Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — James 1–5 (English → Filipino)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by first occurrence in the book. Terms marked [BASELINE] are already fixed in the Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly — no alternative rendering is permitted. New terms proposed here (not marked BASELINE) will require entry into an updated translation memory before Phase 2 begins, per the Language Package’s version-increment procedure.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s definitions: Critical = human theologian review every occurrence; High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review; Low = automated review sufficient.
Chapter 1
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | servant | δοῦλος | doulos | lingkod | Medium | Alternative alipin rejected as connoting chattel slavery too strongly for a self-designation of devotion. |
| 2 | trial/testing | πειρασμός | peirasmos | pagsubok | High | Must stay lexically distinct from tukso (temptation, negative sense, 1:13) to avoid implying God tempts toward sin. |
| 3 | tempt/temptation | πειράζω | peirazō | tukso / tuksuhin | High | See #2; God is never the source of this sense. |
| 4 | testing/proving | δοκίμιον | dokimion | pagsubok / pagpapatunay | Medium | Process/means of proving genuineness. |
| 5 | endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | pagtitiyaga | Medium | Distinguish from μακροθυμία (ch. 5) — endurance under pressure vs. patience over time with people. |
| 6 | perfect/mature | τέλειος | teleios | ganap | Medium | Never render as sinless moral perfection. |
| 7 | wisdom | σοφία | sophia | karunungan | Medium | Introduces “Wisdom from Above” theme fully developed in ch. 3. |
| 8 | doubt | διακρίνω | diakrinō | mag-alinlangan | Medium | — |
| 9 | double-minded | δίψυχος | dipsychos | may dalawang isip | Medium | Reappears 4:8. |
| 10 | rich / poor | πλούσιος / πτωχός | plousios / ptōchos | mayaman / mahirap | Medium | Strong cultural resonance with Filipino patronage/palakasan patterns; handle pastorally. |
| 11 | blessed | μακάριος | makarios | mapalad | Low | — |
| 12 | crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς | stephanos tēs zōēs | koronang buhay | Low | — |
| 13 | desire/lust | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | masamang pagnanasa | Medium | Root of temptation and sin (1:14-15); root of conflict (4:1-2). |
| 14 | sin | ἁμαρτία | hamartia | kasalanan [BASELINE] | Medium | Reuse exactly per baseline. |
| 15 | implanted word | λόγος ἔμφυτος | logos emphytos | salitang itinanim | Medium | Distinctive planting metaphor; render literally. |
| 16 | doer / hearer of the word | ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής | poiētēs logou / akroatēs | gumagawa ng salita / tagapakinig lamang | Medium | Directly anticipates the Faith-and-Works core passage. |
| 17 | perfect law of liberty | νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας | nomos teleios tēs eleutherias | ganap na kautusan ng kalayaan | High | Reuses kautusan [BASELINE]; freedom to obey, not freedom from obedience. |
| 18 | religion | θρησκεία | thrēskeia | relihiyon | High | James redefines “pure religion” as compassionate action, not ritual observance — counter-cultural claim in a ritual-observant majority context. |
| 19 | unstained | ἄσπιλος | aspilos | walang dungis | Low | — |
| 20 | world (God-opposed system) | κόσμος | kosmos | mundo | Medium | Distinguish neutral created-order sense from God-opposed value-system sense; central to ch. 4. |
| 21 | Father [of lights] | πατήρ | patēr | Ama [BASELINE] | Medium | Epithet “Ama ng mga liwanag.” |
Chapter 2 (2:1–13 and Core Passage 2:14–26)
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | favoritism | προσωποληψία | prosōpolēmpsia | pagtatangi | High | Maps directly onto Filipino palakasan/status-deference patterns — culturally concrete, not abstract, sin. |
| 23 | assembly/synagogue | συναγωγή | synagōgē | pagtitipon | Medium | Do not default to iglesia (reserved for ἐκκλησία, ch. 5); reflects James’s early Jewish-Christian setting. |
| 24 | kingdom | βασιλεία | basileia | Kaharian ng Diyos [BASELINE] | Medium | 2:5, “heirs of the kingdom.” |
| 25 | royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | nomos basilikos | maharlikang kautusan | Medium | Reuses kautusan [BASELINE]. |
| 26 | neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | kapwa | Low | Strong existing Filipino relational-ethical equivalent. |
| 27 | transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | lumalabag [sa kautusan] | Low | — |
| 28 | mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | awa / habag | Medium | Distinguish from biyaya (grace, baseline) — compassion toward need vs. unmerited favor. |
| 29 | judgment | κρίσις | krisis | paghuhukom | Medium | — |
| 30 | faith | πίστις | pistis | pananampalataya [BASELINE] | High | Core passage; James contrasts claimed faith vs. living faith. |
| 31 | works | ἔργα | erga | mga gawa | Critical | Central term of Faith-and-Works doctrine; requires teaching note distinguishing evidential fruit from earning merit. |
| 32 | save/salvation (physical or eternal) | σῴζω | sōzō | kaligtasan-family / iligtas | Critical | Dual sense across the book: eternal (2:14; 5:20) vs. physical healing (5:15) — context must disambiguate. |
