Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Galatians (English–Filipino)
Section A: Reused Terms (Baseline Romans Language Package — Exact Reuse Required)
| Term (EN) | Filipino Rendering | Original / Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine (Galatians) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Mabuting Balita | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Reused exactly; Galatians adds the qualifier “ibang” (different/other) contrast — see NEW term below. |
| grace | biyaya | χάρις / charis | High | Law and Grace | Reused exactly. Galatians 2:21, 5:4 directly contrast grace with law-works; the utang na loob forbidden-substitution rule applies with equal force. |
| faith | pananampalataya | πίστις / pistis | Medium | Justification by Faith; Faith Working through Love | Reused exactly. Object of faith (Christ) must remain explicit, per baseline note. |
| righteousness | katuwiran | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | High | Justification by Faith | Reused exactly. |
| justification | pagpapawalang-sala | δικαιόω / dikaioō | Critical | Justification by Faith | Reused exactly. Galatians 2:16 is a primary text alongside Romans 3–4; triple repetition in this verse increases doctrinal weight. |
| imputed_righteousness | katuwirang ibinilang | ἐλογίσθη…εἰς δικαιοσύνην | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Reused exactly. Galatians 3:6 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 text used in Romans 4:3; same contextual framing note applies (credited status, not achieved). |
| law | kautusan | νόμος / nomos | Medium | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | Reused exactly. |
| sin | kasalanan | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | Medium | Justification by Faith (2:15-17) | Reused exactly. |
| gentiles | mga Hentil | ἔθνη / ethnē | Medium | Justification by Faith; unity themes | Reused exactly. |
| apostle | apostol | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Reused exactly. |
| called / calling | tinawag / pagkatawag | κλητός, κλῆσις | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (1:15); general calling (1:6) | Reused exactly; context-sensitive per baseline note. |
| holy_spirit / spirit (divine Person) | Espiritu Santo | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / pneuma hagion | High | Flesh versus Spirit; Adoption and Sonship | Reused exactly. Never anito or bare kaluluwa. |
| father | Ama | πατήρ / patēr | High | Adoption and Sonship | Reused exactly. |
| son_of_god | Anak ng Diyos | υἱὸς θεοῦ / huios theou | High | Crucified with Christ (2:20); Adoption and Sonship (4:4) | Reused exactly. |
| abba | Abba | Ἀββά | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | Reused exactly; must match Romans 8:15 rendering verbatim (cross-document consistency rule). |
| adoption | pag-ampon | υἱοθεσία / huiothesia | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | Reused exactly. |
| covenant | tipan | διαθήκη / diathēkē | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Reused exactly. |
| jesus | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | High | throughout | Reused exactly. |
| god | Diyos | θεός | Critical | throughout | Reused exactly; never Bathala. |
| lord | Panginoon | κύριος | High | Lordship of Christ (implicit) | Reused exactly. |
| church | iglesia | ἐκκλησία | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (1:2, 13, 22) | Reused exactly. |
| kingdom_of_god | Kaharian ng Diyos | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit (5:21 warning) | Reused exactly. |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | δόξα / doxa | Medium | doxology (1:5) | Reused exactly. |
| peace | kapayapaan | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit (5:22); greeting (1:3) | Reused exactly. |
| fellowship | pagsasamahan | κοινωνία / koinōnia | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (2:9) | Reused exactly. |
| israel | Israel | Ἰσραήλ | Medium | (background reference) | Reused exactly. |
| mission | misyon | ἀποστολή / πέμπω | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (1:16) | Reused exactly. |
| seed_of_david (pattern) | lahi ni [name] | σπέρμα | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Pattern reused; extended to lahi ni Abraham (see NEW terms — same construction, new referent). |
Section B: New Terms Proposed for the Galatians Language Package Extension
These terms are not present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must be formally added (with the risk tiers below) before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Language Package’s term-addition protocol.
