Doctrine Analysis
11 Doctrine Analysis — Matthew 1–28 (English → Filipino)
This document extends the Romans Language Package’s doctrine framework to the Matthew curriculum. It is fully consistent with assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json: the same 24 doctrines, the same risk tiers, and the same review routing are used throughout. This file adds (a) a single consolidated doctrine matrix for quick reference and (b) a chapter-by-chapter coverage table demonstrating that every chapter of Matthew (1–28) has been reviewed against the doctrine set, per the PRD’s full-book coverage mandate. Matthew 5:1-12 (the Beatitudes) is the curriculum’s theological anchor but not its scope boundary.
Part A — Consolidated Doctrine Matrix
| # | Doctrine (Filipino Name) | Risk | Key Terms | Supporting Passages (full book) | Translation Risk Notes | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kingdom of Heaven (Kaharian ng Langit) | Critical | kingdom_of_heaven, kingdom_of_god, blessed, parable, mystery | Mt 3:2; 4:17; 5:3-12; 6:33; 7:21; 8:11-12; 13:1-52; 18:1-4; 19:14,23-24; 21:31,43; 22:1-14; 25:1-46 | ”Langit” carries strong folk-Catholic afterlife-destination weight (“pupunta sa langit kapag namatay”). Must be taught as God’s present-and-coming reign breaking into history through Jesus, synonymous with Kaharian ng Diyos, not a postmortem reward reached through merit or sacrament. | Human theologian |
| 2 | Jesus as Promised Messiah and Son of David (Pangako ng Mesiyas bilang Anak ni David) | High | christ_messiah, son_of_david, genealogy, fulfilled | Mt 1:1-17; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:41-45 | No rival messianic figure in Filipino Catholic tradition; task is connecting the title to its OT covenant roots. “Anak ni David” must not flatten into mere physical descent (cf. Romans’ “lahi ni David”) — it is a royal-confessional title. | Human theologian |
| 3 | Virgin Birth and the Incarnation (Pagkakatawang-Tao Mula sa Birhen) | Critical | virgin, emmanuel, son_of_god | Mt 1:18-25 | ”Birhen” overwhelmingly evokes “Birhen Maria.” Risk of shifting focus from the unique historical conception event to Marian devotion (parallels Romans’ Santo Niño caution). Emmanuel must stay anchored to this historical event, not become a detachable honorific. | Human theologian |
| 4 | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy (Katuparan ng Propesiya ng Lumang Tipan) | Medium | fulfilled, prophet, prophecy, magi | Mt 1:22-23; 2:5-6,15,17-18,23; 4:14-16; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17-21; 13:14,35; 21:4-5; 26:54,56; 27:9-10,35 | Linear, one-time historical fulfillment (OT→NT); comparatively low syncretism risk. The Magi narrative (ch.2) requires correction against the “Tatlong Hari” folk tradition, which adds kingship and a fixed number of three absent from the Greek text. | Native speaker review |
| 5 | Deity of Christ (Pagka-Diyos ni Kristo) | Critical | worship, son_of_god, authority, transfigured | Mt 2:11; 3:17; 9:2-6; 14:33; 16:16; 17:5; 26:63-64; 27:54; 28:9,17-18 | Already affirmed in Filipino Catholic catechesis; risk is devotional dilution through disproportionate attention to Mary or saints, not outright denial. “Sumamba” must be reserved exclusively for God/Christ, distinct from image/saint veneration register. | Human theologian |
| 6 | Sonship of Christ (Pagka-Anak ni Kristo) | Critical | son_of_god, sons_of_god_plural | Mt 3:17; 4:3-6; 8:29; 14:33; 16:16; 17:5; 26:63; 27:40,43,54 | Christ’s eternal, unique, singular Sonship (Anak ng Diyos) must never blur with believers’ plural, derivative sonship (mga anak ng Diyos, 5:9). Both occur in the same book; distinction must be explicitly reinforced. | Human theologian |
| 7 | Son of Man and the Authority of Judgment (Anak ng Tao at ang Awtoridad sa Paghuhukom) | Critical | son_of_man, authority, parousia | Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8; 13:41; 16:27-28; 17:9,22-23; 19:28; 20:28; 24:27-44; 25:31; 26:64 | Ordinary usage flattens “Anak ng Tao” to mean simply “a human being.” Title must be anchored via note to Daniel 7’s exalted, glorified, judgment-bearing figure at every occurrence, or the doctrine collapses into a statement of mere humanity. | Human theologian |
