Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Peter
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across all three chapters of 2 Peter, including the verse-by-verse core passage (1:16-21). Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE] and MUST be reused exactly as recorded there — no alternative rendering is permitted. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for entry into an updated translation memory for 2 Peter, pending confirmation in Phase 1 Step 3 (doctrine risk registry).
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s definitions: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review).
Glossary Table
| Term (English) | Original / Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Passages | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | apostol | BASELINE | Medium | Apostleship | 1:1; 3:2 | Reuse exactly. |
| bondservant/slave (self-designation) | δοῦλος / doulos | alipin | NEW | Medium | Apostleship / Humility | 1:1 | Total-ownership self-designation; must be taught as willing, positive identification. |
| faith of equal standing | ἰσότιμος πίστις / isotimos pistis | pananampalataya na kapareho ng halaga | NEW (built on BASELINE faith term) | Medium | Faith | 1:1 | ”pananampalataya” itself is BASELINE; the modifier phrase is new. |
| faith | πίστις / pistis | pananampalataya | BASELINE | Medium | Faith | 1:1, 5; 3:2 | Reuse exactly. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | katuwiran | BASELINE | High | Salvation / Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:1; 2:5, 21; 3:13 | Reuse exactly. |
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Tagapagligtas | NEW | High | Divine Nature / Deity of Christ | 1:1, 11; 2:20; 3:2, 18 | Grammar of 1:1 (“our God and Savior Jesus Christ”) directly affirms Christ’s deity; must preserve single-referent reading. |
| grace | χάρις / charis | biyaya | BASELINE | High | Grace | 1:2; 3:18 | Reuse exactly; never utang na loob. |
| peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | kapayapaan | BASELINE | Medium | Peace with God | 1:2 | Reuse exactly. |
| [full/true] knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις / epignōsis | ganap na pagkakilala | NEW | Medium | Divine Nature / Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:2, 3, 8; 2:20 | Distinguish from mere intellectual/ritual “kaalaman”; must be personal, relational. |
| divine power | θεία δύναμις / theia dynamis | banal na kapangyarihan | NEW | High | Divine Nature | 1:3 | Never anting-anting (per baseline forbidden-substitution rule for power of God). |
| virtue/excellence | ἀρετή / aretē | kabutihang-asal | NEW | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:3, 5 | Fruit flowing from faith, not merit earning salvation. |
| glory | δόξα / doxa | kaluwalhatian | BASELINE | High | Deity of Christ | 1:3, 17; 2:10; 3:18 | Reuse exactly. |
| promise | ἐπάγγελμα / epaggelma | pangako | NEW | Low | Divine Nature | 1:4 | Standard term. |
| partakers of the divine nature | θείας φύσεως κοινωνοί / theias physeōs koinōnoi | mga makabahagi sa banal na kalikasan | NEW | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4 | MANDATORY teaching note: moral/relational participation in God’s holy character, NOT ontological absorption into the Godhead, NOT the pre-colonial anito concept of ancestors/spirits becoming divine, NOT sacramentally-attained theosis apart from genuine faith. |
| corruption | φθορά / phthora | kabulukan | NEW | High | Divine Nature / False Teachers | 1:4; 2:12, 19 | Retain both moral-corruption and final-destruction senses. |
| desire/lust | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | masamang pagnanasa | NEW | Medium | Divine Nature / Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:4; 2:10, 18; 3:3 | Consistently negative in this letter. |
| self-control | ἐγκράτεια / egkrateia | pagpipigil sa sarili | NEW | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | Part of the virtue chain. |
| steadfastness/endurance | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | pagtitiyaga | NEW | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | Distinguish from ch.3’s makrothymia (“God’s patience/longsuffering”), a related but distinct term applied to God. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | kabanalang-pamumuhay | NEW | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6-7; 3:11 | Part of the virtue chain; also describes end-times conduct in ch.3. |
| brotherly love | φιλαδελφία / philadelphia | pagmamahalan bilang mga kapatid | NEW | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | Part of the virtue chain. |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | pag-ibig | NEW | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | Capstone virtue of the chain. |
| knowledge | γνῶσις / gnōsis | kaalaman | NEW | Low/Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue / False Teachers | 1:5-6; 2:20; 3:18 | Distinguish from epignōsis (personal/relational knowing); false teachers claim this term’s content without the deeper epignōsis. |
| cleansing | καθαρισμός / katharismos | paglilinis | NEW | Medium | Sanctification / Sin | 1:9 | Not merely ritual/sacramental; tied to genuine faith. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | kasalanan | BASELINE | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1:9 | Reuse exactly. |
| calling | κλῆσις / klēsis | pagkatawag | BASELINE | Medium | Divine Calling | 1:10 | Reuse exactly; never swerte/kapalaran. |
| election | ἐκλογή / eklogē | pagkahirang | BASELINE | High | Effectual Calling | 1:10 | Reuse exactly. |
| eternal kingdom | βασιλεία αἰώνιος / aiōnios basileia | walang hanggang kaharian | NEW (built on BASELINE kingdom concept) | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 1:11 | Built on established Kaharian ng Diyos concept. |
| remind | ὑπομιμνήσκω / hypomimnēskō | paalalahanan | NEW | Low | Reliability of Scripture | 1:12; 3:1 | Peter’s stated authorial purpose. |
| tent/body | σκήνωμα / skēnōma | tolda | NEW | Low | Humanity / Mortality | 1:13-14 | Metaphor for the physical body. |
| myth/fable | μῦθος / mythos | alamat / gawa-gawang kuwento | NEW | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:16 | Must carry a pejorative, “invented” sense; contrast with eyewitness testimony. |
| power [of God/Christ] | δύναμις / dynamis | kapangyarihan | BASELINE (via power_of_god) | High | Divine Nature / Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16 | Reuse exactly; never anting-anting. |
| coming/Parousia | παρουσία / parousia | pagparito | NEW | Critical | The Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16; 3:4, 12 | Must retain sense of sovereign, world-historical, still-future, bodily arrival; not a vague “pagbabalik,” not over-realized as already-complete. |
| eyewitnesses | ἐπόπται / epoptai | mga saksi | NEW | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:16 | Should be qualified as those who personally saw, not secondhand reporters. |
| majesty | μεγαλειότης / megaleiotēs | kadakilaan | NEW | Low | Deity of Christ | 1:16 | Standard term. |
| honor | τιμή / timē | karangalan | NEW | Medium | Sonship/Deity of Christ | 1:17 | Publicly conferred by the Father. |
| Majestic Glory (title for God) | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα / megaloprepēs doxa | maringal na kaluwalhatian | NEW (built on BASELINE glory term) | High | Deity of Christ | 1:17 | Functions as a divine title, not a mere adjective. |
| voice | φωνή / phōnē | tinig | NEW | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:17-18 | Direct, audible divine speech. |
| beloved | ἀγαπητός / agapētos | minamahal / iniibig | NEW | High | Sonship of Christ | 1:17 | Unique, exclusive filial love; not generic affection. |
| well-pleased | εὐδοκέω / eudokeō | kinalulugdan | NEW | Medium | Sonship of Christ | 1:17 | The Father’s expressed pleasure in the Son. |
| heaven | οὐρανός / ouranos | langit | NEW | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:18; 3:5, 7, 10, 12-13 | Recurs across ch.1 and ch.3. |
