Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: 1 Peter (English → Filipino)
Purpose
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all five chapters of 1 Peter, with its Filipino rendering, risk tier, doctrine linkage, and translation notes. Terms marked (baseline reuse) are already established in the Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there — no alternative rendering is proposed here. Terms marked (new) are proposed 1 Peter-specific additions for Phase 2 translation memory, pending the same theologian/native-speaker review tiers used in the baseline.
Risk tier definitions follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json exactly: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review).
Glossary Table
| # | English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Filipino Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine Link | Reference(s) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | apostol | baseline reuse | Medium | Apostleship | 1:1 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 2 | election / chosen | ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή (eklektos) | pagkahirang / hinirang | baseline reuse | Medium | Divine Calling | 1:1, 2:9 | Per baseline “election.” |
| 3 | sojourner / exile | παρεπίδημος (parepidēmos) | dayuhan / manlalakbay | new | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:1, 2:11 | Spiritual status, not merely geographic; resonates with Filipino OFW/diaspora identity — affirm, don’t over-correct. |
| 4 | dispersion | διασπορά (diaspora) | pagkakawatak-watak / Diaspora | new | Low | (background, no named doctrine) | 1:1 | Historical-geographic term. |
| 5 | foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις (prognōsis) | paunang kaalaman | new | Medium | Divine Calling / Providence | 1:2 | Distinguish from swerte/kapalaran (fate). |
| 6 | sanctification | ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) | pagpapabanal | baseline reuse | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:2 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 7 | obedience (of faith) | ὑπακοή (hypakoē) | pagsunod na mula sa pananampalataya | baseline reuse | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 1:2 | Per baseline “obedience_of_faith.” |
| 8 | sprinkling of blood | ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος (rantismos haimatos) | pagwisik ng dugo | new | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:2 | OT covenant-ratification background required in teaching. |
| 9 | grace | χάρις (charis) | biyaya | baseline reuse | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering / general | 1:2, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12 | Per baseline exactly — never utang na loob. |
| 10 | peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | kapayapaan | baseline reuse | Medium | Peace with God | 1:2, 5:14 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 11 | God, Father | Θεός καὶ Πατήρ (Theos kai Patēr) | Diyos, Ama | baseline reuse | High | Deity of Christ / Adoption | 1:2-3 | Per baseline exactly — never Bathala; Ama distinct from Padre (priest) and ancestor-veneration. |
| 12 | Lord Jesus Christ | Κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | Panginoong Jesus/Kristo | baseline reuse | High | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Per baseline “lord” and “jesus” exactly. |
| 13 | mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | awa | new | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3 | Distinguish covenantal saving mercy from ordinary pity. |
| 14 | born again / regeneration | ἀναγεννάω (anagennaō) | ipinanganak na muli | new | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3, 1:23 | Must not be flattened into ritual rebirth apart from faith; parallel discipline to baseline “kaligtasan.” |
| 15 | living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα (elpis zōsa) | buhay na pag-asa | new | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection (core doctrine) | 1:3 | Distinguish from generic optimism/wishful “pag-asa”; anchor consistently to Christ’s resurrection. |
| 16 | resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | baseline reuse | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3, 3:21 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 17 | inheritance | κληρονομία (klēronomia) | mana | new | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:4 | Secured by God, not subject to human family inheritance-dispute patterns. |
| 18 | imperishable | ἄφθαρτος (aphthartos) | hindi masisira | new | Low | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:4, 1:23 | Standard adjective. |
