Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians — English → Filipino
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across all 13 chapters of 2 Corinthians. Terms already established in the Romans baseline (translation_memory.json) are marked REUSED and carry their baseline rendering and risk tier unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. New terms introduced by 2 Corinthians are marked NEW and proposed here for addition to translation memory (Phase 2, Step 16 pre-flight load).
Risk tiers: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) · High (human theologian review) · Medium (native speaker review) · Low (automated review).
Part 1 — Terms REUSED Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term | Greek | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Key 2 Corinthians Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Mabuting Balita | Medium | 2:12; 4:3–4; 8:18; 9:13; 11:4,7 | Reused exactly; no new risk. |
| grace | χάρις | biyaya | High/Critical* | 1:2; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,6,7,9,16,19; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:14 | *Baseline TM lists High; baseline doctrine registry lists Critical for the grace doctrine. 2 Cor 8–9 (giving) and 12:9 (sufficiency) are the letter’s most theologically load-bearing occurrences — treat as Critical per doctrine risk registry precedent. Never utang na loob. |
| faith | πίστις | pananampalataya | Medium | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 | Reused exactly. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | katuwiran | High | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9–10; 11:15 | Reused exactly; 5:21 pairs with imputed_righteousness below. |
| salvation | σωτηρία | kaligtasan | Critical | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 | Reused exactly; requires teaching note distinguishing faith-received salvation from sacramental guarantee, especially at 6:2 (“acceptable time”). |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostol | Medium | 1:1; 8:23; 11:5,13; 12:11–12 | Reused exactly; intensified by “false apostles” (new term, below) in ch.11. |
| holy | ἅγιος | banal | Medium | 1:12; 7:1 | Reused exactly. |
| saints | ἅγιοι | mga banal | Critical | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12 | Reused exactly; note that “service to the saints” (the Jerusalem collection) refers to ordinary believers, not a canonized elite class. |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός (cf. ἁγιωσύνη, 7:1) | pagpapabanal | Medium | 7:1 | Reused; near-synonym ἁγιωσύνη (“bringing holiness to completion”) treated under same rendering. |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις (cf. ἐγείρω) | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Medium | 4:14; 5:15 | Reused exactly. |
| lord | κύριος | Panginoon | High | throughout; 3:16–18; 4:5 | Reused exactly. |
| son_of_god | υἱὸς Θεοῦ | Anak ng Diyos | High | 1:19 | Reused exactly. |
| incarnation | (theological category) | pagkakatawang-tao | High | 8:9 (Christ’s self-impoverishment) | Reused; extended to 8:9’s “became poor” as a further expression of the same doctrine. |
| peace | εἰρήνη | kapayapaan | Medium | 1:2; 13:11 | Reused exactly. |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | pasasalamat | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11–12 | Reused exactly. |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | pagsasamahan | Low | 6:14; 8:4; 13:14 | Reused exactly. |
| church | ἐκκλησία | iglesia | Medium | 1:1; 8:1,18–19,23–24; 11:8,28; 12:13 | Reused exactly; prefer iglesia over simbahan. |
| covenant | διαθήκη | tipan | Medium/High | 3:6,14 | Reused; “new covenant” (below) is a High-risk extension. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | kasalanan | Medium | 5:21; 11:7 | Reused exactly. |
| glory | δόξα | kaluwalhatian | Medium/High | 3:7–11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 8:19,23 | Reused; heavily load-bearing in ch. 3–4’s veil/transformation theme (see High-risk new terms below that build on it). |
| power_of_god | δύναμις θεοῦ | kapangyarihan ng Diyos | High | 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 | Reused exactly; directly intersects with “Power in Weakness” doctrine at 12:9 — never anting-anting. |
| intercession | (thematic cross-reference) | pamamagitan | Critical | thematic (comfort, ch.1,7) | Reused as cross-reference; Christ’s/Spirit’s unique sufficiency must anchor the comfort doctrine below, not devotional intercessors. |
| providence | (thematic cross-reference) | kalinga ng Diyos | Medium | thematic (1:3–11; 4:17; 12:7–9) | Reused as cross-reference for suffering-with-purpose teaching; never bahala na. |
| mission | (thematic cross-reference) | misyon | Medium | 5:18–20; 10:16 | Reused as cross-reference for the ministry of reconciliation and gospel expansion. |
| israel | Ἰσραήλ | Israel | Medium | 3:7,13; 11:22 | Reused exactly. |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Jesus | High | throughout | Reused exactly. |
| god | θεός | Diyos | Critical | throughout | Reused exactly; contrasts sharply with the new “god of this age” term below, which names Satan, not a rival deity. |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Espiritu Santo | High/Critical | 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17–18; 5:5; 6:6; 13:14 | Reused exactly; 3:17 (“the Lord is the Spirit”) is a load-bearing Trinitarian statement requiring theologian review. |
| father | πατήρ | Ama | High | 1:2–3 (“Father of mercies”); 6:18; 11:31 | Reused exactly. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | pasiglahin / makiusap | Low/Medium | 2:8; 5:20; 6:1; 8:6; 9:5; 10:1; 13:11 | Reused exactly; context-sensitive per baseline rule (entreaty = makiusap; encouragement = pasiglahin). Distinct from the new noun-concept “comfort” (παράκλησις) below, which functions as this letter’s central pastoral theme. |
| imputed_righteousness | ἐλογίσθη…εἰς δικαιοσύνην (cf. λογίζομαι, 5:19,21) | katuwirang ibinilang | Critical | 5:19,21 | Reused exactly; 5:19’s non-imputation of trespasses and 5:21’s imputation of righteousness are the two forensic halves of this single Critical doctrine in 2 Corinthians. |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced by 2 Corinthians
| Term (ID) | Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation | καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω | katallagē / katallassō | pagkakasundo / pinagkasundo | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18–20 | Same semantic space as the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/Confession; must be taught as God’s finished, objective act in Christ received by faith, not a repeatable priest-mediated ritual. |
| ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς | diakonia tēs katallagēs | paglilingkod ng pagkakasundo | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18 | Must be proclamation ministry (announcing what God has done), not sacramental-mediation ministry. |
| non-imputation of sin | μὴ λογιζόμενος | mē logizomenos | hindi ibinibilang (na kasalanan) | Critical | Reconciliation / Salvation | 5:19 | Ledger-accounting language paired directly with baseline’s Critical imputed_righteousness term; two halves of one forensic transaction. |