| Term (EN) | Filipino Rendering | Original / Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christ (transliterated title) | Kristo | Χριστός / Christos | High | throughout | — | Per established transliteration standard (Christ = Kristo); pairs with reused jesus. |
| another/different gospel | ibang ebanghelyo / ibang Mabuting Balita | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / heteron euangelion | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | — | Must read as categorically illegitimate, not a denominational variant. |
| accursed / anathema | sumpain / mapasailalim sa sumpa ng Diyos | ἀνάθεμα / anathema | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | — | Solemn apostolic judicial curse-formula; see “curse” below for shared collision risk. |
| works of the law | mga gawa ng kautusan | ἔργα νόμου / erga nomou | High | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | — | Central to core passage (2:16); ritual/legal performance as (falsely) claimed grounds of standing. |
| circumcision | pagtutuli / tuli | περιτομή / peritomē | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | CULTURAL COLLISION: near-universal Filipino cultural puberty rite; must distinguish the cultural practice from the soteriological controversy Paul addresses. |
| freedom / liberty | kalayaan | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | High | Freedom in Christ | — | CULTURAL COLLISION: primary Filipino word for national political independence (Araw ng Kalayaan); must be taught as freedom from sin/law’s condemnation, and guarded against a license-to-sin misreading. |
| flesh (ethical sense) | laman | σάρξ / sarx | High | Flesh versus Spirit | — | Ordinary Filipino meaning is neutral physical “flesh/meat”; requires consistent contextual pairing with “Espiritu” to convey Paul’s moral-anthropological sense. |
| crucified with Christ | ipinako sa krus na kasama ni Kristo | συσταυρόω / systauroō | Critical | Crucified with Christ | — | CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: Philippine folk-Catholic Good Friday practice of literal self-crucifixion (penitensya, San Pedro Cutud). Must be taught as a completed, one-time spiritual union with Christ’s unique death, not a repeatable meritorious physical act. Applies to 2:20, 5:24, 6:14. |
| curse | sumpa | κατάρα / katara | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; The Law’s Purpose | — | CULTURAL COLLISION: Filipino folk belief in sumpa/gaba as a magical affliction removable by countermagic; must be anchored to God’s righteous covenantal-judicial verdict. |
| redeem / redemption | tumubos / pagtubos | ἐξαγοράζω / exagorazō | High | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | — | Must retain substitutionary, curse-bearing sense (Gal 3:13); connects to but is distinct from baseline salvation. |
| elemental spirits / elemental principles | mga unang simulain ng sanlibutan | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου / stoicheia tou kosmou | Critical | The Law’s Purpose; Freedom in Christ | mga elemental (na espiritu) ng sanlibutan — REJECTED | CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: “mga elemental” is the live Filipino folk-belief term for nature-spirits (dwende, engkanto, kapre). Must NOT be used; recommended rendering avoids invoking this folk category. |
| mediator | tagapamagitan | μεσίτης / mesitēs | Critical | The Law’s Purpose | — | Directly related to baseline Critical term intercession/pamamagitan; must not imply multiple valid mediating figures alongside Christ. |
| promise | pangako | ἐπαγγελία / epangelia | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Standard term, low syncretism risk. |
| seed of Abraham | lahi ni Abraham | σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ / sperma Abraam | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | binhi ni Abraham (considered, not preferred) | Follows the established seed_of_david construction pattern exactly. |
| guardian / schoolmaster | tagapag-alaga | παιδαγωγός / paidagōgos | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | — | Natural bridge to the Filipino household-guardian role; clarify temporary, custodial, superseded-at-maturity sense. |
| heir | manununod | κληρονόμος / klēronomos | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | — | Reinforces full, guaranteed inheritance rights of adopted sonship. |
| inheritance | mana | κληρονομία / klēronomia | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | — | Well-understood cultural concept (inheritance); must be taught as secured by God’s promise, not contested. |
| slave / slavery (spiritual bondage) | alipin / pagkaalipin | δοῦλος, δουλεία | Medium | Freedom in Christ; The Law’s Purpose | — | Retain spiritual-bondage sense, distinct from historical socio-economic caste usage. |
| fullness of time | ang takdang sapul na panahon | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου / plērōma tou chronou | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | — | Connects to baseline providence; never fate/bahala na. |
| allegory | talinghaga | ἀλληγορούμενα / allēgoroumena | Low | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Standard Filipino term for figurative/parabolic speech. |