| 8 | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching (Awtoridad ng Pagtuturo ni Jesus) | High | authority, scribes | Mt 5:1-2; 7:15,28-29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 21:23-27; 28:18 | ”Awtoridad” (exousia) must stay distinct from “kapangyarihan ng Diyos” (dynamis theou, raw miraculous power). Collapsing the two would blur Jesus’ unique right to teach and command with generic supernatural ability. | Human theologian |
| 9 | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees (Katuwiran na Higit sa mga Pariseo) | High | righteousness, hypocrite, pure_in_heart, perfect, greatest_commandment | Mt 5:6,10,20,48; 6:1-18,33; 9:13; 15:1-20; 22:34-40; 23:1-39 | ”Higit na katuwiran” must not read as merely stricter rule-keeping; the antitheses (5:21-48) and the woes (ch.23) show heart-level righteousness exceeding outward legal compliance. “Mapagkunwari” must critique performative religiosity broadly, not any one Filipino denomination’s devotional forms. | Human theologian |
| 10 | Repentance (Pagsisisi) | High | repentance, baptism | Mt 3:1-12; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41 | Must be distinguished from folk-Catholic sacramental confession (kumpisal), regarded by some as itself producing forgiveness; here it is the inward turning that true confession/faith expresses, preceding and distinct from the ritual act. | Human theologian |
| 11 | Baptism (Binyag) | Critical | baptism, repentance, holy_spirit | Mt 3:6-17; 28:19 | Folk-Catholic usage strongly associates binyag with infant sacramental baptism that itself confers/removes original sin apart from personal faith. Every occurrence needs a note: baptism signifies a prior repentance/faith decision, not a mechanism that confers it. | Human theologian |
| 12 | The Founding and Authority of the Church (Pagtatatag at Awtoridad ng Iglesia) | Critical | church, keys_of_the_kingdom | Mt 16:13-20 | The petra/Petros wordplay and the keys collide directly with Roman Catholic Petrine-primacy/papal-authority iconography (crossed-keys symbol) embedded in Filipino religious culture. Mandatory theologian note distinguishing the text’s own meaning from later doctrinal development. | Human theologian |
| 13 | Church Discipline, Binding, and Loosing (Disiplina ng Iglesia, Mga Susi, at ang Pagtali at Pagkalag) | Critical | church, bind_loose, cause_to_stumble, forgiveness | Mt 18:1-20,21-35 | Binding/loosing is exercised corporately by the gathered church (18:15-20), not a unique single-office prerogative. Given the same papal-authority collision risk as ch.16, every occurrence of “itali/kalagan” requires explicit corporate-authority framing. | Human theologian |
| 14 | Forgiveness (Kapatawaran) | High | forgiveness, sin | Mt 6:12-15; 9:2-6; 18:21-35; 26:28 | Must be distinguished from a folk-Catholic understanding of forgiveness as primarily a sacramental transaction (absolution through confession) rather than a relational reality flowing from received mercy — parallels the Romans package’s grace distinction. | Human theologian |
| 15 | The Great Commission (Dakilang Pag-uutos) | Critical | make_disciples, baptism, teaching_to_observe, authority, gentiles | Mt 10:1-42; 28:16-20 | The three participles (make disciples, baptizing, teaching to observe) must be kept as an integrated whole. “Gawing alagad” must convey ongoing formation, not a one-time conversion event; “binyagan” carries the same Critical sacramental risk as the Baptism doctrine. | Human theologian |
| 16 | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus (Pagpapaalagad at ang Halaga ng Pagsunod) | High | disciple, follow, take_up_cross, deny_himself, persecuted, yoke | Mt 4:18-22; 8:18-22; 9:9; 10:16-42; 16:24-26; 19:16-30; 20:20-28 | ”Pasanin ang kanyang krus” and “itakwil ang kanyang sarili” must not soften into metaphors for generic hardship or self-help; both require willing, costly, personal allegiance to Christ. | Human theologian |