| 33 | dead | νεκρός | nekros | patay | High | ”Faith without works is dead” — full force required, not softened. |
| 34 | believe | πιστεύω | pisteuō | maniwala / sumampalataya | High | 2:19 narrows to bare intellectual assent (even demons); must not equate tone with saving faith. |
| 35 | demons | δαιμόνια | daimonia | mga demonyo | Medium | Distinguish from broader Filipino folk-spirit categories (anito, aswang, multo). |
| 36 | justify/justified | δικαιόω | dikaioō | pagpapawalang-sala-family [BASELINE, elevated] | Critical | James’s sense = vindicated/demonstrated righteous by works, not the initial forensic declaration by faith (Romans’s sense). Mandatory harmonizing note every occurrence. |
| 37 | perfected/completed | τελειόω | teleioō | naging ganap | Medium | Works bring faith to intended maturity, not fix a deficiency in kind. |
| 38 | imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn | katuwirang ibinilang [BASELINE] | Critical | James’s own proof-text (Gen 15:6) that his argument does not overturn credited righteousness. |
| 39 | friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | philos theou | kaibigan ng Diyos | Medium | Contrast pair with 4:4’s “friendship with the world”; not a reciprocal patron-client bond. |
| 40 | body / spirit | σῶμα / πνεῦμα | sōma / pneuma | katawan / espiritu | Medium | Distinguish lower-case “espiritu” (life-breath) from Espiritu Santo [BASELINE]. |
Chapter 3
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41 | tongue | γλῶσσα | glōssa | dila | Low | Central image of “Taming the Tongue” doctrine. |
| 42 | tame/subdue | δαμάζω | damazō | paamuin / pasukuin | Medium | Rhetorical admission of human inability apart from grace; do not soften to mere self-effort. |
| 43 | hell/Gehenna | γέεννα | geenna | impiyerno | High | Distinguish from Catholic purgatory concept; denotes final judgment, describes the tongue’s destructive source/potential. |
| 44 | image of God | εἰκὼν θεοῦ | eikōn theou | larawan ng Diyos | Medium | Distinguish from devotional images/santo veneration; refers to universal human dignity. |
| 45 | bless / curse | εὐλογέω / καταράομαι | eulogeō / kataraomai | pagpapala / pagsumpa | Low | — |
| 46 | wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν | sophia anōthen | karunungang mula sa itaas | Medium | Positive pole of “Wisdom from Above” doctrine. |
| 47 | earthly/natural/demonic | ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης | epigeios / psychikē / daimoniōdēs | makalupa / makamundo / demonyako | Medium | Negative pole; source-tracing of counterfeit wisdom. |
| 48 | jealousy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος / ἐριθεία | zēlos / eritheia | inggit / makasariling hangarin | Low-Medium | Root of disorder and evil practice (3:16). |
| 49 | fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | karpos dikaiosynēs | bunga ng katuwiran [BASELINE] | Medium | — |
| 50 | peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | kapayapaan [BASELINE] | Low | 3:18; also 2:16 (ironic use). |
Chapter 4
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | philia tou kosmou | pagkakaibigan sa mundo | High | Deliberate contrast pair with 2:23’s “friend of God” — preserve the lexical echo. |
| 52 | adulteresses (spiritual) | μοιχαλίδες | moichalides | mga mangangalunya (espirituwal) | Medium | Must be flagged metaphorical, echoing OT covenant-unfaithfulness imagery. |
| 53 | grace | χάρις | charis | biyaya [BASELINE] | High | 4:6; utang na loob caution applies fully. |
| 54 | pride / humble | ὑπερηφανία / ταπεινός | hyperēphania / tapeinos | kayabangan / mapagpakumbaba | Medium | — |
| 55 | devil | διάβολος | diabolos | diyablo | Medium | Distinguish personal singular adversary from broader Filipino folk-spirit categories; resistible by submission to God, not folk charms. |
| 56 | submit | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | pasakop / pasailalim | Low | — |
| 57 | ”if the Lord wills” | ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ | ean ho kyrios thelēsē | kung loloobin ng Panginoon [BASELINE] | Medium | Distinguish from fatalistic bahala na (per baseline Providence caution). |
Chapter 5
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58 | Lord of Sabaoth/Hosts | κύριος Σαβαώθ | kyrios Sabaōth | Panginoong Sabaot | Medium | Reuses Panginoon [BASELINE] + transliterated title. |
| 59 | patience (longsuffering) | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | pagtitiyaga sa paghihintay / pagpapasensya | Medium | Distinguish from ὑπομονή (ch. 1) — patience toward people/time vs. endurance under pressure. |
| 60 | coming/return (Parousia) | παρουσία | parousia | pagparito/pagbabalik ng Panginoon | High | Must retain literal, future, bodily-return sense; not diluted to ongoing spiritual presence. |
| 61 | judge | κριτής | kritēs | hukom | Medium | 5:9, reinforces imminence of judgment. |
| 62 | prophets | προφῆται | prophētai | propeta-plural [BASELINE] | Low | 5:10; reuse exactly. |
| 63 | oath/swear | ὅρκος / ὀμνύω | horkos / omnymi | panunumpa / sumumpa | Medium | Distinguish formal oath-taking from casual colloquial invocations. |
| 64 | sick | ἀσθενέω / κάμνω | astheneō / kamnō | may sakit / mahina | Low | Introduces “Prayer and Healing” doctrine. |