| be reconciled (imperative) | καταλλάγητε | katallagēte | magpakasundo (kayo) sa Diyos | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:20 | Passive imperative must be rendered as “receive/accept” God’s finished reconciliation, not “achieve/earn” it. |
| made [him] sin | ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν | hamartian epoiēsen | ginawang kasalanan (siya) | Critical | Reconciliation / Atonement | 5:21 | Substitutionary imputation of guilt to the sinless Christ; must never imply Christ’s own moral corruption or a repeatable sacramental re-presentation. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | bagong nilalang | High | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | Risk of collapsing into subjective self-reform (“pagbabagong-buhay”) rather than God’s objective, once-for-all creative declaration “in Christ.” |
| in Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ | en Christō | sa Kristo / kay Kristo | High | New Creation / Christian Identity | 5:17 | Identity must be located in union with Christ, not denominational affiliation or sacramental frequency (baseline extension). |
| new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | kainē diathēkē | Bagong Tipan | High | New Covenant versus Old | 3:6 | ”Bagong Tipan” is the standard Filipino name for the New Testament (book); risk of confusing the covenant-reality with a book-title reference. |
| transformed (into Christ’s likeness) | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | napapabago sa larawan / nababagong-anyo | High | New Covenant / Sanctification | 3:18 | Filipino Catholic tradition names the Transfiguration feast “Pagbabagong-Anyo”; risk of hearing a one-time historical event instead of every believer’s ongoing Spirit-wrought change. |
| image (of God/Christ) | εἰκών | eikōn | larawan | High | New Covenant / Sanctification | 3:18; 4:4 | Filipino devotional veneration of sacred physical images (imahen, santo) risks redirecting toward icon devotion rather than inward Christlikeness. |
| judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ | bēma tou Christou | hukuman ni Kristo | High | Assurance / Sincerity & Authority | 5:10 | Risk of conflation with particular judgment + purgatory + saintly/indulgence mitigation in Catholic doctrine; this is Christ’s own direct evaluation, not a mitigable process. |
| temple of God | ναὸς Θεοῦ | naos Theou | templo ng Diyos | High | New Covenant / Church | 6:16 | Filipino piety strongly ties “templo/simbahan” to a physical building; risk of missing the Spirit-indwelt believer/church as the true dwelling place. |
| godly grief → repentance | λύπη κατὰ Θεόν / μετάνοια | lypē kata Theon / metanoia | kalungkutang ayon sa Diyos / pagsisisi | Critical | Reconciliation / New Covenant | 7:9–11 | Occupies the same conceptual space as the formal Confession sequence (contrition–confession–penance–absolution); must be taught as inward, Spirit-produced sorrow leading directly to salvation. |
| grace as generosity | χάρις (giving context) | charis | biyaya (sa pagbibigay) | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:1,7,9,16,19 | Concretizes baseline’s grace-vs-utang na loob distinction in the culturally reciprocal contexts of bayanihan/damayan communal giving. |
| generosity / sincerity | ἁπλότης | haplotēs | bukas-palad / katapatan ng layunin | High | Sincerity & Authority / Generosity | 1:12; 8:2; 9:11,13; 11:3 | Dual sense (singleness of motive / open-handed giving); Filipino indirectness/pakikisama norms risk mistaking transparent sincerity for social smoothness or misreading it as inappropriate directness. |
| sincerity (tested purity) | εἰλικρίνεια | eilikrineia | katapatan / kalinisan ng layunin | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 2:17 | Anchor term for the doctrine; must be distinguished from mere social harmony or performative humility. |
| ambassador | πρεσβεύω | presbeuō | kinatawan | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | Must retain sense of Christ’s own delegated, authorized envoy, not a self-appointed spokesperson. |
| weapons / warfare (spiritual) | ὅπλα / στρατεία | hopla / strateia | sandata / pakikidigma | High | Power in Weakness / Sincerity & Authority | 10:3–4 | Parallels baseline’s anting-anting risk for “power of God”; must anchor spiritual power in the gospel and prayer, never a protective object or charm. |
| another Jesus / different gospel / different spirit | ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / πνεῦμα ἕτερον | allos Iēsous / heteron euangelion / pneuma heteron | ibang Jesus / ibang ebanghelyo / ibang espiritu | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:4 | Directly, concretely applicable to Philippine new religious movements claiming a distinct Christ-figure or restored gospel. |
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι | pseudapostoloi | mga bulaang apostol | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13 | Anchor term of the doctrine; Philippine religious landscape includes ongoing claims to uniquely restored apostolic authority, giving this live pastoral force. |
| weakness | ἀσθένεια | astheneia | kahinaan | High | Power in Weakness | 11:21,29–30; 12:5,9–10; 13:4,9 | Must retain its theological function as the specific arena of God’s power display (12:9–10), not flatten to ordinary frailty. |
| angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός | angelos phōtos | anghel ng liwanag | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:14 | Filipino folk belief readily accepts benevolent-appearing spirits (engkanto) and uncritically embraces reported apparitions; must retain the warning of possible deceptive spiritual appearance. |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Satanas | Satanas | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 2:11; 11:3,14; 12:7 | Must be distinguished from morally ambiguous Filipino folk-spirit categories (engkanto, multo); Satan is personally, consistently opposed to God. |
| thorn in the flesh / messenger of Satan | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί / ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ | skolops tē sarki / angelos Satana | tinik sa laman / sugo ni Satanas | High | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | Filipino folk-curse belief (kulam, gaba) risks reframing this as sorcery requiring folk-healing removal, rather than God’s sovereign, purposeful permission. |
| grace sufficient / power in weakness | ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις / δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ | arkei hē charis / dynamis en astheneia | sapat ang biyaya / kapangyarihan sa kahinaan | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | Direct confrontation with strength-and-prosperity framing common in parts of Filipino charismatic/Pentecostal culture; softening the paradox reverses the doctrine. |
| signs of a [true] apostle | σημεῖα ἀποστόλου | sēmeia apostolou | mga tanda ng tunay na apostol | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12:12 | Connects to false-apostleship risk; competing modern apostolic claimants remain an active feature of the Filipino church landscape. |
