter, James, and John (9:29); must not be read through a shape-shifting/reincarnation lens — a unique, historical unveiling of Christ’s abiding divine glory, not a repeatable transformation.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: maruming espiritu / demonyo
Transliteration: demonyo
Doctrine: Christ’s Authority over Spiritual Forces
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Sin
New term. A personal, evil, non-human spiritual being under Jesus’ authority, cast out throughout Luke (4:33-36,41; 8:26-39; 9:37-43; 11:14-22). Must be sharply distinguished from Filipino folk anito/engkanto, often treated as morally neutral; these are evil beings to be cast out, never appeased or negotiated with.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Retain transliteration alongside Ama to preserve filial intimacy behind Jesus’ own prayer pattern reflected in the Lord’s Prayer.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Twelve are named apostles at their choosing (6:13) and commissioning (9:1-6).
Breaking Of Bread
Approved rendering: pagpuputol-putol ng tinapay
Transliteration: pagpuputol-putol ng tinapay
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου
Category: Church
New term. Shared table fellowship and the moment of recognition of the risen Christ at Emmaus (24:30,35); echoes the Last Supper’s institution without itself being a sacramental re-institution — teaching should note the connection carefully without over-identifying the two scenes.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Context-sensitive in Luke between a specific ministry summons (5:1-11,27-28) and the general kingdom invitation (14:16-24); must not be read as swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate).
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Minimally explicit in Luke’s Gospel itself but the implicit destination of the discipleship community Jesus forms; must be kept distinct from both simbahan (building) and templo (the Jerusalem temple, a new Luke-specific term).
Devil
Approved rendering: diyablo
Transliteration: diyablo
Doctrine: Christ’s Authority over Spiritual Forces
Original: διάβολος
Category: Sin
New term. The personal, evil adversary who tempts Jesus (4:1-13) and later enters Judas (22:3); a real personal enemy, not a symbol, and not to be conflated with the folk category of masamang espiritu/engkanto treated as impersonal nuisance spirits.
Disciple
Approved rendering: alagad
Transliteration: alagad
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New term. One who follows and is trained by Jesus in committed, life-reordering apprenticeship (5:1-11,27-28; 9:57-62; 14:25-33); retain active, costly following, not passive membership or admiration.
Endurance
Approved rendering: pagtitiis / pagbabata
Transliteration: pagtitiis
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Discipleship
New term. ‘By your endurance you will gain your lives’ (21:19); must be distinguished from fatalistic passive resignation (bahala na) — this is active, hope-filled perseverance grounded in God’s promise.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Object of faith must remain Christ; repeated in Luke’s healing/forgiveness formula ‘your faith has saved you’ (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: mga Hentil
Transliteration: mga Hentil
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Foreshadowed as recipients of salvation in Simeon’s prophecy (2:32) and in Jesus’ Nazareth-synagogue examples of Elijah and Elisha’s ministry to Gentiles (4:25-27).
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Shown to the shepherds (2:9,14), unveiled at the Transfiguration (9:32), the destination of Christ’s suffering-then-glory pattern (24:26).
Good Will
Approved rendering: mabuting kalooban
Transliteration: mabuting kalooban
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: εὐδοκία
Category: God
New term. ‘Peace… good will toward men’ announced by the angels (2:14); follow the MBB favor-restricted reading (God’s gracious initiative resting on his people), not generic human niceness.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Luke, the content of the good news is explicitly named as reaching the poor (4:18; 6:20; 7:22) and is proclaimed as fulfilled (4:43; 8:1).
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to the Spirit throughout Luke 1-4.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named in the Benedictus and Nunc Dimittis as the covenant people whose redemption is at hand (1:68; 2:32).
Joy
Approved rendering: kagalakan
Transliteration: kagalakan
Doctrine: Joy in the Kingdom
Original: χαρά
Category: Kingdom
New term. Heaven’s joy over one repentant sinner (15:7,10) and the disciples’ joy after the resurrection (24:41,52); retain communal, celebratory force, not mere private happiness.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central Lukan theme (4:43; 9:2,60,62; 10:9,11; 11:20; 13:18-21; 17:20-21; 21:31; 22:16,18); must retain both present in-breaking reality and future consummation, not a future-only ‘heaven someday’ framework.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Jesus’ full submission to it from infancy (2:21-24,39); named with the Prophets and Psalms as speaking of him (24:44).
Leper
Approved rendering: ketongin
Transliteration: ketongin
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: λεπρός
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Extreme social and religious outcast healed by Jesus (5:12-14; 17:11-19); retain the double stigma (disease plus ritual exclusion) so the compassion of Jesus’ touch is not lost.