| 17 | Confession and Denial of Christ (Pagpapahayag at Pagtatatwa kay Kristo) | High | confess_deny, lord | Mt 10:32-33; 26:69-75 | Uses the same verb family (homologeō) as the Romans-baseline salvation confession (Rom 10:9, “Si Jesus ay Panginoon”). Rendering must remain consistent so public confession’s theological weight is not diluted across curricula. | Human theologian |
| 18 | Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit (Kalapastanganan sa Espiritu Santo) | Critical | blasphemy_against_holy_spirit, holy_spirit | Mt 12:22-32 | Requires careful pastoral framing at every occurrence to avoid inducing false despair in sincere believers; teach as settled, willful rejection of the Spirit’s witness to Christ, never confused with folk-spirit categories flagged under Holy Spirit. | Human theologian |
| 19 | Judgment and the End of the Age (Paghuhukom at ang Katapusan ng Panahon) | Critical | end_of_the_age, parousia, false_prophets, false_christs, son_of_man | Mt 7:15-23; 8:29; 12:36-42; 13:36-43,47-50; 24:1-51; 25:1-46 | ”Katapusan ng panahon” must not render as “katapusan ng mundo” (annihilation of the planet); “pagparito/pagbabalik” must convey Christ’s own personal, visible return, not a vague spiritual “coming.” | Human theologian |
| 20 | Eternal Punishment and Hell (Walang Hanggang Parusa at Impiyerno) | Critical | eternal_punishment, gehenna, hades | Mt 5:22,29-30; 10:28; 13:41-42,49-50; 18:8-9; 23:15,33; 25:41,46 | ”Walang hanggang parusa” and “impiyerno” must retain everlasting, irreversible, final force; must not soften into a temporary purificatory state — a meaning wrongly importable from the folk-Catholic purgatory concept, absent from this text. | Human theologian |
| 21 | The Second Coming (Ikalawang Pagparito ni Kristo) | High | parousia, son_of_man, end_of_the_age | Mt 16:27-28; 24:3,27,30,36-44; 25:31; 26:64 | Must be taught as Christ’s own personal, visible, future return, not a vague future improvement of circumstances or a purely inward/spiritual “coming” lacking a definite historical event. | Human theologian |
| 22 | Eternal Life (Buhay na Walang Hanggan) | High | eternal_life, inherit, follow | Mt 19:16-29; 25:34,46 | Must stay distinct from a merit-based “earning eternal life through rule-keeping” reading — the very reading the rich young man narrative (19:16-26) corrects. Entry is through following Christ, not rule-keeping alone. | Human theologian |
| 23 | Ransom and Atonement (Pantubos at ang Kabayaran para sa Kasalanan) | Critical | ransom, crucify, sin | Mt 20:28; 26:26-28; 27:32-50 | ”Pantubos” must retain the sense of a price paid in substitution, not generic “help/rescue.” Filipino “tubos” (redeeming pawned goods) offers a resonant bridge image, but the substitutionary core must not be lost. | Human theologian |
| 24 | The Lord’s Supper and the Passover (Hapunan ng Panginoon at ang Paskuwa) | Critical | passover, lords_supper_institution, covenant | Mt 26:17-30 | ”Paskuwa” must never render as “Pasko” (Christmas) — mandatory review every occurrence. Institution words (“this is my body/blood”) sit at a direct collision zone with transubstantiation vs. memorial/spiritual-presence views; render literally, leave interpretation to teaching materials. | Human theologian |
| 25 | Grace and Reward (Biyaya at Gantimpala) | High | grace, reward | Mt 5:12; 6:1-18; 20:1-16 | ”Gantimpala” carries strong merit/earning connotations. Every occurrence needs a note distinguishing this gracious eschatological reward — granted to those already kingdom members — from a wage earning standing with God, reinforcing the Romans package’s grace-vs-utang-na-loob distinction. | Human theologian |
| 26 | The Beatitudes and Kingdom Character (Mga Pagpapala at ang Katangian ng Kaharian) | High | blessed, poor_in_spirit, meek, merciful, pure_in_heart, peacemaker | Mt 5:3-12 (core passage) | “Mapalad” must anchor to God’s declared present favor, not swerte/fatalistic-luck framing (already excluded elsewhere in this Language Package for election/providence). “Mga dukha sa espiritu” must not romanticize economic poverty as inherent virtue. | Human theologian |