| 19 | undefiled | ἀμίαντος (amiantos) | walang dungis | new | Low | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:4 | Standard adjective. |
| 20 | unfading | ἀμάραντος / ἀμαράντινος (amarantos / amarantinos) | hindi kukupas | new | Low | The Living Hope of the Resurrection / Elders and Humility | 1:4, 5:4 | Consistent rendering across both occurrences (inheritance, crown). |
| 21 | guarded/protected | φρουρέω (phroureō) | iniingatan | new | Medium | Living Hope / Assurance | 1:5 | Active, ongoing divine guarding — not merely passive safety. |
| 22 | faith | πίστις (pistis) | pananampalataya | baseline reuse | Medium | Faith | 1:5, 1:7-9, 5:9 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 23 | salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | kaligtasan | baseline reuse | Critical | Salvation | 1:5, 1:9, 1:10, 2:2, 3:21, 4:18 | Per baseline exactly — mandatory teaching note every occurrence: faith-received, not ritual-guaranteed. |
| 24 | revelation | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | paghahayag / ihahayag | new | Low | Living Hope / Eschatology | 1:5, 1:7, 1:12 | Consistent rendering required across all three occurrences. |
| 25 | last time / last days | καιρὸς ἔσχατος (kairos eschatos) | huling panahon | new | Low | Eschatology | 1:5, 4:7 | Standard. |
| 26 | rejoice/exult | ἀγαλλιάω (agalliaō) | nagagalak nang labis | new | Low | Living Hope | 1:6, 1:8 | Intensified joy, sustained through trial. |
| 27 | trial | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | pagsubok | new | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:6, 4:12 | Distinguish from tukso (temptation to sin). |
| 28 | tested genuineness | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | katunayan ng pananampalataya | new | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:7 | Trial reveals, does not create, genuine faith — not a merit-earning process. |
| 29 | glory | δόξα (doxa) | kaluwalhatian | baseline reuse | High | Deity of Christ / Elders and Humility | 1:7-8, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 30 | honor | τιμή (timē) | karangalan | new | Medium | Living Hope / Suffering | 1:7 | Honor from God’s verdict, not community hiya-avoidance. |
| 31 | love | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη (agapaō / agapē) | iniibig / pag-ibig | new | Medium | Living Hope / Mutual Edification | 1:8, 4:8 | Willed, committed love; for the unseen Christ in 1:8. |
| 32 | inexpressible/glorified joy | χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος καὶ δεδοξασμένη (chara aneklalētos kai dedoxasmenē) | kagalakang di-malarawan at punô ng kaluwalhatian | new | Low | Living Hope | 1:8 | Reuses kaluwalhatian. |
| 33 | outcome/goal (of faith) | τέλος (telos) | kinahihinatnan | new | Medium | Living Hope | 1:9 | Context-sensitive; distinct from “end” sense in 4:7 (katapusan). |
| 34 | soul | ψυχή (psychē) | kaluluwa | new | Medium | Living Hope / Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 1:9, 1:22, 2:11, 2:25, 3:20, 4:19 | Whole redeemed person, not a wandering spirit needing post-mortem rites (Undas practices). |
| 35 | prophets | προφῆται (prophētai) | propeta | baseline reuse | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:10-12 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 36 | Spirit of Christ | Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ (Pneuma Christou) | Espiritu ni Kristo | new | High | Deity of Christ | 1:11 | Full Trinitarian precision required; not a generic “prophetic spirit.” |
| 37 | Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον (Pneuma Hagion) | Espiritu Santo | baseline reuse | High | Sanctification | 1:12 | Per baseline exactly — never anito or bare kaluluwa. |
| 38 | angels | ἄγγελοι (angeloi) | mga anghel | new | Low | (background) | 1:12, 3:22 | Standard term. |
| 39 | desire/lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | masamang pagnanasa | new | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:14, 2:11, 4:2-3 | Context-sensitive negative sense. |
| 40 | conduct | ἀναστροφή (anastrophē) | pag-uugali / pamumuhay | new | Medium | Holiness in Conduct (core doctrine) | 1:15, 1:18, 2:12, 3:1-2, 3:16 | Comprehensive lived pattern, not liturgical performance alone. |
| 41 | holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | banal | baseline reuse | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:15-16, 2:5, 2:9, 3:5 | Per baseline exactly; every believer’s calling, not an ascetic elite. |
| 42 | fear (reverent) | φόβος (phobos) | banal na takot / paggalang | new | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:17, 3:2, 3:14-15 | Filial reverence, distinct from superstitious fear of spirits. |