Lost
Approved rendering: nawawala
Transliteration: nawawala
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπόλλυμι (ἀπολωλός)
Category: Salvation
New term. Organizing word of the Lost Sheep, Lost Coin, and Prodigal Son parables (ch. 15) and Jesus’ mission summary (19:10); retain the sense of being actively sought and restorable, not merely ‘gone.‘
Mammon
Approved rendering: salapi / mamona
Transliteration: mamona
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: plain salapi/pera (loses personification)
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
New term. Aramaic loanword for wealth personified as a rival master; ‘you cannot serve God and mammon’ (16:13). Retain the transliterated loanword mamona (paralleling the Greek text’s own borrowing) to preserve the personification; do not moralize wealth itself as evil, but rather divided ultimate loyalty.
Mercy
Approved rendering: awa / kaawaan
Transliteration: awa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Steadfast, covenantal kindness; refrain of the Magnificat/Benedictus (1:50,54,58,72,78) and the cry of the blind beggar (18:38-39) and the tax collector (18:13).
Mission
Approved rendering: misyon
Transliteration: misyon
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω / ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The sending of the Twelve (9:1-6) and the Seventy (10:1-12), and the Great Commission (24:47-49); keep focus on proclamation by ordinary sent believers, not an institutional missionary enterprise tied to colonial-era friar orders.
Most High
Approved rendering: Kataas-taasan
Transliteration: Kataas-taasan
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: Ὕψιστος
Category: God
New term. Title for God’s supreme sovereignty, used of Jesus’ divine Sonship in the annunciation (1:32,35); keep exclusively for God/Christ, distinct from any honorific used of saints or venerated ancestors.
Narrow Door
Approved rendering: makipot na pinto
Transliteration: makipot na pinto
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: θύρα (στενή)
Category: Kingdom
New term. A restrictive, urgent point of entry into the kingdom (13:24-30); must not be read as arbitrary exclusivism — context ties entry to genuine repentance/response, not ethnicity, heritage, or status.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: kapwa
Transliteration: kapwa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. The term whose scope the lawyer tries to limit and Jesus radically widens (10:29-37). Filipino kapwa carries a rich in-group/kinship-circle sense; teaching must explicitly guard against narrowing it back to one’s own family, regional, or social circle, exactly the error the parable confronts.
Passover
Approved rendering: Paskuwa
Transliteration: Paskuwa
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
New term. The Jewish Passover feast, the setting for the Last Supper (22:1,7-15); ties Jesus’ death to the Exodus-deliverance pattern.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Announced by angels (2:14), pronounced by Jesus over the forgiven and healed (7:50; 8:48), given by the risen Christ (24:36).
Prayer
Approved rendering: panalangin
Transliteration: panalangin
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
New term. Direct address to God expressing dependence, need, praise, intercession; modeled by Jesus throughout Luke (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 22:39-46). Must be taught as direct, personal address to the Father through Christ, not routed primarily through Marian or saintly intermediaries, consistent with the baseline intercession entry.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: πρόνοια (implied; cf. Luke 12:22-31’s ‘do not be anxious’)
Category: Prayer
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The ‘do not be anxious’ discourse (12:22-31) is this doctrine’s most extended treatment in the Luke curriculum; never reduced to bahala na fatalistic resignation.
Rich
Approved rendering: mayaman
Transliteration: mayaman
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Contrasted with the poor in the Magnificat (1:53), the Woes (6:24), the Rich Man and Lazarus (16:19-31), and the Rich Young Ruler (18:18-25). Must not moralize wealth itself as intrinsically evil; the Lukan point is divided loyalty and neglect of the poor.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: lahi ni David
Transliteration: lahi ni David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Names physical lineage underlying Luke’s genealogy (3:23-38) and the promise of David’s throne (1:32); distinct from the new Luke confessional title ‘Anak ni David’ (Son of David, 18:38-39).
Shepherds
Approved rendering: mga pastol
Transliteration: mga pastol
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ποιμένες
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Low-status, often distrusted rural herders; first recipients of the angelic gospel announcement (2:8-20); preserve the social-status point, not merely a pastoral-calling image.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root of the new Luke term makasalanan (sinner); the condition John’s baptism and Jesus’ ministry address through repentance and forgiveness.
Sinner
Approved rendering: makasalanan
Transliteration: makasalanan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term, shares root with kasalanan (sin). Pharisees’ label for those Jesus dines with (5:30; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2; 18:13; 19:7); retain the social-outsider force so Jesus’ welcome reads as genuinely scandalous.