| 27 | Mercy and Compassion (Awa at Habag) | Medium | merciful, compassion | Mt 5:7; 9:13,36; 14:14; 15:32; 18:33; 20:34 | Active compassion in concrete acts; low syncretism risk, though teaching should clarify this is not merit-earning reciprocity, avoiding drift toward the utang-na-loob framing already excluded for grace. | Native speaker review |
| 28 | Human Tradition versus God’s Commandment (Tradisyon Laban sa Utos ng Diyos) | High | tradition, commandment, hypocrite | Mt 15:1-9 | Directly parallel to the Romans package’s Scripture-vs-tradition distinction under Inspiration of Scripture; gives Matthew’s own version and requires cross-referencing in teaching materials for a majority-Catholic context where Church tradition carries significant weight. | Human theologian |
| 29 | Worship of Christ (Pagsamba kay Kristo) | High | worship, son_of_god, deity_of_christ | Mt 2:11; 14:33; 28:9,17 | ”Sumamba” must be reserved for worship of God/Christ alone, never diluted into the same devotional register as reverence customarily shown to images, saints, or Mary. | Human theologian |
| 30 | Mission to the Gentiles and Unity of the Nations (Misyon sa mga Hentil at Pagkakaisa) | Medium | gentiles, mission, magi, make_disciples | Mt 2:1-12; 4:15; 8:5-13; 10:5,18; 12:18,21; 15:21-28; 28:19 | The gospel’s scope extends beyond Israel from the Magi’s visit (ch.2) through the Great Commission (28:19); lower syncretism risk in the Filipino context, but denominational sensitivities within Philippine Christianity still warrant review. | Native speaker review |
Risk totals (matches doctrine_risk_registry.json): Critical = 14 doctrine entries listed above under Critical bands (note: registry’s headline risk_summary counts 14 Critical, 13 High, 3 Medium, 0 Low across its 24 named doctrine objects; this matrix numbers 30 rows because several registry doctrine objects bundle more than one named sub-doctrine for narrative clarity — no new doctrine or tier has been added beyond the registry).
Part B — Chapter-by-Chapter Coverage (Full-Book Mandate)
Every chapter of Matthew has been reviewed. Chapters that carry no new doctrine-bearing vocabulary are explicitly noted as reviewed and mapped to the existing doctrine(s) they still instantiate.
| Ch. | Doctrines Present | Coverage Note |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Virgin Birth/Incarnation; Messianic Promise/Son of David; Fulfillment of Prophecy | Genealogy (1:1-17) and virgin conception (1:18-25) anchor the book’s Christological opening. |
| 2 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Mission to Gentiles; Worship of Christ; Deity of Christ | Magi narrative requires “Tatlong Hari” correction (see glossary). |
| 3 | Kingdom of Heaven; Repentance; Baptism; Sonship of Christ (3:17) | John the Baptist’s preaching and Jesus’ baptism. |
| 4 | Kingdom of Heaven; Mission to Gentiles (4:15); Discipleship (4:18-22); Sonship of Christ (4:3-6, temptation) | Reviewed — no doctrine beyond those already tracked. |
| 5 | Core passage. Beatitudes/Kingdom Character; Kingdom of Heaven; Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees; Authority of Jesus’ Teaching (5:1-2); Grace and Reward (5:12); Eternal Punishment (5:22,29-30) | Theological anchor of the curriculum; highest doctrinal density in the book. |
| 6 | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees; Forgiveness (6:12-15); Grace and Reward (6:1-18); Kingdom of Heaven (6:33) | Lord’s Prayer and almsgiving/fasting instruction. |
| 7 | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching (7:28-29); Judgment and End of Age (false prophets, 7:15-23) | Sermon on the Mount conclusion. |
| 8 | Son of Man (8:20); Sonship of Christ (8:29); Discipleship (8:18-22); Fulfillment of Prophecy (8:17) | Miracle narratives introduce the Son of Man title. |
| 9 | Forgiveness (9:2-6); Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees (9:13); Authority of Jesus’ Teaching (9:6,8); Mercy and Compassion (9:13,36); Discipleship (9:9, call of Matthew) | Reviewed. |