| 43 | redeem/redemption | λυτρόω / λύτρωσις (lytroō / lytrōsis) | tubos / tinubos | new | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:18 | Payment made on believer’s behalf; creates no repayable debt (parallel to grace/utang na loob caution). |
| 44 | lamb, without blemish/spot | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος (amnos amōmos kai aspilos) | kordero na walang kapintasan at walang dungis | new | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:19 | Requires OT sacrificial-system background teaching. |
| 45 | foreknown before creation | προγνωσμένος πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου | nakilala na bago itatag ang daigdig | new | Medium | Providence / Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:20 | Eternal plan, not improvisation. |
| 46 | living word of God | λόγος Θεοῦ ζῶντος (logos Theou zōntos) | buhay na salita ng Diyos | new | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:23 | Imperishable “seed” of new birth. |
| 47 | brotherly love | φιλαδελφία (philadelphia) | pagmamahalan bilang mga kapatid | new | Low | Christian Fellowship | 1:22, 2:17 | Reuses fellowship concept. |
| 48 | living stone | λίθος ζῶν (lithos zōn) | buhay na bato | new | High | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:4-5 | Retain the paradox; Christ’s resurrection life as foundation. |
| 49 | spiritual house | οἶκος πνευματικός (oikos pneumatikos) | espiritwal na tahanan | new | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 | Church as true temple. |
| 50 | holy priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον (hierateuma hagion) | banal na pagkapari | new | Critical | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 | ”Pagkapari” = the exact word for ordained Catholic priesthood; every occurrence needs a teaching note that this describes every believer, not a separate clergy class — direct parallel to baseline’s “saints” Critical note. |
| 51 | spiritual sacrifices | θυσίαι πνευματικαί (thysiai pneumatikai) | espiritwal na mga handog | new | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 | Distinguish from sacramental Mass-sacrifice theology without direct polemic. |
| 52 | cornerstone | λίθος ἀκρογωνιαῖος (lithos akrogōniaios) | batong panulukan | new | Low | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:6 | Standard. |
| 53 | stumbling stone | λίθος προσκόμματος / σκάνδαλον | batong katitisuran | new | Medium | Universal Human Accountability (Romans link) | 2:7-8 | Retains accountability without softening. |
| 54 | chosen race | γένος ἐκλεκτόν (genos eklekton) | hinirang na lahi | new | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:9 | Built on baseline election root. |
| 55 | royal priesthood | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα (basileion hierateuma) | harianong pagkapari | new | Critical | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood (core doctrine) | 2:9 | Same critical note as #50; the letter’s fullest statement of the named doctrine. |
| 56 | holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον (ethnos hagion) | banal na bansa | new | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:9 | Church universal — do not politicize as Filipino nationalism. |
| 57 | God’s own possession | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν (laos eis peripoiēsin) | bayang pag-aari ng Diyos | new | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:9 | Echoes Exodus 19:5. |
| 58 | submit / be subject | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | pasakop | new | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance (core doctrine) | 2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:5, 5:5 | Voluntary, Christ-modeled submission; guard against both authoritarian misuse and abuse-justification; Filipino authority-deference norms create dual risk. |
| 59 | freedom | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | kalayaan | new | Low | Submission to Authority | 2:16 | Standard. |
| 60 | suffer | πάσχω (paschō) | magdusa / pagdurusa | new | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake / Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering (core doctrines) | 2:19-21, 2:23, 3:14, 3:17-18, 4:1, 4:15-16, 4:19, 5:1, 5:9-10 | Unjust suffering for doing good, not suffering as divine punishment; central verb of two named doctrines. |
| 61 | example/pattern | ὑπογραμμός (hypogrammos) | halimbawa | new | Low | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2:21 | Vivid tracing-pattern image. |
