Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Ephesians | English → Filipino
This glossary combines (A) baseline Romans translation_memory.json terms that recur load-bearingly in Ephesians, reused exactly per the hard rule of this pipeline, and (B) new terms first requiring definition for the Ephesians curriculum. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low) and drive the same Phase 2 review routing (theologian / native speaker / automated).
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Romans Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Reused Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Mabuting Balita | Gospel | Medium | Eph 1:13, 3:6, 6:15, 6:19 |
| grace | biyaya | Salvation by Grace through Faith | High | Central term of core passage (Eph 2:5-8); never utang na loob |
| faith | pananampalataya | Salvation by Grace through Faith | Medium/High | Eph 2:8, 4:5, 4:13, 6:16; object is always Christ |
| righteousness | katuwiran | Household Codes / Armor of God | High | Eph 4:24, 5:9, 6:14 (breastplate) |
| justification | pagpapawalang-sala | Salvation by Grace through Faith | High | Doctrinal background for Eph 2:1-10 though the specific compound noun is not repeated verbatim in Ephesians |
| salvation | kaligtasan | Salvation by Grace through Faith | Critical | Eph 1:13, 2:5, 2:8, 6:17 (helmet); every occurrence needs the faith-not-ritual teaching note |
| apostle | apostol | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Medium | Eph 2:20, 3:5, 4:11 |
| called / calling | tinawag / pagkatawag | Election and Predestination in Christ | High | Eph 1:18, 4:1, 4:4 |
| holy | banal | Church as the Body of Christ | High | Eph 1:4, 5:27 |
| saints | mga banal | Church as the Body of Christ | Critical | Eph 1:1, 1:15, 1:18, 3:8, 3:18, 4:12, 5:3, 6:18; teaching note required every occurrence |
| sanctification | pagpapabanal | Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships | Medium | Background doctrine for Eph 5:26 |
| adoption | pag-ampon | Election and Predestination in Christ | Medium | Eph 1:5 (υἱοθεσία) |
| lord | Panginoon | Church as the Body of Christ | High | Eph 1:2-3, 4:1, 4:5, 5:22, 6:1-9 |
| son_of_god / christ | Kristo | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | Critical | ”Christ” as name/title occurs over 45 times in Ephesians; use Kristo per established transliteration standard consistently |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | Election and Predestination in Christ | Medium/High | Eph 1:6, 1:12, 1:14, 1:18, 3:16, 3:21 |
| peace | kapayapaan | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Medium | Eph 2:14-17, 4:3, 6:15, 6:23 |
| spiritual_gifts | kaloob na espirituwal | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Medium | Eph 4:7-12 |
| thanksgiving | pasasalamat | Walking in Newness of Life | Low | Eph 1:16, 5:4, 5:20 |
| fellowship | pagsasamahan | Church as the Body of Christ | Low | Background for Eph 4:3-16 |
| church | iglesia | Church as the Body of Christ | Medium | Eph 1:22, 3:10, 3:21, 5:23-32; prefer over simbahan |
| kingdom_of_god | Kaharian ng Diyos | Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships | Medium | Eph 5:5 |
| sin | kasalanan | Salvation by Grace through Faith | Medium | Eph 2:1 |
| gentiles | mga Hentil | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Medium | Eph 2:11, 3:1, 3:6, 3:8 |
| election | pagkahirang | Election and Predestination in Christ | High | Eph 1:4 (ἐξελέξατο) |
| covenant | tipan | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Medium | Eph 2:12 |
| power_of_god | kapangyarihan ng Diyos | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | High | Eph 1:19, 3:20, 6:10; never anting-anting |
| father | Ama | Election and Predestination in Christ | High | Eph 1:2-3, 1:17, 2:18, 3:14, 4:6, 5:20, 6:2-4 |
| god | Diyos | Election and Predestination in Christ | High | throughout; never Bathala |
| holy_spirit | Espiritu Santo | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | High | Eph 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:5, 3:16, 4:3, 4:30, 5:18, 6:17-18; never anito/bare kaluluwa |
| jesus | Jesus | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | High | throughout |
| exhort | pasiglahin | Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships | Low | Background for Eph 4:1, 6:22 |
| lordship of Christ | (see lord) | Church as the Body of Christ | High | Eph 1:2-3, 4:1, 5:22 |
| mission | misyon | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Medium | Background for Eph 3:7-9, 6:19-20 |
B. New Terms Introduced by Ephesians (Proposed for Translation Memory Extension)
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Rationale / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| predestined / predestination | προορίζω / προορίσας | proorizō / proorisas | itinalaga na noon pa man | Election and Predestination in Christ | High | New term; risk of collision with fatalistic tadhana/kapalaran (fate). Rejected: bare tadhana, kapalaran — both impersonal-fate framings, same rejection logic as baseline election. |