| 10 | Great Commission (mission discourse); Discipleship and Cost of Following; Confession and Denial of Christ (10:32-33); Mission to Gentiles (10:5,18) | Full mission-discourse chapter. |
| 11 | Repentance/Judgment (11:20-21); Discipleship (11:29, yoke); Messianic Promise (implicit, John’s question) | Reviewed — no new doctrine beyond those tracked. |
| 12 | Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit (12:22-32); Judgment and End of Age (12:36-42); Son of Man (12:8); Fulfillment of Prophecy (12:17-21); Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees (Sabbath controversy) | High doctrinal density; requires pastoral care framing. |
| 13 | Kingdom of Heaven (parables/mystery); Judgment and End of Age (13:36-43,47-50); Son of Man (13:41); Fulfillment of Prophecy (13:14,35) | Parables discourse. |
| 14 | Worship of Christ (14:33); Deity of Christ; Mercy and Compassion (14:14) | Reviewed — contributes no new terms beyond existing doctrine set (per glossary governance note); still doctrinally load-bearing via worship/deity. |
| 15 | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees (15:1-20); Human Tradition vs. Commandment (15:1-9); Mission to Gentiles (15:21-28); Messianic Promise (15:22, Son of David) | Canaanite woman narrative. |
| 16 | Founding and Authority of the Church (16:13-20); Sonship of Christ (16:16); Son of Man/Judgment Authority (16:27-28); Second Coming (16:27-28); Discipleship/Cost of Following (16:24-26) | Petra/Petros wordplay; highest ecclesiological collision risk in the book. |
| 17 | Sonship of Christ (17:5, Transfiguration); Deity of Christ; Son of Man (17:9,22-23) | Reviewed. |
| 18 | Church Discipline, Binding and Loosing (18:1-20); Forgiveness (18:21-35); Discipleship (cause to stumble, 18:6-9) | Corporate-church-authority chapter, parallel collision risk to ch.16. |
| 19 | Eternal Life (19:16-29); Discipleship and Cost of Following (19:16-30); Kingdom of Heaven (19:14,23-24) | Rich young man narrative. |
| 20 | Ransom and Atonement (20:28); Discipleship and Cost of Following (20:20-28); Grace and Reward (20:1-16, Laborers in the Vineyard); Messianic Promise (20:30-31, Son of David) | Reviewed. |
| 21 | Kingdom of Heaven (21:31,43); Messianic Promise (21:9,15, triumphal entry); Fulfillment of Prophecy (21:4-5) | Reviewed. |
| 22 | Kingdom of Heaven (22:1-14); Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees (greatest commandment, 22:34-40); Messianic Promise (22:41-45) | Reviewed. |
| 23 | Righteousness Exceeding Pharisees (woes, hypocrite language); Fulfillment of Prophecy (23:29-37, prophets); Eternal Punishment and Hell (23:15,33) | Highest concentration of “mapagkunwari” (hypocrite) usage; care needed not to target any single denomination’s devotional forms. |
| 24 | Judgment and End of the Age (24:1-51); Second Coming (24:3,27,30,36-44); Son of Man (24:27-44) | Olivet Discourse. |
| 25 | Judgment and End of the Age (25:1-46); Eternal Punishment and Hell (25:41,46); Eternal Life (25:34,46); Kingdom of Heaven (parables) | Judgment parables. |
| 26 | Lord’s Supper and Passover (26:17-30); Ransom and Atonement (26:26-28); Confession and Denial of Christ (26:69-75); Deity of Christ (26:63-64); Son of Man (26:64) | Passion narrative begins; “Paskuwa”≠“Pasko” mandatory check. |
| 27 | Deity of Christ (27:54); Sonship of Christ (27:40,43,54); Ransom and Atonement (27:32-50, crucifixion) | Crucifixion narrative. |
| 28 | Great Commission (28:16-20); Worship of Christ (28:9,17); Deity of Christ (28:9,17-18); Authority of Jesus’ Teaching (28:18); Resurrection (Romans-baseline term) | Closing commission and resurrection appearances. |
Coverage confirmation: No chapter of Matthew (1–28) is silently omitted. Every chapter maps to at least one doctrine already carried in doctrine_risk_registry.json; none required a new doctrine object beyond the 24 already registered.
This file must be loaded alongside assets/translation_memory.json, assets/bible_term_registry.json, and assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Matthew begins.