| Christ in you | Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν | Christos en hymin | Kristo na sa inyo / nananahan si Kristo sa inyo | High | Christian Identity / New Creation | 13:5 | Parallels baseline’s anito/anting-anting risk categories; must be personal, relational, non-magical indwelling, not spirit-possession or object-mediated empowerment. |
| god of this age | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου | ho theos tou aiōnos toutou | ang diyos ng sanlibutang ito | Critical | Deity of Christ / Reconciliation (contrast) | 4:4 | Deliberately calls Satan “god” as a polemical title; must be unmistakably distinguished from the one true God in a culture with a pre-colonial multi-deity cosmology (echoes baseline’s rejection of Bathala). |
| comfort | παράκλησις | paraklēsis | kaaliwan / aliw | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3–7; 7:4,6–7,13 | Filipino folk-Catholic practice of seeking comfort in suffering through Marian/saintly intercession (already Critical in baseline); must anchor comfort in God the Father and Christ. |
| affliction / suffering | θλῖψις | thlipsis | kapighatian | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4,8–9; 4:17; 6:4; 8:2 | Risk of being absorbed into fatalistic bahala na/kapalaran framing rather than God’s purposeful, personal care. |
| love (agape) | ἀγάπη | agapē | pag-ibig | Medium | (cross-cutting; 5:14; 13:11,14) | 5:14; 8:24; 13:11 | Established Filipino Bible term, but everyday usage skews romantic; context must preserve Christ’s sacrificial, others-directed love. |
| flesh | σάρξ | sarx | laman | Medium | New Creation / Christian Identity | 5:16; 10:2–3; 11:18 | Context-sensitive between literal body and “worldly/external standard of judgment”; must not collapse to only the literal sense. |
| letter and Spirit | γράμμα / πνεῦμα | gramma / pneuma | titik / Espiritu | Medium | New Covenant versus Old | 3:6 | Must critique legalistic external compliance without devaluing Scripture’s own inspired authority. |
| veil | κάλυμμα | kalymma | talukbong / tabing | Medium | New Covenant versus Old | 3:13–16 | Retain dual literal-and-spiritual (blindness) sense. |
| boldness | παρρησία | parrēsia | lakas ng loob / tapang | Medium | New Covenant / Sincerity & Authority | 3:12; 7:4 | Confident, transparent openness grounded in gospel hope, not mere social assertiveness (tension with hiya norms). |
| tent (body metaphor) | σκῆνος | skēnos | tolda | Medium | Suffering and Comfort / Eschatology | 5:1 | Retain temporary/permanent contrast without implying a low view of the present body. |
| unequal yoke | ἑτεροζυγέω | heterozygeō | di-magkatulad na pamatok | Medium | New Covenant / Church | 6:14 | Broader partnership/allegiance sense should not be narrowed only to marriage. |
| acceptable time | καιρὸς δεκτός | kairos dektos | kaayon-ayong panahon | Medium | Salvation (extension) | 6:2 | Must not suggest salvation may be indefinitely postponed to a more convenient sacramental occasion. |
| zeal / earnestness | σπουδή / ζῆλος | spoudē / zēlos | sigasig / kasigasigan | Low | Sincerity / Generosity | 7:7,11–12; 8:7–8 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| Christ became poor | πτωχεύω | ptōcheuō | naging dukha | Medium | Generosity / Incarnation | 8:9 | Keep historically anchored to Christ’s unique incarnational self-giving, not moralized into generic almsgiving example. |
| equality | ἰσότης | isotēs | pagkakapantay-pantay | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:13–14 | Proportional fairness, not enforced identical distribution. |
| cheerful giver | ἱλαρός | hilaros | masayang nagbibigay | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| sow / reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | maghasik / mag-ani | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:6,10 | Risk of prosperity-gospel “seed-faith” misreading as guaranteed financial return rather than provision enabling further generosity. |
| godly jealousy | ζῆλος Θεοῦ | zēlos Theou | paninibughong ukol sa Diyos | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:2 | Distinguish from ordinary interpersonal jealousy/possessiveness. |
| third heaven / paradise | τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος | tritos ouranos / paradeisos | ikatlong langit / paraiso | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:2–4 | Guarded personal testimony, not a template for seeking ecstatic experience; some risk of layered-cosmos folk conflation. |
| self-examination / test yourselves | δοκιμάζω | dokimazō | subukin ninyo ang inyong sarili | Medium | Christian Identity | 13:5 | Risk of collapsing into the mechanical pre-confession “pagsusuri ng budhi” rather than ongoing faith-focused self-testing. |
| triumphal procession | θριαμβεύω | thriambeuō | parangal ng tagumpay / prusisyon ng tagumpay | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 2:14 | ”Prusisyon” evokes Filipino Catholic religious processions — useful bridge, but must retain the specific Roman victory-parade sense. |
| aroma of Christ | εὐωδία / ὀσμή | euōdia / osmē | mabangong samyo ni Kristo | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:15–16 | Must remain metaphorical for gospel impact through believers, not literal ritual incense. |
| peddle (the word) | καπηλεύω | kapēleuō | ipinagbibiling pakinabang | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:17 | Relevant to concerns about ministry commercialization in parts of Filipino charismatic media culture. |
| sufficiency / competency | ἱκανός / ἱκανότης | hikanos / hikanotēs | sapat / kasapatan | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:16; 3:5 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| forgive | χαρίζομαι | charizomai | patawad / patawarin | Medium | Reconciliation (church discipline) | 2:7,10 | Grace-rooted forgiveness must be distinguished from merit-based restoration requiring “sufficient” penance. |
| conscience | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | budhi | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 5:11 | Filipino “budhi” is shame-culture (hiya) shaped; anchor to accountability before God, not merely social reputation. |
| seal / guarantee (Spirit) | σφραγίς / ἀρραβών | sphragis / arrabōn | tatak / katibayan | Medium | Assurance / Christian Identity | 1:22; 5:5 | Commercial down-payment image bridges well via Filipino hulugan culture; teach as an unbreakable guarantee, not a forfeitable partial claim. |
| jars of clay | ὀστράκινα σκεύη | ostrakina skeuē | sisidlang lupa | Low | Power in Weakness | 4:7 | Standard metaphor; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| outer/inner man | ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος | exō / esō anthrōpos | panlabas na tao / panloob na tao | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:16 | Standard metaphor; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| eternal weight of glory | βάρος δόξης αἰώνιον | baros doxēs aiōnion | walang hanggang bigat ng kaluwalhatian | Medium | Suffering and Comfort / Glory | 4:17 | Extension of baseline glory term into a suffering-comparison context. |
| groan | στενάζω | stenazō | dumaing / humihibik | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:2,4 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| naked (bodiless) | γυμνός | gymnos | hubad | Low | Eschatology (resurrection body) | 5:3–4 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| holy kiss | ἅγιον φίλημα | hagion philēma | banal na halik | Low | Christian Fellowship | 13:12 | Cultural greeting equivalent may be substituted in application teaching; not a fixed ritual form. |