| mystery | μυστήριον | mystērion | hiwaga | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | Critical | Established Filipino Bible term, but Filipino folk usage of “mahiwaga” strongly connotes the occult/magical/unexplainable — the opposite of Paul’s “now revealed” sense. Every occurrence requires a teaching note that this is a disclosed, not a hidden or magical, truth. No viable alternative rendering exists in current Filipino Bible tradition; retained with mandatory contextual framing rather than substituted. |
| redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις | apolytrōsis | pagtubos | Salvation by Grace through Faith | High | Established term (ransom/buy-back); must retain the “price paid” sense, not flattened to generic “rescue.” |
| forgiveness | ἄφεσις | aphesis | kapatawaran | Salvation by Grace through Faith | High | Risk of collapse into mechanical sacramental confession (kumpisal) apart from faith, parallel to baseline salvation concern. |
| inheritance | κληρονομία | klēronomia | mana | Election and Predestination in Christ | Medium | Comparatively low risk; note that this inheritance is secured by grace, not family merit as in ordinary Filipino inheritance custom. |
| sealed (with the Spirit) | σφραγίζω | sphragizō | tinatakan / tatak | The Mystery of Christ Revealed | High | Risk of conflation with the separate sacramental rite of Confirmation (“tatak ng Espiritu Santo”) in Filipino Catholic catechesis; must be taught as the Spirit’s presence given at the moment of faith. |
| guarantee / down payment | ἀρραβών | arrabōn | katibayan | Election and Predestination in Christ | Medium | Should retain personal (the Spirit himself) not merely legal/commercial guarantee sense. |
| body (of Christ) | σῶμα | sōma | katawan | Church as the Body of Christ | High | Must be taught as organic, living union with Christ (the Head), not a bare institutional metaphor. Paired with iglesia (not simbahan) per baseline convention. |
| fullness | πλήρωμα | plērōma | kaganapan | The Mystery of Christ Revealed / Church as the Body of Christ | High | Risk of vague abstraction or pantheistic-sounding “filled with God’s substance” misreading; must be taught relationally. |
| head (headship) | κεφαλή | kephalē | ulo | Church as the Body of Christ / Household Codes | Critical | Dual application (Christ over church, 1:22, 5:23; husband over wife, 5:23) — the household-code sense is the single highest-risk term in the book; MUST always be taught with the self-sacrificial, servant-love content of 5:25-29 as its defining content, never as unilateral authority. |
| one new man/humanity | εἷς καινὸς ἄνθρωπος | heis kainos anthrōpos | isang bagong sangkatauhan | Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity | High | Must be distinguished from mere social reconciliation rhetoric; a genuinely new spiritual creation, not a merger of two old identities. |
| dividing wall | μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ | mesotoichon tou phragmou | nakahahating pader | Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity | Medium | Culturally transparent image; risk is mainly ensuring it is taught as an accomplished, once-for-all reality. |
| reconciliation | ἀποκαταλλάσσω / καταλλαγή | apokatallaxē / katallagē | pagkakasundo / pagbabalik-loob sa Diyos | Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity | High | Filipino usage defaults to interpersonal reconciliation only; must retain both vertical (God) and horizontal (Jew-Gentile) dimensions together. |
| temple (of believers) | ναός | naos | templo | Church as the Body of Christ | High | Must be distinguished from a physical church building (simbahan); the temple is the people, God’s dwelling place. |
| access | προσαγωγή | prosagōgē | pagpapasok / pagdulog | Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity | Medium/High | Should be taught alongside baseline pamamagitan (Critical) — access to God is direct, through Christ, not through additional intercessory figures. |
| evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής | euangelistēs | ebanghelista | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Low/Medium | Established loanword, low ambiguity risk. |
| pastor / shepherd | ποιμήν | poimēn | pastor | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Low/Medium | Standard Filipino Protestant usage. |
| teacher | διδάσκαλος | didaskalos | guro / tagapagturo | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Low | Standard term. |
| equipping | καταρτισμός | katartismos | paghahanda / pagsasakdal | Gifts for Building Up the Church | Medium | Emphasis: every believer, not clergy alone, is equipped for ministry. |
| baptism | βάπτισμα | baptisma | binyag | Gifts for Building Up the Church (unity list) | High | Risk of mechanical sacramental-regeneration reading (infant baptism as automatically saving), parallel to baseline salvation concern; taught as sign/identity-marker of the one shared faith. |
| old self / new self | παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος / καινὸς ἄνθρωπος | palaios anthrōpos / kainos anthrōpos | lumang pagkatao / bagong pagkatao | Walking in Newness of Life | High | Must be taught as a decisive, once-for-all identity shift in union with Christ, not gradual moral self-improvement. |
