Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Philippians — Filipino Language Package
This glossary catalogues every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Philippians 1–4. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked [REUSED] and their recorded Filipino rendering is carried over exactly, per the hard rule that established term renderings must be reused without alteration. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed for addition to translation memory, pending theologian sign-off on Critical/High items.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review).
A. Reused Baseline Terms (Status: [REUSED] — no change to rendering)
| Term | Original | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine Link | Risk | Occurs in Philippians |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Mabuting Balita | Gospel; Partnership in the Gospel | Medium | 1:5, 1:7, 1:12, 1:16, 1:27, 2:22, 4:3, 4:15 |
| grace | χάρις | biyaya | Grace | High | 1:2, 1:7, 4:23 |
| faith | πίστις | pananampalataya | Faith; Righteousness by Faith vs. Law | Medium/High (context) | 1:25, 1:27, 2:17, 3:9, 3:16 |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | katuwiran | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | Critical (forensic sense, ch. 3); High (ethical sense, 1:11, 4:8) | 1:11, 3:6, 3:9, 4:8 |
| salvation | σωτηρία | kaligtasan | Salvation | Critical | 1:19, 1:28, 2:12 |
| law | νόμος | kautusan | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | High | 3:5, 3:6, 3:9 |
| saints | ἅγιοι | mga banal | Sainthood (Called to be Holy) | Critical | 1:1, 4:21, 4:22 |
| holy | ἅγιος | banal | Sanctification | High | (implicit in “mga banal,” 4:8’s “ἁγνά” related but distinct root) |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις (concept; cf. ἐξανάστασις 3:11) | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Resurrection of Christ | Critical/Medium | 3:10, 3:11, 3:21 |
| lord | κύριος | Panginoon | Lordship of Christ | Critical | 1:2, 1:14, 2:11, 2:19, 2:24, 2:29, 3:1, 3:8, 3:20, 4:1, 4:2, 4:4, 4:5, 4:10, 4:23 |
| glory | δόξα | kaluwalhatian | Deity of Christ | High | 1:11, 2:11, 3:19, 3:21, 4:19, 4:20 |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Jesus | Lordship of Christ | Critical | throughout |
| god | Θεός | Diyos | Deity of Christ | Critical | throughout |
| holy_spirit | Πνεῦμα (ἅγιον, implied)/τὸ Πνεῦμα | Espiritu Santo | Sanctification | Critical | 1:19, 2:1, 3:3 |
| father | Πατήρ | Ama | Adoption into God’s Family | High | 1:2, 2:11, 4:20 |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostol | Apostleship | Medium (context-sensitive: 2:25 is functional-messenger sense) | 2:25 |
| called/calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | tinawag / pagkatawag | Divine Calling | High | 3:14 (“upward call”) |
| church (conceptually; no direct “ekklesia” occurrence, but “saints/overseers/deacons” assume the local congregation) | — | iglesia | Church as God’s People | Medium | 1:1 (contextual) |
| election / providence (conceptual background to “God who works in you,” 2:13) | — | kalinga ng Diyos | Providence | Medium | 2:13, 4:19 |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | pasasalamat | Thanksgiving | Low | 1:3, 4:6 |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | pagsasamahan | Christian Fellowship; Partnership in the Gospel | Low/Medium (context) | 1:5, 2:1, 3:10, 4:15 |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (root, cf. παράκλησις 2:1) | pasiglahin | Mutual Edification | Low | (root shared with 2:1’s paraklēsis) |
B. New Terms Introduced by Philippians (Status: [NEW] — proposed for translation memory)
B.1 Critical Risk — Human theologian review required at every occurrence
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Occurrences | Filipino Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| emptied himself (kenosis) | ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν | heauton ekenōsen | kusang-loob na hinubad ang kanyang sarili | Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis) | Critical | 2:7 | The verb “hubad” (strip/undress) vividly conveys voluntary self-divestment but risks implying Christ removed his divinity, a serious Christological error. MANDATORY teaching note: Christ emptied himself of divine glory/privilege/prerogative, not of his divine nature; he remained fully God throughout the incarnation. |
| form of God | μορφῇ Θεοῦ | morphē Theou | anyo ng Diyos | Incarnation; Deity of Christ | Critical | 2:6 | ”Anyo” (form/shape) can suggest mere external appearance in ordinary Filipino usage. Teaching note required: this denotes Christ’s essential divine nature, not costume or disguise — guards against docetic misreading. |
| equality with God | ἴσα Θεῷ | isa Theō | pagkapantay sa Diyos | Deity of Christ | Critical | 2:6 | Must not be softened to “similar to” or “God-like”; this is ontological equality, already affirmed in Filipino Catholic catechesis but requiring precise phrasing to avoid a comparative (rather than identical) reading. |
| death on a cross | θανάτου σταυροῦ | thanatou staurou | kamatayan sa krus | Incarnation and Self-Emptying; Joy in Suffering | Critical | 2:8 | Filipino Holy Week tradition includes literal penitential crucifixion and self-flagellation (San Fernando, Pampanga) undertaken to fulfill vows (panata) or earn merit/blessing. MANDATORY teaching note: Christ’s cross is his own unique, sufficient, once-for-all atoning death — not a template for meritorious self-imposed suffering. |
| should confess (public acknowledgment) | ἐξομολογήσηται | exomologēsētai | ipahayag | Lordship of Christ | Critical | 2:11 | Cognate association with “kumpisal” (the Catholic sacrament of Confession/Penance) risks misdirecting this term toward sacramental absolution-seeking. MANDATORY: render as “ipahayag” (declare/proclaim) or “aminin” (acknowledge), never with “kumpisal” vocabulary; keep consistent with baseline’s fixed Romans 10:9 rendering “Si Jesus ay Panginoon.” |
| should bow the knee | κάμψῃ γόνυ | kampsē gony | lumuhod / yumukod | Lordship of Christ | Critical | 2:10 | Filipino Catholic devotional genuflection before the Blessed Sacrament, crucifixes, and images of saints/Mary. MANDATORY teaching note: universal bowing here is owed exclusively to Christ’s supreme exalted name per this passage’s own logic (vv.6-11); does not endorse or license equivalent devotional acts toward images as a parallel practice. |
| work out your salvation | σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε | sōtērian katergazesthe | isagawa ninyo ang inyong kaligtasan | Salvation | Critical | 2:12 | Must be distinguished from both (a) merit-earning self-effort and (b) the baseline’s opposite-direction concern (sacramentally-guaranteed salvation apart from faith); this is cooperative, Spirit-enabled outworking of a salvation already secured by grace (v.13). |
| righteousness through faith in Christ (contrasted with law) | δικαιοσύνη διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ | dikaiosynē dia pisteōs Christou | katuwiran sa pamamagitan ng pananampalataya kay Cristo | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | Critical | 3:9 | Direct restatement of baseline “katuwirang ibinilang” (imputed righteousness) doctrine; mandatory note that this standing is credited by faith, explicitly not achieved through law-keeping, ritual observance, or personal merit. |
B.2 High Risk — Human theologian review required
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Occurrences | Filipino Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| existing (pre-existent state) | ὑπάρχων | hyparchōn | noon pa man ay tunay na (siya) | Incarnation; Deity of Christ | High | 2:6 | Must preserve continuous, essential prior existence as God, not a temporary/acquired status. |