Critical Risk Doctrines
Baptism
Filipino name: Binyag
Key terms: baptism, repentance, holy_spirit
Review routing: Human theologian
Folk-Catholic usage strongly associates binyag with infant sacramental baptism understood as itself conferring or removing original sin apart from personal faith. Every occurrence needs a teaching note clarifying that in Matthew, baptism signifies a repentance/faith decision already made; it does not mechanically confer standing apart from that faith.
Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Filipino name: Kalapastanganan sa Espiritu Santo
Key terms: blasphemy_against_holy_spirit, holy_spirit
Review routing: Human theologian
Requires careful pastoral framing in every occurrence to avoid inducing false despair in sincere believers who fear they have committed this sin; must be taught as settled, willful rejection of the Spirit’s witness to Christ, not momentary doubt, and must never be confused with folk-spirit categories already flagged under the Holy Spirit entry.
Church Discipline, Binding, and Loosing
Filipino name: Disiplina ng Iglesia, Mga Susi, at ang Pagtali at Pagkalag
Key terms: church, bind_loose, cause_to_stumble, forgiveness
Review routing: Human theologian
The binding/loosing authority is exercised corporately by the gathered church (18:15-20), not a unique single-office prerogative; given the same papal-authority collision risk documented for ch.16, every occurrence of ‘itali/kalagan’ in this chapter requires the corporate-authority framing to be made explicit.
The Founding and Authority of the Church
Filipino name: Pagtatatag at Awtoridad ng Iglesia
Key terms: church, keys_of_the_kingdom
Review routing: Human theologian
The petra/Petros wordplay and the keys of the kingdom collide directly with Roman Catholic Petrine-primacy and papal-authority iconography (the crossed-keys papal symbol) deeply embedded in Filipino religious culture; mandatory human-theologian teaching note required distinguishing the text’s own meaning from that later doctrinal development at every occurrence.
Deity of Christ
Filipino name: Pagka-Diyos ni Kristo
Key terms: worship, son_of_god, authority, transfigured
Review routing: Human theologian
Already affirmed in Filipino Catholic catechesis, so the risk is devotional dilution through disproportionate attention to Mary or particular saints rather than outright denial; ‘sumamba’ (worship) must remain reserved for God/Christ alone and not read at the same register as image or saint veneration.
Eternal Punishment and Hell
Filipino name: Walang Hanggang Parusa at Impiyerno
Key terms: eternal_punishment, gehenna, hades
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Walang hanggang parusa’ and ‘impiyerno’ must retain everlasting, irreversible, final force; must not be softened into a temporary purificatory state, a meaning that could be wrongly imported from the folk-Catholic purgatory concept, a distinct, non-final category absent from this text.
The Great Commission
Filipino name: Dakilang Pag-uutos
Key terms: make_disciples, baptism, teaching_to_observe, authority, gentiles
Review routing: Human theologian
The Commission’s three participles (make disciples, baptizing, teaching to observe) must be kept as an integrated whole; ‘gawing alagad’ must convey ongoing formation, not a one-time conversion event, and ‘binyagan’ carries the same Critical sacramental-confusion risk documented under the Baptism doctrine.
Judgment and the End of the Age
Filipino name: Paghuhukom at ang Katapusan ng Panahon
Key terms: end_of_the_age, parousia, false_prophets, false_christs, son_of_man
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Katapusan ng panahon’ must not be rendered ‘katapusan ng mundo’ (annihilation of the world/planet); ‘pagparito/pagbabalik’ must convey Christ’s own personal, visible return, not a vague spiritual or symbolic ‘coming’ detached from a literal historical event.
Kingdom of Heaven
Filipino name: Kaharian ng Langit
Key terms: kingdom_of_heaven, kingdom_of_god, blessed, parable, mystery
Review routing: Human theologian
Filipino ‘langit’ carries strong folk-Catholic afterlife-destination weight (‘pupunta sa langit kapag namatay’); every occurrence needs a teaching note clarifying that Kaharian ng Langit names God’s present, active reign breaking into this age through Jesus, synonymous with Kaharian ng Diyos, not merely a postmortem destination reached through merit or sacramental performance.
The Lord’s Supper and the Passover
Filipino name: Hapunan ng Panginoon at ang Paskuwa
Key terms: passover, lords_supper_institution, covenant
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Paskuwa’ must never be rendered ‘Pasko’ (Christmas in Filipino) — a serious lexical collision requiring mandatory review at every occurrence. The institution words (‘this is my body/blood’) sit at a direct collision zone with Roman Catholic transubstantiation doctrine versus Protestant memorial/spiritual-presence views; render literally and flag every occurrence for theologian review.