| grieve the Spirit | λυπεῖτε τὸ Πνεῦμα | lypeite to Pneuma | huwag palungkutin ang Espiritu Santo | Walking in Newness of Life | High | Only intelligible if the Spirit is consistently taught as a personal divine Person (per baseline holy_spirit), not an impersonal force. |
| be filled with the Spirit | πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι | plērousthe en Pneumati | mapuspos ng Espiritu Santo | Walking in Newness of Life | High | Must retain ongoing, continuous-filling sense; distinguish from folk-spiritist trance/possession phenomena. |
| submission (household) | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | pagpapasakop / pasakop | Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships | Critical | Highest-sensitivity term in the book given Filipino patriarchal/machismo cultural patterns and domestic-abuse concerns. Must always be taught beginning from the mutual submission of 5:21, paired inseparably with the husband’s call to sacrificial love (5:25), never cited in isolation to justify unilateral authority or abuse. |
| great mystery (marriage) | μυστήριον μέγα | mystērion mega | dakilang hiwaga | The Mystery of Christ Revealed / Household Codes | Critical | Compounds the hiwaga occult-connotation risk with the household-submission risk; requires the most explicit teaching note in the curriculum. |
| washing of water | λουτρὸν τοῦ ὕδατος | loutron tou hydatos | paghuhugas ng tubig | Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships | High | Parallel to binyag concern — not the ritual act itself accomplishing cleansing apart from the word/gospel received by faith. |
| slaves / masters | δοῦλοι / κύριοι | douloi / kyrioi | mga alipin / mga panginoon | Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships | High | Requires historical contextualization; must not be read as endorsing chattel slavery nor applied without qualification to modern Filipino domestic-worker (kasambahay) or overseas-employer relationships. |
| armor of God | πανοπλία τοῦ Θεοῦ | panoplia tou Theou | buong sandata ng Diyos | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | High | Risk of resonance with folk-Catholic/animist protective-charm practices (anting-anting, agimat); must be taught as active faith-reliance on God’s provision, not a magical object. |
| rulers, authorities, cosmic powers, spiritual forces of evil | ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, κοσμοκράτορες, πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας | archai, exousiai, kosmokratores, pneumatika tēs ponērias | mga pinuno, mga awtoridad, mga makapangyarihan ng kadilimang ito, masasamang espiritu | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | Critical | Highest folk-religious collision risk in the book: Philippine engkanto/aswang/spirit-medium substrate and common counter-ritual practices (pangkukulam counter-charms, faith-healers). Must be taught as real but already-defeated powers resisted only through God’s armor and prayer, never through folk-spiritist counter-rituals. |
| sword of the Spirit / word of God | μάχαιρα τοῦ Πνεύματος / ῥῆμα Θεοῦ | machaira tou Pneumatos / rhēma Theou | tabak/espada ng Espiritu / salita ng Diyos | Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God | High | Must retain explicit identification of the “sword” with Scripture/the gospel word, not a generic symbolic weapon. |
| walk (habitual conduct) | περιπατέω | peripateō | namuhay / lumakad | Walking in Newness of Life | Medium | Cross-book motif (2:2, 2:10, 4:1, 4:17, 5:2, 5:8, 5:15); must be rendered consistently across every occurrence to preserve the book’s negative-to-positive “walk” thread. |
Risk Summary (Ephesians-Specific New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (mystery, head/headship, submission, great mystery, cosmic powers) | Human theologian review |
| High | 15 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 6 | Native speaker review |
| Low/Medium | 3 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 0 standalone (all Low items above are paired Low/Medium) | — |
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Section A terms are reused exactly as recorded in the baseline. Section B terms are proposed new entries pending formal addition to translation memory in a subsequent Phase 1/2 step, with risk tiers assigned using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and review-routing logic established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Christ Title
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: kristo
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Sonship of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW for this curriculum. Christos used primarily as Christ’s proper name/title, occurring 45+ times, overwhelmingly in the book’s controlling phrase ‘in Christ’ (en Christō). Established Filipino transliteration Kristo used consistently; never treated as one of several religious teachers or avatars.