| 62 | bore our sins in his body on the tree | ἀνήνεγκεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας … ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | dinala ang mga kasalanan sa katawan sa kahoy (krus) | new | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering (core doctrine, textual anchor) | 2:24 | Doctrinal center of the curriculum’s atonement theme; must retain sacrificial sin-bearing sense, paired with baseline “kasalanan.” |
| 63 | wound/healed | μώλωψ (mōlōps) | sugat | new | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:24 | Isaiah 53:5 echo. |
| 64 | shepherd and overseer of souls | ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν | pastol at tagapangasiwa ng mga kaluluwa | new | High | Elders and Humility (Christological ground) | 2:25 | Avoid “obispo” (denominational bishop office) for ἐπίσκοπος. |
| 65 | gentle and quiet spirit | πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα | mahinahon at payapang espiritu/kalooban | new | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 3:4 | Not passive silencing; settled non-anxious disposition. |
| 66 | fellow-heir of the grace of life | συγκληρονόμος χάριτος ζωῆς | kapwa-tagapagmana ng biyaya ng buhay | new | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 3:7 | Corrects any view of spiritual inequality between spouses. |
| 67 | humble-minded / humility | ταπεινόφρων / ταπεινοφροσύνη (tapeinophrōn / tapeinophrosynē) | mapagpakumbaba / kapakumbabaan | new | Medium | Elders and Humility (core doctrine) | 3:8, 5:5 | Distinguish humility before God/church from social face-saving (pakikisama, hiya-avoidance). |
| 68 | suffering for righteousness’ sake | πάσχων διὰ δικαιοσύνην | pagdurusa alang-alang sa katuwiran | new | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake (core doctrine) | 3:14 | Retain the specific causal link to righteous conduct, not suffering in general. |
| 69 | righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | katuwiran | baseline reuse | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 3:14, 2:24, 4:18 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 70 | sanctify Christ as Lord | Κύριον τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε | itakda si Kristo bilang Panginoon (banal) | new | High | Lordship of Christ | 3:15 | Reuse Panginoon (baseline “lord”); exclusive Lordship. |
| 71 | defense/answer | ἀπολογία (apologia) | paliwanag / pagsagot | new | Low | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 3:15 | Reasoned testimony. |
| 72 | good conscience | συνείδησις ἀγαθή (syneidēsis agathē) | mabuting budhi | new | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits / Holiness in Conduct | 3:16, 3:21 | Inward moral integrity, not social hiya-avoidance or ritual purity. |
| 73 | Christ suffered once for sins, righteous for the unrighteous | ἅπαξ … ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων | minsanan naghirap dahil sa kasalanan, ang matuwid alang-alang sa mga di-matuwid | new | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering (core doctrine) | 3:18 | ἅπαξ (“once for all”) must rule out any repeatable-sacrifice reading; ὑπέρ retains substitution. |
| 74 | put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit | θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι | napatay sa laman, binuhay sa espiritu | new | High | Living Hope / Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3:18 | Must not separate from Christ’s bodily resurrection affirmed at 1:3, 3:21. |
| 75 | spirits in prison | πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ (pneumata en phylakē) | mga espiritung nabibilanggo | new | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (core doctrine) | 3:19 | Extreme syncretism risk with Filipino folk beliefs (multo, purgatory prayers for the dead, Undas practices, anito); mandatory teaching note against “second chance for the dead” reading. |
| 76 | proclaimed (not “preached the gospel”) | κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | ipinahayag | new | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:19 | Deliberately distinct from ipinangaral (evangelistic preaching) to avoid implying gospel-offer to spirits. |
| 77 | disobedient (formerly) | ἀπειθέω (apeitheō) | naging suwail | new | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:20 | Identifies the spirits/Noah’s generation. |
| 78 | patience/longsuffering | μακροθυμία (makrothymia) | pagtitiyaga ng Diyos | new | Low | Providence | 3:20 | God’s patient waiting (ark). |
| 79 | ark | κιβωτός (kibōtos) | arka | new | Low | (background) | 3:20 | Standard. |
| 80 | baptism, corresponding type | ἀντίτυπον βάπτισμα (antitypon baptisma) | bautismo, katumbas [ng pangyayari kay Noe] | new | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits / Salvation | 3:21 | Preserve Peter’s own qualifying clause (appeal for good conscience, not physical washing) against sacramental-mechanism readings; parallels baseline “kaligtasan” Critical note directly. |