| a thing to be grasped | ἁρπαγμόν | harpagmon | isang bagay na dapat panghawakan/ipagmalaki | Incarnation and Self-Emptying | High | 2:6 | Ambiguous term (already-possessed-but-not-exploited vs. not-yet-possessed); recommend the “not exploited for advantage” reading to preserve Christ’s genuine prior equality with God. Flag for theologian review under baseline ambiguity-handling protocol. |
| form of a servant | μορφὴν δούλου | morphēn doulou | anyo ng isang alipin | Incarnation and Self-Emptying; Unity and Humility | High | 2:7 | Prefer “alipin” (slave/bondservant) over softer “lingkod” to preserve the intended shock of Christ’s descent to lowest social status; note this is voluntary self-lowering, not an imposed condition. |
| likeness of men | ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων | homoiōmati anthrōpōn | kawangis ng tao | Incarnation | High | 2:7 | Must affirm true, full humanity (guard against docetism), not mere outward resemblance. Filipino devotional realism around the Christ child somewhat lowers this risk relative to other Language Package contexts, but the safeguard should remain explicit. |
| obedient (Christ’s obedience) | ὑπήκοος | hypēkoos | masunurin | Incarnation and Self-Emptying; Unity and Humility | High | 2:8 | Distinguish from baseline “obedience of faith” (believers’ response); this is the incarnate Son’s voluntary submission to the Father, an intra-Trinitarian act. |
| highly exalted | ὑπερύψωσεν | hyperypsōsen | iniangat ng Diyos sa kataas-taasang lugar | Incarnation and Self-Emptying; Lordship of Christ | High | 2:9 | Tie explicitly to Christ’s resurrection/ascension; preserve supreme, unrivaled exaltation, not merely high honor among other honored figures. |
| the name above every name | ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα | onoma to hyper pan onoma | pangalang higit sa lahat ng pangalan | Lordship of Christ | High | 2:9 | Guard exclusivity against folk practice of invoking other names/patron saints for comparable favor or protective power. |
| same mind / unity of mind | τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε / φρονέω | to auto phronēte / phroneō | pagkakaisa ng pag-iisip/kalooban | Unity and Humility in the Church | High | 2:2, 2:5, 3:15, 4:2 | Risk of collapsing into surface-level social harmony (pakikisama) rather than Christ-shaped doctrinal unity; distinguish from conflict-avoidance. |
| humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη / ἐταπείνωσεν | tapeinophrosynē / etapeinōsen | kapakumbabaan / nagpakumbaba | Unity and Humility in the Church | High | 2:3, 2:8 | Distinguish biblical, Christ-modeled, freely-chosen humility from mere social deference or shame-driven (hiya) self-effacement in Filipino social culture. |
| have this mind (which is yours in Christ) | τοῦτο φρονεῖσθε | touto phroneisthe | magkaroon kayo ng ganitong pag-iisip, tulad ng kay Cristo Jesus | Unity and Humility; Incarnation | High | 2:5 | Must mark this “mind” as available only “in Christ Jesus” (union with Christ), not a moral example achievable by willpower alone. |
| participation/fellowship of the Spirit | κοινωνία πνεύματος | koinōnia pneumatos | pagsasamahan ng Espiritu Santo | Unity and Humility; Sanctification | High | 2:1 | Compounding baseline “fellowship” with “Holy Spirit” raises risk; must denote shared participation in the divine, personal Spirit, not a folk-spiritual communal atmosphere. |
| to suffer (for Christ, as a granted privilege) | τὸ πάσχειν | to paschein | maghirap/magpakasakit alang-alang kay Cristo | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | High | 1:29 | Guard against collision with Filipino penitential merit-earning suffering (panata); suffering here is for gospel witness and is itself a granted grace, not a religious transaction. |
| fellowship of his sufferings | κοινωνία τῶν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ | koinōnia tōn pathēmatōn autou | pagsasamahan sa kanyang mga paghihirap | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment; Incarnation | High | 3:10 | Relational identification with Christ’s suffering-then-glory pattern, not a means of adding to or replicating his atoning work. |
| overseers | ἐπίσκοποι | episkopoi | tagapangasiwa | Church as God’s People | High | 1:1 | Avoid “obispo” (bishop), which denotes the Catholic diocesan hierarchical office with magisterial authority and multi-parish jurisdiction — a considerably different office than local congregational oversight. |
| citizenship (in heaven) | τὸ πολίτευμα | to politeuma | pagkamamamayan (sa langit) | Citizenship in Heaven | High | 3:20 (cf. verb form 1:27) | Filipino diaspora/OFW and dual-citizenship experience offers a rich cultural bridge but also risks (a) reducing this to a merely future/otherworldly status disconnected from present conduct, or (b) conflating it with competing earthly national/political loyalties. Note both “already” (present conduct) and “not yet” (future homeland) dimensions. |
| Savior | Σωτήρ | Sōtēr | Tagapagligtas | Citizenship in Heaven; Salvation | High | 3:20 | New title not in Romans baseline; must preserve Christ’s exclusive title against diffusion toward other protective/intercessory figures (patron saints, Marian titles emphasizing protective/salvific roles). |
| contentment (learned, Christ-dependent) | αὐτάρκης / αὐτάρκεια | autarkēs / autarkeia | kasiyahan / kasapatan | Contentment in All Circumstances | High | 4:11 | Two collision risks: (1) absorption into “bahala na” fatalistic resignation (already Critical/High in baseline Providence doctrine) instead of active Christ-dependent trust; (2) collapse into Stoic self-sufficiency rather than Christ-empowered sufficiency (v.13). Mandatory note: this contentment is “learned” (active) and Christ-enabled, not resignation. |
| I can do all things through him who strengthens me | πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με | panta ischyō en tō endynamounti me | ang lahat ay aking magagawa sa kanya na nagbibigay lakas sa akin | Contentment in All Circumstances | High | 4:13 | Frequently decontextualized in popular devotional/motivational use (exams, competitions, business); teaching note should anchor it to its actual context of sustained contentment through both want and plenty, preventing prosperity-oriented misapplication. |
B.3 Medium Risk — Native speaker review recommended
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Occurrences | Filipino Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| joy / rejoice | χαρά / χαίρω | chara / chairō | kagalakan / magalak | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | Medium | 1:4, 1:18, 1:25, 2:2, 2:17-18, 2:28-29, 3:1, 4:1, 4:4, 4:10 | Must not be flattened into circumstantial happiness or a prosperity-gospel expectation; anchor to joy in Christ maintained despite (not because of the absence of) suffering. |
| united in soul | σύμψυχοι | sympsychoi | nagkakaisang-kaluluwa/sa espiritu | Unity and Humility in the Church | Medium | 2:2 | Avoid a mystical soul-merger reading; this is relational unity of purpose/affection, not loss of individual identity. |
| my imprisonment/bonds | δεσμοί | desmoi | pagkabilanggo / tanikala | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | Medium | 1:7, 1:13-14, 1:17 | Keep concrete/literal rather than spiritualized into generic hardship, preserving the letter’s testimony that real joy coexists with real suffering. |