Cosmic Powers
Approved rendering: mga makapangyarihan ng kadilimang ito
Transliteration: mga makapangyarihan ng kadilimang ito
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, κοσμοκράτορες τοῦ σκότους, πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 6:12 (archai, exousiai, kosmokratores tou skotous, pneumatika tēs ponērias). MAJOR RISK: the Philippines’ folk-Catholic and indigenous animist substrate (engkanto, aswang, multo, spirit-mediums, pangkukulam counter-charms, faith-healers) means this list can be absorbed into an existing spirit-taxonomy answered by ritual appeasement or counter-magic. Every occurrence requires a teaching note: real but already-defeated powers, resisted only through God’s armor and prayer, never folk-spiritist counter-ritual.
Gift Of Salvation
Approved rendering: kaloob
Transliteration: kaloob
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: regalo, utang na loob
Original: δῶρον
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:8 (dōron). Kaloob preferred over regalo to align with the established kaloob-na-espirituwal ‘freely given, unearned’ semantic field. Must never be rendered with language implying reciprocal debt.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: diyos
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout; never Bathala (pre-colonial Tagalog supreme-being concept with a different cosmological framework).
Great Mystery Marriage
Approved rendering: dakilang hiwaga
Transliteration: dakilang hiwaga
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed / Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: μυστήριον μέγα
Category: Household Codes
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 5:32 (mystērion mega). Compounds the hiwaga occult-connotation risk with the household-submission risk; requires the most explicit teaching note in the curriculum that this is a revealed truth about Christ and the church, illustrated by marriage, not marriage itself becoming a source of mystical power. Do not import Catholic-edition footnote linkage to the sacrament of Matrimony.
Headship
Approved rendering: ulo
Transliteration: ulo
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ / Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Household Codes
NEW for this curriculum. Dual-application term (Christ over church, 1:22, 4:15, 5:23a; husband over wife, 5:23b): given entrenched Filipino patriarchal/machismo authority patterns and domestic-abuse concerns, the household-code application must always be taught with the self-sacrificial, servant-love content of 5:25-29 as its defining content, never unilateral authority. Doctrine-tag each occurrence to distinguish which application is active.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: espiritu santo
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed / Walking in Newness of Life
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:5, 3:16, 4:3, 4:30 (grieved), 5:18 (filled with), 6:17-18. Never anito or bare kaluluwa. The personal-grief language of 4:30 depends on the Spirit being consistently taught as a personal divine Person, not an impersonal force.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Inherited from Romans package. Not a repeated Ephesians phrase but essential background doctrine for 2:8-10’s grace-faith-not-works-but-for-good-works sequence and for 6:14’s breastplate of righteousness. Righteousness credited, not earned.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pamamagitan
Transliteration: pamamagitan
Doctrine: Prayer and Direct Access to God
Original: προσευχή / δέησις / προσαγωγή (access, related concept)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: background for Eph 2:18, 3:12, 6:18. Must be taught alongside access_to_god (pagdulog) to reinforce that believers approach God directly through Christ, not through Mary or the saints.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: jesus
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout, frequently in the phrase Christō Iēsou (‘in Christ Jesus’). Protestant spelling per baseline register.