| holy mountain | ἅγιον ὄρος / hagion oros | banal na bundok | NEW (built on BASELINE holy term) | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:18 | Do not assimilate to folk-Catholic pilgrimage-site veneration; holiness derives from a past, unrepeatable event. |
| prophetic word | προφητικὸς λόγος / prophētikos logos | salitang makapropesiya | NEW (built on BASELINE prophecy term) | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture / Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:19 | Single coherent authority with apostolic witness; not equated with folk-prophetic claims. |
| more sure/confirmed | βεβαιότερος / bebaioteros | higit na matibay | NEW | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Comparative degree of confirmation. |
| lamp | λύχνος / lychnos | lampara | NEW | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Standard image. |
| dark place | αὐχμηρὸς τόπος / auchmēros topos | madilim na lugar | NEW | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Present fallen age. |
| day dawns | ἡμέρα διαυγάσῃ / hēmera diaugasē | magbukang-liwayway | NEW | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:19 | Points to future full revelation at Christ’s return. |
| morning star | φωσφόρος / phōsphoros | tala sa umaga | NEW | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:19 | Avoid folk-astral independent-power connotations; referent is exclusively Christ. |
| prophecy of Scripture | προφητεία γραφῆς / prophēteia graphēs | propesiya ng Kasulatan | NEW (built on BASELINE prophecy term) | Critical | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20 | Teaching note required distinguishing Scripture’s divine origin from human interpretive tradition/ecclesial authority. |
| one’s own interpretation | ἴδιος ἐπίλυσις / idias epilyseōs | sariling pakahulugan | NEW | High | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20 | Ambiguity flag: must not be read as restricting believers’ reading of Scripture to institutional authority; the point is prophecy’s origin in the Spirit, not a restriction on interpretation. |
| will of man | θέλημα ἀνθρώπου / thelēma anthrōpou | kalooban ng tao | NEW | Medium | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | Excludes human religious creativity as Scripture’s source. |
| carried along [by the Spirit] | φερόμενοι / pheromenoi | dinala ng Espiritu Santo / kinasihan | NEW | Critical | The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | MANDATORY teaching note: sovereign, superintending guidance of willing human authors, once-for-all and canonical — NOT the ongoing folk-spiritist (espiritismo) phenomenon of trance-possession/mediumship still practiced in the Philippines. |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον / Pneuma Hagion | Espiritu Santo | BASELINE | High | Inspiration of Scripture / Sanctification | 1:21 | Reuse exactly; never anito or bare kaluluwa. |
| false prophets | ψευδοπροφῆται / pseudoprophētai | mga bulaang propeta | NEW (built on BASELINE prophet term) | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | OT precedent for false teachers. |
| false teachers | ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι / pseudodidaskaloi | mga bulaang guro | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Anchor identification to the text’s own criteria, not denominational rivalry. |
| destructive heresies | αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας / haireseis apōleias | mapanirang mga aral | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Ruinous content, not mere inaccuracy. |
| Master/Sovereign Owner | δεσπότης / despotēs | Panginoong May-ari | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Lordship of Christ | 2:1 | Distinguish nuance from standard Panginoon (κύριος) without introducing a competing Lordship title. |
| bought/redeemed | ἀγοράζω / agorazō | binili / iniligtas sa pamamagitan ng pagbili | NEW | High | Atonement / False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Preserve purchase/ownership imagery; ties to redemption doctrine. |
| destruction/perdition | ἀπώλεια / apōleia | kapahamakan | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1, 3; 3:7, 16 | Recurs across chs. 2-3. |
| sensuality/debauchery | ἀσέλγεια / aselgeia | kahalayan | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Grace | 2:2, 7, 18 | Link to grace-as-license distortion; opposite error from utang na loob but equally corrosive of true grace doctrine. |
| way of truth | ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας / hodos tēs alētheias | daan ng katotohanan | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:2 | Brought into disrepute by immoral followers. |
| blaspheme/slander | βλασφημέω / blasphēmeō | alipustain / lapastanganin | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:2, 10 | Applied both to “the way of truth” and to “glorious ones.” |
| fabricated words | πλαστοῖς λόγοις / plastois logois | gawa-gawang mga salita | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:3 | Deceptive, manufactured rhetoric. |
| greed | πλεονεξία / pleonexia | kasakiman | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:3, 14 | Financial exploitation motive. |
| judgment | κρίμα / κρίσις / krima / krisis | paghuhukom / hatol | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Day of the Lord | 2:3-4, 9; 3:7 | Central doctrinal term for the chapter. |
| angels who sinned | ἄγγελοι ἁμαρτήσαντες / angeloi hamartēsantes | mga anghel na nagkasala | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:4 | First OT judgment case-study. |
| Tartarus | Τάρταρος / Tartaros (verb: tartarōsas) | Tartaro (transliterated) | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:4 | Must not be conflated with Filipino folk-Catholic Purgatoryo (Purgatory); Tartarus holds condemned, unrepentant beings awaiting judgment, with no purificatory function. |
| chains of darkness | σειραῖς ζόφου / seirais zophou | mga tanikala ng kadiliman | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:4 | Imagery of confinement. |
| flood/deluge | κατακλυσμός / kataklysmos | baha / delubyo | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Day of the Lord | 2:5; 3:6 | Second/recurring OT judgment precedent. |
| ancient world | κόσμος ἀρχαῖος / kosmos archaios | sinaunang daigdig | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:5 | Pre-Flood world. |
| preacher of righteousness | κήρυκα δικαιοσύνης / kēryka dikaiosynēs | tagapangaral ng katuwiran | NEW (built on BASELINE righteousness term) | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:5 | Noah’s model role. |
| catastrophe/destruction | καταστροφή / katastrophē | pagkawasak | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:6 | Sodom and Gomorrah’s fate. |
| example/warning | ὑπόδειγμα / hypodeigma | halimbawa / babala | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:6 | Standing warning to the ungodly. |
| righteous | δίκαιος / dikaios | matuwid | NEW (built on BASELINE righteousness family) | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:7-8 | Applied to Lot. |
| trial/temptation | πειρασμός / peirasmos | tukso / pagsubok | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:9 | God rescues the godly from trial. |
| rescue/deliver | ῥύομαι / rhyomai | iligtas / sagipin | NEW | Medium | Providence / False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:9 | Ties to providence doctrine; never bahala na. |
| punish | κολάζω / kolazō | parusahan | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:9 | Ongoing custody awaiting sentence. |
| dominion/authority [angelic] | κυριότης / kyriotēs | mga naghaharing kapangyarihan | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:10 | Distinguish clearly from Christ’s unique κύριος-Lordship. |
| irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα / aloga zōa | mga hayop na walang pag-iisip | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:12 | Self-condemning imagery for false teachers. |
| unrighteousness/wrongdoing | ἀδικία / adikia | kalikuan | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:13 | Direct antonym of dikaiosynē. |