| partnership in the gospel | κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον | koinōnia eis to euangelion | pagsasamahan/pakikipagsosyo sa Mabuting Balita | Partnership in the Gospel | Medium | 1:5, 4:15 | Note this explicitly includes material/financial co-labor (4:15-18), not only spiritual camaraderie. |
| found in human form (outward fashion) | σχήματι | schēmati | anyong-tao | Incarnation | Medium | 2:8 | Distinguish from morphē (essential form/nature, vv.6-7); this denotes observable, lived human likeness. |
| deacons | διάκονοι | diakonoi | diakono | Church as God’s People | Medium | 1:1 | Distinguish from the Catholic sacramental order of deacon (ordained within Holy Orders); this is a local-congregation service role. |
| servants/slaves (self-designation) | δοῦλοι | douloi | lingkod / alipin | Unity and Humility in the Church | Medium | 1:1 | Notably, Paul omits “apostle” here (contrast Romans 1:1), grounding authority in humble service — anticipates the ch. 2 humility theme. |
| mature/perfect | τέλειοι | teleioi | ganap / gulang sa espiritu | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | Medium | 3:15 | Must not be read as sinless perfection; qualify as spiritual maturity. |
| goal / prize / upward call | σκοπός / βραβεῖον / ἄνω κλῆσις | skopos / brabeion / anō klēsis | layunin / gantimpala / mataas na pagkatawag | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | Medium | 3:14 | Reuse baseline “pagkatawag” qualified as “mula sa itaas”; distinguish this eschatological calling from vocational/salvific callings already documented in baseline. |
| press on / pursue | διώκω | diōkō | nagpapatuloy / hinahabol | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | Medium | 3:12, 3:14 | Active, disciplined, ongoing pursuit — not passive waiting. |
| sacrifice and service (of faith) | θυσία καὶ λειτουργία | thysia kai leitourgia | hain at paglilingkod | Partnership in the Gospel; Joy in Suffering | Medium | 2:17 | Avoid transliterating leitourgia as “liturhiya,” which would import Catholic Mass-liturgy connotations foreign to this verse’s sense of costly personal service. |
| poured out as a drink offering | σπένδομαι | spendomai | ibubuhos bilang handog na inumin | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | Medium | 2:17 | One-time, personal sacrificial metaphor for Paul’s possible death; not connected to repeatable liturgical/Mass-sacrifice framework. |
| fragrant/acceptable offering (of gifts given) | ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας, θυσία δεκτή | osmē euōdias, thysia dektē | mabangong handog, katanggap-tanggap na hain | Partnership in the Gospel | Medium | 4:18 | OT-rooted metaphor for costly, worshipful generosity; avoid Mass/liturgical sacrifice connotations. |
| God will supply every need | ὁ Θεός μου πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν | ho Theos mou plērōsei pasan chreian | bibigyan ng aking Diyos ang lahat ng inyong pangangailangan | Contentment in All Circumstances; Providence | Medium | 4:19 | Tied to the Philippians’ own generosity (v.19 follows their gift); not an unconditional prosperity guarantee detached from context. |
| every knee (universal scope) | πᾶν γόνυ | pan gony | bawat/lahat ng tuhod | Lordship of Christ; Universal Scope of the Gospel | Medium | 2:10 | Retain unqualified universality per baseline universality-preservation rule. |
| will transform the body | μετασχηματίσει τὸ σῶμα | metaschēmatisei to sōma | babaguhin ang katawan | Resurrection of Christ; Citizenship in Heaven | Medium | 3:21 | Believer’s future bodily resurrection patterned after and dependent on Christ’s own resurrection body. |
| enemies of the cross of Christ | οἱ ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ | hoi echthroi tou staurou tou Christou | mga kaaway ng krus ni Cristo | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | Medium | 3:18 | Distinct, lower-intensity usage of “cross” vocabulary than 2:8’s Critical-risk atonement usage; warning about earthly-minded living, not direct kenosis teaching. |
| grace-note: fruit of righteousness (ethical, not forensic) | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | karpos dikaiosynēs | bunga ng katuwiran | Sanctification | Medium | 1:11 | Context-sensitive: sanctification/ethical fruitfulness sense, distinct from ch. 3’s forensic-justification sense of the same root word. |
| circumcision / flesh (self-reliant confidence) | περιτομή / σάρξ | peritomē / sarx | pagtutuli / laman | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | Medium | 3:2-6 | Distinguish “laman” in its self-reliant/confidence-in-human-effort sense (3:3-4) from its purely physical sense elsewhere. |
| do not be anxious | μηδὲν μεριμνᾶτε | mēden merimnate | huwag kayong mabalisa | Contentment in All Circumstances | Medium | 4:6 | Companion term to “peace of God” (4:7) and contentment (4:11); the alternative to anxiety is prayer with thanksgiving. |
| affection/mercies (relational tenderness) | σπλάγχνα / οἰκτιρμοί | splagchna / oiktirmoi | panloob na pagmamahal / habag | Unity and Humility in the Church | Medium | 2:1 | Standard affective terms; avoid a purely sentimental gloss that loses the sense of costly, gut-level compassion. |
| the advance of the gospel | προκοπὴ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | prokopē tou euangeliou | pagsulong ng Mabuting Balita | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment; Partnership in the Gospel | Low/Medium | 1:12 | Paul’s imprisonment paradoxically serves gospel advance; reuse baseline “Mabuting Balita.” |
| striving together for the faith of the gospel | συναθλοῦντες τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | synathlountes tē pistei tou euangeliou | nagkakaisang nagsusumikap alang-alang sa pananampalataya sa Mabuting Balita | Unity and Humility; Partnership in the Gospel | Medium | 1:27 | United, active partnership under pressure; anticipates the athletic/pursuit imagery of ch. 3. |
B.4 Low Risk — Automated review sufficient
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| selfish ambition | ἐριθεία | eritheia | makasariling hangarin | Unity and Humility in the Church | Low | 2:3 | Standard, clear rendering. |
| empty conceit | κενοδοξία | kenodoxia | kayabangan | Unity and Humility in the Church | Low | 2:3 | Shares root kenos (“empty”) with 2:7’s kenosis verb; wordplay worth noting in teaching materials though not reproducible in Filipino. |
| looking to/considering (others’ interests) | σκοποῦντες | skopountes | pagtuon ng pansin | Unity and Humility in the Church | Low | 2:4 | — |
| to the point of death | μέχρι θανάτου | mechri thanatou | hanggang sa kamatayan | Incarnation and Self-Emptying | Low | 2:8 | — |
| day of Christ | ἡμέρα Χριστοῦ | hēmera Christou | araw ni Cristo | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | Low | 1:6, 1:10, 2:16 | Eschatological horizon term. |
| to live is Christ, to die is gain | τὸ ζῆν Χριστός, τὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος | to zēn Christos, to apothanein kerdos | ang mabuhay ay Cristo, ang mamatay ay pakinabang | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | Medium | 1:21 | Ensure “pakinabang” (gain) is read as surpassing worth of fellowship with Christ, not self-interested transaction. |
| risking his life | παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ | paraboleusamenos tē psychē | ipinusta ang kanyang buhay | Partnership in the Gospel | Low | 2:30 | Rare gambling-metaphor word describing Epaphroditus. |
| rubbish/dung | σκύβαλα | skybala | basura | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | Low | 3:8 | Preserve deliberate vividness/force; do not soften. |