| 81 | right hand of God | ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | sa kanang kamay ng Diyos | new | Low | Lordship of Christ | 3:22 | Exaltation imagery. |
| 82 | angels, authorities, powers | ἄγγελοι, ἐξουσίαι, δυνάμεις | mga anghel, kapamahalaan, at kapangyarihan | new | Low | Lordship of Christ | 3:22 | Cosmic subjection to Christ. |
| 83 | idolatry (vice list) | εἰδωλολατρία (eidōlolatria) | pagsamba sa diyus-diyusan | new | High | Holiness in Conduct | 4:3 | Literal pagan idol-worship; teach precisely as such, not as coded critique of Marian/saints veneration — pastoral care required per baseline’s respectful-tone rule. |
| 84 | judge the living and the dead | κρίναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | hukuman ang mga buhay at mga patay | new | Medium | (Eschatology, background) | 4:5 | Final judgment. |
| 85 | gospel preached to the dead (while alive) | νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη | ipinangaral ang Mabuting Balita sa mga namatay na [noon] | new | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (contrast case) | 4:6 | Distinct from 3:19; clarify gospel was preached to them while living, not post-mortem. |
| 86 | love covers a multitude of sins | ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | ang pag-ibig ay nagtatakip ng napakaraming kasalanan | new | Medium | Mutual Edification | 4:8 | Not merit-earning; relational patience within the church. |
| 87 | spiritual gift | χάρισμα (charisma) | kaloob na espirituwal | baseline reuse | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 4:10 | Per baseline exactly. |
| 88 | steward | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | tagapamahala | new | Low | Spiritual Gifts | 4:10 | Manager, not owner, of God’s grace-gifts. |
| 89 | Christian | Χριστιανός (Christianos) | Kristiyano | new | Low | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:16 | Established loanword; anchor to Christ, not mere cultural label. |
| 90 | household of God / judgment | οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ / κρίμα | sambahayan ng Diyos / paghuhukom | new | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood (background) | 4:17 | Refining discipline within the church. |
| 91 | faithful Creator | πιστὸς κτίστης (pistos ktistēs) | tapat na Manlalikha | new | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:19 | Unique NT title; trust grounded in God as Maker. |
| 92 | elder (church office) | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | matanda sa iglesia | new | Medium | Elders and Humility (core doctrine) | 5:1, 5:5 | Qualifier “sa iglesia” required to avoid bare-age reading. |
| 93 | fellow elder | συμπρεσβύτερος (sympresbyteros) | kapwa-matanda sa iglesia | new | Low | Elders and Humility | 5:1 | Models humility in self-reference. |
| 94 | shepherd the flock / exercise oversight | ποιμαίνω / ἐπισκοπέω | pastulan ang kawan / mamahala bilang tagapangasiwa | new | High | Elders and Humility | 5:2 | Reuse ἐπίσκοπος caution — avoid “obispo.” |
| 95 | not domineering, but an example | κατακυριεύω / τύπος γινόμενος | hindi mapanupil kundi naging halimbawa | new | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:3 | Checks authoritarian leadership models. |
| 96 | chief Shepherd | ἀρχιποίμην (archipoimēn) | Punong Pastol | new | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:4 | Christ over all under-shepherds. |
| 97 | humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη (tapeinophrosynē) | kapakumbabaan | new | Medium | Elders and Humility (core doctrine) | 5:5 | See #67; climactic virtue term of the letter. |
| 98 | proud / humble (God opposes/gives grace) | ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός | mapagmataas / mapagpakumbaba | new | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:5 | Reuses baseline biyaya; grace tied to humility, not merit. |
| 99 | anxiety | μέριμνα (merimna) | kabalisahan | new | Low | Providence | 5:7 | Cast on God, who cares. |
| 100 | devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | diyablo | new | High | (spiritual warfare, background to Suffering/Endurance) | 5:8 | Real personal adversary, distinct from folk-superstition figures (aswang, multo, engkanto); resisted by faith, never by anting-anting (per baseline forbidden-substitution list). |
| 101 | brotherhood | ἀδελφότης (adelphotēs) | kapatiran | new | Low | Christian Fellowship | 5:9 | Worldwide shared suffering. |