| bewitched | nagligaw/nanlinlang (recommended); NOT ginawan ng kulam | βασκαίνω / baskainō | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | ginawan kayo ng kulam/panggagaway — REJECTED for primary rendering | CULTURAL COLLISION: live Filipino belief in kulam/gaba/usog (evil eye, sorcery); a literal rendering risks affirming folk sorcery as the explanation rather than false teaching. |
| set apart | ibinukod | ἀφορίζω / aphorizō | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | — | Continuous with baseline doctrine separation_unto_gods_service; not a call to religious vocation as the primary model. |
| revelation | paghayag / pagpapahayag | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | — | Direct divine disclosure grounding Paul’s apostolic authority. |
| false brothers | mga huwad na kapatid | ψευδάδελφοι / pseudadelphoi | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | — | Standard compound. |
| faith working through love | pananampalataya na kumikilos sa pamamagitan ng pag-ibig | πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | High | Faith Working through Love | — | Central doctrinal statement (5:6); must retain sense of faith actively expressing itself, not two separable virtues. |
| love (agapē) | pag-ibig | ἀγάπη / agapē | Medium | Faith Working through Love; Fruit of the Spirit | — | Standard established Filipino Bible term (cf. 1 Cor 13, 1 John 4:8), but carries strong romantic connotation in everyday usage; context must signal selfless/covenantal sense. |
| works of the flesh | mga gawa ng laman | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός / erga tēs sarkos | High | Flesh versus Spirit | — | Vice-list; see sorcery entry below for the individually flagged item. |
| sorcery / witchcraft | panggagaway / pangkukulam | φαρμακεία / pharmakeia | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | — | CULTURAL COLLISION: kulam/panggagaway is an actively feared, real practice in Filipino folk belief, unlike a dead category in many other contexts. Scripture’s judgment must stand unsoftened without mocking the cultural fear. |
| fruit of the Spirit | bunga ng Espiritu | καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος / karpos tou Pneumatos | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit | — | Grammatically singular “fruit”; unified Spirit-produced character, not a checklist. |
| walk by the Spirit | lumakad sa Espiritu / sumunod sa hakbang ng Espiritu | Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε / stoichōmen | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | — | Standard “walk” conduct-metaphor. |
| bear burdens | dalhin / mga pasanin | βαστάζετε βάρη / bastazete barē | Low/Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Culturally resonant mutual-aid theme (cf. bayanihan value), noted but not substituted for the biblical term. |
| law of Christ | kautusan ni Kristo | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ / nomos tou Christou | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Must not be heard as reintroducing law-as-justification; this is Spirit-produced, love-shaped obedience. |
| sow / reap | maghasik / mag-ani | σπείρω / θερίζω | Low/Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Strong agrarian-metaphor resonance. |
| new creation | bagong likha | καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | Objective new status accomplished by God, not a subjective “fresh start” testimony framing. |
| boasting | pagmamalaki / pagmamapuri | καυχάομαι, καύχημα | Medium | (supporting) | — | Context-sensitive (negative vs. positive sense); connects to honor/shame dynamics. |
| marks/scars of Jesus | mga peklat/tanda sa aking katawan | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ / stigmata tou Iēsou | Critical | Crucified with Christ (supporting) | estigma — REJECTED | CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: term is the etymological source of “stigmata,” the Catholic devotional belief in miraculously-replicated wounds of Christ. Must be rendered as ordinary persecution-scars, not supernatural wounds. |
Section C: Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Coverage Check)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (Reused + New) | Highest Risk Tier |
|---|---|---|
| Justification by Faith | justification, righteousness, faith, works of the law, sin | Critical |
| The True Gospel versus False Gospels | gospel, another gospel, accursed/anathema, false brothers, bewitched | High |
| Paul’s Apostleship | apostle, called/calling, set apart, revelation, fellowship, church | Medium |
| Law and Grace | grace, law, works of the law, redeem/redemption | High |
| Crucified with Christ | crucified with Christ, son_of_god, marks/scars of Jesus | Critical |
| The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | covenant, promise, seed of Abraham, imputed_righteousness | Critical |
| The Law’s Purpose | law, guardian/schoolmaster, mediator, elemental spirits, curse | Critical |
| Adoption and Sonship | adoption, abba, father, son_of_god, heir, inheritance, fullness of time | High |