| spots and blemishes | σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι / spiloi kai mōmoi | mga dungis at mantsa | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:13 | Moral defilement imagery. |
| deception | ἀπάτη / apatē | pandaraya | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:13 | False teachers’ practice. |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ / Balaam | Balaam | NEW (proper name) | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:15-16 | Established transliterated proper name. |
| waterless springs | πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι / pēgai anydroi | mga bukal na walang tubig | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:17 | False teachers promise but do not deliver truth. |
| bombastic/arrogant speech | ὑπέρογκα / hyperogka | mayabang na pananalita | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:18 | Empty but impressive-sounding rhetoric. |
| freedom/liberty | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | kalayaan | NEW | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Grace | 2:19 | Counterfeit gospel freedom; teach alongside baseline grace doctrine. |
| way of righteousness | ὁδὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης / hodos tēs dikaiosynēs | daan ng katuwiran | NEW (built on BASELINE righteousness term) | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:21 | Path abandoned by apostates. |
| holy commandment | ἁγία ἐντολή / hagia entolē | banal na utos | NEW (built on BASELINE holy term) | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:21 | Apostolic gospel instruction. |
| proverb | παροιμία / paroimia | kasabihan / salawikain | NEW | Low | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:22 | Closing illustrative imagery. |
| sincere mind | εἰλικρινῆ διάνοιαν / eilikrinē dianoian | malinis na pag-iisip | NEW | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 3:1 | Undistracted mental clarity Peter aims to stir up. |
| Lord and Savior | κύριος καὶ σωτήρ / kyrios kai sōtēr | Panginoon at Tagapagligtas | BASELINE (Panginoon) + NEW (Tagapagligtas) | High | Lordship of Christ / Divine Nature | 3:2, 18 | Combined title; reuse Panginoon exactly. |
| scoffers/mockers | ἐμπαῖκται / empaiktai | mga manunuya / manlilibak | NEW | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:3 | Deny the Parousia, driven by desire. |
| fell asleep/died | κοιμηθέντων / koimēthentōn | natulog / namatay | NEW | Low | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:4 | Euphemism cited by scoffers. |
| creation | κτίσις / ktisis | paglalang / nilikha | NEW | Low | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:4 | Scoffers’ uniformitarian appeal. |
| flooded/deluged | κατακλύζω / katakylzō | binaha / nalunod | NEW | Low | Day of the Lord | 3:6 | Historical precedent for future fiery judgment. |
| fire | πῦρ / pyr | apoy | NEW | Low | Day of the Lord | 3:7 | Future cosmic judgment medium. |
| kept/reserved | τηρέω / tēreō | iniingatan / inilaan | NEW | Medium | Providence / Day of the Lord | 3:7 | Purposive divine oversight, not random decay. |
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα Κυρίου / hēmera Kyriou | Araw ng Panginoon | NEW (built on BASELINE Lord term) | Critical | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:7, 10 | Distinguish from folk-devotional All Souls’ Day and from vague impersonal “judgment day” piety; a single, future, Christ-centered, cosmos-transforming event. |
| thief | κλέπτης / kleptēs | magnanakaw | NEW | Low | Day of the Lord | 3:10 | Sudden, unpredictable timing despite certainty. |
| elements | στοιχεῖα / stoicheia | mga elemento | NEW | Low | Day of the Lord | 3:10, 12 | Literal cosmic dissolution. |
| dissolved/destroyed | λύω / lythēsetai | matutunaw / mawawasak | NEW | Low | Day of the Lord | 3:10-12 | Real, total cosmic transformation. |
| patience/longsuffering [of God] | μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω / makrothymia / makrothymeō | pagtitiyaga ng Panginoon / pagpapahinuhod | NEW | Critical | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9, 15 | MANDATORY teaching note: never bahala na (fatalistic indifference); this is purposive, loving forbearance aimed at repentance, not passive inaction. |
| delay/be slow | βραδύνω / bradynō | magpaliban / magpatagal | NEW | Medium | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9 | Denies divine unfaithfulness in the delay. |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | pagsisisi | NEW | Medium | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9 | Distinguish from mere emotional regret and from sacramental confession alone. |
| holy conduct and godliness | ἅγιαις ἀναστροφαῖς καὶ εὐσεβείαις / hagiais anastrophais kai eusebeiais | banal na pamumuhay at kabanalan | NEW (built on BASELINE holy term) | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue / Day of the Lord | 3:11 | Practical response to coming judgment. |
| waiting for and hastening | προσδοκῶντες καὶ σπεύδοντες / prosdokōntes kai speudontes | naghihintay at nagmamadali | NEW | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:12 | Active anticipation, not passive endurance. |
| new heavens and new earth | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν / kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | bagong langit at bagong lupa | NEW | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:13 | Renewed cosmos following judgment. |
| righteousness dwells | δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ / dikaiosynē katoikei | tinitahanan ng katuwiran | NEW (built on BASELINE righteousness term) | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:13 | Permanent moral character of new creation. |
| spotless and blameless | ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι / aspiloi kai amōmētoi | walang dungis at walang kapintasan | NEW | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 3:14 | Deliberate contrast with 2:13’s false teachers. |
| patience [of the Lord] unto salvation | μακροθυμία … εἰς σωτηρίαν / makrothymia eis sōtērian | pagtitiyaga ng Panginoon … para sa kaligtasan | NEW (built on BASELINE salvation term) | Critical | Patience of God’s Timing / Salvation | 3:15 | Compounds makrothymia Critical risk with kaligtasan Critical risk. |
| Scriptures | γραφαί / graphai | mga Kasulatan | NEW | High | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 3:16 | Early canonical recognition of Paul’s letters alongside OT Scripture. |
| hard to understand | δυσνόητα / dysnoēta | mahirap unawain | NEW | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 3:16 | Honest acknowledgment of interpretive difficulty. |
| twist/distort | στρεβλόω / strebloō | baluktutin / ipilipit | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment / Reliability of Scripture | 3:16 | Misuse of Scripture leading to destruction. |
| error/deception | πλάνη / planē | pagkaligaw sa katotohanan | NEW | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 3:17 | Contrast with the Spirit’s proper “carrying” of the prophets. |
| steadfastness | στηριγμός / stērigmos | katatagan | NEW | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 3:17 | Positive closing exhortation. |
| Israel / David / prophet / apostle / God / Jesus / Holy Spirit / Lord | (various) | Israel / David / propeta / apostol / Diyos / Jesus / Espiritu Santo / Panginoon | BASELINE | Varies (Medium-Critical) | Various | Throughout | All proper names and core divine/office titles reuse the baseline Romans renderings exactly; no 2 Peter-specific deviation identified. |
Risk Tier Summary for 2 Peter
| Risk Tier | Count (new + baseline-linked terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (theias physeōs koinōnoi, parousia, prophēteia graphēs, pheromenoi, hēmera Kyriou, makrothymia/patience-of-God complex incl. its salvation compound) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 17 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 31 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 30 | Automated review |
Notes for Downstream Steps
- All [BASELINE]-marked terms must be pulled forward into the updated translation memory without modification.