| virtue catalogue (true, honorable, just, pure, lovely, commendable) | ἀληθῆ, σεμνά, δίκαια, ἁγνά, προσφιλῆ, εὔφημα | alēthē, semna, dikaia, hagna, prosphilē, euphēma | tunay, marangal, matuwid, dalisay, kaibig-ibig, kapuri-puri | Contentment in All Circumstances (ethical framing) | Low | 4:8 | Standard Greco-Roman virtue-list form; “matuwid” (dikaia) is an ethical, not forensic, usage — distinct from ch. 3’s Critical-risk forensic righteousness. |
| giving and receiving | δόσις καὶ λῆψις | dosis kai lēpsis | pagbibigay at pagtanggap | Partnership in the Gospel | Low | 4:15 | Commercial-accounting idiom for material support. |
| God who works in you | ὁ Θεὸς ὁ ἐνεργῶν | ho Theos ho energōn | ang Diyos na gumagawa sa inyo | Salvation; Providence | Low/Medium | 2:13 | Related to but distinct from baseline “kalinga ng Diyos” (providence over circumstances); here God’s internal empowering work. |
| blameless and innocent, children of God | ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι, τέκνα Θεοῦ | amemptoi kai akeraioi, tekna Theou | walang kapintasan at walang malay, mga anak ng Diyos | Adoption into God’s Family (baseline link) | Low/Medium | 2:15 | Reuses baseline “children of God” framing from Adoption doctrine. |
B.5 Proper Names (Status: [NEW], Low Risk — established transliteration conventions)
| English | Filipino Established Form | Occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| Timothy | Timoteo | 1:1, 2:19-23 |
| Epaphroditus | Epafrodito | 2:25, 4:18 |
| Euodia | Euodias | 4:2 |
| Syntyche | Sintique | 4:2 |
| Clement | Clemente | 4:3 |
| Caesar | Cesar | 4:22 |
Risk Summary for Philippians New-Term Additions
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 7 | Human theologian (every occurrence) |
| High | 18 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 11 | Automated review |
| Proper names | 6 | Automated review (transliteration consistency only) |
Combined with baseline reused terms (18 terms carried over unchanged from Romans), this glossary establishes full term coverage for Philippians 1–4, ready for insertion into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) prior to Phase 2 segment translation.
This glossary extends but does not contradict the baseline Romans Language Package. All [REUSED] renderings are copied exactly from translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json. All [NEW] entries are proposed additions pending the standard theologian/native-speaker review routing defined in doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Bow The Knee
Approved rendering: lumuhod / yumukod
Transliteration: lumuhod / yumukod
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Original: κάμψῃ γόνυ
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:10. Filipino Catholic devotional genuflection (pagluhod) before the Blessed Sacrament, crucifixes, and images of saints/Mary. MANDATORY teaching note: universal bowing here is owed exclusively to Christ’s exalted name per this passage’s own logic; does not license or endorse equivalent devotional genuflection before images as a parallel practice.
Confess
Approved rendering: ipahayag
Transliteration: ipahayag
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Rejected alternatives: kumpisal, aminin (acceptable secondary alternative, not primary)
Original: ἐξομολογήσηται
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:11. NEVER use kumpisal-family vocabulary (the Catholic sacrament of Confession/Penance). Use ‘ipahayag’ (declare/proclaim) — never kumpisal — consistent with the baseline’s fixed Romans 10:9 rendering ‘Si Jesus ay Panginoon.‘
Death On A Cross
Approved rendering: kamatayan sa krus
Transliteration: kamatayan sa krus
Doctrine: Christ’s Unique Atoning Death on the Cross
Original: θανάτου σταυροῦ
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:8. The Philippines has a prominent Holy Week tradition of literal penitential crucifixion and self-flagellation (penitensya, panata — e.g., San Fernando, Pampanga) to fulfill vows or earn merit/blessing/healing. MANDATORY teaching note at every occurrence: Christ’s cross is his own unique, sufficient, once-for-all atoning sacrifice, never a template for meritorious self-imposed suffering. Requires human theologian review at every occurrence.
Equality With God
Approved rendering: pagkapantay sa Diyos
Transliteration: pagkapantay sa Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ and Equality with God
Rejected alternatives: parang Diyos (rejected: comparative/similarity reading), katulad ng Diyos (rejected: comparative reading)
Original: ἴσα Θεῷ
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:6. Must not be softened into ‘similar to God’ or ‘God-like’; this is ontological equality. Never soften toward a subordinationist or created-being reading (cf. JW/INC-adjacent renderings, see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md).
Form Of God
Approved rendering: anyo ng Diyos
Transliteration: anyo ng Diyos
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis); Deity of Christ
Original: μορφῇ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:6. ‘Anyo’ can suggest mere outward appearance/costume in ordinary Filipino usage. MANDATORY teaching note: denotes Christ’s essential divine nature, not disguise — guards against docetic misreading.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never Bathala. Occurs throughout Philippians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: Πνεῦμα (ἅγιον)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never anito or bare kaluluwa. Occurs at 1:19, 2:1 (compounded with ‘fellowship,’ see participation_of_the_spirit), 3:3.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philippians 3:9 restates this doctrine directly in its own vocabulary; see righteousness_through_faith_in_christ, which must carry the identical mandatory teaching note: credited status, not ritually or sacramentally achieved.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Use the established Filipino Protestant Bible spelling throughout.
Kenosis
Approved rendering: kusang-loob na hinubad ang kanyang sarili
Transliteration: kusang-loob na hinubad ang kanyang sarili
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Rejected alternatives: iniwan ang kanyang karangalan (rejected as too soft; risks implying he merely set aside honor rather than performing an active self-emptying act)
Original: ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:7. Single highest-stakes rendering choice in the book. ‘Hubad’ vividly conveys voluntary self-divestment but risks implying Christ removed his divinity. MANDATORY teaching note at every occurrence: Christ emptied himself of divine glory/privilege/prerogative, not of his divine nature; he remained fully God throughout the incarnation.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from High to Critical in this book given 2:9-11’s cosmic confession and universal bowing-of-every-knee context. Must convey exclusive, supreme lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints. Occurs at 1:2, 1:14, 2:11, 2:19, 2:24, 2:29, 3:1, 3:8, 3:20, 4:1, 4:2, 4:4, 4:5, 4:10, 4:23.
Righteousness Through Faith In Christ
Approved rendering: katuwiran sa pamamagitan ng pananampalataya kay Cristo
Transliteration: katuwiran sa pamamagitan ng pananampalataya kay Cristo
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: δικαιοσύνη διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ
Category: Salvation
Direct Philippians restatement (3:9) of baseline ‘katuwirang ibinilang’ (imputed righteousness). Mandatory teaching note: this standing is credited by faith, explicitly NOT achieved through law-keeping, ritual observance, sacramental performance, or personal merit.