| 102 | God of all grace, called to eternal glory | Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος, καλέσας εἰς αἰώνιον δόξαν | Diyos ng lahat ng biyaya, na tumawag sa inyo sa walang hanggang kaluwalhatian | new | High | Divine Calling / Grace | 5:10 | Reuses baseline biyaya, tinawag/pagkatawag, kaluwalhatian together. |
| 103 | dominion | κράτος (kratos) | kapangyarihan/paghahari | new | Low | (doxology, background) | 5:11 | Standard. |
| 104 | kiss of love | φίλημα ἀγάπης (philēma agapēs) | halik ng pag-ibig | new | Low | Christian Fellowship | 5:14 | Cultural-custom note required, not a literal ongoing instruction. |
| 105 | peace to those in Christ | εἰρήνη τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ | kapayapaan sa mga kay Kristo | new | Medium | Peace with God / Christian Identity in Christ | 5:14 | Reuses baseline kapayapaan and “in Christ” identity language. |
Summary of Critical-Risk Terms Requiring Mandatory Teaching Notes (Human Theologian Review, Every Occurrence)
| Term | Filipino Rendering | Passage(s) | Grounded Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Holy priesthood / Royal priesthood | banal/harianong pagkapari | 2:5, 2:9 | ”Pagkapari” is the exact term for the ordained Roman Catholic priesthood; must clarify every believer, not a separate clergy class, holds this identity. |
| Bore our sins on the tree | dinala ang mga kasalanan sa kahoy | 2:24 | Doctrinal center of substitutionary atonement; must retain sacrificial sin-bearing sense in full. |
| Christ suffered once for sins, righteous for unrighteous | minsanan naghirap … alang-alang sa di-matuwid | 3:18 | ἅπαξ (“once for all”) must exclude any repeatable-sacrifice reading. |
| Spirits in prison | mga espiritung nabibilanggo | 3:19 | Acute collision with Filipino beliefs about the souls of the dead, purgatory, and Undas prayer practices; must not imply a second-chance gospel for the deceased. |
| Proclaimed (κηρύσσω, not preached the gospel) | ipinahayag | 3:19 | Lexical choice prevents implying evangelistic gospel-offer to imprisoned spirits. |
| Baptism, corresponding type | bautismo, katumbas | 3:21 | Must preserve Peter’s own clause rejecting a physical-washing/mechanical-salvation reading of baptism. |
| Gospel preached to the dead | ipinangaral … sa mga namatay na | 4:6 | Must clarify preached while alive, not post-mortem evangelism — guards against conflation with 3:19. |
| Salvation | kaligtasan | 1:5, 1:9, 1:10, 2:2, 3:21, 4:18 | Per baseline Romans Critical designation; carried forward unchanged into 1 Peter. |
Summary of High-Risk Terms Newly Introduced by 1 Peter
Submit/be subject (ὑποτάσσω); Suffer (πάσχω); Suffering for righteousness’ sake; Living hope (ἐλπὶς ζῶσα); Redeem/redemption (λυτρόω); Lamb without blemish; Spirit of Christ; Shepherd and overseer of souls / exercise oversight (ἐπίσκοπος — avoid “obispo”); Sanctify Christ as Lord; Put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit; Idolatry (εἰδωλολατρία); Devil (διάβολος); God of all grace, called to eternal glory; Sprinkling of blood.
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All “new” entries are Phase 1 recommendations for incorporation into an updated translation memory version at the start of Phase 2 processing, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Baptism Corresponding Type
Approved rendering: bautismo, na katumbas [ng pangyayari kay Noe]
Transliteration: bautismo, na katumbas [ng pangyayari kay Noe]
Doctrine: Baptism and a Good Conscience
Original: ἀντίτυπον βάπτισμα
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: the sharpest sacramental-theology collision point in the letter (1 Peter 3:21). Peter’s own qualifying clause (‘not as a removal of dirt from the body, but as an appeal to God for a good conscience’) must be preserved intact and taught explicitly every occurrence, distinguishing this from a folk-Catholic or nominal-sacramental view in which the physical rite alone, apart from faith and a good conscience, mechanically secures salvation.
Bore Our Sins
Approved rendering: dinala niya ang ating mga kasalanan sa kanyang katawan sa kahoy (krus)
Transliteration: dinala niya ang ating mga kasalanan sa kanyang katawan sa kahoy (krus)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀνήνεγκεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον
Category: Sin
CRITICAL: doctrinal center of the curriculum’s substitutionary-suffering theme (1 Peter 2:24). Any softening (e.g., merely ‘he suffered for us,’ without the specific sin-bearing, sacrificial-carrying sense) would erode the atonement’s forensic and sacrificial character. Retain ‘kahoy’ (tree/wood, echoing Deuteronomy 21:23 and Isaiah 53) with ‘(krus)’ supplied parenthetically, not ‘krus’ alone.