| measure / sphere (of ministry) | μέτρον | metron | saklaw / takdang bahagi | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 10:13–16 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| burden / money (financial conduct) | βάρος / χρῆμα | baros / chrēma | pabigat / salapi | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12:14–18 | Relevant to concerns about financial conduct of some Filipino megachurch/televangelist ministries. |
| tablets (stone/heart) | πλάξ | plax | tapyas na bato / puso | Low | New Covenant versus Old | 3:3 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| separate (from compromise) | ἀφορίζω | aphorizō | humiwalay | Low | New Covenant / Sanctification | 6:17 | Extension of baseline “holy” set-apartness term; minimal added risk. |
| designs / schemes (of Satan) | νόημα | noēma | balak / pakana | Low | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 2:11 | Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| Trinitarian benediction | (composite: χάρις / ἀγάπη / κοινωνία) | charis / agapē / koinōnia | biyaya / pag-ibig / pagsasamahan | Medium | (cross-cutting) | 13:14 | Comparatively low denial-risk given established Filipino Trinitarian catechesis; ensure the three distinct relational gifts are not flattened into one generic blessing. |
Risk Summary for This Curriculum
| Risk Tier | Reused Baseline Terms Involved | New Terms Introduced | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Critical | grace*, salvation, saints, god, holy_spirit*, imputed_righteousness | reconciliation, ministry of reconciliation, non-imputation of sin, be reconciled (imperative), made [him] sin, godly grief → repentance, grace sufficient / power in weakness, false apostles, god of this age | 6 terms newly Critical; all require human theologian review at every occurrence per baseline escalation convention. |
| High | grace*, righteousness, lord, son_of_god, incarnation, power_of_god, holy_spirit*, father, jesus | new creation, in Christ, new covenant, transformed, image, judgment seat of Christ, temple of God, grace as generosity, generosity/sincerity (ἁπλότης), sincerity (εἰλικρίνεια), weapons/warfare, another Jesus/different gospel, weakness, angel of light, thorn in the flesh, signs of a true apostle, Christ in you, comfort | 17 terms newly High. |
| Medium | gospel, faith, sanctification, resurrection, covenant, sin, glory, providence, mission, israel, exhort, church | ambassador, Satan, love (agape), flesh, letter and Spirit, veil, boldness, tent, unequal yoke, acceptable time, Christ became poor, sow/reap, godly jealousy, third heaven/paradise, self-examination, triumphal procession, aroma of Christ, peddle, forgive, conscience, seal/guarantee, eternal weight of glory, burden/money, Trinitarian benediction | Majority of new terms fall Medium; native speaker review recommended. |
| Low | thanksgiving, fellowship | zeal, equality, cheerful giver, jars of clay, outer/inner man, groan, naked, holy kiss, measure/sphere, tablets, separate, designs/schemes, sufficiency/competency | Automated review sufficient. |
*Grace and Holy Spirit are flagged Critical in some occurrences (ch. 8–9 giving context; 3:17 Trinitarian statement) though the baseline TM lists them High — flagged for theologian confirmation on final tier assignment in Step 2 (Doctrine Risk Registry extension).
This glossary must be loaded into translation_memory.json (version increment required) before any Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Corinthians begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Be Reconciled Imperative
Approved rendering: magpakasundo (kayo) sa Diyos
Transliteration: magpakasundo kayo sa Diyos
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: sariling pagsisikap upang bayaran ang utang sa Diyos
Original: καταλλάγητε
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:20 (καταλλάγητε, passive imperative). Filipino grammar does not mark this passive as clearly as Greek; the imperative must be taught as receiving/accepting God’s already-finished reconciliation, never as an achievement to be earned through ritual or personal effort.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: mga bulaang apostol
Transliteration: mga bulaang apostol
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 11:13 (ψευδαπόστολοι). Anchor term of the doctrine. The Philippine religious landscape includes multiple movements historically and currently asserting a modern-day, uniquely restored apostolic office; softening or generalizing this term risks defusing a doctrine with direct, ongoing pastoral relevance.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: ang diyos ng sanlibutang ito (tumutukoy kay Satanas)
Transliteration: ang diyos ng sanlibutang ito
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ikalawang tunay na diyos
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Occurs 4:4 (ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου). This deliberately provocative title is a live theological hazard in a culture whose pre-colonial cosmology (Bathala and lesser nature-spirits) already includes multiple divine/semi-divine figures. Every occurrence requires an explicit teaching note that this names Satan’s usurped, illegitimate, temporary authority, never a legitimate second deity alongside Diyos. Retain lowercase ‘diyos’ (common noun) distinct from ‘Diyos’ (proper name) to mark this orthographically.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout. Contrasts sharply with the new Critical term god_of_this_age (4:4), which names Satan’s usurped, illegitimate authority, never a rival legitimate deity. Never Bathala.
Godly Grief Repentance
Approved rendering: kalungkutang ayon sa Diyos / pagsisisi
Transliteration: kalungkutang ayon sa Diyos
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Rejected alternatives: pormal na kumpisal-penitensiya-absolusyon bilang kailangan
Original: λύπη κατὰ Θεόν / μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
NEW TERM. Occurs 7:9-11 (λύπη κατὰ Θεόν / μετάνοια). This pairing occupies the exact conceptual space of the Roman Catholic Sacrament of Confession’s formal sequence (examination of conscience, contrition, confession to a priest, penance, absolution); every occurrence requires a teaching note distinguishing biblical repentance — inward, Spirit-produced sorrow that turns the heart toward God and results in salvation without regret — from a ritual sequence completed through priestly mediation.
Grace As Generosity
Approved rendering: biyaya (sa pagbibigay)
Transliteration: biyaya sa pagbibigay
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob, bayanihan/damayan na may inaasahang kapalit
Original: χάρις (giving context)
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (elevated beyond the baseline grace term’s general High tier). Occurs 8:1,6,7,9,16,19; 9:8,14. Filipino communal-giving customs (bayanihan, damayan) carry strong cultural expectation of eventual reciprocity or social debt; teaching must be explicit that Christian giving modeled on divine grace is a free response to grace already received, not a transaction owed back to the giver, church leadership, or God.