Saints
Approved rendering: mga banal
Transliteration: mga banal
Doctrine: Sainthood (Called to be Holy)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. CRITICAL: same term used for canonized Catholic saints venerated with feast days, images, and novenas. Occurs at 1:1, 4:21, 4:22 — every occurrence needs a teaching note clarifying Paul applies this word to the entire Philippian congregation, not an elite canonized class.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation; Salvation and Its Cooperative Outworking
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. CRITICAL: salvation is received by faith in Christ’s finished work, not guaranteed by sacramental performance alone. At 2:12 the risk compounds further; see work_out_salvation.
Work Out Salvation
Approved rendering: isagawa ninyo ang inyong kaligtasan
Transliteration: isagawa ninyo ang inyong kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation and Its Cooperative Outworking
Original: σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε
Category: Salvation
Highest-stakes salvation phrase in Philippians (2:12). Must be distinguished from BOTH (a) merit-earning self-effort and (b) the baseline’s opposite-direction concern (salvation mechanically guaranteed by sacramental performance apart from faith). Mandatory teaching note: cooperative, Spirit-enabled outworking of a salvation already secured by grace (v.13).
High Risk Terms
A Thing To Be Grasped
Approved rendering: isang bagay na dapat panghawakan/ipagmalaki
Transliteration: isang bagay na dapat panghawakan/ipagmalaki
Doctrine: Deity of Christ and Equality with God
Rejected alternatives: isang bagay na wala pa sa kanya (rejected: implies Christ did not yet possess equality with God, undermining v.6a)
Original: ἁρπαγμόν
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:6 (harpagmon). Genuinely ambiguous term; recommend the ‘not exploited for advantage’ reading to preserve Christ’s genuine prior equality with God. Flag for theologian review per baseline ambiguity-handling protocol.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No direct occurrence of this verb form in Philippians; retained for terminological consistency with the related noun pagkatawag (see calling).
Citizenship In Heaven
Approved rendering: pagkamamamayan (natin ay) sa langit
Transliteration: pagkamamamayan sa langit
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Original: τὸ πολίτευμα
Category: Eschatology
Philippians 3:20 (to politeuma; cf. verb form 1:27). No prior Romans-baseline precedent. Filipino diaspora/OFW and dual-citizenship experience offers a rich cultural bridge but risks (a) reducing this to a merely future/otherworldly status disconnected from present conduct, or (b) conflating it with competing earthly national/political loyalty. Hold both the ‘already’ and ‘not yet’ dimensions.
Contentment
Approved rendering: kasiyahan / kasapatan
Transliteration: kasiyahan / kasapatan
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: αὐτάρκης / αὐτάρκεια
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 4:11 (autarkēs/autarkeia). Two collision risks: (1) absorption into bahala na (fatalistic resignation, already flagged Critical/High in the baseline Providence doctrine); (2) collapse into Stoic self-sufficiency rather than Christ-empowered sufficiency (v.13). MANDATORY teaching note: this contentment is ‘learned’ (active) and Christ-enabled, not resignation or self-generated stoicism.
Eis Doxan Theou Patros
Approved rendering: sa kaluwalhatian ng Diyos Ama
Transliteration: sa kaluwalhatian ng Diyos Ama
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Original: εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρός
Category: God
Philippians 2:11. Preserve Trinitarian harmony: the Son’s glory and the Father’s glory are one, not divided or rivalrous honors.
Existing In The Form Of God
Approved rendering: noon pa man ay tunay na
Transliteration: noon pa man ay tunay na
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: ὑπάρχων
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:6 (hyparchōn). Must preserve continuous, essential prior existence as God, not a temporary or acquired status; pairs directly with form_of_god.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Keep distinct from Padre (priest title) and ancestor-veneration petitions. Occurs at 1:2, 2:11, 4:20.
Fellowship Of His Sufferings
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan sa kanyang mga paghihirap
Transliteration: pagsasamahan sa kanyang mga paghihirap
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment; The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: κοινωνία τῶν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
Philippians 3:10 (koinōnia tōn pathēmatōn autou). Relational identification with Christ’s suffering-then-glory pattern, not a means of adding to or replicating his atoning work.
Form Of A Servant
Approved rendering: anyo ng isang alipin
Transliteration: anyo ng isang alipin
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis); Unity and Humility in the Church
Rejected alternatives: anyo ng isang lingkod (rejected as too soft; loses the shock of lowest-status servitude)
Original: μορφὴν δούλου
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:7. Prefer ‘alipin’ (slave/bondservant) over the softer ‘lingkod’ to preserve the intended shock of Christ’s descent; this is voluntary self-lowering, not an externally imposed condition.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:11, 2:11, 3:19, 3:21, 4:19, 4:20; at 2:11 tied to the Trinitarian logic that the Son’s exaltation terminates in the Father’s glory, not rivalry with it.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never utang na loob. Occurs in the epistolary greeting (1:2) and benediction (4:23) as well as 1:7, framing the whole letter within grace rather than obligation.
Have This Mind
Approved rendering: magkaroon kayo ng ganitong pag-iisip, na tulad ng kay Cristo Jesus
Transliteration: magkaroon kayo ng ganitong pag-iisip, na tulad ng kay Cristo Jesus
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church; The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: τοῦτο φρονεῖσθε
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:5. The hinge command of the hymn. Must mark this ‘mind’ as available only ‘in Christ Jesus’ (union with Christ), not a moral example achievable by sheer willpower alone.
Highly Exalted
Approved rendering: iniangat ng Diyos sa kataas-taasang lugar
Transliteration: iniangat ng Diyos sa kataas-taasang lugar
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Original: ὑπερύψωσεν
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:9. Tie explicitly to Christ’s resurrection (reuse baseline pagkabuhay na mag-uli) as the vindicating act; preserve supreme, unrivaled exaltation, never mere high honor among other honored figures.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit root behind ‘mga banal’ (1:1); related to but distinct from the virtue-catalogue term ‘dalisay’ (pure/hagna, 4:8).
Humility
Approved rendering: kapakumbabaan / nagpakumbaba
Transliteration: kapakumbabaan / nagpakumbaba
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη / ἐταπείνωσεν
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:3, 2:8. Filipino social culture prizes pagpapakumbaba as deference toward elders/authority and hiya (shame-avoidance). Teaching note must distinguish biblical, Christ-modeled humility from mere social deference or shame-driven self-effacement.
I Can Do All Things Through Christ
Approved rendering: ang lahat ay aking magagawa sa kanya na nagbibigay lakas sa akin
Transliteration: ang lahat ay aking magagawa sa kanya na nagbibigay lakas sa akin
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 4:13. Frequently decontextualized in popular devotional/motivational use (exams, competitions, business ventures). MANDATORY teaching note: anchor to its actual context of sustained contentment through both want and plenty, preventing prosperity-oriented misapplication.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: pagkakatawang-tao
Transliteration: pagkakatawang-tao
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Inherited from Romans package as the doctrinal umbrella term. Philippians 2:6-8 supplies this curriculum’s fullest treatment of the event itself via kenosis, form_of_god, form_of_a_servant, and likeness_of_men; Filipino devotional attachment to the Santo Niño risks localizing the doctrine into a particular image’s perceived power rather than the historical event.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, elevated from Medium to High in this book’s context. Must not be rendered as general cosmic duty or as religious/sacramental observance in general. In 3:5-6, 9 stands as the direct foil to faith-righteousness.