Christ Suffered Once
Approved rendering: minsanan siyang naghirap dahil sa mga kasalanan, ang matuwid alang-alang sa mga di-matuwid
Transliteration: minsanan siyang naghirap dahil sa mga kasalanan, ang matuwid alang-alang sa mga di-matuwid
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων
Category: Sin
CRITICAL: the clearest single substitutionary-atonement statement in the letter (1 Peter 3:18). ‘Minsanan’ (once for all) is load-bearing, not a stylistic flourish, and must rule out any repeatable-sacrifice reading, a live risk given sacramental re-presentation theology in the dominant tradition. ‘Alang-alang sa’ retains substitutionary force.
Gospel Preached To Dead
Approved rendering: ipinangaral ang Mabuting Balita sa mga namatay na [noon]
Transliteration: ipinangaral ang Mabuting Balita sa mga namatay na [noon]
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: contrast case to 3:19 (1 Peter 4:6). Here ‘ipinangaral’ (evangelistic preaching) is correct, since Peter’s own vocabulary (εὐηγγελίσθη) is genuinely evangelistic — unlike 3:19’s κηρύσσω. Teaching note must clarify the gospel was preached to these persons while they were still alive, who have since died; this verse does not describe evangelism of the deceased. Must not be conflated with 3:19.
Holy Priesthood
Approved rendering: banal na pagkapari
Transliteration: banal na pagkapari
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον
Category: Church
CRITICAL: ‘Pagkapari’ is the exact Filipino word for the ordained Roman Catholic priesthood (mga pari). Every occurrence (1 Peter 2:5) requires a mandatory teaching note clarifying that this priestly identity and access to God belongs to every believer, not a separate clergy class — sharper institutional collision than the baseline’s ‘mga banal’ Critical entry. No unambiguous alternative word exists in standard Filipino Bible usage; the word must be used with mandatory fencing, not substituted.
Proclaimed
Approved rendering: ipinahayag
Transliteration: ipinahayag
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: ipinangaral
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: deliberately distinct from ‘ipinangaral’ (preached the gospel, evangelistically) for κηρύσσω in 1 Peter 3:19. ‘Ipinahayag’ (a herald’s announcement/proclamation) is required to avoid implying gospel-offer theology to imprisoned spirits. Some mainstream Filipino translations (e.g., Ang Biblia) use ‘ipinangaral’ here — this pattern must NOT be echoed.
Royal Priesthood
Approved rendering: harianong pagkapari
Transliteration: harianong pagkapari
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church
CRITICAL: same institutional collision as ‘holy_priesthood.’ Every occurrence (1 Peter 2:9) requires the same clarifying teaching note — the collective identity of every believer, not an elite or ordained group. The ‘royal’ (harianong) qualifier could otherwise be domesticated into an honorific title detached from the priestly-access meaning.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: mandatory teaching note every occurrence — salvation is received and guarded by faith in Christ’s finished work, not mechanically secured by sacramental performance. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1 Peter 1:5, 1:9, 1:10, 2:2, 3:21, 4:18; 3:21 itself supplies the corrective clause (‘not as a removal of dirt from the body, but as an appeal to God for a good conscience’), which must always be preserved alongside this term.
Spirits In Prison
Approved rendering: mga espiritung nabibilanggo
Transliteration: mga espiritung nabibilanggo
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: the single highest syncretism-risk term in the curriculum (1 Peter 3:19). Extreme collision with Filipino beliefs about wandering spirits of the dead (multo), purgatory prayers/masses/novenas (especially around Undas/All Souls’ Day), and anito ancestral/nature-spirit belief. Every occurrence must carry an explicit teaching note ruling out any ‘second chance for the dead,’ prayers-for-the-dead, or intercession-for-departed-souls reading. Do not use bare ‘mga kaluluwa’ here; reserve that word for the ordinary human soul elsewhere in the letter.