| 65 | elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | presbyteroi tēs ekklēsias | matanda ng iglesia [BASELINE] | Critical | Distinguish congregational lay leadership from ordained Catholic priesthood (pari). |
| 66 | church | ἐκκλησία | ekklēsia | iglesia [BASELINE] | Medium | Reuse exactly; contrast with συναγωγή (ch. 2). |
| 67 | anoint with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | aleiphō elaiō | pahiran ng langis | Critical | Direct collision with Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick / “Huling Hirit” (last rites). Mandatory note: prayer of faith for restoration to health, not sacramental last rites administered by a priest. |
| 68 | prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως | euchē tēs pisteōs | panalangin ng pananampalataya [BASELINE] | High | Distinguish physical-healing σῴζω sense from eternal-salvation sense; not a healing guarantee formula. |
| 69 | raise up | ἐγείρω | egeirō | ibabangon | Medium | Distinguish from pagkabuhay na mag-uli [BASELINE] (resurrection from death) — this is recovery from sickness. |
| 70 | forgive | ἀφίημι | aphiēmi | patawarin / kapatawaran | Medium | Distinguish from priestly sacramental absolution; God’s own forgiveness prayed for by elders. |
| 71 | confess | ἐξομολογέομαι | exomologeomai | ipagtapat/ipahayag ang kasalanan | Critical | Direct collision with Sacrament of Reconciliation (Kumpisal, priest-administered private confession). Mandatory note: mutual, horizontal confession among believers for restoration, no priestly absolution in view. |
| 72 | effectual/at work | ἐνεργουμένη (ἐνεργέω) | energoumenē | may bisa / makapangyarihang kumikilos | Medium | Grounds confident prayer in right relationship with God, not ritual formula. |
| 73 | truth | ἀλήθεια | alētheia | katotohanan | Low | — |
| 74 | turn back/restore | ἐπιστρέφω | epistrephō | manumbalik / ibalik | Medium | ”Confession and Restoration” doctrine; restorative, not punitive, community response. |
| 75 | soul | ψυχή | psychē | kaluluwa | Medium | Standard biblical sense (whole inner/eternal life); note baseline’s folk-ghost caution applies to the word generally, not this usage. |
| 76 | cover [sins] | καλύπτω | kalyptō | matatabunan/matatakpan [ang kasalanan] | Medium | Guard against merit-based misreading; outcome of loving restoration, not a transactional payment for sin. |
Cross-Cutting Risk Flags for Phase 2
The following require mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence, per the escalation logic established in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md, extended to James:
- ἔργα (mga gawa) / δικαιόω (pagpapawalang-sala) / πίστις (pananampalataya) in James 2:14–26 — the Faith-and-Works core passage; risk of apparent contradiction with Romans’s forensic justification doctrine if the sense-distinction is not preserved.
- πρεσβύτεροι + ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ (matanda ng iglesia + pahiran ng langis), James 5:14 — collision with the Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick / Huling Hirit.
- ἐξομολογέομαι (ipagtapat ang kasalanan), James 5:16 — collision with the Sacrament of Reconciliation / Kumpisal.
- θρησκεία (relihiyon), James 1:26–27 — redefinition of “pure religion” away from ritual observance.
- γέεννα (impiyerno), James 3:6 — collision risk with the Catholic doctrine of purgatory as an intermediate state.
- παρουσία (pagparito/pagbabalik ng Panginoon), James 5:7–8 — must retain literal future bodily return.
These six flags will carry forward into the doctrine risk registry and AI translation requirements documents produced in subsequent Phase 1 steps.
Critical Risk Terms
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: pahiran ng langis
Transliteration: pahiran ng langis
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: sakramento ng langis
Original: ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (aleiphō elaiō), a common, non-ceremonial verb for applying oil, likely combining ancient medicinal practice with a symbolic act of prayerful care. Directly collides with the Roman Catholic Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick (‘Huling Hirit’/last rites), priest-administered and strongly associated with imminent death. MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: James 5:14-15 describes lay elders praying in faith for physical restoration to health, with healing attributed to the prayer of faith, not to the oil or a priest’s sacramental authority.
Confess
Approved rendering: ipagtapat / ipahayag ang kasalanan
Transliteration: ipagtapat ang kasalanan
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: mangumpisal
Original: ἐξομολογέομαι
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16 (exomologeomai), mutual, horizontal confession of sins among believers for the purpose of restoration and healing prayer. Directly collides with Kumpisal (the Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance), private confession to an ordained priest who alone pronounces sacramental absolution. MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: James 5:16 describes confession among believers, not to a priest, with no priestly absolution in view. ‘Mangumpisal’ is deliberately rejected as it would directly import the Catholic sacramental register this doctrine must be distinguished from.