Steward
Approved rendering: tagapangasiwa
Transliteration: tagapangasiwa
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Discipleship
New term. The faithful/unfaithful steward (12:42-48), the unjust steward (16:1-8), and the minas (19:12-27); retain accountability-to-an-owner sense, not a generic ‘helper.‘
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: maniningil ng buwis
Transliteration: maniningil ng buwis
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Despised collaborator-class occupation under Roman occupation; Levi (5:27-29), the tax collector’s prayer (18:9-14), Zacchaeus (19:1-10). Retain social contempt so table fellowship reads as scandalous, not a neutral occupational description.
Temple
Approved rendering: templo
Transliteration: templo
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: ἱερόν
Category: Passion Narrative
New term. The center of covenant worship in Jerusalem (2:22-49; 19:45-46; 20:1; 21:37-38; 24:53); must retain its significance as the center of covenant worship, not merely ‘a big church building,’ and must be kept distinct from both simbahan (parish building) and iglesia (the gathered people).
Tempted
Approved rendering: tinukso
Transliteration: tinukso
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: πειράζω
Category: Sin
New term. Jesus’ wilderness testing (4:1-13) and his own warning to pray against temptation (11:4; 22:40,46); distinguish testing/proving from mere enticement toward sin.
Widow
Approved rendering: balo
Transliteration: balo
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: χήρα
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Anna (2:37), the widow of Nain (7:12-15), the persistent widow (18:1-8), the widow’s offering (21:1-4); retain the vulnerability/marginality that makes Jesus’ unbidden compassion notable.
Woe
Approved rendering: kapighatian / “Sa aba ninyo…”
Transliteration: kapighatian
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
New term, idiomatic vocative form required in direct address. Pronounced over the rich, full, laughing, and well-regarded (6:24-26) and the Pharisees (11:42-52); must preserve prophetic warning force, not read as a mild ‘too bad.‘
Wrath
Approved rendering: poot
Transliteration: poot
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ὀργή
Category: Sin
New term. The ‘wrath to come’ John warns of (3:7); retain as God’s personal, moral response to sin, not impersonal cosmic retribution or karma.
Low Risk Terms
Betray
Approved rendering: ipagkanulo
Transliteration: ipagkanulo
Doctrine: Atonement and the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Passion Narrative
New term. Judas’ act (22:4,21,48); low lexical risk, human treachery operating within God’s sovereign redemptive plan.
Centurion
Approved rendering: senturion
Transliteration: senturion
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ἑκατοντάρχης
Category: Compassion and Marginalized
New term. Roman/Gentile military officer praised for the greatest faith yet seen in Luke (7:1-10) and confessing Jesus’ innocence at the cross (23:47); low lexical risk, but doctrinally significant as an early Gentile enactment of Jesus as Savior for all nations.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Referenced in the annunciation (1:27,32,69), the nativity (2:4,11), and the genealogy (3:31).
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
High Priest
Approved rendering: punong pari
Transliteration: punong pari
Doctrine: Atonement and the Cross
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Passion Narrative
New term. Presides over Jesus’ religious trial (22:54,66); keep distinct from the Catholic clerical title Padre, per the baseline father entry’s caution.
Parable
Approved rendering: talinghaga
Transliteration: talinghaga
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term. Luke’s primary teaching vehicle throughout the Gospel’s second half; low doctrinal risk in itself, risk resides in individual parable content (see banquet, lost, steward entries).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: propesiya
Transliteration: propesiya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The category of Isaiah 61, which Jesus declares ‘fulfilled’ (4:21).
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Original: προφήτης
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Jesus reads from ‘the prophet Isaiah’ (4:17) and is himself recognized and rejected as a prophet (4:24; 13:33-34).
Sadducees
Approved rendering: mga Saduseo
Transliteration: mga Saduseo
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: Σαδδουκαῖοι
Category: Passion Narrative
New term. First-century Jewish party denying bodily resurrection; their question sets up Jesus’ affirmation of the resurrection (20:27-38).
Salt
Approved rendering: asin
Transliteration: asin
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἅλας
Category: Discipleship
New term. ‘Salt that has lost its savor’ warns against half-hearted discipleship (14:34-35).
Scribes
Approved rendering: mga eskriba
Transliteration: mga eskriba
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: γραμματεῖς
Category: Passion Narrative
New term. Professional interpreters/teachers of the Mosaic Law, frequently paired with the Pharisees in conflict with Jesus.
Witnesses
Approved rendering: mga saksi
Transliteration: mga saksi
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: μάρτυρες
Category: Church
New term. The disciples are commissioned as witnesses to the resurrection and the fulfillment of Scripture (24:48).
Referenced passages