| Freedom in Christ | freedom/liberty, slave/slavery, flesh (ethical) | High |
| Circumcision and the New Creation | circumcision, new creation | High |
| Flesh versus Spirit | flesh, holy_spirit/spirit, works of the flesh, sorcery | Critical |
| Fruit of the Spirit | fruit of the Spirit, peace, kingdom_of_god (warning clause), walk by the Spirit | Medium |
| Faith Working through Love | faith working through love, faith, love (agapē) | High |
| Bearing One Another’s Burdens | bear burdens, law of Christ, sow/reap | Medium |
Section D: Notes for Phase 2 Handoff
- All Section A terms load directly from the existing baseline
translation_memory.json(v1) with no modification. - All Section B terms require a new
translation_memory.jsonversion increment (proposed v2) before any Phase 2 Galatians segment is processed, per the Language Package’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions. - The four terms marked Critical in Section B (crucified with Christ, elemental spirits, mediator, sorcery, marks/scars of Jesus) require human theologian review on every occurrence, matching the baseline’s existing escalation rule for Critical-risk terms.
- The Filipino-specific cultural collisions identified in this glossary — literal folk-Catholic crucifixion practice (penitensya), the folk-spirit category “mga elemental,” the live practice of kulam/sorcery, the political loading of “kalayaan,” the cultural normalcy of tuli, and the devotional association of “estigma” — are documented nowhere in the baseline Romans package and are unique contributions of this Galatians-specific analysis. They should be carried forward into the Galatians doctrine risk registry (Step 2) with the same grounded specificity recorded here.
Critical Risk Terms
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ipinako sa krus na kasama ni Kristo
Transliteration: systauroō
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: συσταυρόω / σταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 2:19-20; extended at 5:24, 6:14 (συσταυρόω / σταυρόω). CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: the Philippines (notably San Fernando/San Pedro Cutud, Pampanga) hosts an annual Good Friday folk-Catholic penitensya practice in which devotees are literally nailed to wooden crosses to fulfill a vow (panata), earn merit, or obtain healing. Every occurrence requires a distinguishing teaching note: Paul’s phrase is a completed, one-time spiritual union with Christ’s unique atoning death — already possessed by faith — not a repeatable physical act of penitential suffering. Never abbreviate the full phrase.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: mga unang simulain ng sanlibutan
Transliteration: stoicheia tou kosmou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: mga elemental (na espiritu) ng sanlibutan
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:3, 4:9 (στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου). CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: ‘mga elemental’ is the live, standard Filipino folk-belief term for nature-dwelling spirit-beings (dwende, engkanto, kapre). This rendering must NEVER be used — it would actively invoke and appear to lend Scriptural legitimacy to a currently practiced folk-spirit category. This is an absolute prohibition, not merely a preference.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Never Bathala. Galatians 3:20 (‘God is one’) is directly load-bearing for the mediator doctrine and must not be diluted.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 3:6 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 text as Romans 4:3. Because Galatians 3:6 arrives with less argumentative scaffolding than Romans 4, the contextual framing note (credited status, not ritually achieved) must be attached explicitly at this single occurrence.
Justification
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; Filipino rendering reused exactly. Risk tier elevated to Critical for this curriculum (baseline bible_term_registry.json already carried Critical) because Galatians 2:16 states this three times in one verse — the letter’s theological hinge. Must retain the forensic, one-time declarative sense; Filipino folk-Catholic sacramental-performance instinct (confession, penance, ritual observance contributing to standing) risks collapsing this into a gradual, works-assisted process.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: mga peklat/tanda sa aking katawan
Transliteration: stigmata tou Iēsou
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: estigma
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 6:17 (στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ). CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: this Greek word is the etymological source of ‘stigmata,’ the Filipino Catholic devotional belief that especially holy persons miraculously receive replicated wounds of Christ, reinforced by the same Passion-devotion intensity behind the Pampanga crucifixion-penitents. Must be rendered as ordinary persecution/hardship scars, never a direct transliteration (‘estigma’) that would invite the Catholic devotional association.