Grace Sufficient Power In Weakness
Approved rendering: sapat ang biyaya ko / kapangyarihan sa kahinaan
Transliteration: sapat ang biyaya ko
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: pangakong kalakasan/kayamanan bilang katibayan ng pagpapala
Original: ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου / δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Occurs 12:9-10 (ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου / δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ). Directly confronts the strength-and-prosperity framework present in significant strands of contemporary Filipino charismatic and Pentecostal media culture; any softening of the paradox (implying the thorn was eventually removed, or that weakness is a temporary stage before triumph) reverses Paul’s explicit theological point. Doctrinal climax of the Power in Weakness unit.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Original: ἐλογίσθη … εἰς δικαιοσύνην (cf. λογίζομαι)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 5:19 (non-imputation of trespasses) and 5:21 (imputation of righteousness) as the two forensic halves of a single transaction in the core passage. Must not be rendered as a status achieved through ritual/sacramental performance. See the new terms non_imputation_of_sin and made_him_sin below, which together with this term constitute the doctrinal center of 2 Corinthians 5:19-21.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pamamagitan
Transliteration: pamamagitan
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: (thematic; cf. ὑπερεντυγχάνει, ἔντευξις — Romans usage)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied thematically to the comfort/suffering material of chapters 1, 7, and 12:8-9. Pamamagitan ng mga santo (intercession of the saints/Mary) is an extremely common Filipino folk-Catholic devotional practice, especially as a channel for comfort in suffering; every occurrence needs a note that Christ’s own mediatorship is unique and sufficient. See the new term comfort below.
Made Him Sin
Approved rendering: ginawang kasalanan (siya)
Transliteration: ginawang kasalanan siya
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: Kristo ay naging tiwaling makasalanan mismo, ibinigay bilang handog para sa kasalanan (bilang kapalit ng eksaktong ibig sabihin)
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:21 (ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν). Must be taught strictly as a forensic imputation of guilt to the sinless Christ, never as Christ’s own moral corruption and never softened into generic sacrifice-language; direct counterpart to imputed_righteousness in the same verse.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: paglilingkod ng pagkakasundo
Transliteration: paglilingkod ng pagkakasundo
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: papel ng pari bilang tagapamagitan sa sakramento
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:18 (διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς). Must be taught as a proclamation ministry entrusted to every believer (announcing what God has already done), not a priestly sacramental-mediation office performing what reconciles.
Non Imputation Of Sin
Approved rendering: hindi ibinibilang (na kasalanan)
Transliteration: hindi ibinibilang na kasalanan
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:19 (μὴ λογιζόμενος). Ledger/accounting language paired directly with the Critical baseline term imputed_righteousness; the negative forensic half of one transaction accomplished once in Christ, not an ongoing debt-ledger requiring sacramental clearing.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: pagkakasundo / pinagkasundo
Transliteration: pagkakasundo
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: kumpisal bilang paulit-ulit na sakramento
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:18-20 (καταλλάσσω/καταλλαγή). Anchor term of the core passage and curriculum doctrine. ‘Pagkakasundo’ occupies the exact semantic space as Sakramento ng Pagkakasundo (the Roman Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/Confession), a repeatable ritual in which a priest pronounces absolution after confession and penance. Every occurrence requires a teaching note clarifying that biblical reconciliation is God’s own finished, objective act in Christ, received once by faith and continually enjoyed, not a sacramental transaction re-performed after each subsequent sin.
Saints
Approved rendering: mga banal
Transliteration: mga banal
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12. The ‘service to the saints’ (Jerusalem collection, chs. 8-9) refers to ordinary believers in material need, not a canonized elite class receiving veneration through feast days, images, or novenas.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:6; 6:2 (‘the day of salvation’); 7:10. At 6:2 the urgency of ‘now is the acceptable time’ must not imply salvation can be postponed to a more convenient sacramental occasion (e.g., last rites); at 7:10 salvation is the outcome of godly grief, not sacramental absolution.
High Risk Terms
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: anghel ng liwanag
Transliteration: anghel ng liwanag
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: False Teaching
NEW TERM. Occurs 11:14 (ἄγγελος φωτός). Filipino folk belief readily accepts benevolent-appearing spiritual beings (engkanto) and, in devotional culture, uncritically embraces many reported spiritual apparitions as automatically authentic; must retain the warning that deceptive spiritual appearance is genuinely possible even in seemingly holy or miraculous form.
Another Jesus Different Gospel
Approved rendering: ibang Jesus / ibang ebanghelyo / ibang espiritu
Transliteration: ibang Jesus
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / πνεῦμα ἕτερον
Category: False Teaching
NEW TERM. Occurs 11:4 (ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / πνεῦμα ἕτερον). The Philippines has produced multiple homegrown new religious movements claiming a distinct, exclusive Christ-figure or restored gospel; this warning is directly, concretely applicable to the contemporary Filipino religious landscape.
Christ In You
Approved rendering: Kristo na sa inyo / nananahan si Kristo sa inyo
Transliteration: nananahan si Kristo sa inyo
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: anito, anting-anting
Original: Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Christian Identity
NEW TERM. Occurs 13:5 (Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν). Parallels the baseline’s guarded categories for anito (ancestral/nature-spirit indwelling) and anting-anting (amulet-based empowerment); must be the Spirit’s personal, relational, non-magical indwelling of the believer’s own person by faith, not spirit-possession or object-mediated power.
Comfort
Approved rendering: kaaliwan / aliw
Transliteration: kaaliwan
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: pamamagitan ng mga santo bilang pangunahing pinagmulan
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Occurs 1:3-7; 7:4,6-7,13 (παράκλησις/παρακαλέω). Filipino folk-Catholic devotional practice of seeking comfort in suffering through intercessory prayer directed to Mary and particular saints is extremely common; every occurrence in a suffering context needs a teaching note anchoring comfort in God the Father and Christ himself as the primary, sufficient source.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:2-3 (‘Father of mercies’); 6:18; 11:31. Anchor the new term comfort (paraklēsis) directly in God the Father as its primary, sufficient source.
Generosity Sincerity Haplotes
Approved rendering: bukas-palad / katapatan ng layunin
Transliteration: bukas-palad
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Occurs 1:12; 8:2; 9:11,13; 11:3 (ἁπλότης). One Greek word spans both ‘singleness/purity of motive’ and ‘open-handed generosity’; select the sense-appropriate Filipino rendering per occurrence (sincerity in 1:12/11:3, generosity in 8:2/9:11,13) while teaching that Paul intentionally links the two.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:2; 4:15; 6:1; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:14. Never frame as utang na loob. The concrete giving-context application of this same word in chapters 8-9 is tracked separately below as the new Critical-tier term grace_as_generosity, because the Macedonian collection sharpens the risk into the culturally reciprocal domain of bayanihan/damayan.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 5:5; 6:6; 13:14. 3:17’s ‘the Lord is the Spirit’ is a load-bearing Trinitarian statement requiring mandatory theologian review; never anito or bare kaluluwa. Must not be rendered with the depersonalizing tendencies documented for sectarian Tagalog translations in analysis/05_translation_landscape.md.