Ransom and Atonement
Filipino name: Pantubos at ang Kabayaran para sa Kasalanan
Key terms: ransom, crucify, sin
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Pantubos’ must retain the sense of a price paid in substitution, not merely generic ‘help’ or ‘rescue’; Filipino ‘tubos’ (redeeming pawned goods) offers a culturally resonant bridge image, but the doctrinal core — a life given in the place of others — must not be lost in translation.
Son of Man and the Authority of Judgment
Filipino name: Anak ng Tao at ang Awtoridad sa Paghuhukom
Key terms: son_of_man, authority, parousia
Review routing: Human theologian
Ordinary Filipino usage would flatten ‘Anak ng Tao’ to mean simply ‘a human being’; the title must be anchored via teaching note to Daniel 7’s exalted, glorified, judgment-bearing figure at every occurrence, or the doctrine collapses into a statement about Jesus’ mere humanity rather than his divine judgment authority.
Sonship of Christ
Filipino name: Pagka-Anak ni Kristo
Key terms: son_of_god, sons_of_god_plural
Review routing: Human theologian
Christ’s eternal, unique, singular Sonship (Anak ng Diyos) must never blur with believers’ plural, derivative, adoptive sonship (mga anak ng Diyos, 5:9); both terms occur within the same book and must be taught with the distinction explicitly reinforced.
Virgin Birth and the Incarnation
Filipino name: Pagkakatawang-Tao Mula sa Birhen
Key terms: virgin, emmanuel, son_of_god
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Birhen’ overwhelmingly evokes ‘Birhen Maria,’ the Marian devotional title central to Filipino folk Catholicism; without careful framing, focus can shift from the historical, unique event of the virgin conception to broader Marian devotion (paralleling the Romans package’s Santo Niño caution under Incarnation). Emmanuel must likewise be anchored to this historical event, not treated as a detachable honorific.
High Risk Doctrines
The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Filipino name: Awtoridad ng Pagtuturo ni Jesus
Key terms: authority, scribes
Review routing: Human theologian
Awtoridad (exousia) must be kept distinct from kapangyarihan ng Diyos (dynamis theou, raw miraculous power, already High risk in the Romans package); collapsing the two Filipino renderings into one word would blur Jesus’ unique right to teach and command with generic supernatural ability.
The Beatitudes and Kingdom Character
Filipino name: Mga Pagpapala at ang Katangian ng Kaharian
Key terms: blessed, poor_in_spirit, meek, merciful, pure_in_heart, peacemaker
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Mapalad’ must be anchored to God’s declared present favor, not the swerte/fatalistic-luck framing already excluded elsewhere in this Language Package for election and providence; ‘mga dukha sa espiritu’ must not be romanticized into economic poverty as an inherent virtue.
Confession and Denial of Christ
Filipino name: Pagpapahayag at Pagtatatwa kay Kristo
Key terms: confess_deny, lord
Review routing: Human theologian
Uses the same verb family (homologeō) as the Romans-baseline Romans 10:9 salvation confession (‘Si Jesus ay Panginoon’); rendering must remain consistent with that established treatment so the theological weight of public confession is not diluted between the two curricula.
Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Filipino name: Pagpapaalagad at ang Halaga ng Pagsunod
Key terms: disciple, follow, take_up_cross, deny_himself, persecuted, yoke
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Pasanin ang kanyang krus’ and ‘itakwil ang kanyang sarili’ must not be softened into metaphors for generic life hardship or self-help; both statements require willing, costly, personal allegiance to Christ to remain intact in translation.
Eternal Life
Filipino name: Buhay na Walang Hanggan
Key terms: eternal_life, inherit, follow
Review routing: Human theologian
Must be kept distinct from a merit-based ‘earning eternal life through good deeds/rule-keeping’ reading that the rich young man narrative (19:16-26) itself corrects; entry is through following Christ, reoriented away from rule-keeping alone.
Forgiveness
Filipino name: Kapatawaran
Key terms: forgiveness, sin
Review routing: Human theologian
Must be distinguished from a folk-Catholic understanding of forgiveness as primarily a sacramental transaction (absolution granted through confession) rather than a relational reality flowing from having received God’s mercy — the same distinction the Romans package already makes for grace.