Justification
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. The compound noun is not repeated verbatim in Ephesians but is the doctrinal background for the grace-faith-not-works sequence of 2:1-10.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:2-3, 4:1, 4:5, 5:22, 6:1-9 (‘as to the Lord’) — anchors the motive clause throughout the household codes. Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints, especially where cited to ground submission and obedience.
Mystery
Approved rendering: hiwaga
Transliteration: hiwaga
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Christology
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32 (dakilang hiwaga). MAJOR RISK: ordinary Filipino usage of mahiwaga/hiwaga connotes the occult, magical, or supernaturally unexplainable — the opposite of Paul’s sense of a truth previously hidden but now disclosed. No viable substitute exists in current Filipino Bible tradition. Every occurrence requires an explicit ‘ipinahayag na’ (now revealed) qualifier and teaching note.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ (Union with Christ)
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:20 (God raised Christ from the dead); underlies 2:6’s synēgeiren (‘raised together with Christ’). Never render with a term for reincarnation or a repeatable cycle.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith / Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 4:24, 5:9, 6:14 (breastplate of righteousness). At 6:14 teach as Christ’s credited righteousness worn as protection, not self-achieved moral armor; connect to imputed_righteousness.
Saints
Approved rendering: mga banal
Transliteration: mga banal
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ (Sainthood)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: eight occurrences (Eph 1:1, 1:15, 1:18, 3:8, 3:18, 4:12, 5:3, 6:18), the highest frequency of any Critical-risk term in this book. Every occurrence needs a teaching note that Ephesians applies this word to every believer, not an elite canonized class venerated with feast days, images, and novenas.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Eph 1:13, 2:5, 2:8 (perfect tense: completed, secure status, ‘naligtas na kayo’), 6:17 (helmet of salvation). Every occurrence needs a teaching note that salvation is received by faith in Christ’s finished work, not mechanically secured by sacramental performance.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 4:13 (‘knowledge of the Son of God’). Must not read as metaphorical or adoptive sonship, nor be devotionally diluted.
Submission
Approved rendering: pasakop
Transliteration: pasakop
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Household Codes
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 5:21-24 (hypotassō). MAJOR RISK: readily maps onto entrenched Filipino patriarchal/machismo authority patterns; given serious contemporary concern about domestic abuse, every occurrence must be taught beginning from the mutual submission of 5:21, paired inseparably with the husband’s call to sacrificial love (5:25), never cited in isolation to justify unilateral authority or abuse.
High Risk Terms
Access To God
Approved rendering: pagdulog
Transliteration: pagdulog
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity / Prayer and Direct Access to God
Original: προσαγωγή
Category: Unity
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:18, 3:12 (prosagōgē). Must be taught alongside pamamagitan (Critical) to reinforce that access to God is direct, through Christ alone, not mediated through additional intercessory figures.
Adoption
Approved rendering: pag-ampon
Transliteration: pag-ampon
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:5 (huiothesia). Filipino adoption custom is culturally well understood; emphasis needed is that this sonship, secured by predestination and grace rather than family merit, is full and permanent.
Armor Of God
Approved rendering: buong sandata ng Diyos
Transliteration: buong sandata ng diyos
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting, agimat
Original: πανοπλία τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 6:11, 6:13 (panoplia tou Theou). ‘Sandata’ language applied to spiritual protection risks resonance with Filipino folk-Catholic/animist protective-charm practices; must be taught as active, ongoing reliance on God’s own provision received by faith, never a magical object of power.
Baptism
Approved rendering: binyag
Transliteration: binyag
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ (Unity of the Church)
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Church
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:5 (sevenfold unity list). Risk of a mechanical sacramental-regeneration reading (infant baptism as itself conferring salvation/membership); taught as the sign/identity-marker of the one shared faith, not a rite that saves apart from faith.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: katawan
Transliteration: katawan
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα
Category: Church
NEW for this curriculum (metaphorical sense). Eph 1:23, 3:6, 4:4, 4:12, 4:16, 5:23, 5:30. Must be taught as organic, living union with Christ the Head, not a bare institutional metaphor; pairs with iglesia (not simbahan).
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις (verbal use)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 4:1 applies the term to an ongoing manner of life (‘walk worthy of the calling to which you were called’), not only a past event.
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:18, 4:1, 4:4. Must convey a sovereign summons, not swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate).