Elders Of The Church
Approved rendering: matanda ng iglesia
Transliteration: matanda ng iglesia
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: pari, pastor (used alone without the iglesia qualifier)
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (presbyteroi tēs ekklēsias). Reuses baseline iglesia. This role is easily assimilated in Filipino minds to pari (an ordained Catholic priest, a distinct sacramental office requiring seminary ordination and unique sacramental authority). MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: James’s presbyteroi are recognized lay congregational leaders exercising a ministry of prayer, not an ordained priesthood administering a sacrament.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 2:23 quotes Genesis 15:6 directly — James’s own proof-text that his argument does not overturn credited righteousness. The baseline’s required contextual framing note (a credited status, not one achieved through ritual performance) applies here with equal force, and must additionally clarify it is also not achieved through the good deed of offering Isaac.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pamamagitan
Transliteration: pamamagitan
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James does not use this exact term, but the doctrine risk registry explicitly parallels James 5:14-16’s mutual confession and elders’ prayer to the baseline’s treatment of pamamagitan ng mga santo (intercession of the saints): Christ’s and the Spirit’s intercession remain unique and sufficient, and believers’ mutual prayer for one another (5:16) is not a rival or supplementary intercessory channel modeled on saintly intercession.
Justification Dikaioo
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:21, 2:24 (dikaioō). Shares the same Filipino rendering as the baseline ‘justification’ entry, but James activates a distinct demonstrative/vindication sense — shown/proven righteous by the evidence of works — not Romans’s initial forensic declaration received by faith alone. MANDATORY harmonizing teaching note required at every occurrence: James answers ‘what proves faith is genuine and alive,’ not ‘how is a sinner first declared righteous before God’; Abraham was already credited righteous by faith (Genesis 15:6, quoted in 2:23) before he offered Isaac. Without this note, readers risk reading James as either confirming merit-salvation or contradicting Romans.
Justification
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 2:21, 2:24 activate a distinct demonstrative/vindication sense of the same Greek root (dikaioō) — see the dedicated ‘justification_dikaioo’ entry below for the mandatory James-specific harmonizing note. This entry remains fixed for any Romans-sense forensic-declaration usage referenced within James teaching material.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σῴζω / σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Occurs in James at 1:21, 2:14, 4:12, 5:20 (eternal sense) and must carry the standard teaching distinction every occurrence: salvation is received by faith in Christ’s finished work, not guaranteed by ritual performance or by a merely verbal claim of faith (2:14). James 5:15 uses the same sōzō verb in a physical-healing sense — see ‘prayer_of_faith’ and ‘raise_up’ entries for the required disambiguation.
Works
Approved rendering: mga gawa
Transliteration: mga gawa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: gawang may-merito
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:14-26 (erga), the single highest-stakes new term in the book. Every occurrence in the core passage requires a mandatory teaching note distinguishing James’s erga (observable fruit proving faith is alive) from a merit-earning ‘good works’ framework, which risks being absorbed into folk-Catholic sacramental-merit thinking, and equally from a ‘faith alone means no visible change’ misreading. Use plain, non-technical mga gawa; avoid any Spanish-loan merito-adjacent coinage.
High Risk Terms
Believe
Approved rendering: maniwala / sumampalataya
Transliteration: maniwala
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: πιστεύω
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:19 (pisteuō), deliberately narrowed to bare intellectual assent (‘God is one’), held even by demons. Must not be rendered identically in tone to the fuller pananampalataya elsewhere without the surrounding argument making clear this is mere intellectual assent being critiqued, not saving faith being modeled.
Dead
Approved rendering: patay
Transliteration: patay
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: mahina, hindi ganap
Original: νεκρός
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:17, 2:26 (nekros). ‘Faith without works is dead’ — the thesis statement of the core passage. Must retain full force; never softened to mahina (weak) or hindi ganap (incomplete), which would understate James’s claim that such a faith is no living faith at all.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). In James 2:14-26 the risk tier is elevated to High: must render ‘says he has faith’ (λέγῃ τις ἔχειν) so the claim is visibly provisional, preserving the rhetorical distance between claiming and possessing faith James’s argument depends on. Also used in 2:19 for demons’ bare intellectual assent (see ‘believe’ entry) — do not conflate tone with saving faith there.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: God
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 1:17 epithet ‘Father of lights’ — see the dedicated ‘father_of_lights’ entry for the full phrase rendering. Keep distinct from Padre (Catholic priest title) and ancestor-veneration petitions.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: pagtatangi
Transliteration: pagtatangi
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωποληψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:1, 2:9 (prosōpolēmpsia). Maps directly onto entrenched Filipino social patterns of palakasan (favoritism through connections) and deference to wealth or status — a culturally concrete, not merely abstract, sin requiring direct pastoral naming.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: pagkakaibigan sa mundo
Transliteration: pagkakaibigan sa mundo
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (philia tou kosmou), the negative pole directly contrasted with ‘friend of God’ (2:23). The deliberate lexical echo (both use philos/philia) must be preserved in Filipino so learners see the two ‘friendship’ passages as a matched contrast pair.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Never substitute Bathala. Used throughout James, including as the giver of every good and perfect gift (1:17) and the sole Lawgiver and Judge (4:12).
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace and Humility
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Grace
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34, ‘God gives grace to the humble.’ The baseline’s utang na loob caution applies directly: humility positions a person to receive grace as an unearned gift, not to negotiate a favor requiring reciprocal repayment.