- All [NEW]-marked terms proposed here require confirmation and formal risk-tier assignment in the 2 Peter doctrine risk registry (Phase 1 Step 3), following the same
Critical/High/Medium/Lowframework and review-routing convention established in the Romans baseline. - Six terms are flagged Critical specifically because of live Filipino syncretism risk distinct from the Romans baseline’s existing Critical list (kaligtasan, mga banal, pamamagitan, katuwirang ibinilang): partaking the divine nature (animist/theosis conflation), the Parousia (denial/over-realization), the prophecy-of-Scripture and Spirit-inspiration pair (magisterial-authority and espiritismo conflation risks respectively), the Day of the Lord (folk-devotional conflation), and the patience-of-God complex (bahala na conflation risk, mirroring the baseline’s existing providence forbidden-substitution rule).
Critical Risk Terms
Carried Along By Spirit
Approved rendering: dinala / kinasihan ng Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: dinala ng Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ginabayan (too weak/loose, loses sovereign superintendence sense)
Original: φερόμενοι
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL. Pheromenoi (1:21). MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: sovereign, superintending guidance of willing human authors, once-for-all and canonical — NOT the ongoing Filipino folk-spiritist (espiritismo) phenomenon of mediums being ‘carried’/possessed by spirits in trance.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Araw ng Panginoon
Transliteration: Araw ng Panginoon
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: Araw ng mga Kaluluwa (explicitly rejected as a false-cognate folk observance)
Original: ἡμέρα Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL. Hēmera Kyriou (3:7, 10). MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: must be sharply distinguished from the Filipino Catholic folk-devotional observance of Araw ng mga Kaluluwa (All Souls’ Day) and from vague, impersonal ‘judgment day’ piety; names a single, future, Christ-centered, cosmos-transforming event of destruction and renewal, not a recurring liturgical commemoration.
Parousia
Approved rendering: pagparito
Transliteration: pagparito
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: pagbabalik (too casual/generic, lacks sovereign-arrival sense)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL. Occurs 1:16; 3:4, 12. Must retain the sense of a sovereign, world-historical, still-future, bodily arrival — not a vague ‘pagbabalik’ and not softened into an already-realized, purely spiritual coming. Reinforce with qualifying modifiers (‘tiyak na pagparito ni Kristo’) where space allows.
Partakers Of Divine Nature
Approved rendering: mga makabahagi sa banal na kalikasan
Transliteration: mga makabahagi sa banal na kalikasan
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: pagiging diyos, pagsanib sa Diyos, esoteric theosis attained through ritual/sacramental performance
Original: θείας φύσεως κοινωνοί
Category: Divine Nature
CRITICAL. Theias physeōs koinōnoi (1:4). MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: moral/relational participation in God’s holy character (escaping corruption, growing in virtue) — NOT ontological absorption into the Godhead, NOT the pre-colonial anito concept of ancestors/spirits becoming venerated divine beings, and NOT LDS-style exaltation theology or sacramentally-attained theosis apart from genuine faith.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga ng Panginoon / pagpapahinuhod
Transliteration: pagtitiyaga ng Panginoon
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL. Makrothymia/makrothymeō (3:9, 15). MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: never bahala na (fatalistic resignation) — the baseline’s existing forbidden substitution for providence. God’s delay is purposive, loving forbearance aimed at repentance, never passive letting-things-happen or divine slowness/unfaithfulness.
Patience Unto Salvation
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga ng Panginoon … para sa kaligtasan
Transliteration: pagtitiyaga ng Panginoon para sa kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: μακροθυμία … εἰς σωτηρίαν
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Makrothymia eis sōtērian (3:15); compounds the patience-of-God Critical risk (never bahala na) with the salvation Critical risk (never sacramentally-guaranteed apart from faith) within a single clause. Paul’s writings are said to affirm the same truth.
Prophecy Of Scripture
Approved rendering: propesiya ng Kasulatan
Transliteration: propesiya ng Kasulatan
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητεία γραφῆς
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL. Prophēteia graphēs (1:20). MANDATORY teaching note every occurrence: distinguishes Scripture’s divine origin from human interpretive tradition or ecclesial/magisterial authority added to it.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Occurs 2 Peter 3:15, explicitly linked to God’s patience (‘the Lord’s patience… for salvation’), compounding this term’s Critical risk with the Critical risk of makrothymia in the same clause. Must retain faith-received, not sacramentally-guaranteed, framing. Inherited from Romans package.
High Risk Terms
Beloved
Approved rendering: minamahal / iniibig
Transliteration: minamahal / iniibig
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Agapētos (1:17); must retain a unique, exclusive filial love, not generic affection, so as not to dilute Christ’s unique Sonship through devotional patterns applied similarly to Mary or particular saints.
Bought Redeemed
Approved rendering: binili / iniligtas sa pamamagitan ng pagbili
Transliteration: binili
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
Agorazō (2:1); must preserve the purchase/ownership imagery, not be flattened to mere ‘saved’ without the transactional sense.
Corruption
Approved rendering: kabulukan
Transliteration: kabulukan
Doctrine: Divine Nature
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
Phthora (1:4; 2:12, 19); retain both the moral (corrupting evil desire) and ultimate-destiny (destruction/decay) senses used across the letter.
Destruction Perdition
Approved rendering: kapahamakan
Transliteration: kapahamakan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀπώλεια
Category: Eschatology
Apōleia (2:1, 3; 3:7, 16); recurs across chs. 2-3 as the certain end-result of following false teaching.
Destructive Heresies
Approved rendering: mapanirang mga aral
Transliteration: mapanirang mga aral
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teachers
Haireseis apōleias (2:1); names the content of false teaching as leading to ultimate ruin, not merely doctrinal inaccuracy.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: banal na kapangyarihan
Transliteration: banal na kapangyarihan
Doctrine: Divine Nature
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: Divine Nature
Theia dynamis (1:3), source of everything needed for life and godliness. Never anting-anting, per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule for power of God.
False Teachers
Approved rendering: mga bulaang guro
Transliteration: mga bulaang guro
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
Category: False Teachers
Pseudodidaskaloi (2:1). Identification must be anchored to the chapter’s own four criteria (denial of Christ’s Lordship, exploitative greed, immoral living, denial of judgment/return), not weaponized in interdenominational rivalry within Philippine Christianity.