Children Of Wrath
Approved rendering: mga anak ng poot sa likas na pagkatao
Transliteration: mga anak ng poot sa likas na pagkatao
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith (Universal Human Accountability)
Original: τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς
Category: Sin
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:3 (tekna physei orgēs). Must retain ‘by nature’ (inherent, not exceptional) against any reading exempting the religiously devout or sacramentally observant.
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:12 (‘covenants of promise’), from which Gentiles were formerly excluded, now included in Christ.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλέγομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:4 (‘he chose us in him before the foundation of the world’). Risk elevated to High for this curriculum because it now pairs directly with the new predestination term; must not be rendered with swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate).
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:8 (instrument, not ground, of salvation), 4:5, 4:13, 6:16 (shield of faith). Object of faith always Christ.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: ama
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:2-3, 1:17, 2:18, 3:14, 4:6, 5:20, 6:2-4. Keep distinct from Padre (Catholic priest title) and ancestor-veneration petitions.
Filled With Spirit
Approved rendering: mapuspos ng Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: mapuspos ng espiritu santo
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι
Category: Sanctification
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 5:18 (plērousthe en Pneumati). Must retain the ongoing, continuous-filling present-tense sense; distinguish from ecstatic trance/possession phenomena in folk-spiritist practice.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: kapatawaran
Transliteration: kapatawaran
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith (Redemption and Forgiveness)
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:7 (aphesis). Risk that Filipino confession culture (kumpisal) frames forgiveness as a mechanically dispensed sacramental outcome; needs the same faith-received framing as kaligtasan.
Fullness
Approved rendering: kaganapan
Transliteration: kaganapan
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ / The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: πλήρωμα
Category: Church
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:23, 3:19, 4:13 (plērōma). Must not be flattened into vague abstraction or a pantheistic-sounding ‘filled with God’s substance’ misreading; taught relationally — the church displays, not supplies, Christ’s fullness.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ / Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:6, 1:12, 1:14, 1:18, 3:16, 3:21 (doxology).
Good Works
Approved rendering: mga gawang mabuti
Transliteration: mga gawang mabuti
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith / Walking in Newness of Life
Original: ἔργα / ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:10 (erga agatha), distinguished from mga gawa (v.9, excluded ground of salvation). Teaching note required so ‘not by works… for good works’ is not read as self-contradictory: good works are fruit, never root.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel (supports Salvation by Grace through Faith)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:13, 3:6, 6:15, 6:19. Must convey an authoritative announcement, not generic good news.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Central term of the core passage (Eph 2:5, 2:7, 2:8). Never utang na loob. The 2:8-9 grace-vs-works contrast is the curriculum’s thesis statement and intensifies the reciprocal-debt risk documented in baseline.
Grieve The Spirit
Approved rendering: huwag palungkutin ang Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: huwag palungkutin ang espiritu santo
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: λυπεῖτε τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:30 (lypeite to Pneuma). Only intelligible if the Spirit is consistently taught as a personal divine Person, not an impersonal force (anito/kaluluwa).
Heavenly Places
Approved rendering: makalangit na dako
Transliteration: makalangit na dako
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ / Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: ἐπουράνια
Category: Church
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:3, 1:20, 2:6, 3:10, 6:12 (epourania). Must be understood as the unseen spiritual realm, not merely ‘heaven’ as final destination, to keep its spiritual-warfare sense in 6:12 coherent.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ (Sainthood)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:4 (chosen to be holy), 5:27 (church presented holy).
Made Alive With Christ
Approved rendering: kasamang binuhay kay Kristo
Transliteration: kasamang binuhay kay kristo
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith / Christian Identity in Christ
Original: συζωοποιέω
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:5 (synzōopoieō). Must retain the ‘together with’ (syn-) union-with-Christ sense, not a generic revival or self-help renewal.