Mediator
Approved rendering: tagapamagitan
Transliteration: tagapamagitan
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:19-20 (μεσίτης). Directly related to the baseline’s Critical-risk pamamagitan (intercession), already flagged for collision with the devotional Filipino practice of praying through Mary or the saints as go-betweens. ‘God is one’ logic must not be diluted into an implication that multiple mediating figures are equally valid alongside Christ. Never present in the plural or alongside other intercessory figures.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: panggagaway / pangkukulam
Transliteration: pharmakeia
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:20 (φαρμακεία). CRITICAL CULTURAL COLLISION: unlike contexts where this reads as a dead category, Filipino folk religion holds kulam and panggagaway as an actively practiced and widely feared real phenomenon. Scripture’s judgment must stand unsoftened without mocking the cultural fear or treating it as spiritually neutral folk-practice.
High Risk Terms
Anathema
Approved rendering: sumpain / mapasailalim sa sumpa ng Diyos
Transliteration: anatema
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: anatema (bare transliteration)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 1:8-9 (ἀνάθεμα). A solemn apostolic judicial curse-formula. Must not be confused with sumpa/gaba, a folk-magical hex commonly believed removable through countermagic. A bare transliteration (‘anatema’) is theologically opaque and risks folk-sumpa absorption without the judicial-formula framing a paraphrase supplies.
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: ibang ebanghelyo / ibang Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: ibang ebanghelyo
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / ἄλλο
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 1:6-7 (ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον). Must be rendered so Filipino readers hear a categorically false message, not a denominational or stylistic variant of the Mabuting Balita they already know. Consistently pair with a clause naming it hindi tunay/huwad (not true/counterfeit) rather than letting ‘ibang’ alone carry the doctrinal weight.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: nagligaw / nanlinlang sa inyo
Transliteration: baskainō
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ginawan kayo ng kulam, ginawan ng panggagaway
Original: βασκαίνω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:1 (βασκαίνω). CULTURAL COLLISION: Filipino folk belief holds kulam (sorcery), gaba, and usog/buyag (evil eye) as real, currently practiced supernatural threats. A literal kulam rendering would affirm folk sorcery as the explanation for the Galatians’ doctrinal drift rather than persuasive false teaching, Paul’s actual point. Use only the recommended deception-vocabulary rendering.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: Kristo
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW for the Galatians extension, per the established transliteration standard (Christ = Kristo) already recorded in the baseline AI instruction set. Pairs with reused jesus throughout the letter (Jesus Kristo, Kristo Jesus).
Circumcision
Approved rendering: pagtutuli / tuli
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:3-9, 12; 5:2-3, 6, 11; 6:12-15 (περιτομή). CULTURAL COLLISION (reverse risk): male circumcision (tuli) is an almost universal Filipino cultural puberty rite with real social stigma for those uncircumcised (supot) — the opposite social valence from the letter’s original controversy. Every occurrence must state explicitly that the issue is circumcision required as a salvific/covenant-standing condition, not a judgment on the ordinary cultural/hygienic practice.
Curse
Approved rendering: sumpa
Transliteration: sumpa
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:10, 13 (κατάρα). CULTURAL COLLISION: Filipino folk-Catholic and indigenous belief treats sumpa/gaba as a real magical affliction, removable through countermagic or ritual reversal (mangkukulam practice). Every occurrence must be anchored to God’s righteous covenantal-judicial verdict against covenant-breaking, satisfied once for all in Christ’s substitutionary curse-bearing.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: pananampalataya na kumikilos sa pamamagitan ng pag-ibig
Transliteration: pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: pananampalataya at pag-ibig (rejected shortened form)
Original: πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW compound built on reused pananampalataya plus new pag-ibig. Galatians 5:6 (πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη). Must retain the sense of faith actively expressing itself as a single organic reality; never shorten to ‘pananampalataya at pag-ibig,’ which would wrongly suggest two separable virtues merely juxtaposed.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Keep distinct from the reverence-title Padre for Catholic priests and from petitions to deceased relatives in folk ancestor veneration.