Freedom
Approved rendering: kalayaan
Transliteration: kalayaan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teachers
Eleutheria (2:19); a direct perversion of gospel freedom — false teachers promise it while themselves enslaved to corruption. Must be taught alongside the Grace doctrine as a counterfeit gospel of grace-as-license, distinct from (but as dangerous as) utang na loob. Do not confuse with civic/political-liberty usage of kalayaan (e.g., independence-movement vocabulary).
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
God’s radiant honor conferred on Christ; occurs 2 Peter 1:3, 1:17, 2:10, 3:18; head noun for the compound ‘Majestic Glory’ (1:17). Inherited from Romans package.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Occurs throughout; critically load-bearing at 1:1 (‘our God and Savior Jesus Christ’) where the single-referent grammar affirms Christ’s deity. Never Bathala. Inherited from Romans package.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Never utang na loob. 2 Peter 1:2 and 3:18 bracket the letter with this term. 2 Peter also introduces an opposite-direction distortion at 2:19 (false teachers offering ‘kalayaan’ as license for ‘kahalayan’) which must be guarded against as a second, structurally opposite error alongside utang na loob. Inherited from Romans package.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Occurs 2 Peter 1:21, the letter’s key inspiration verse (‘carried along by the Holy Spirit’). Never anito or bare kaluluwa; must not be conflated with espiritismo trance-mediumship in this book’s usage. Inherited from Romans package.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Occurs throughout 2 Peter (1:1-2, 8, 11, 14, 16; 2:20; 3:18). Inherited from Romans package.
Judgment
Approved rendering: paghuhukom / hatol
Transliteration: paghuhukom
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κρίμα / κρίσις
Category: False Teachers
Krima/krisis (2:3-4, 9; 3:7); the central doctrinal term for ch.2, recurring into ch.3.
Lord And Savior
Approved rendering: Panginoon at Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: Panginoon at Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος καὶ σωτήρ
Category: Christology
Kyrios kai sōtēr (3:2, 18); full combined title. Panginoon is fixed from the baseline; Tagapagligtas is new but consistent with the ch.1 rendering of sōtēr.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Occurs throughout (1:1; 2:1 as underlying baseline for the intensified despotēs; 3:2, 8-10, 18). Must remain exclusive and supreme, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary/saints, and must not be confused with the created ‘dominion’ (kyriotēs) despised by false teachers in 2:10. Inherited from Romans package.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: maringal na kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: maringal na kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: Christology
Megaloprepēs doxa (1:17); a reverent title for God the Father as source of the heavenly voice. Functions as a divine title, not a mere adjective describing brightness — must not be flattened lest the reader miss that this is God the Father speaking.
Master Sovereign Owner
Approved rendering: Panginoong May-ari
Transliteration: Panginoong May-ari
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: despota (opaque loanword, rejected as uncommunicative)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
Despotēs (2:1); a distinct, stronger nuance than standard Panginoon (kyrios) — Christ’s absolute ownership rights by right of redemption over even the false teachers who deny him. Must not be read as a second, competing, or diminished Lordship title.
Ones Own Interpretation
Approved rendering: sariling pakahulugan
Transliteration: sariling pakahulugan
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἴδιος ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
Idias epilyseōs (1:20). AMBIGUITY FLAG: must not be read as restricting believers’ reading of Scripture to institutional/magisterial interpretive authority; per v.21 the point is prophecy’s origin in the Spirit, not a restriction on interpretation. High risk in the Filipino Catholic-majority context.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: δύναμις
Category: Divine Nature
Underlies bare ‘kapangyarihan’ (1:16, Christ’s power at the Transfiguration) and the compound ‘banal na kapangyarihan’ (1:3, divine power). Never anting-anting. Inherited from Romans package.
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: salitang makapropesiya
Transliteration: salitang makapropesiya
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Scripture
Prophētikos logos (1:19); must be framed as one coherent, divinely-given witness together with apostolic testimony, not two separately-weighted authorities, and not equated with post-canonical claims from popular preachers or folk seers (manghuhula).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Right standing before God; occurs 2 Peter 1:1, 2:5, 2:21, 3:13 (also underlies compound terms ‘preacher of righteousness’, ‘way of righteousness’, ‘righteousness dwells’). Inherited from Romans package.
Savior
Approved rendering: Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Divine Nature
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
Occurs 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18. The 1:1 grammar (‘our God and Savior Jesus Christ’) places both titles under one referent, Jesus Christ, directly affirming his deity; must preserve this single-referent construction. Must never be split into two referents as in Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Tagalog New World Translation or Iglesia ni Cristo doctrinal pressure on this verse.
Scriptures
Approved rendering: mga Kasulatan
Transliteration: mga Kasulatan
Doctrine: Canon of Scripture
Original: γραφαί
Category: Scripture
Graphai (3:16); Paul’s letters placed alongside ‘the other Scriptures’ — explicit, early canonical recognition of apostolic writings as Scripture. Teach as equally authoritative Scripture, not a lesser or merely traditional authority subordinate to a separate magisterial authority.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: kahalayan
Transliteration: kahalayan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: False Teachers
Aselgeia (2:2, 7, 18); the immoral lifestyle promoted by false teachers. Must be taught alongside the Grace doctrine as the distortion opposite in direction to, but as destructive as, utang na loob: grace treated as removing all moral obligation rather than creating a debt.
Tartarus
Approved rendering: Tartaro
Transliteration: Tartaro
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: lugar ng kadiliman (paraphrase rejected as too close to Impiyerno/Purgatoryo imagery), Purgatoryo (explicitly rejected)
Original: ταρταρώσας / Τάρταρος
Category: Eschatology
Tartarōsas/Tartaros (2:4); a place of custody holding sinning angels awaiting final judgment. Must not be conflated with the Filipino Catholic folk concept of Purgatoryo (Purgatory), which carries an essential purificatory, temporary function absent here. Transliteration deliberately keeps the term foreign to prevent silent assimilation.
Medium Risk Terms
Angels Who Sinned
Approved rendering: mga anghel na nagkasala
Transliteration: mga anghel na nagkasala
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἄγγελοι ἁμαρτήσαντες
Category: False Teachers
Angeloi hamartēsantes (2:4); first OT case-study of certain judgment — God did not spare even sinning angels.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
One sent with delegated authority to found and oversee the early church; occurs 2 Peter 1:1, 3:2. Established loanword, low syncretism risk. Inherited from Romans package.
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: alipustain / lapastanganin
Transliteration: lapastanganin
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: False Teachers
Blasphēmeō (2:2, 10); applied both to ‘the way of truth’ and to ‘glorious ones’ (angelic dominion).