Image
Approved rendering: larawan
Transliteration: larawan
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: debosyon sa imahen bilang pangunahing kahulugan
Original: εἰκών
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:18; 4:4 (εἰκών). Filipino devotional culture’s intense veneration of sacred physical images and icons (mga imahen, santo) creates real risk that ‘conformed to his image’ is heard as physical image devotion rather than inward, Spirit-wrought Christlikeness of character.
In Christ
Approved rendering: sa Kristo / kay Kristo
Transliteration: sa Kristo
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: pagiging kabilang sa isang denominasyon
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM (extension of the baseline Christian Identity in Christ doctrine). Occurs 5:17. Identity must be located in union with the person of Christ, not denominational affiliation or frequency of sacramental participation.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: pagkakatawang-tao
Transliteration: pagkakatawang-tao
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: (theological category; cf. 8:9 πτωχεύω)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged as a theological category term. Extended here to 8:9’s ‘though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor’ (see christ_became_poor below); this self-impoverishment must remain anchored to Christ’s unique, unrepeatable incarnational act, not moralized into a generic almsgiving example. Filipino devotional attachment to the Santo Niño remains the primary risk of image-localization.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout. Use established Protestant Filipino Bible spelling ‘Jesus,’ consistent with this pipeline’s register.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: hukuman ni Kristo
Transliteration: hukuman ni Kristo
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: paghuhukom na kailangan pa ng purgatoryo/pamamagitan ng mga santo
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:10 (βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ). Risk of conflation with the Catholic doctrine of particular judgment followed by purgatorial purification mitigated by intercession of saints or indulgences; must be taught as Christ’s own direct, personal evaluation of believers already secure in him.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout; especially 3:16-18 (‘the Lord is the Spirit’) and 4:5. 3:17’s identification of ‘the Lord’ with ‘the Spirit’ requires careful, unambiguous Trinitarian handling and mandatory theologian review; must not be echoed in the depersonalizing style found in some sectarian Tagalog translations.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: Bagong Tipan
Transliteration: Bagong Tipan
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:6 (καινὴ διαθήκη). ‘Bagong Tipan’ is the standard Filipino name for the New Testament (the book itself); real risk that hearers understand a reference to a section of Scripture rather than the covenant reality Christ established by his blood, superseding the covenant of Sinai. Teaching must explicitly distinguish the covenant-reality from the book-title usage every time this term is taught doctrinally.
New Creation
Approved rendering: bagong nilalang
Transliteration: bagong nilalang
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: pagbabagong-buhay, nagbagong-buhay
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:17 (καινὴ κτίσις). Filipino popular piety readily speaks of ‘pagbabagong-buhay’ achieved through personal resolve, novenas, or devotional effort; must be taught as God’s objective, once-for-all creative declaration over the one who is ‘in Christ,’ not a subjective self-reform project.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4. Directly intersects with the new Critical term grace_sufficient_power_in_weakness at 12:9. Never anting-anting; extended prohibition applies to the new term weapons_warfare (10:3-4).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10; 11:15. At 5:21 pairs directly with imputed_righteousness and made_him_sin as the positive forensic counterpart to Christ being ‘made sin.‘
Signs Of True Apostle
Approved rendering: mga tanda ng tunay na apostol
Transliteration: mga tanda ng tunay na apostol
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 12:11-12 (σημεῖα ἀποστόλου). Connects directly to the false-apostleship risk of chapter 11; competing modern apostolic claimants remain an active, not merely historical, feature of the Filipino church landscape.
Sincerity Eilikrineia
Approved rendering: katapatan / kalinisan ng layunin
Transliteration: katapatan ng layunin
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: pakikisama bilang kapalit ng tunay na katapatan
Original: εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 1:12; 2:17 (εἰλικρίνεια). Anchor term for the doctrine; Filipino social communication norms strongly favor indirectness and pakikisama over blunt directness, risking Paul’s transparent self-defense being misread as culturally inappropriate boasting rather than necessary, God-facing transparency.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:19. Must not read as metaphorical, adoptive, or honorary sonship; keep central against devotional dilution toward Mary or particular saints.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: templo ng Diyos
Transliteration: templo ng Diyos
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan bilang pisikal na gusali
Original: ναὸς Θεοῦ
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Occurs 6:16 (ναὸς Θεοῦ). Filipino piety strongly associates templo/simbahan with a physical sacred building; risk that ‘you are God’s temple’ is heard as elevating a physical church structure’s sanctity rather than affirming the Spirit-indwelt identity of the gathered and individual believer.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: tinik sa laman / sugo ni Satanas
Transliteration: tinik sa laman
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: kulam, gaba
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί / ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Occurs 12:7 (σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί / ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ). Filipino folk belief in curses (kulam, gaba) commonly attributes unexplained affliction to sorcery requiring folk-healer (albularyo) removal; must be taught as God’s sovereign, purposeful permission serving apostolic humility, never validation of the kulam framework.
Transformed
Approved rendering: napapabago sa larawan / nababagong-anyo
Transliteration: nababagong-anyo
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: Pagbabagong-Anyo (bilang kaisa-isang pangyayari)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:18 (μεταμορφόω). Filipino Catholic liturgical tradition uses ‘Pagbabagong-Anyo’ specifically as the name for the Feast of the Transfiguration, a single past historical event; real risk that 3:18’s description of every believer’s ongoing transformation is heard as that one event rather than the Spirit’s continual work.
Weakness
Approved rendering: kahinaan
Transliteration: kahinaan
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: ordinaryong kahinaan na walang kabuluhang teolohiko
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Occurs 11:21,29-30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9 (ἀσθένεια). Must retain its theological function as the specific arena of God’s power display (12:9-10), not flatten to ordinary frailty/failure; guards against strength-and-prosperity teaching in parts of Filipino charismatic culture.
Weapons Warfare
Approved rendering: sandata / pakikidigma
Transliteration: sandata sa pakikidigma
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting, agimat
Original: ὅπλα / στρατεία
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Occurs 10:3-4 (ὅπλα/στρατεία). Direct risk of absorption into folk-Catholic and folk-animist protective amulet/charm practice; every occurrence must anchor these ‘weapons’ as God’s own power exercised through gospel, prayer, and truth, never a physical object or incantation.
Medium Risk Terms
Acceptable Time
Approved rendering: kaayon-ayong panahon
Transliteration: kaayon-ayong panahon
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ipagpaliban ang kaligtasan hanggang sa huling sakramento
Original: καιρὸς δεκτός
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (extension of the Critical baseline salvation term). Occurs 6:2 (καιρὸς δεκτός). Must not suggest salvation can be indefinitely postponed to a more convenient sacramental occasion.