Old Self New Self
Approved rendering: lumang pagkatao / bagong pagkatao
Transliteration: lumang pagkatao / bagong pagkatao
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος / καινὸς (νέος) ἄνθρωπος
Category: Sanctification
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:22-24. Must be taught as a decisive, once-for-all identity shift in union with Christ, echoing 2:1-10’s death/life contrast, not gradual moral self-improvement or ‘turning over a new leaf.‘
One New Humanity
Approved rendering: isang bagong sangkatauhan
Transliteration: isang bagong sangkatauhan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: εἷς καινὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Unity
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:15 (heis kainos anthrōpos). Must be distinguished from mere ethnic/social reconciliation rhetoric; this is a genuinely new spiritual creation, not a merger of two old identities.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng diyos
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ / κράτος τῆς ἰσχύος
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:19-20, 3:20, 6:10 (‘be strong in the Lord and in the strength of his might’). Never anting-anting; risk compounds with ch.6 Spiritual Warfare doctrine.
Predestination
Approved rendering: itinalaga na noon pa man
Transliteration: itinalaga na noon pa man
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: tadhana, kapalaran
Original: προορίζω
Category: Election
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:5, 1:11 (proorizō — God’s prior determination that the elect would be adopted as sons). Constructed compound phrase deliberately avoids landing on a single existing word already carrying fatalistic freight. Diyos must always be the explicit stated grammatical subject; never left implicit, to prevent an impersonal-fate reading.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: pagkakasundo
Transliteration: pagkakasundo
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: ἀποκαταλλάσσω / καταλλαγή
Category: Unity
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:16 (apokatallaxē/katallagē). Filipino usage defaults to interpersonal reconciliation only; teaching must retain both the godward and the Jew-Gentile horizontal dimensions together, e.g. by pairing with an explicit ‘sa Diyos’ clause.
Redemption
Approved rendering: pagtubos
Transliteration: pagtubos
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith (Redemption and Forgiveness)
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:7 (apolytrōsis). Established Filipino Bible ransom-redemption term; must retain the ‘price paid’ sense, not flattened to generic rescue.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: ἁγιασμός (cognate ἁγιάζω, ἁγία)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Background doctrine for Eph 5:26 (Christ sanctifying the church through the washing of water with the word).
Sealed With Spirit
Approved rendering: tinatakan
Transliteration: tinatakan
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ (Sealing and Guarantee of the Spirit)
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Election
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:13, 4:30 (sphragizō). Risk of conflation with the sacramental rite of Confirmation (‘tatak ng Espiritu Santo’) in Filipino Catholic catechesis; must be taught as the Spirit’s presence given at the moment of faith, not a later added rite.
Seated With Christ
Approved rendering: kasamang pinaupo kay Kristo
Transliteration: kasamang pinaupo kay kristo
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith / Assurance of Salvation
Original: συγκαθίζω
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:6 (synkathizō). Grounds Assurance of Salvation, extended into Ephesians’ ‘heavenly places’ language; must convey a present, secured reality, not a future-only promise.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith (Universal Human Accountability)
Original: ἁμαρτία / παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:1 (trespasses and sins). Anchor to relational offense, not a purely confessional category apart from repentance and faith.
Slaves Masters
Approved rendering: mga alipin / mga panginoon
Transliteration: mga alipin / mga panginoon
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: δοῦλοι / κύριοι κατὰ σάρκα
Category: Household Codes
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 6:5-9 (douloi/kyrioi kata sarka). Requires explicit historical contextualization of the first-century bondservant institution so the passage is not read as endorsing chattel slavery nor applied without qualification to modern kasambahay (domestic worker) or overseas-employer relationships.
Spiritually Dead
Approved rendering: patay sa mga kasalanan
Transliteration: patay sa mga kasalanan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith (Universal Human Accountability)
Original: νεκρούς
Category: Sin
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:1, 2:5 (nekrous). Filipino ‘patay’ risks being read only physically; must be framed as total spiritual inability, not partial weakness, so grace in 2:4-8 is not diminished to ‘help for the struggling.‘
Sword Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: espada ng Espiritu
Transliteration: espada ng espiritu
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: μάχαιρα τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα Θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 6:17 (machaira tou Pneumatos, ho estin rhēma Theou). Must retain the explicit identification of the sword with Scripture/the gospel word (‘salita ng Diyos’), not a generic symbolic weapon; must not be confused with physical amulet-weapons in folk practice.
Temple Of Believers
Approved rendering: templo
Transliteration: templo
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: ναός
Category: Church
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:21 (naos). Must be distinguished from a physical church building (simbahan); the temple is the people, God’s dwelling place in the Spirit.