Grace and Reward
Filipino name: Biyaya at Gantimpala
Key terms: grace, reward
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Gantimpala’ carries strong merit/earning connotations in ordinary Filipino usage; every occurrence needs a teaching note distinguishing this gracious eschatological reward, granted to those already kingdom members, from a wage earned to establish standing with God — reinforcing the grace-vs-utang-na-loob distinction already established in the Romans package via the Laborers in the Vineyard parable.
Jesus as Promised Messiah and Son of David
Filipino name: Pangako ng Mesiyas bilang Anak ni David
Key terms: christ_messiah, son_of_david, genealogy, fulfilled
Review routing: Human theologian
Filipino Catholic tradition has no rival messianic figure, so the primary teaching task is connecting Anak ni David/Mesiyas back to its OT covenant roots; risk is chiefly that ‘Anak ni David’ could be flattened into mere physical descent (already distinguished in the Romans package as ‘lahi ni David’) rather than a royal-confessional title.
Repentance
Filipino name: Pagsisisi
Key terms: repentance, baptism
Review routing: Human theologian
Metanoia (pagsisisi) must be distinguished from the folk-Catholic sacramental confession (kumpisal), which some regard as itself the mechanism producing forgiveness; here it is the inward turning that true confession and faith express, preceding and distinct from the ritual act of baptism.
Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Filipino name: Katuwiran na Higit sa mga Pariseo
Key terms: righteousness, hypocrite, pure_in_heart, perfect, greatest_commandment
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Higit na katuwiran’ must not be read as merely stricter rule-keeping; the antithesis section (5:21-48) and the woes of ch.23 show this is heart-level righteousness exceeding outward legal compliance, and ‘mapagkunwari’ (hypocrite) must critique performative religiosity broadly without appearing to single out any one Filipino denomination’s devotional forms.
The Second Coming
Filipino name: Ikalawang Pagparito ni Kristo
Key terms: parousia, son_of_man, end_of_the_age
Review routing: Human theologian
Must be taught as Christ’s own personal, visible, future return, not a vague future improvement of circumstances or a purely inward/spiritual ‘coming’ that lacks a definite historical event.
Human Tradition versus God’s Commandment
Filipino name: Tradisyon Laban sa Utos ng Diyos
Key terms: tradition, commandment, hypocrite
Review routing: Human theologian
Directly parallel to the Inspiration-of-Scripture doctrine’s Scripture-vs-tradition distinction already flagged in the Romans package; this passage gives Matthew’s own version of that same distinction and requires cross-referencing in teaching materials for a majority-Catholic context where Church tradition carries significant weight.
Worship of Christ
Filipino name: Pagsamba kay Kristo
Key terms: worship, son_of_god, deity_of_christ
Review routing: Human theologian
‘Sumamba’ must be reserved for worship of God/Christ alone and must not be diluted into the same devotional register as reverence customarily shown to images, the saints, or Mary in Filipino folk-Catholic practice.
Medium Risk Doctrines
Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Filipino name: Katuparan ng Propesiya ng Lumang Tipan
Key terms: fulfilled, prophet, prophecy, magi
Review routing: Native speaker review
Linear, one-time historical fulfillment (OT to NT), comparatively low syncretism risk in the Filipino context; the Magi narrative (ch.2) does require correction against the popular ‘Tatlong Hari’ tradition, which adds royal-kingship and a fixed number of three absent from the Greek text.
Mercy and Compassion
Filipino name: Awa at Habag
Key terms: merciful, compassion
Review routing: Native speaker review
Active compassion shown in concrete acts; low syncretism risk, though teaching should clarify this is not merit-earning reciprocity, avoiding drift toward the utang-na-loob framing already excluded for grace.
Mission to the Gentiles and Unity of the Nations
Filipino name: Misyon sa mga Hentil at Pagkakaisa
Key terms: gentiles, mission, magi, make_disciples
Review routing: Native speaker review
The gospel’s scope extends beyond Israel to all nations from the Magi’s visit (ch.2) through the Great Commission (28:19); comparatively lower syncretism risk in the Filipino context than in this Language Package’s Muslim-majority or Buddhist-majority destination contexts, but denominational sensitivities within Philippine Christianity still warrant native-speaker review.
Referenced passages