Hell Gehenna
Approved rendering: impiyerno
Transliteration: impiyerno
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: Gehena (transliteration)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:6 (geenna), the place/state of final divine judgment, describing the tongue’s destructive source and potential. Filipino folk-Catholic eschatology’s intermediate purgatoryo state is distinct; a teaching note must clarify Gehenna/impiyerno denotes final judgment, not an intermediate purifying state, and does not condemn a careless speaker to hell for a single utterance.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Not directly named as a title in James’s text, but the caution travels forward: James 2:26’s ‘spirit’ (pneuma, lower-case espiritu, the human life-breath) must not be capitalized or confused with Espiritu Santo — see ‘body_spirit’ entry.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 1:1, 2:1: ‘Jesus Christ’ (Jesus na Kristo/Jesu-Kristo). Follow the established Filipino Protestant Bible spelling per baseline.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Jehova
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Used throughout James for both God (5:4, 5:10-11) and Jesus Christ (1:1, 2:1, 5:7-8, 5:14-15). Must retain exclusive, supreme Lordship; never substitute ‘Jehova’ as in Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Bagong Sanlibutang Salin.
Parousia
Approved rendering: pagparito / pagbabalik ng Panginoon
Transliteration: pagparito ng Panginoon
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: parusiya (transliteration)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8 (parousia), the technical NT term for Christ’s future, visible, bodily return. Must retain a literal, future, bodily-return sense; must not be diluted into a vague, purely ‘spiritual presence’ concept, nor confused with the Catholic doctrine of Christ’s sacramental presence in the Eucharist. ‘Parusiya’ is rejected as a false-cognate collision with the unrelated Filipino/Spanish-derived legal term parusa (‘punishment’).
Perfect Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: ganap na kautusan ng kalayaan
Transliteration: ganap na kautusan ng kalayaan
Doctrine: The Perfect Law of Liberty
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας
Category: Law
James 1:25, 2:12 (nomos teleios tēs eleutherias). Reuses baseline kautusan. Requires a mandatory note distinguishing this from a ceremonial, ritual-observance concept of law: the liberty in view is freedom TO obey from the heart, not freedom FROM obedience.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: panalangin ng pananampalataya
Transliteration: panalangin ng pananampalataya
Doctrine: Physical Healing Distinguished from Eternal Salvation
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (euchē tēs pisteōs). Reuses baseline pananampalataya. Requires a note distinguishing sōzō’s physical-healing sense here from its eternal-salvation sense elsewhere (2:14; 5:20); must not be taught as a formula guaranteeing physical healing on demand.
Religion
Approved rendering: relihiyon
Transliteration: relihiyon
Doctrine: Pure and Undefiled Religion
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Religion and Worship
James 1:26-27 (thrēskeia). In majority-Catholic usage, relihiyon strongly connotes institutional ritual observance (Mass attendance, sacraments, novenas). James’s redefinition toward compassionate action (caring for orphans and widows) and personal holiness is a genuinely counter-cultural claim requiring explicit teaching framing — not a dismissal of sacramental practice, but an insistence that true religion is proven in active compassion.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above / Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Used in James 3:18 ‘fruit of righteousness’ (bunga ng katuwiran) and underlies ‘katuwirang ibinilang’ at 2:23. Must retain forensic/relational standing sense, not collapse into general ‘rightness’ or ‘reasonableness.‘
Temptation
Approved rendering: tukso / tuksuhin
Transliteration: tukso
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειράζω
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:13-14, enticement toward sin arising from one’s own disordered desire, explicitly not from God. Kept distinct from pagsubok (peirasmos); conflating the two would make 1:13 read as though God tempts people toward sin.
Trial Testing
Approved rendering: pagsubok
Transliteration: pagsubok
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:2-4, external circumstance testing character/faith, producing endurance and maturity. Must be kept lexically distinct from tukso (temptation, 1:13) so that James’s positive, God-permitted testing is never confused with temptation to sin, which never originates with God.
Medium Risk Terms
Adulteresses Spiritual
Approved rendering: mga mangangalunya (espirituwal)
Transliteration: mangangalunya
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: μοιχαλίδες
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (moichalides), OT covenant-unfaithfulness language applied metaphorically to spiritual infidelity to God through worldly attachment. Must be flagged as metaphorical/spiritual, not a literal accusation of marital infidelity.
Assembly Synagogue
Approved rendering: pagtitipon
Transliteration: pagtitipon
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: iglesia (reserved for ekklēsia)
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
James 2:2 (synagōgē). Should not default to iglesia (reserved for ekklēsia, 5:14); a translator’s note should explain the historical distinctiveness of James’s early Jewish-Christian audience.
Body Spirit
Approved rendering: katawan / espiritu
Transliteration: katawan / espiritu
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: σῶμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:26 (sōma / pneuma), the closing analogy: as a corpse is a body with no animating spirit, so a workless faith-claim has no animating, living reality. Lower-case espiritu here (natural human life-breath) must not be mistaken for Espiritu Santo (baseline’s fixed Holy Spirit rendering).
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 5:14 ‘elders of the church’ (matanda ng iglesia). Contrast with James 2:2’s synagōgē, which must NOT default to iglesia (see ‘assembly_synagogue’ entry).