Likeness Of Men
Approved rendering: kawangis ng tao
Transliteration: kawangis ng tao
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:7. Must affirm true, full humanity, guarding against docetism. Filipino devotional realism around the Christ child (Santo Niño) somewhat lowers this risk relative to other Language Package contexts, but the docetism guard should remain explicit.
Name Above Every Name
Approved rendering: pangalang higit sa lahat ng pangalan
Transliteration: pangalang higit sa lahat ng pangalan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:9. Guard exclusivity against Filipino folk devotional practice of invoking other names or patron saints for comparable favor, protection, or intercessory power; extend the baseline anting-anting caution to this term.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: pagsunod na mula sa pananampalataya
Transliteration: pagsunod na mula sa pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged, retained here strictly for contrast. Philippians 2:8 introduces a distinct, non-interchangeable term (obedient_christ, hypēkoos) for the incarnate Son’s own voluntary submission to the Father — an intra-Trinitarian act, not the believer’s response of faith this baseline term names. Do not conflate the two.
Obedient Christ
Approved rendering: masunurin
Transliteration: masunurin
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis); Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: ὑπήκοος
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:8 (hypēkoos). Must be distinguished from baseline ‘pagsunod na mula sa pananampalataya’ (obedience of faith, believers’ response); this is the incarnate Son’s own voluntary submission to the Father, an intra-Trinitarian act.
Overseers
Approved rendering: tagapangasiwa
Transliteration: tagapangasiwa
Doctrine: Church Leadership and Local Congregational Office
Rejected alternatives: obispo
Original: ἐπίσκοποι
Category: Church
Philippians 1:1 (episkopoi). AVOID ‘obispo’ (bishop), which in Filipino Catholic usage denotes a diocesan office with magisterial authority, apostolic succession, and multi-parish jurisdiction — a considerably different office than the local congregational leadership role in view here.
Participation Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan ng Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: pagsasamahan ng Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church; Sanctification
Original: κοινωνία πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:1. Compounding baseline ‘fellowship’ (Low) with ‘Espiritu Santo’ (Critical) raises risk to High; must denote shared participation in the divine, personal Spirit, not a folk-spiritual ‘connection’ or communal atmosphere.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Also carries an ethical/sanctification sense in Philippians (fruit of righteousness, 1:11; ‘just’ in the virtue catalogue, 4:8), distinct from the Critical-risk forensic sense in ch. 3 (see fruit_of_righteousness and righteousness_through_faith_in_christ). Context must always distinguish which sense is active.
Same Mind
Approved rendering: pagkakaisa ng pag-iisip/kalooban
Transliteration: pagkakaisa ng pag-iisip/kalooban
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Rejected alternatives: pakikisama (rejected: names surface social harmony, not doctrinally grounded unity)
Original: τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε / φρονέω
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:2, 2:5, 3:15, 4:2. Risk of collapsing into pakikisama (surface-level social harmony) rather than Christ-shaped, doctrinally grounded unity. Distinguish from conflict-avoidance.
Savior
Approved rendering: Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Original: Σωτήρ
Category: Christology
Philippians 3:20 (Sōtēr). New title not present in the Romans baseline. Must preserve Christ’s exclusive title against diffusion toward other protective/intercessory devotional figures (patron saints, Marian titles emphasizing a protective/salvific role).
To Suffer For Christ
Approved rendering: maghirap/magpakasakit alang-alang kay Cristo
Transliteration: maghirap/magpakasakit alang-alang kay Cristo
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: τὸ πάσχειν
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 1:29 (to paschein). Guard against collision with the Filipino folk-Catholic penitential tradition of voluntarily undertaken suffering (penitensya, panata) to earn merit or fulfill a vow. Suffering here is gospel witness and itself a granted grace, not a religious transaction.
Medium Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: pag-ampon
Transliteration: pag-ampon
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in Philippians, but its ‘children of God’ framing underlies 2:15’s ethical description of believers (see blameless_children_of_god).
Affection And Mercies
Approved rendering: panloob na pagmamahal / habag
Transliteration: panloob na pagmamahal / habag
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: σπλάγχνα / οἰκτιρμοί
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:1 (splagchna/oiktirmoi). Standard affective terms; avoid a purely sentimental gloss that loses the sense of costly, gut-level compassion.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship and Church-Commissioned Service
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive: at 2:25 (Epaphroditus, ‘your messenger’) this denotes a church-commissioned emissary, a functional sense distinct from the foundational apostolic office Paul claims for himself elsewhere (contrast Romans 1:1).
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: κλῆσις (ἄνω)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. At 3:14 Philippians introduces the qualified sense ‘mataas na pagkatawag’ (the upward/heavenward call) — an eschatological, race-goal calling distinct from the vocational/salvific callings already documented in the baseline (Romans 1:1, 1:7, 8:28-30). See goal_prize_upward_call.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία (implied by ‘saints/overseers/deacons’)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No direct ‘ekklēsia’ occurrence in Philippians, but the local congregation is assumed throughout 1:1’s greeting to ‘all the saints… with the overseers and deacons.’ Prefer iglesia over simbahan.
Circumcision And Flesh
Approved rendering: pagtutuli / laman
Transliteration: pagtutuli / laman
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: περιτομή / σάρξ
Category: Salvation
Philippians 3:2-6 (peritomē/sarx). Distinguish ‘laman’ in its self-reliant/confidence-in-human-effort sense (3:3-4) from its purely physical sense elsewhere.
Deacons
Approved rendering: diakono
Transliteration: diakono
Doctrine: Church Leadership and Local Congregational Office
Original: διάκονοι
Category: Church
Philippians 1:1 (diakonoi). Distinguish from the Catholic sacramental order of deacon (ordained within Holy Orders); this is a local-congregation service role without that sacramental framework.
Do Not Be Anxious
Approved rendering: huwag kayong mabalisa
Transliteration: huwag kayong mabalisa
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: μηδὲν μεριμνᾶτε
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 4:6 (mēden merimnate). Companion term to ‘peace of God’ (4:7) and contentment (4:11); the alternative to anxiety is prayer with thanksgiving.
Enemies Of The Cross
Approved rendering: mga kaaway ng krus ni Cristo
Transliteration: mga kaaway ng krus ni Cristo
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: οἱ ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Salvation
Philippians 3:18. Distinct, lower-intensity usage of ‘cross’ vocabulary than 2:8’s Critical-risk atonement usage; a warning about earthly-minded lifestyle, not direct kenosis/atonement teaching. Do not conflate the two teaching notes.