Flesh
Approved rendering: laman
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; also neutral physical sense at 2:20 (σάρξ). Filipino ‘laman’ ordinarily means neutral physical flesh/meat (or ‘content/substance’), with no inherent moral connotation. Requires consistent contextual pairing with ‘Espiritu’ in every ethical occurrence to convey Paul’s moral-theological sense without a body-negative misreading.
Freedom
Approved rendering: kalayaan
Transliteration: eleutheria
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13 (ἐλευθερία). CULTURAL COLLISION: ‘kalayaan’ is the primary and near-exclusive Filipino word for national political independence (Araw ng Kalayaan). Every soteriological occurrence requires an accompanying source-clause (freedom from what — the law’s condemnation and sin’s bondage) and, at 5:13, an explicit warning against license.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Never frame grace as utang na loob (a reciprocal debt of gratitude requiring repayment). Galatians 2:21, 3:1-14, and 5:4 contrast grace with law-works far more densely than Romans outside chs. 4 and 11, intensifying this risk for the Galatians curriculum.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Never anito or bare kaluluwa. Where the flesh/Spirit contrast is stylistically emphasized (Gal 5), the short form ‘Espiritu’ may be used provided the divine referent remains unambiguous from context, per the baseline’s existing convention.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Used throughout the letter; carries maximum doctrinal weight paired with Kristo at 2:20 and 4:4.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Frames the letter’s opening and closing (‘our Lord Jesus Christ,’ 1:3; 6:14, 18) under Christ’s supreme, exclusive Lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints.
New Creation
Approved rendering: bagong likha
Transliteration: bagong likha
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: bagong buhay (rejected as primary rendering)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 6:15 (καινὴ κτίσις). Must be taught as an objective, God-accomplished new status, not flattened into the popular testimony phrase ‘bagong buhay’ (subjective fresh start), which would lose the term’s doctrinal weight.
Redemption
Approved rendering: tumubos / pagtubos
Transliteration: pagtubos
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:13 (ἐξαγοράζω). Must retain the substitutionary, curse-bearing sense — Christ himself became the curse in the redeemed’s place — not a bare commercial transaction.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Katuwiran remains ambiguous with ordinary ‘rightness/reasonableness’ in everyday Filipino usage; context throughout Galatians 2-3 must signal the forensic, relational sense.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Central to Galatians 2:20 (union with the Son of God by faith) and 4:4 (God sending forth his Son). Must never be applied to believers even loosely — reserve pag-ampon/manununod/mana language for believers’ derived, adoptive status; Christ’s Sonship is eternal, unique, and co-equal.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: katotohanan ng Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: katotohanan ng Mabuting Balita
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Church
NEW compound built on reused baseline gospel term. Galatians 2:5, 14 (ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου). Must convey that a fixed, defendable content is at stake, not a negotiable point of church custom.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: mga gawa ng laman
Transliteration: erga tēs sarkos
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
NEW compound. Galatians 5:19-21 (ἔργα τῆς σαρκός). Contains the individually flagged Critical-risk item sorcery/pharmakeia; the list’s kingdom-exclusion warning clause must retain full seriousness.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: mga gawa ng kautusan
Transliteration: mga gawa ng kautusan
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW compound built on baseline kautusan. Central to Galatians 2:16 (three occurrences in one verse), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10. Must be distinguished from Filipino folk-Catholic sacramental-performance thinking that could similarly be mistaken for a means of securing standing with God. Never render inconsistently across 2:16’s three clauses.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 4:6 must match the established Romans 8:15 rendering verbatim, per the Language Package’s cross-document consistency rule.
Adoption
Approved rendering: pag-ampon
Transliteration: pag-ampon
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 4:5 states this as the purpose of Christ’s sending; emphasis needed is that this sonship is full and permanent, not provisional.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostleship directly in Christ and God the Father, not human appointment — the basis of his authority to correct the Galatians.