Cover Sins
Approved rendering: matatabunan / matatakpan
Transliteration: matatakpan
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: καλύπτω
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20 (kalyptō), ‘will cover a multitude of sins’ — the gracious outcome of lovingly restoring a wandering believer, echoing OT covering/atonement imagery. Requires a note guarding against a merit-based misreading; the covering describes a gracious outcome of loving correction, not a transactional payment for sin.
Demons
Approved rendering: mga demonyo
Transliteration: mga demonyo
Doctrine: Spiritual Beings
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Spiritual Beings
James 2:19 (daimonia), malevolent spirit beings subordinate to Satan, used rhetorically as beings with correct theology but no saving relationship with God. Distinguish from broader Filipino folk-spirit categories (anito, multo, aswang).
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: masamang pagnanasa
Transliteration: masamang pagnanasa
Doctrine: Sin’s Genesis in Disordered Desire
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
James 1:14-15 and 4:1-2 (epithymia), disordered sin-producing desire, the internal source of temptation and, in 4:1-2, of interpersonal conflict.
Devil
Approved rendering: diyablo
Transliteration: diyablo
Doctrine: Resisting the Devil
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting (as a resistance method)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Beings
James 4:7 (diabolos), the personal spiritual adversary, resistible through submission to God. Filipino folk belief includes a broad category of malevolent spirits (aswang, multo, engkanto) sometimes loosely conflated with ‘diyablo’; anchor this term to the personal, singular spiritual adversary of Scripture, resistible through submission to God, not through folk-protective practices such as anting-anting.
Doer Hearer
Approved rendering: gumagawa ng salita / tagapakinig lamang
Transliteration: gumagawa ng salita / tagapakinig lamang
Doctrine: The Implanted Word and Being a Doer
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:22-25, the mirror analogy contrasting one who acts on the word with one who merely listens. Directly anticipates the Faith-and-Works core passage; render consistently with it.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: may dalawang isip
Transliteration: may dalawang isip
Doctrine: Doubt and Single-Minded Faith
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Faith
James 1:8 and 4:8 (dipsychos), literally ‘two-souled,’ divided loyalty between God and the world. Render identically at both occurrences so learners recognize the recurring diagnosis.
Doubt
Approved rendering: mag-alinlangan
Transliteration: mag-alinlangan
Doctrine: Doubt and Single-Minded Faith
Original: διακρίνω
Category: Faith
James 1:6-8 (diakrinō), internal wavering; the doubter receives nothing from the Lord.
Earthly Natural Demonic
Approved rendering: makalupa / makamundo / demonyako
Transliteration: makalupa / makamundo / demonyako
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15 (epigeios / psychikē / daimoniōdēs), the three-fold negative counterpart to wisdom from above. Filipino has no single native term for the middle category (merely natural/unregenerate); retain three distinct descriptive compounds rather than collapsing into one generic ‘bad wisdom’ term.
Effectual At Work
Approved rendering: may bisa / makapangyarihang kumikilos
Transliteration: may bisa
Doctrine: The Effectual Prayer of the Righteous
Original: ἐνεργουμένη (ἐνεργέω)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:16 (energoumenē), actively working, producing effect — grounds confident prayer in the person’s right relationship with God (illustrated by Elijah, 5:17-18), not in ritual formula or a magical/automatic mechanism.
Endurance
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga
Transliteration: pagtitiyaga
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:3-4 (hypomonē), the God-intended fruit of trials; reappears 5:11 (Job). Distinguish from makrothymia (patience toward people/time, ch.5) — see ‘patience_makrothymia’ entry.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: Ama ng mga liwanag
Transliteration: Ama ng mga liwanag
Doctrine: God
Original: πατήρ (τῶν φώτων)
Category: God
James 1:17 epithet (patēr tōn phōtōn). Reuses baseline Ama with an added epithet evoking God as the unchanging source of every good and perfect gift, in contrast to the shifting heavenly bodies.
Forgive
Approved rendering: patawarin / kapatawaran
Transliteration: kapatawaran
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἀφίημι
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:15 (aphiēmi), God’s own release/pardon of sin, prayed for by the elders in connection with physical healing. Should be distinguished from priestly sacramental absolution; this is God’s own forgiveness, not conferred through ministerial authority to absolve.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: kaibigan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kaibigan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:23 (philos theou), the relational outcome and title flowing from Abraham’s faith-and-works pattern. In Filipino patron-client social culture, kaibigan carries connotations of reciprocal social bond with mutual obligations; a note should clarify this friendship is granted by God’s initiative through faith, not built up through favors or reciprocal service, echoing the baseline’s grace/utang na loob caution.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: bunga ng katuwiran
Transliteration: bunga ng katuwiran
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:18 (karpos dikaiosynēs), the outcome of wisdom-from-above lived out in peace. Reuses baseline katuwiran within the phrase.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 2:1, ‘our glorious Lord Jesus Christ’ — grounds the prohibition on favoritism in Christ’s supreme honor, which no wealthy visitor’s status can rival or supplement.