Bondservant
Approved rendering: alipin
Transliteration: alipin
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: lingkod
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Apostleship
Peter’s self-designation (doulos, 1:1), placed before his apostolic title. Must be taught as a willing, positive, total-devotion self-identification, not literal chattel slavery. Do not soften to ‘lingkod’ (helper), which loses the total-ownership sense.
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
Occurs 2 Peter 1:10 (‘confirm your calling and election’); never swerte/kapalaran. Inherited from Romans package.
Christ Title
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: Kristo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New to this curriculum’s translation memory (not previously tabled in the Romans baseline as a standalone entry, though implied by ‘Mesiyas’). Used throughout 2 Peter as part of the fixed title ‘Jesus Christ’ / ‘our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’. Follows the established transliteration standard (Christ = Kristo) from the Romans-package instruction set.
Cleansing
Approved rendering: paglilinis
Transliteration: paglilinis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: καθαρισμός
Category: Sanctification
Katharismos (1:9); cleansing from past sins already accomplished. Must not be collapsed into ritual/sacramental cleansing alone, apart from genuine faith.
Day Dawns
Approved rendering: hanggang sa magbukang-liwayway
Transliteration: hanggang sa magbukang-liwayway
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἡμέρα διαυγάσῃ
Category: Eschatology
Hēmera diaugasē (1:19); points to the full light of Christ’s return.
Delay
Approved rendering: magpaliban / magpatagal
Transliteration: magpatagal
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: βραδύνω
Category: Eschatology
Bradynō (3:9); directly denies that the delay in Christ’s return reflects divine unfaithfulness.
Desire
Approved rendering: masamang pagnanasa
Transliteration: masamang pagnanasa
Doctrine: Divine Nature
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Christian Virtue
Epithymia (1:4; 2:10, 18; 3:3); consistently negative in this letter, the corrupting agent believers escape.
Dominion Angelic
Approved rendering: mga naghaharing kapangyarihan
Transliteration: mga naghaharing kapangyarihan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κυριότης
Category: False Teachers
Kyriotēs (2:10); dominion/authority of angelic/glorious beings, despised and blasphemed by false teachers. Must be clearly distinguished from Panginoon (Christ’s unique kyrios-Lordship).
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Occurs 2 Peter 1:10; God’s sovereign choice, confirmed (not earned) by godly living. Inherited from Romans package.
Error
Approved rendering: pagkaligaw sa katotohanan
Transliteration: pagkaligaw sa katotohanan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teachers
Planē (3:17); believers warned against being carried away by the error of lawless people — contrasts with the Spirit’s proper ‘carrying’ of the prophets in 1:21.
Eternal Kingdom
Approved rendering: walang hanggang kaharian
Transliteration: walang hanggang kaharian
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία αἰώνιος
Category: Kingdom
Aiōnios basileia (1:11); built on the baseline Kaharian ng Diyos; future hope tied to present perseverance, not a political/institutional project.
Eyewitnesses
Approved rendering: mga saksi
Transliteration: mga saksi
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἐπόπται
Category: Scripture
Epoptai (1:16); should be qualified as those who personally saw, not secondhand reporters, where space allows.
Fabricated Words
Approved rendering: gawa-gawang mga salita
Transliteration: gawa-gawang mga salita
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλαστοὶ λόγοι
Category: False Teachers
Plastois logois (2:3); the false teachers’ exploitative, deceptively manufactured rhetoric.
Faith Of Equal Standing
Approved rendering: pananampalataya na kapareho ng halaga
Transliteration: pananampalataya na kapareho ng halaga
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἰσότιμος πίστις
Category: Faith
2 Peter 1:1’s isotimos pistis; levels apostolic and ordinary believers’ faith as equally genuine. Must not imply a two-tier faith privileging apostles over converts.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Object of faith must always be Christ; occurs 2 Peter 1:1, 1:5, 3:2. Inherited from Romans package.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: mga bulaang propeta
Transliteration: mga bulaang propeta
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: False Teachers
Pseudoprophētai (2:1); OT precedent establishing a recurring pattern of counterfeit spokesmen for God.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: ganap na pagkakilala
Transliteration: ganap na pagkakilala
Doctrine: Divine Nature
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Divine Nature
Epignōsis (1:2, 3, 8; 2:20); personal, relational, experiential knowing of God/Christ, distinguished from mere intellectual/ritual ‘kaalaman’ and from false teachers’ claimed but hollow gnōsis.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kabanalang-pamumuhay
Transliteration: kabanalang-pamumuhay
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Christian Virtue
Eusebeia (1:6-7; 3:11); part of the virtue chain and also describes end-times conduct.
Greed
Approved rendering: kasakiman
Transliteration: kasakiman
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλεονεξία
Category: False Teachers
Pleonexia (2:3, 14); the financial exploitation motive behind false teaching, also seen in Balaam.
Holy Conduct And Godliness
Approved rendering: banal na pamumuhay at kabanalan
Transliteration: banal na pamumuhay at kabanalan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἅγιαι ἀναστροφαὶ καὶ εὐσέβειαι
Category: Christian Virtue
Hagiai anastrophai kai eusebeiai (3:11); practical response called for in light of coming judgment.
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: banal na bundok
Transliteration: banal na bundok
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἅγιον ὄρος
Category: Scripture
Hagion oros (1:18); must not be assimilated to folk-Catholic pilgrimage/apparition-site veneration as an ongoing source of supernatural power — holiness here derives from a past, unrepeatable historical event.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Occurs 2 Peter 1:18 (‘holy mountain’), 2:21 (‘holy commandment’), 3:11 (‘holy conduct’). Inherited from Romans package.
Honor
Approved rendering: karangalan
Transliteration: karangalan
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
Timē (1:17); publicly conferred by the Father on the Son.
Kept Reserved
Approved rendering: iniingatan / inilaan
Transliteration: inilaan
Doctrine: Providence
Original: τηρέω
Category: Providence
Tēreō (3:7); purposive divine oversight, not random cosmic decay.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Underlies the compound ‘walang hanggang kaharian’ (eternal kingdom, 1:11). Inherited from Romans package.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: kaalaman
Transliteration: kaalaman
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: γνῶσις
Category: Christian Virtue
Gnōsis (1:5-6; 2:20; 3:18); must be consistently distinguished from epignōsis (ganap na pagkakilala) — false teachers claim gnōsis’s content without genuine relational epignōsis.
More Sure
Approved rendering: higit na matibay
Transliteration: higit na matibay
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: βεβαιότερος
Category: Scripture
Bebaioteros (1:19); the prophetic word made even more certain by the eyewitness Transfiguration testimony.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: tala sa umaga
Transliteration: tala sa umaga
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Eschatology
Phōsphoros (1:19); avoid any rendering evoking Filipino folk-astral belief in stars as independent bearers of fortune/guidance; the referent is exclusively Christ.