Every Knee
Approved rendering: bawat/lahat ng tuhod
Transliteration: bawat/lahat ng tuhod
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ and Cosmic Confession
Original: πᾶν γόνυ
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:10. Retain unqualified universality per baseline universality-preservation rule; no ethnic, regional, or spiritual-realm exception.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith; Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Object of faith is Christ. Risk rises to Critical specifically at 3:9 where faith stands in direct forensic contrast to law-keeping (see righteousness_through_faith_in_christ); elsewhere (1:25, 1:27, 2:17, 3:16) the standard Medium sense applies.
Found In Human Form
Approved rendering: anyong-tao na nakita ng lahat
Transliteration: anyong-tao na nakita ng lahat
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:8 (schēma). Distinguish from morphē (vv.6-7, essential nature); this denotes observable, lived human likeness recognizable to any onlooker.
Fragrant Acceptable Offering
Approved rendering: mabangong handog, katanggap-tanggap na hain, kalugod-lugod sa Diyos
Transliteration: mabangong handog, katanggap-tanggap na hain, kalugod-lugod sa Diyos
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: liturhiya-adjacent Mass-sacrifice framing
Original: ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας, θυσία δεκτή, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ
Category: Church
Philippians 4:18. OT-rooted metaphor for costly, worshipful generosity; avoid importing Mass/liturgical sacrifice connotations, as with 2:17’s sacrifice_and_service_of_faith.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: bunga ng katuwiran
Transliteration: bunga ng katuwiran
Doctrine: Sanctification and Ethical Fruit
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 1:11 (karpos dikaiosynēs). Ethical, sanctification-sense fruitfulness, distinct from ch.3’s forensic-justification sense of the same root word; handle with the same context-sensitivity practice the baseline applies to ‘called.‘
Goal Prize Upward Call
Approved rendering: layunin / gantimpala / mataas na pagkatawag
Transliteration: layunin / gantimpala / mataas na pagkatawag
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: σκοπός / βραβεῖον / ἄνω κλῆσις
Category: Eschatology
Philippians 3:14 (skopos/brabeion/anō klēsis). Reuse baseline ‘pagkatawag’ qualified as ‘mula sa itaas/mataas’ to distinguish this eschatological, upward-oriented calling from the vocational/salvific callings already documented in the baseline.
God Will Supply Every Need
Approved rendering: bibigyan ng aking Diyos ang lahat ng inyong pangangailangan
Transliteration: bibigyan ng aking Diyos ang lahat ng inyong pangangailangan
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances; Providence and God’s Empowering Work
Original: ὁ Θεός μου πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν ὑμῶν
Category: God
Philippians 4:19. Tied to the Philippians’ own generosity toward Paul (v.19 follows their gift); should not be read as an unconditional prosperity guarantee detached from context.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel; Partnership in the Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Philippians frequently paired with koinōnia (partnership) language (1:5, 1:7, 1:12, 1:16, 1:27, 4:15), reinforcing the book’s material-and-spiritual partnership emphasis.
Imprisonment Bonds
Approved rendering: pagkabilanggo / tanikala
Transliteration: pagkabilanggo / tanikala
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: δεσμοί
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 1:7, 1:13-14, 1:17 (desmoi). Should be kept concrete (literal imprisonment) rather than spiritualized into a metaphor for generic hardship.
Joy
Approved rendering: kagalakan / magalak
Transliteration: kagalakan / magalak
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: χαρά / χαίρω
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 1:4, 1:18, 1:25, 2:2, 2:17-18, 2:28-29, 3:1, 4:1, 4:4, 4:10. Must not be flattened into circumstantial happiness or a prosperity-gospel expectation; anchor joy in Christ despite (not because of the absence of) suffering.
Mature Perfect
Approved rendering: ganap / gulang sa espiritu
Transliteration: ganap / gulang sa espiritu
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: τέλειοι
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 3:15 (teleioi). Must not be read as sinless perfection; qualify as spiritual maturity.
Paraklesis In Christ
Approved rendering: kaaliwan
Transliteration: kaaliwan
Doctrine: Mutual Edification and Christian Fellowship
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Faith
Philippians 2:1. Should render as comfort/encouragement in the context of union with Christ, not generic emotional comfort detached from Christ.
Partnership In The Gospel
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan/pakikipagsosyo sa Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: pagsasamahan/pakikipagsosyo sa Mabuting Balita
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Church
Philippians 1:5, 4:15. Reuse baseline ‘pagsasamahan’ but add a qualifying note that this includes material/financial co-labor (cf. 4:15-18’s commercial-accounting idiom), not only spiritual camaraderie; ‘pakikipagsosyo’ clarifies the material sense.
Peace Of God
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Philippians 4:7 (eirēnē tou Theou). Reuse baseline ‘kapayapaan’; distinguish this internal, guarding peace from the relational-legal ‘peace with God’ of Romans 5:1 by context, consistent with the baseline’s context-sensitivity practice for terms like ‘called.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Inherited from Romans package. Romans 5:1 sense is relational/legal peace with God through justification; Philippians 4:7 uses the same Filipino term for an internal, guarding peace ‘surpassing understanding’ — distinguish the two senses by context (see peace_of_god).
Poured Out As Drink Offering
Approved rendering: ibubuhos bilang handog na inumin
Transliteration: ibubuhos bilang handog na inumin
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:17 (spendomai). One-time, personal sacrificial metaphor for Paul’s own possible death; not connected to a repeatable liturgical/Mass-sacrifice framework.
Press On
Approved rendering: nagpapatuloy / hinahabol
Transliteration: nagpapatuloy / hinahabol
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: διώκω
Category: Eschatology
Philippians 3:12, 3:14 (diōkō). Active, disciplined, ongoing pursuit — not passive waiting.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Empowering Work
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: (concept, cf. ὁ Θεὸς ὁ ἐνεργῶν, 2:13)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never bahala na. Philippians 2:13’s energeō (internal empowerment) should use the plain non-technical rendering ‘ang Diyos na gumagawa sa inyo’ rather than this general term; 4:19’s supply-promise is closer to this baseline providence sense but must stay tied to its context of sacrificial giving.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers’ Future Resurrection
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐξανάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Already clearly affirmed in Filipino Catholic catechesis. In 3:11 Paul’s language of ‘attaining’ the resurrection must be tied to the faith-righteousness contrast of 3:9 so it is not read as earning resurrection by works.
Sacrifice And Service Of Faith
Approved rendering: hain at paglilingkod ng inyong pananampalataya
Transliteration: hain at paglilingkod ng inyong pananampalataya
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel; Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Rejected alternatives: liturhiya (avoided as transliteration for leitourgia)
Original: θυσία καὶ λειτουργία τῆς πίστεως
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:17. AVOID transliterating leitourgia as ‘liturhiya,’ which imports Catholic Mass-liturgy connotations foreign to this verse’s sense of costly personal service; prefer plain ‘paglilingkod.‘
Servants Self Designation
Approved rendering: lingkod / alipin ni Cristo Jesus
Transliteration: lingkod / alipin ni Cristo Jesus
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: δοῦλοι
Category: Church
Philippians 1:1 (douloi). Notably Paul omits ‘apostle’ here (contrast Romans 1:1), grounding authority in humble service instead — anticipates the ch.2 humility theme. ‘Alipin’ preserves fuller force of total ownership/devotion; ‘lingkod’ is an acceptable general-register alternative.