Washing Of Water
Approved rendering: paghuhugas ng tubig
Transliteration: paghuhugas ng tubig
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: λουτρὸν τοῦ ὕδατος
Category: Household Codes
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 5:26 (loutron tou hydatos). Parallel to the baptisma concern — must not be read as the ritual act itself accomplishing cleansing apart from ‘the word’ (the gospel received by faith) which the verse pairs it with.
Workmanship
Approved rendering: likha ng Diyos
Transliteration: likha ng diyos
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: ποίημα
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:10 (poiēma). Must not be confused with mga gawa (v.9, works as merit, excluded); this is God’s creative act upon the believer, the deliberate reversal of v.9.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: poot
Transliteration: poot
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: ὀργή
Category: God
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:3, 5:6 (orgē). Must be kept as God’s righteous judicial anger, not human-style temper, and must not be minimized given the following ‘but God’ contrast in 2:4.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:20 (foundation), 3:5, 4:11 (gift to the church).
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:22, 3:10, 3:21, 5:23-32. Prefer iglesia over simbahan (physical building). See 12_ai_translation_requirements.md for the required Iglesia ni Cristo institutional-name disambiguation note.
Dividing Wall
Approved rendering: nakahahating pader
Transliteration: nakahahating pader
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ
Category: Unity
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 2:14 (mesotoichon tou phragmou). Culturally transparent image; teach as an accomplished, once-for-all theological reality, not merely social-harmony advice.
Equipping
Approved rendering: paghahanda
Transliteration: paghahanda
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: καταρτισμός
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:12 (katartismos). Teaching emphasis: every believer, not clergy alone, is equipped for ministry, given Filipino clergy-centered devotional patterns.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: mga Hentil
Transliteration: mga hentil
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:11, 3:1, 3:6, 3:8.
Guarantee Deposit
Approved rendering: katibayan
Transliteration: katibayan
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Election
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:14 (arrabōn). Should retain the personal sense (the Spirit himself), not merely a commercial/legal guarantee.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: mana
Transliteration: mana
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Election
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 1:11, 1:14, 1:18, 5:5. Must be taught as secured by grace, not family merit/bloodline as in ordinary Filipino inheritance custom.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:12 (‘excluded from the commonwealth of Israel’), the former exclusion now reversed in Christ.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: kaharian ng diyos
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ Θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 5:5 (no inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God for the unrepentant).
Mission
Approved rendering: misyon
Transliteration: misyon
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church (Christ-Centered Ministry and Mission)
Original: οἰκονομία τῆς χάριτος / πρεσβεύω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Background for Eph 3:7-9 (Paul’s stewardship of grace to the Gentiles) and 6:19-20 (ambassador in chains).
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:14-17 (Christ himself is our peace, between Jew and Gentile and with God), 4:3, 6:15, 6:23.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: kaloob na espirituwal
Transliteration: kaloob na espirituwal
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: χαρίσματα / δόματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 4:7-12, here specified as gifted people (apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, teachers), not abstract abilities. Never anting-anting.
Walk Conduct
Approved rendering: namuhay
Transliteration: namuhay
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: περιπατέω
Category: Sanctification
NEW for this curriculum. Cross-book motif (peripateō) at Eph 2:2, 2:10, 4:1, 4:17, 5:2, 5:8, 5:15. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence (namuhay preferred; lumakad acceptable only in literal motion-adjacent contexts) so the negative-to-positive ‘walk’ thread remains traceable across curriculum lessons.
Low Risk Terms
Evangelist
Approved rendering: ebanghelista
Transliteration: ebanghelista
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:11. Established loanword consistent with the Mabuting Balita root.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Background for Eph 4:1, 6:22.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Background for Eph 4:3-16’s body-unity imagery.
Pastor Shepherd
Approved rendering: pastor
Transliteration: pastor
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: ποιμήν
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:11. Standard Filipino Protestant usage.
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 2:20 (apostles and prophets as foundation), 3:5, 4:11.
Teacher
Approved rendering: guro
Transliteration: guro
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. Eph 4:11 (tagapagturo acceptable synonym).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pasasalamat
Transliteration: pasasalamat
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life (Thanksgiving and Praise)
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Eph 1:16, 5:4, 5:20.
Referenced passages