Myth
Approved rendering: alamat / gawa-gawang kuwento
Transliteration: alamat / gawa-gawang kuwento
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: kuwento (neutral ‘story’, rejected as too weak)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Scripture
Mythos (1:16); must carry a clearly pejorative, invented sense so the eyewitness contrast of 1:16b is not lost.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: bagong langit at bagong lupa
Transliteration: bagong langit at bagong lupa
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: καινοὶ οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ καινή
Category: Eschatology
Kainoi ouranoi kai gē kainē (3:13); the promised renewed cosmos following judgment — a real future cosmic renewal, not merely a spiritual/heavenly afterlife detached from physical creation.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Occurs 2 Peter 1:2. Inherited from Romans package.
Preacher Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: tagapangaral ng katuwiran
Transliteration: tagapangaral ng katuwiran
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δικαιοσύνης κήρυξ
Category: False Teachers
Dikaiosynēs kēryx (2:5); Noah’s role as faithful witness amid coming judgment.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Underlies God’s purposive rescue of the godly and reservation of the ungodly for judgment (2:9) and his purposive keeping of the cosmos for judgment (3:7). Never bahala na. Inherited from Romans package.
Punish
Approved rendering: parusahan
Transliteration: parusahan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κολάζω
Category: False Teachers
Kolazō (2:9); the unrighteous kept for the day of judgment, being punished — ongoing custody awaiting final sentence.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pagsisisi
Transliteration: pagsisisi
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: panghihinayang (mere emotional regret, insufficient)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sin
Metanoia (3:9); the aim of God’s patience — a genuine change of direction, distinguished from mere emotional regret and from sacramental confession alone apart from genuine inward turning.
Rescue Deliver
Approved rendering: iligtas / sagipin
Transliteration: sagipin
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Providence
Rhyomai (2:9); God’s active deliverance of the godly, ties to providence, never bahala na.
Righteous
Approved rendering: matuwid
Transliteration: matuwid
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
Dikaios (2:7-8); applied to Lot, rescued because of his distress over surrounding wickedness.
Righteousness Dwells
Approved rendering: tinitahanan ng katuwiran
Transliteration: tinitahanan ng katuwiran
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ
Category: Eschatology
Dikaiosynē katoikei (3:13); the permanent, unbroken moral character of the coming new creation.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Underlies the ongoing call to holy living in view of the Day of the Lord (3:11); tied to genuine faith, not ritual performance. Inherited from Romans package.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: mga manunuya / manlilibak
Transliteration: manunuya
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
Empaiktai (3:3); figures who deny the Parousia, driven by their own desires.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Occurs 2 Peter 1:9 (cleansing from past sins) and underlies 3:9’s repentance discussion. Inherited from Romans package.
Twist Distort
Approved rendering: baluktutin / ipilipit
Transliteration: ipilipit
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: στρεβλόω
Category: False Teachers
Strebloō (3:16); the ‘ignorant and unstable’ twist Scripture’s meaning to their own destruction.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: kalikuan
Transliteration: kalikuan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀδικία
Category: False Teachers
Adikia (2:13); the ‘wages of unrighteousness’ false teachers love, direct antonym of katuwiran.
Virtue
Approved rendering: kabutihang-asal
Transliteration: kabutihang-asal
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Christian Virtue
Aretē (1:3, 1:5); the quality by which believers are called and a quality to actively cultivate. Must be taught as fruit flowing from faith already given, not merit earning salvation.
Waiting And Hastening
Approved rendering: naghihintay at nagmamadali
Transliteration: naghihintay at nagmamadali
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: προσδοκῶντες καὶ σπεύδοντες
Category: Eschatology
Prosdokōntes kai speudontes (3:12); active anticipation of the Day of the Lord’s arrival, not passive endurance.
Way Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: daan ng katuwiran
Transliteration: daan ng katuwiran
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ὁδὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: False Teachers
Hodos tēs dikaiosynēs (2:21); the gospel path abandoned by apostate false teachers.
Way Of Truth
Approved rendering: daan ng katotohanan
Transliteration: daan ng katotohanan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: False Teachers
Hodos tēs alētheias (2:2); the gospel way of life, brought into disrepute by immoral followers.
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: kinalulugdan
Transliteration: kinalulugdan
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: Christology
Eudokeō (1:17); the Father’s expressed pleasure in the Son, affirming his perfect standing and mission.
Will Of Man
Approved rendering: kalooban ng tao
Transliteration: kalooban ng tao
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: θέλημα ἀνθρώπου
Category: Scripture
Thelēma anthrōpou (1:21); excludes human religious creativity as Scripture’s source.
Low Risk Terms
Ancient World
Approved rendering: sinaunang daigdig
Transliteration: sinaunang daigdig
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κόσμος ἀρχαῖος
Category: Eschatology
Kosmos archaios (2:5); the pre-Flood world, contrasted with the preserved righteous remnant.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Balaam
Transliteration: Balaam
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: False Teachers
Proper name (2:15-16); established transliterated form. Fourth OT case-study of greed-driven false prophecy.
Bombastic Speech
Approved rendering: mayabang na pananalita
Transliteration: mayabang na pananalita
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ὑπέρογκα
Category: False Teachers
Hyperogka (2:18); impressive-sounding but empty rhetoric.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: pagmamahalan bilang mga kapatid
Transliteration: pagmamahalan bilang mga kapatid
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Christian Virtue
Philadelphia (1:7); part of the virtue chain.
Catastrophe
Approved rendering: pagkawasak
Transliteration: pagkawasak
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: καταστροφή
Category: Eschatology
Katastrophē (2:6); total ruin of Sodom and Gomorrah as paradigmatic warning.
Chains Of Darkness
Approved rendering: mga tanikala ng kadiliman
Transliteration: mga tanikala ng kadiliman
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: σειραῖς ζόφου
Category: Eschatology
Seirais zophou (2:4); imagery of confinement awaiting judgment.
Creation
Approved rendering: paglalang / nilikha
Transliteration: nilikha
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: κτίσις
Category: Eschatology
Ktisis (3:4); scoffers’ uniformitarian appeal, refuted by the Flood precedent.
Dark Place
Approved rendering: madilim na lugar
Transliteration: madilim na lugar
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: αὐχμηρὸς τόπος
Category: Scripture
Auchmēros topos (1:19); the present fallen age.
Deception
Approved rendering: pandaraya
Transliteration: pandaraya
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀπάτη
Category: False Teachers
Apatē (2:13); false teachers’ practice, indulged even at communal gatherings.
Dissolved
Approved rendering: matutunaw / mawawasak
Transliteration: mawawasak
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: λύω
Category: Eschatology
Lythēsetai (3:10-12); total, real cosmic transformation — must not be softened toward a figurative ‘magbabago’ (mere change).
Elements
Approved rendering: mga elemento
Transliteration: mga elemento
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Eschatology
Stoicheia (3:10, 12); literal cosmic dissolution, not merely a moral/spiritual metaphor.