Striving Together
Approved rendering: nagkakaisang nagsusumikap alang-alang sa pananampalataya sa Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: nagkakaisang nagsusumikap alang-alang sa pananampalataya sa Mabuting Balita
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church; Partnership in the Gospel
Original: συναθλοῦντες τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Church
Philippians 1:27 (synathlountes). United, active partnership under pressure using an athletic/combat-contest metaphor; anticipates the athletic/pursuit imagery of ch.3.
To Live Is Christ To Die Is Gain
Approved rendering: ang mabuhay ay Cristo at ang mamatay ay pakinabang
Transliteration: ang mabuhay ay Cristo at ang mamatay ay pakinabang
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: τὸ ζῆν Χριστός, τὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 1:21. ‘Pakinabang’ (gain) must be read as the surpassing worth of fellowship with Christ, not a self-interested transaction.
United In Soul
Approved rendering: nagkakaisang-kaluluwa/nagkakaisa sa espiritu
Transliteration: nagkakaisang-kaluluwa/nagkakaisa sa espiritu
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: σύμψυχοι
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:2 (sympsychoi). Care needed not to suggest a mystical soul-merger; this is relational unity of purpose and affection, not loss of individual identity.
Will Transform The Body
Approved rendering: babaguhin ang katawan
Transliteration: babaguhin ang katawan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ and Believers’ Future Resurrection; Citizenship in Heaven
Original: μετασχηματίσει τὸ σῶμα
Category: Eschatology
Philippians 3:21 (metaschēmatisei to sōma). Believer’s future bodily resurrection/glorification, patterned after and dependent on Christ’s own resurrection body; shares the schēma root with 2:8’s ‘found in human form.‘
Low Risk Terms
Advance Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: pagsulong ng Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: pagsulong ng Mabuting Balita
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment; Partnership in the Gospel
Original: προκοπὴ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Church
Philippians 1:12 (prokopē tou euangeliou). Paul’s imprisonment paradoxically serves gospel advance; reuse baseline Mabuting Balita.
Blameless Children Of God
Approved rendering: walang kapintasan at walang malay, mga anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: walang kapintasan at walang malay, mga anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family; Sanctification and Ethical Fruit
Original: ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι, τέκνα Θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Philippians 2:15 (amemptoi kai akeraioi, tekna Theou). Reuses baseline ‘children of God’ framing from the Adoption doctrine; low independent risk.
Caesar
Approved rendering: Cesar
Transliteration: Cesar
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Proper name/place reference (‘sambahayan ni Cesar,’ Caesar’s household). Philippians 4:22. Established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration convention.
Clement
Approved rendering: Clemente
Transliteration: Clemente
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Proper name. Philippians 4:3. Established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration convention.
Empty Conceit
Approved rendering: kayabangan
Transliteration: kayabangan
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: κενοδοξία
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:3 (kenodoxia). Shares the root kenos (‘empty’) with 2:7’s kenosis verb; the ironic wordplay is worth preserving in teaching materials though not reproducible in Filipino vocabulary.
Epaphroditus
Approved rendering: Epafrodito
Transliteration: Epafrodito
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Proper name. Philippians 2:25, 4:18. Established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration convention.
Euodia
Approved rendering: Euodias
Transliteration: Euodias
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Proper name. Philippians 4:2. Established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration convention.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification and Christian Fellowship
Original: παρακαλέω (root; cf. παράκλησις, 2:1)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Verb root shared with the 2:1 noun ‘kaaliwan’ (encouragement) — see paraklesis_in_christ.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship; Partnership in the Gospel
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Base sense Low risk (3:10 general use); rises to Medium describing material/financial gospel partnership (see partnership_in_the_gospel) and to High compounded with ‘Espiritu Santo’ (see participation_of_the_spirit, 2:1).
Giving And Receiving
Approved rendering: pagbibigay at pagtanggap
Transliteration: pagbibigay at pagtanggap
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: δόσις καὶ λῆψις
Category: Church
Philippians 4:15 (dosis kai lēpsis). Commercial-accounting idiom for the Philippians’ material support of Paul; reinforces Partnership in the Gospel as inclusive of tangible financial partnership, not sentiment alone.
God Who Works In You
Approved rendering: ang Diyos na gumagawa sa inyo
Transliteration: ang Diyos na gumagawa sa inyo
Doctrine: Salvation and Its Cooperative Outworking; Providence and God’s Empowering Work
Original: ὁ Θεὸς ὁ ἐνεργῶν
Category: God
Philippians 2:13 (ho Theos ho energōn). Related to but distinct from baseline ‘kalinga ng Diyos’ (providence over external circumstances); use this plain, non-technical rendering for this verse rather than forcing the general providence term.
Looking To Others Interests
Approved rendering: pagtuon ng pansin/pagsaalang-alang
Transliteration: pagtuon ng pansin/pagsaalang-alang
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: σκοποῦντες
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:4 (skopountes). Standard, clear rendering; attentive, others-centered focus anticipating Christ’s example.
Risking His Life
Approved rendering: ipinusta ang kanyang buhay
Transliteration: ipinusta ang kanyang buhay
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ
Category: Church
Philippians 2:30 (paraboleusamenos tē psychē). Rare gambling-metaphor word describing Epaphroditus’s costly service; low doctrinal risk.
Rubbish Dung
Approved rendering: basura
Transliteration: basura
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: σκύβαλα
Category: Salvation
Philippians 3:8 (skybala). Preserve the deliberate vividness/force of the term rather than softening it.
Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: makasariling hangarin
Transliteration: makasariling hangarin
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: ἐριθεία
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 2:3 (eritheia). Standard, clear rendering; no significant syncretism risk.
Syntyche
Approved rendering: Sintique
Transliteration: Sintique
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Proper name. Philippians 4:2. Established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration convention.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pasasalamat
Transliteration: pasasalamat
Doctrine: Thanksgiving as the Alternative to Anxiety
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 1:3, 4:6; paired with ‘do not be anxious’ at 4:6 as the God-ward alternative to worry.
Timothy
Approved rendering: Timoteo
Transliteration: Timoteo
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Proper name. Philippians 1:1, 2:19-23. Established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration convention.
To The Point Of Death
Approved rendering: hanggang sa kamatayan
Transliteration: hanggang sa kamatayan
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: μέχρι θανάτου
Category: Christology
Philippians 2:8. Standard extent-marker; low doctrinal risk on its own.
Virtue Catalogue
Approved rendering: tunay, marangal, matuwid, dalisay, kaibig-ibig, kapuri-puri
Transliteration: tunay, marangal, matuwid, dalisay, kaibig-ibig, kapuri-puri
Doctrine: Sanctification and Ethical Fruit
Original: ὅσα ἀληθῆ, σεμνά, δίκαια, ἁγνά, προσφιλῆ, εὔφημα
Category: Sanctification
Philippians 4:8. Standard Greco-Roman virtue-list form; ‘matuwid’ (dikaia) here is an ethical, not forensic, usage of the righteousness word-family, distinct from ch.3’s Critical-risk forensic sense.
Referenced passages