If The Lord Wills
Approved rendering: kung loloobin ng Panginoon
Transliteration: kung loloobin ng Panginoon
Doctrine: Submission to God’s Sovereign Will
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:13-15 (ean ho kyrios thelēsē). Reuses baseline Panginoon. Must be distinguished from the fatalistic Filipino expression bahala na (resigned passive acceptance of whatever happens); James commends active, humble acknowledgment of a personal, purposive Lord’s will over one’s plans.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: larawan ng Diyos
Transliteration: larawan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Human Dignity as God’s Image-Bearers
Original: εἰκὼν θεοῦ
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9 (eikōn theou). Larawan is also the ordinary Filipino word for devotional images/statues (santo) venerated in folk-Catholic practice; a note should clarify this term refers to every human being’s inherent dignity as God’s image-bearer, unrelated to devotional images.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: salitang itinanim
Transliteration: salitang itinanim
Doctrine: The Implanted Word and Being a Doer
Original: λόγος ἔμφυτος
Category: Scripture and the Word
James 1:21 (logos emphytos), the gospel-message received and rooted within a person like a planted seed, able to save the soul. No exact Filipino idiomatic equivalent; render literally, let the planting/growth imagery carry the sense.
Jealousy Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: inggit / makasariling hangarin
Transliteration: inggit
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος / ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:14, 3:16 (zēlos / eritheia), the fruit of earthly ‘wisdom,’ producing disorder and every evil practice.
Judge
Approved rendering: hukom
Transliteration: hukom
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: κριτής
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:9 (kritēs), ‘the Judge is standing at the door’ — reinforces the imminence of the parousia and coming accountability.
Judgment
Approved rendering: paghuhukom
Transliteration: paghuhukom
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κρίσις
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13 (krisis), the coming divine judgment weighed against mercy shown or withheld.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 2:5, ‘heirs of the kingdom’ promised to the poor who love God.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: The Perfect Law of Liberty
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Forms the base of James’s compound phrases ‘ganap na kautusan ng kalayaan’ (1:25, 2:12) and ‘maharlikang kautusan’ (2:8) — see dedicated entries for those compounds.
Lord Of Sabaoth
Approved rendering: Panginoong Sabaot
Transliteration: Panginoong Sabaot
Doctrine: God
Original: κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
James 5:4 (kyrios Sabaōth), ‘Lord of Hosts,’ emphasizing God’s supreme, all-commanding authority to judge oppressors of exploited laborers. Reuses baseline Panginoon plus the transliterated title Sabaot.
Mercy
Approved rendering: awa / habag
Transliteration: awa
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13 (eleos), compassionate kindness shown to those in need or distress, especially withheld judgment. Distinguish from biyaya (grace, baseline) — eleos is compassionate kindness responding to distress/need, while charis is unmerited favor; both matter in 2:13 but are not interchangeable.
Oath Swear
Approved rendering: panunumpa / sumumpa
Transliteration: panunumpa
Doctrine: Oaths and Truthful Speech
Original: ὅρκος / ὀμνύω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:12 (horkos / omnymi), a formal invocation of a higher authority to guarantee the truth of a statement, which James forbids in favor of simple truthfulness. Filipino speech commonly includes casual invocations (‘Diyos ko,’ ‘sumpa man’) that should be distinguished from the formal oath-taking James addresses.
Patience Makrothymia
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga sa paghihintay / pagpapasensya
Transliteration: pagpapasensya
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8, 5:10 (makrothymia), patient forbearance toward people or circumstances over an extended time, as one awaits the Lord’s coming. Should be terminologically distinguished from hypomonē (ch. 1, endurance under pressure) — reserve pagpapasensya for makrothymia and pagtitiyaga/pagbata for hypomonē where possible.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: ganap
Transliteration: ganap
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: walang kasalanan
Original: τέλειος
Category: Sanctification
James 1:4, 1:17, 1:25, 3:2 (teleios). Full maturity/completeness, not flawless sinlessness. Must not be rendered with a term implying sinless moral perfection.
Perfected Completed
Approved rendering: naging ganap
Transliteration: naging ganap
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: τελειόω
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:22 (teleioō), works bring faith to its intended, mature expression. Must not be read as ‘faith was imperfect/deficient and works fixed it’ — the sense is maturation/fulfillment of purpose, echoing teleios in 1:4.
Pride Humble
Approved rendering: kayabangan / mapagpakumbaba
Transliteration: kayabangan
Doctrine: Grace and Humility
Original: ὑπερηφανία / ταπεινός
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:6, 4:10 (hyperēphania / tapeinos), the contrast framing who receives or is opposed by God’s grace.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Submission to God’s Sovereign Will
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). Underlies James 4:13-17’s rebuke of presumptuous planning; James’s ‘if the Lord wills’ (see dedicated entry) must never be reduced to bahala na (fatalistic resignation), per the baseline’s Providence caution.
Raise Up
Approved rendering: ibabangon
Transliteration: ibabangon
Doctrine: Physical Healing Distinguished from Eternal Salvation
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (egeirō), a physical restoration-to-health sense, not the resurrection of the dead. Must be kept distinct from the baseline’s fixed resurrection term pagkabuhay na mag-uli.