Bear Burdens
Approved rendering: dalhin / mga pasanin
Transliteration: bastazete barē
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε / βάρη
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 6:2 (βαστάζετε / βάρη). Culturally resonant with the Filipino bayanihan mutual-aid value, giving this exhortation strong natural traction; the biblical term itself is used directly rather than substituted with a bayanihan-specific loanword.
Boasting
Approved rendering: pagmamalaki / pagmamapuri
Transliteration: kauchaomai / kauchēma
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχάομαι / καύχημα
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 6:4, 13-14 (καυχάομαι / καύχημα). Context-sensitive: negative sense in 6:13 (boasting in having compelled circumcision), positive/exclusive sense in 6:14 (boasting only in the cross of Christ). Connects to honor/shame cultural dynamics warranting native-speaker-level review attention.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Context-sensitive: Galatians 1:15 = Paul’s calling to apostleship; 1:6 = the Galatians’ calling to grace.
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Refers to the ‘churches of Galatia’ (1:2) and the church Paul formerly persecuted (1:13, 22).
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Paul’s argument in Galatians 3:15, 17 depends on a covenant/promise being unalterable once ratified, unlike a law added later.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Object of faith must always be specified as Christ (2:16, 20); also central to the compound ‘faith working through love’ (5:6).
False Brothers
Approved rendering: mga huwad na kapatid
Transliteration: mga huwad na kapatid
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:4 (ψευδάδελφοι). Standard compound; those who infiltrated to spy out and undermine believers’ freedom.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: bunga ng Espiritu
Transliteration: karpos tou Pneumatos
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW compound. Galatians 5:22-23 (καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος). The deliberate grammatical singular (‘fruit,’ not ‘fruits’) should be reflected where natural, reinforcing a unified Spirit-produced character rather than a checklist of separately achievable virtues.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: ang takdang sapul na panahon
Transliteration: plērōma tou chronou
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: God
NEW. Galatians 4:4 (πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου). Connects to the baseline doctrine of providence (kalinga ng Diyos); never fate or bahala na.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: mga Hentil
Transliteration: mga Hentil
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Doxology / Glory of God
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Appears in the letter’s opening doxology (Galatians 1:5).
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: Mabuting Balita
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Established Filipino Bible term, well understood across Catholic and Protestant usage. In Galatians this settled, positive term is placed under direct threat by the crisis of ‘a different gospel’ (1:6-9); its stability is what makes ‘ibang ebanghelyo’ legible as a categorical contrast.
Guardian
Approved rendering: tagapag-alaga
Transliteration: tagapag-alaga
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25 (παιδαγωγός). Maps naturally onto a yaya-like household guardian/custodian role, a helpful cultural bridge; teaching must clarify the metaphor’s point — temporary, subordinate, superseded at maturity — not the modern ‘babysitter’ connotation alone. Reinforce with ‘hanggang sa’ (until) language.
Heir
Approved rendering: manununod
Transliteration: manununod
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 4:1, 7, 30 (κληρονόμος). Inheritance disputes are a well-understood cultural theme in the Philippines, giving this metaphor strong natural traction; reinforces the full, permanent nature of adoption.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: mana
Transliteration: mana
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 4:1, 7, 30 (κληρονομία). Must be taught as guaranteed by God’s unbreakable promise, not contested or partial as inheritance disputes often are in Filipino cultural experience.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Background reference term.
Judaizing
Approved rendering: mamuhay ayon sa kaugaliang Judio
Transliteration: ioudaizein
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἰουδαΐζειν
Category: Church
NEW descriptive phrase (no single-word Filipino equivalent exists). Galatians 2:14 (ἰουδαΐζειν). Must convey compulsion toward ritual custom as a condition of covenant standing, not merely cultural practice.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 5:21 attaches a serious exclusion warning to the works-of-the-flesh vice list.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: kautusan ni Kristo
Transliteration: nomos tou Christou
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Ethics
NEW compound built on reused kautusan. Galatians 6:2 (νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ). Readers must not hear this as reintroducing law-as-justification, but as the Spirit-produced, love-shaped obedience described in Galatians 5. Never shorten to bare ‘kautusan.‘
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. In Galatians, kautusan does double duty for both the Mosaic Law’s temporary custodial role (3:19-25) and its false use as a justifying basis (2:16, 3:10-12); it must always be distinguished from the fixed compound ‘kautusan ni Kristo’ (law of Christ, 6:2), a distinct Spirit-produced ethic.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: pag-ibig
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:6, 13-14, 22 (ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω). Standard, already-established Filipino Bible term for agapē (cf. 1 Corinthians 13, 1 John 4:8), but carries a strong romantic connotation in everyday secular usage. Context must consistently signal the selfless, covenantal, neighbor-directed sense.