Affliction Suffering
Approved rendering: kapighatian
Transliteration: kapighatian
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: kapalaran, bahala na
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Occurs 1:4,8-9; 4:17; 6:4; 8:2 (θλῖψις). Risk of being absorbed into a fatalistic bahala na/kapalaran framework; must be taught as purposeful suffering held within God’s personal, comforting care.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: kinatawan
Transliteration: kinatawan
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: sariling-hirang na tagapagsalita
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:20 (πρεσβεύω). Must retain the sense of a delegated, authorized envoy speaking Christ’s own message, not a self-appointed spokesperson; connects to the baseline apostle term.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:1; 8:23; 11:5,13; 12:11-12. Sharply intensified in this book by the new Critical term false_apostles (mga bulaang apostol) in chapter 11; the contrast between apostol and bulaang apostol must remain unambiguous.
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: mabangong samyo ni Kristo
Transliteration: mabangong samyo ni Kristo
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: literal na gamit ng insenso
Original: εὐωδία / ὀσμή
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:15-16 (εὐωδία/ὀσμή). Must remain a metaphor for the gospel’s effect through believers’ lives and witness, not a literal ritual practice.
Boldness
Approved rendering: lakas ng loob / tapang
Transliteration: lakas ng loob
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: παρρησία
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:12; 7:4 (παρρησία). Confident, transparent openness grounded in gospel hope, not mere social assertiveness, which Filipino hiya norms would otherwise discourage.
Burden Money
Approved rendering: pabigat / salapi
Transliteration: pabigat
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: βάρος / χρῆμα
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 12:14-18 (βάρος/χρῆμα). Relevant to contemporary concerns about the financial conduct of some Filipino megachurch and televangelist ministries; keep Paul’s example as a positive model of sincere, non-exploitative ministry.
Christ Became Poor
Approved rendering: naging dukha
Transliteration: naging dukha
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: pangkalahatang halimbawa ng pagbibigay ng limos
Original: πτωχεύω
Category: Giving
NEW TERM (extension of the incarnation doctrine). Occurs 8:9 (πτωχεύω). Must remain anchored to Christ’s unique, unrepeatable incarnational self-giving, not moralized into a generic almsgiving example.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13. Prefer iglesia over simbahan; extended here to the new term temple_of_god (6:16), which carries the same simbahan-building risk.
Conscience
Approved rendering: budhi
Transliteration: budhi
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 1:12; 5:11 (συνείδησις). Filipino ‘budhi’ is culturally shaped heavily by hiya (shame before others); teaching should anchor this conscience to accountability before God, not merely social reputation.
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 3:6,14. The compound new_covenant (Bagong Tipan) below carries a book-specific High-risk extension due to collision with the fixed Filipino book-title usage of the same phrase for the New Testament.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: walang hanggang bigat ng kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: walang hanggang bigat ng kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: βάρος δόξης αἰώνιον
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM (extension of the baseline glory term). Occurs 4:17 (βάρος δόξης αἰώνιον). Present, momentary afflictions are producing a disproportionately weighty, eternal glory.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5. Object of faith must remain Christ, including at 13:5’s self-examination test (‘are you in the faith?’).
Flesh
Approved rendering: laman
Transliteration: laman
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: σάρξ
Category: Christian Identity
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:16; 10:2-3; 11:18 (σάρξ). Context-sensitive between the literal physical sense and the theological sense of worldly/fallen judgment; ‘according to the flesh’ must not be read as merely physical description.
Forgive
Approved rendering: patawad / patawarin
Transliteration: patawad
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: patawad na nakasalalay sa sapat na penitensiya
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:7,10 (χαρίζομαι). Grace-rooted forgiveness must be distinguished from a merit-based restoration process requiring the offender to ‘make up for’ the offense through sufficient penance.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 8:19,23. Heavily load-bearing in chapters 3-4’s veil/transformation theme; see the new terms transformed, image, and eternal_weight_of_glory below.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: paninibughong ukol sa Diyos
Transliteration: paninibughong ukol sa Diyos
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: personal na inggit o pagseselos
Original: ζῆλος Θεοῦ
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 11:2 (ζῆλος Θεοῦ). Must be clearly distinguished from ordinary interpersonal jealousy/possessiveness.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2 Corinthians 2:12; 4:3-4; 8:18; 9:13; 11:4,7, often contrasted with ‘ibang ebanghelyo’ (a different gospel, 11:4). Comparatively low syncretism risk.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:12; 7:1.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 3:7,13; 11:22.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: titik / Espiritu
Transliteration: titik
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:6 (γράμμα/πνεῦμα). Must critique legalistic external compliance without appearing to devalue the written Scriptures themselves, which remain authoritative and Spirit-inspired.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: pag-ibig
Transliteration: pag-ibig
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: pag-ibig na romantiko bilang pangunahing kahulugan
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
NEW TERM for this Language Package. Occurs 5:14; 8:24; 13:11,14 (ἀγάπη). Established Filipino Bible term, but everyday usage skews romantic; context must preserve Christ’s sacrificial, others-directed love distinct from romantic sentiment.
Mission
Approved rendering: misyon
Transliteration: misyon
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: (thematic; ἀποστολή / πέμπω)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to the ministry of reconciliation (5:18-20) and gospel expansion (10:16).
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:2; 13:11.
Peddle
Approved rendering: ipinagbibiling pakinabang
Transliteration: ipinagbibiling pakinabang
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:17 (καπηλεύω). Relevant to contemporary concerns about the commercialization of ministry in parts of the Filipino charismatic/Pentecostal landscape; keep the contrast sharp with sincere gospel proclamation.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: (thematic; πρόνοια)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to 1:3-11 (comfort in affliction), 4:17 (eternal weight of glory), and 12:7-9 (the purposeful permission of the thorn). Never bahala na.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις (cf. ἐγείρω)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 4:14; 5:15, grounding the believer’s reoriented life-purpose in Christ’s resurrection.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός (cf. ἁγιωσύνη, 7:1)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, translation unchanged. Occurs 7:1, and thematically underlies 3:18’s ‘transformed’ and 4:4’s ‘image’ language. NOTE: the doctrine-level risk for Sanctification is elevated to High for this book in doctrine_risk_registry.json because Filipino Catholic liturgical tradition names the Transfiguration feast ‘Pagbabagong-Anyo,’ risking 3:18’s ongoing transformation being heard as that single past event, and because icon veneration (mga imahen, santo) risks redirecting ‘image’ toward devotion to physical images rather than inward Christlikeness. See transformed and image below.