Rich Poor
Approved rendering: mayaman / mahirap
Transliteration: mayaman / mahirap
Doctrine: Reversal of Rich and Poor
Original: πλούσιος / πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:9-11, 5:1-6. Strong resonance with entrenched Filipino patronage (palakasan) patterns; teach pastorally, not as abstract economic commentary.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: maharlikang kautusan
Transliteration: maharlikang kautusan
Doctrine: The Perfect Law of Liberty
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Law
James 2:8 (nomos basilikos), the love-of-neighbor command (Leviticus 19:18), called ‘royal’ because it comes from the King and summarizes his rule. Reuses baseline kautusan.
Servant
Approved rendering: lingkod
Transliteration: lingkod
Doctrine: Ministry and Calling
Rejected alternatives: alipin
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Ministry and Calling
James 1:1 self-designation as doulos of God and the Lord Jesus Christ. Lingkod preferred over alipin, whose contemporary Filipino connotation of chattel slavery would obscure the willing, devotional self-designation James intends.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Sin’s Genesis in Disordered Desire
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James anchors sin to disordered desire’s mature fruit (1:14-15) and to mutual confession/restoration (5:16, 20), not a purely sacramental confess-and-absolve category.
Soul
Approved rendering: kaluluwa
Transliteration: kaluluwa
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
James 5:20 (psychē), ‘will save a soul from [eternal] death’ — a person’s whole inner/eternal life. Note the baseline’s existing caution that kaluluwa can, in folk usage, connote a wandering ghost/spirit; here it carries the standard biblical sense and should be read in that light.
Tame Subdue
Approved rendering: paamuin / pasukuin
Transliteration: paamuin
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: δαμάζω
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:7-8 (damazō). The rhetorical point (human inability to tame the tongue) should not be softened into a mere call to ‘try harder’ — it drives the reader toward dependence on God (4:6-10).
Testing Proving
Approved rendering: pagsubok / pagpapatunay
Transliteration: pagpapatunay
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:3, the process or means of testing that produces genuineness (dokimion). Tied contextually to pagsubok.
Turn Back Restore
Approved rendering: manumbalik / ibalik
Transliteration: manumbalik
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέφω
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19-20 (epistrephō), to turn back or be brought back to God — the restorative, not punitive, community response to a wandering believer.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: karunungang mula sa itaas
Transliteration: karunungang mula sa itaas
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15, 3:17 (sophia anōthen), the positive pole: wisdom whose source is God, marked by purity, peaceableness, gentleness, mercy, and good fruit.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: karunungan
Transliteration: karunungan
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: diskarte
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 1:5, God-given insight requested in faith and granted generously. Introduces the Wisdom from Above theme developed fully in 3:13-18; must be distinguished from mere human cleverness (diskarte).
World
Approved rendering: mundo
Transliteration: mundo
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 1:27 and throughout, especially 4:4 (kosmos). Requires context-sensitive handling distinguishing the neutral created-order sense (rare in James) from the dominant God-opposed value-system sense.
Low Risk Terms
Bless Curse
Approved rendering: pagpapala / pagsumpa
Transliteration: pagpapala
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εὐλογέω / καταράομαι
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9-10 (eulogeō / kataraomai), the incongruity of the same tongue blessing God and cursing people made in his likeness.
Blessed
Approved rendering: mapalad
Transliteration: mapalad
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: μακάριος
Category: Faith
James 1:12 (makarios), divinely favored, in a state of flourishing approval from God under trial.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: koronang buhay
Transliteration: koronang buhay
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 1:12, the eschatological reward promised to the one who perseveres under trial.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: kapwa
Transliteration: kapwa
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλησίον
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:8 (plēsion). Kapwa is a rich, established Filipino relational-ethical concept and a strong equivalent with minimal risk.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Wisdom from Above
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly). James 3:18 (fruit of righteousness sown in peace) and 2:16 (ironic, hollow verbal blessing without material follow-through — preserve the ironic tone).
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Scripture and the Word
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Inherited from Romans package (reuse exactly, plural mga propeta). James 5:10 cites the prophets as examples of patient suffering under the Lord’s name.
Sick
Approved rendering: may sakit / mahina
Transliteration: may sakit
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀσθενέω / κάμνω
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (astheneō / kamnō), physical illness, weakness, or weariness — the condition prompting the call for the elders.
Submit
Approved rendering: pasakop / pasailalim
Transliteration: pasakop
Doctrine: Resisting the Devil
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:7 (hypotassō), to place oneself under God’s authority, preceding and enabling successful resistance to the devil.
Tongue
Approved rendering: dila
Transliteration: dila
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:1-12 (glōssa), the central image of the Taming the Tongue doctrine — a small member with disproportionate power for good or destruction.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: lumalabag [sa kautusan]
Transliteration: lumalabag
Doctrine: The Perfect Law of Liberty
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
James 2:9, 2:11 (parabatēs), one who violates the law at any point, thereby liable for the whole.
Truth
Approved rendering: katotohanan
Transliteration: katotohanan
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19 (alētheia), the revealed truth of the gospel, from which a believer can wander.
Unstained
Approved rendering: walang dungis
Transliteration: walang dungis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἄσπιλος
Category: Sanctification
James 1:27 (aspilos), keeping oneself morally uncontaminated by the world’s value system.
Referenced passages