Mission
Approved rendering: misyon
Transliteration: misyon
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 1:16 describes Paul’s commissioning to preach Christ among the Gentiles.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Appears in the greeting (1:3) and as a listed fruit of the Spirit (5:22).
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: ang kasalukuyang masamang panahon
Transliteration: ang kasalukuyang masamang panahon
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς ὁ πονηρός
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 1:4 (ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς ὁ πονηρός). Standard descriptive apocalyptic two-age phrase; low syncretism concern.
Promise
Approved rendering: pangako
Transliteration: pangako
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:14-18, 21-22, 29 (ἐπαγγελία). Standard vocabulary, low syncretism concern.
Revelation
Approved rendering: paghayag / pagpapahayag
Transliteration: paghayag
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 1:12 (ἀποκάλυψις). Grounds Paul’s apostolic authority in direct divine disclosure, not human instruction; standard vocabulary, low syncretism concern.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: lahi ni Abraham
Transliteration: lahi ni Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: binhi ni Abraham
Original: σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:16, 29 (σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ). Follows the established baseline seed_of_david construction pattern exactly, extended to a new referent. Requires OT covenant background teaching to be meaningful.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: lahi ni David
Transliteration: lahi ni David
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Retained here as the base construction pattern (‘lahi ni [name]’) extended in this curriculum to ‘lahi ni Abraham’ (see seed_of_abraham).
Set Apart
Approved rendering: ibinukod
Transliteration: ibinukod
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 1:15 (ἀφορίζω). Conceptually continuous with the baseline doctrine of separation unto God’s service; should not be read as entry into a religious vocation (pagpapari, pagmomonghe) as the primary model.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 2:15, 17 uses the adjectival ‘sinner’ form (makasalanan) describing the Jewish assumption that Gentiles were characteristically sinful — the assumption Paul overturns.
Slavery
Approved rendering: alipin / pagkaalipin
Transliteration: douleia
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δοῦλος / δουλεία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 4:1-9, 22-25; 5:1 (δοῦλος / δουλεία). The Philippines’ own pre-colonial and colonial-era bondage-caste history (alipin) gives this vocabulary real cultural weight, generally supporting rather than undermining the metaphor; the key task is retaining the spiritual-bondage sense, not a purely historical-economic one.
Sow Reap
Approved rendering: maghasik / mag-ani
Transliteration: speirō / therizō
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 6:7-8 (σπείρω / θερίζω). A strongly resonant agrarian metaphor in a still agriculturally-rooted Filipino cultural context; low syncretism concern.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: lumakad sa Espiritu / sumunod sa hakbang ng Espiritu
Transliteration: Pneumati peripateite
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε / στοιχῶμεν
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:16, 25 (Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε / στοιχῶμεν). Standard ‘walk’ conduct-metaphor, already well established in Filipino Bible usage.
Low Risk Terms
Allegory
Approved rendering: talinghaga
Transliteration: allēgoroumena
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:24 (ἀλληγορούμενα). Standard Filipino term for figurative/parabolic speech, already well established in Filipino Bible usage for Christ’s parables.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, no modification. Galatians 2:9 records the Jerusalem apostles extending ‘the right hand of fellowship’ to Paul and Barnabas.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: pagkukunwari
Transliteration: pagkukunwari
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:13 (ὑπόκρισις). Standard vocabulary, minimal doctrinal risk; names Peter’s inconsistent withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship.
Referenced passages