Satan
Approved rendering: Satanas
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: engkanto, kapre, multo
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:11; 11:3,14; 12:7 (Σατανᾶς). Established Filipino Bible transliteration; must be distinguished from morally ambiguous Filipino folk-spirit categories (engkanto, kapre, wandering multo), which are typically capricious rather than deliberately, personally opposed to God.
Seal Guarantee
Approved rendering: tatak / katibayan
Transliteration: katibayan
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Original: σφραγίς / ἀρραβών
Category: Assurance
NEW TERM. Occurs 1:22; 5:5 (σφραγίς/ἀρραβών). The commercial down-payment image bridges well through Filipino hulugan (installment) culture; must be taught as God’s own unbreakable guarantee, not a forfeitable partial claim.
Self Examination
Approved rendering: subukin ninyo ang inyong sarili
Transliteration: subukin ninyo ang inyong sarili
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: mekanikal na pagsusuri ng budhi bago mangumpisal
Original: δοκιμάζω
Category: Christian Identity
NEW TERM. Occurs 13:5 (δοκιμάζω). Risk of collapsing into the mechanical pre-confession ‘pagsusuri ng budhi’ rather than an ongoing, faith-focused inward test of whether Christ genuinely dwells and is trusted.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 5:21; 11:7. At 5:21 pairs with the new term made_him_sin.
Sow Reap
Approved rendering: maghasik / mag-ani
Transliteration: maghasik
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: seed-faith na pangako ng salaping kapalit
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Occurs 9:6,10 (σπείρω/θερίζω). Risk of prosperity-gospel ‘seed-faith’ misreading; the ‘harvest’ is God’s provision enabling continued generosity and a harvest of righteousness, not a guaranteed personal financial return.
Tent
Approved rendering: tolda
Transliteration: tolda
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: σκῆνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:1 (σκῆνος). Retain the temporary/permanent contrast without implying a low view of the present body.
Third Heaven Paradise
Approved rendering: ikatlong langit / paraiso
Transliteration: ikatlong langit
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Occurs 12:2-4 (τρίτος οὐρανός/παράδεισος). Keep as Paul’s guarded, exceptional, reluctantly-shared personal testimony, not a template encouraging believers to actively seek ecstatic experience.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: biyaya / pag-ibig / pagsasamahan
Transliteration: biyaya, pag-ibig, pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: composite: χάρις / ἀγάπη / κοινωνία
Category: God
NEW TERM (composite of grace, love_agape, and the baseline fellowship term). Occurs 13:14. Comparatively low denial-risk given established Filipino Trinitarian catechesis; ensure the three distinct relational gifts (grace from the Son, love from the Father, fellowship from the Spirit) are not flattened into one generic blessing.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: parangal ng tagumpay / prusisyon ng tagumpay
Transliteration: prusisyon ng tagumpay
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:14 (θριαμβεύω). ‘Prusisyon’ evokes Filipino Catholic religious processions — a useful bridge, but must retain the specific Roman victory-parade sense of believers as beneficiaries in Christ’s own victory, not a generic festival procession.
Unequal Yoke
Approved rendering: di-magkatulad na pamatok
Transliteration: di-magkatulad na pamatok
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Occurs 6:14 (ἑτεροζυγέω). The broader partnership/allegiance sense should not be narrowed only to marriage.
Veil
Approved rendering: talukbong / tabing
Transliteration: talukbong
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:13-16 (κάλυμμα). Retain the dual literal-and-spiritual sense (a face-covering and a heart-obscuring blindness).
Low Risk Terms
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: masayang nagbibigay
Transliteration: masayang nagbibigay
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρός
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Occurs 9:7 (ἱλαρός). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Designs Schemes
Approved rendering: balak / pakana
Transliteration: pakana
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: νόημα
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:11 (νόημα). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Equality
Approved rendering: pagkakapantay-pantay
Transliteration: pagkakapantay-pantay
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: eksaktong pagkakapareho ng ibinigay
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
NEW TERM. Occurs 8:13-14 (ἰσότης). Proportional fairness, not enforced identical distribution.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin / makiusap
Transliteration: pasiglahin / makiusap
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 2:8; 5:20; 6:1; 8:6; 9:5; 10:1; 13:11. Context-sensitive per baseline rule: makiusap for entreaty (e.g., 5:20), pasiglahin for encouragement. Distinct from the new noun-concept comfort (paraklēsis) below, this letter’s central pastoral theme.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 6:14; 8:4; 13:14 (Trinitarian benediction).
Groan
Approved rendering: dumaing / humihibik
Transliteration: dumaing
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: στενάζω
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:2,4 (στενάζω). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: banal na halik
Transliteration: banal na halik
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: ἅγιον φίλημα
Category: Fellowship
NEW TERM. Occurs 13:12 (ἅγιον φίλημα). A culturally equivalent Filipino greeting (handshake, embrace, beso) fulfills the same relational function; the literal kissing custom is not doctrinally mandated.
Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: sisidlang lupa
Transliteration: sisidlang lupa
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὄστράκινα σκεύη
Category: Power in Weakness
NEW TERM. Occurs 4:7 (ὄστράκινα σκεύη). Standard metaphor; minimal doctrinal risk.
Measure Sphere
Approved rendering: saklaw / takdang bahagi
Transliteration: saklaw
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: μέτρον
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 10:13-16 (μέτρον). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Naked
Approved rendering: hubad
Transliteration: hubad
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: γυμνός
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Occurs 5:3-4 (γυμνός). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: panlabas na tao / panloob na tao
Transliteration: panloob na tao
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Suffering and Comfort
NEW TERM. Occurs 4:16 (ἔξω/ἔσω ἄνθρωπος). Standard metaphor; minimal doctrinal risk.
Separate
Approved rendering: humiwalay
Transliteration: humiwalay
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM (extension of the baseline holy/set-apartness term). Occurs 6:17 (ἀφορίζω). Minimal added risk.
Sufficiency Competency
Approved rendering: sapat / kasapatan
Transliteration: sapat
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἱκανός / ἱκανότης
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Occurs 2:16; 3:5 (ἱκανός/ἱκανότης). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Tablets
Approved rendering: tapyas na bato / puso
Transliteration: tapyas na bato
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: πλάξ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Occurs 3:3 (πλάξ). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pasasalamat
Transliteration: pasasalamat
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12.
Zeal Earnestness
Approved rendering: sigasig / kasigasigan
Transliteration: sigasig
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: σπουδή / ζῆλος
Category: Sincerity
NEW TERM. Occurs 7:7,11-12; 8:7-8 (σπουδή/ζῆλος). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Referenced passages