Example Warning
Approved rendering: halimbawa / babala
Transliteration: halimbawa
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ὑπόδειγμα
Category: False Teachers
Hypodeigma (2:6); Sodom and Gomorrah as a standing warning to the ungodly.
Fell Asleep
Approved rendering: natulog / namatay
Transliteration: namatay
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: κοιμηθέντες
Category: Eschatology
Koimēthentes (3:4); NT euphemism for death, cited by scoffers as supposed proof against Christ’s return.
Fire
Approved rendering: apoy
Transliteration: apoy
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: πῦρ
Category: Eschatology
Pyr (3:7); medium of the future cosmic judgment.
Flood
Approved rendering: baha / delubyo
Transliteration: delubyo
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: Eschatology
Kataklysmos (2:5; 3:6); second OT judgment precedent, recurring as a type in ch.3.
Flooded
Approved rendering: binaha / nalunod
Transliteration: binaha
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κατακλύζω
Category: Eschatology
Katakylzō (3:6); historical precedent for future judgment by fire.
Hard To Understand
Approved rendering: mahirap unawain
Transliteration: mahirap unawain
Doctrine: Canon of Scripture
Original: δυσνόητα
Category: Scripture
Dysnoēta (3:16); Peter’s honest acknowledgment of interpretive difficulty in some of Paul’s writings, without undermining the text’s authority.
Heaven
Approved rendering: langit
Transliteration: langit
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: οὐρανός
Category: Scripture
Ouranos (1:18; 3:5, 7, 10, 12-13); recurs across ch.1 and ch.3.
Holy Commandment
Approved rendering: banal na utos
Transliteration: banal na utos
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἁγία ἐντολή
Category: False Teachers
Hagia entolē (2:21); the apostolic gospel instruction handed down.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: mga hayop na walang pag-iisip
Transliteration: mga hayop na walang pag-iisip
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: False Teachers
Aloga zōa (2:12); self-condemning imagery for false teachers who behave by instinct.
Lamp
Approved rendering: lampara
Transliteration: lampara
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος
Category: Scripture
Lychnos (1:19); Scripture as guiding light in a dark age.
Lot
Approved rendering: Lot
Transliteration: Lot
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Proper name (2:7-8); established Filipino Bible form, model of God’s discernment between righteous and wicked.
Love
Approved rendering: pag-ibig
Transliteration: pag-ibig
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Christian Virtue
Agapē (1:7); capstone virtue of the chain.
Majesty
Approved rendering: kadakilaan
Transliteration: kadakilaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
Megaleiotēs (1:16); visible splendor of Christ at the Transfiguration.
Noah
Approved rendering: Noe
Transliteration: Noe
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Proper name (2:5); established Filipino Bible form, preserved righteous remnant through the Flood.
Paul
Approved rendering: Pablo
Transliteration: Pablo
Doctrine: Canon of Scripture
Proper name (3:15-16); established Filipino Bible form. Referenced as a fellow apostolic author whose letters are received as Scripture.
Peter
Approved rendering: Pedro
Transliteration: Pedro
Doctrine: Apostleship
Proper name; the letter’s author (1:1). Established Filipino Bible form. Author identity only — this Language Package does not adjudicate Catholic Petrine-primacy doctrine, which lies outside this letter’s own content.
Promise
Approved rendering: pangako
Transliteration: pangako
Doctrine: Divine Nature
Original: ἐπάγγελμα
Category: Divine Nature
Epaggelma (1:4); the ‘precious and very great promises’ through which believers escape corruption.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: propesiya
Transliteration: propesiya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Underlies ‘prophetic word’ (1:19) and ‘prophecy of Scripture’ (1:20). Inherited from Romans package.
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Underlies ‘false prophets’ (2:1) and ‘prophets’ (3:2). Inherited from Romans package.
Proverb
Approved rendering: kasabihan / salawikain
Transliteration: salawikain
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: παροιμία
Category: False Teachers
Paroimia (2:22); closing proverbial imagery illustrating apostasy’s self-destructive nature.
Remind
Approved rendering: paalalahanan
Transliteration: paalalahanan
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὑπομιμνήσκω
Category: Scripture
Hypomimnēskō (1:12; 3:1); Peter’s stated authorial purpose — reminding, not introducing new revelation.
Self Control
Approved rendering: pagpipigil sa sarili
Transliteration: pagpipigil sa sarili
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Christian Virtue
Egkrateia (1:6); part of the virtue chain.
Sincere Mind
Approved rendering: malinis na pag-iisip
Transliteration: malinis na pag-iisip
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: εἰλικρινὴς διάνοια
Category: Scripture
Eilikrinēs dianoia (3:1); the undistracted mental clarity Peter aims to stir up.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodoma at Gomorra
Transliteration: Sodoma at Gomorra
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Proper names (2:6); established Filipino Bible form, third OT judgment case-study.
Spotless And Blameless
Approved rendering: walang dungis at walang kapintasan
Transliteration: walang dungis at walang kapintasan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Christian Virtue
Aspiloi kai amōmētoi (3:14); deliberate contrast with 2:13’s false teachers’ spots and blemishes.
Spots And Blemishes
Approved rendering: mga dungis at mantsa
Transliteration: mga dungis at mantsa
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι
Category: False Teachers
Spiloi kai mōmoi (2:13); moral defilement imagery, deliberately reversed positively in 3:14.
Steadfastness Endurance
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga
Transliteration: pagtitiyaga
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Christian Virtue
Hypomonē (1:6). Must be distinguished from ch.3’s makrothymia (God’s patience/longsuffering) by pairing the divine sense consistently with ‘ng Panginoon’/‘ng Diyos’; leave unqualified only for this human-virtue sense.
Steadfastness Stability
Approved rendering: katatagan
Transliteration: katatagan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Christian Virtue
Stērigmos (3:17); the positive goal of being firmly established rather than swept away by error — the letter’s final practical exhortation.
Tent Body
Approved rendering: tolda
Transliteration: tolda
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Christian Virtue
Skēnōma (1:13-14); metaphor for Peter’s physical body, soon to be laid aside in death.
Thief
Approved rendering: magnanakaw
Transliteration: magnanakaw
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: κλέπτης
Category: Eschatology
Kleptēs (3:10); emphasizes the Day of the Lord’s sudden, unpredictable timing despite its certainty.
Trial Temptation
Approved rendering: tukso / pagsubok
Transliteration: pagsubok
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πειρασμός
Category: False Teachers
Peirasmos (2:9); God rescues the godly from trial while keeping the unrighteous for judgment.
Voice
Approved rendering: tinig
Transliteration: tinig
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: φωνή
Category: Scripture
Phōnē (1:17-18); the Father’s audible voice authenticating the Son.
Waterless Springs
Approved rendering: mga bukal na walang tubig
Transliteration: mga bukal na walang tubig
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι
Category: False Teachers
Pēgai anydroi (2:17); false teachers promise but do not deliver truth.
Referenced passages