High Risk Terms
Born Again
Approved rendering: ipinanganak na muli
Transliteration: ipinanganak na muli
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation
A decisive, God-initiated, one-time re-creation of spiritual life, not a repeatable ritual cleansing (1 Peter 1:3, 1:23). Must not be flattened into ritual regeneration (e.g., baptismal rebirth alone, apart from faith); requires the same teaching-note discipline as ‘kaligtasan.‘
Devil
Approved rendering: diyablo
Transliteration: diyablo
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Devil
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
The personal spiritual adversary, ‘like a roaring lion’ (1 Peter 5:8). Filipino folk cosmology of malevolent spirits (aswang, multo, engkanto, mangkukulam-invoked spirits) risks being conflated with, or dismissed alongside, ‘diyablo.’ Teaching must affirm the Devil as a real, personal, defeated-yet-active adversary, resisted through faith alone, never through anting-anting (already forbidden by the baseline).
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal, relational Father; distinct from Padre (Catholic priest title) and from petitions to deceased ancestors. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:2-3, specifically Father of Jesus Christ; in 1:17, invoked in filial reverence as impartial Judge.
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Never Bathala, the pre-colonial Tagalog supreme-being concept. Inherited from Romans package unchanged for 1 Peter.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Never frame grace as utang na loob (a reciprocal debt of gratitude requiring repayment) — always biyaya. Inherited from Romans package. Recurs across 1 Peter 1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12, including the closing doxology ‘the God of all grace’; tied explicitly to humility (5:5) and spouses’ equal standing (3:7), never to merit or social hierarchy.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Never anito (ancestral/nature spirit) or bare kaluluwa (wandering soul/ghost). Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:2 and 1:12, one of the letter’s Trinitarian grounds of salvation.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: pagsamba sa diyus-diyusan
Transliteration: pagsamba sa diyus-diyusan
Doctrine: The Former Life and Literal Idolatry
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sanctification
Literal worship of idols in ancient pagan religious feasting, part of a vice list (1 Peter 4:3). Must be taught precisely as literal ancient idol/pagan-feast worship, not a coded critique of Filipino Catholic image veneration of Mary or the saints; handle with pastoral care per the baseline’s respectful-tone rule while not softening the text’s actual condemnation of literal idol-worship.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: Christology
Standard Filipino Protestant Bible spelling; proper name-title paired with Kristo. Inherited from Romans package. Occurs over 20 times across 1 Peter; consistency mandatory across every chapter.
Lamb Without Blemish
Approved rendering: kordero na walang kapintasan at walang dungis
Transliteration: kordero na walang kapintasan at walang dungis
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Sin
Sacrificial imagery of a spotless, unblemished lamb, echoing the OT Passover and Levitical offerings, fulfilled in Christ (1 Peter 1:19). Must retain the sacrificial-substitute image; teach with the OT Passover/sacrificial background so it is not read merely as a metaphor for purity.
Living Hope
Approved rendering: buhay na pag-asa
Transliteration: buhay na pag-asa
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Salvation
Core curriculum term (1 Peter 1:3). ‘Pag-asa’ alone risks being heard as ordinary optimism/wishful desire or bahala-na-style passive hoping; the qualifier ‘buhay na’ and consistent anchoring to Christ’s resurrection is essential every occurrence.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: buhay na bato
Transliteration: buhay na bato
Doctrine: The Living Stone and the Church’s Foundation
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Church
Christ as the paradoxically living foundation stone of a growing spiritual house (1 Peter 2:4-5). Must retain the paradox of a ‘stone’ that is alive; do not reduce to a generic foundation metaphor detached from Christ’s resurrection life.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Κύριος
Category: Christology
Exclusive, supreme Lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 3:15, ‘sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts’ requires the same precision as Romans 10:9.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: pagsunod na mula sa pananampalataya
Transliteration: pagsunod na mula sa pananampalataya
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Faith
Obedience flowing from faith, not ritual or works-based compliance. Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:2 and 1:14 apply this to believers’ response to God’s call.
Put To Death In Flesh Made Alive In Spirit
Approved rendering: napatay sa laman, binuhay sa espiritu
Transliteration: napatay sa laman, binuhay sa espiritu
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι
Category: Sin
Describes the mode of Christ’s death and resurrection-life (1 Peter 3:18). Must be handled alongside standard resurrection-of-Christ teaching, avoiding readings that separate a ‘spirit-only’ resurrection from Christ’s bodily resurrection affirmed elsewhere in the letter (1:3, 3:21).
Redemption
Approved rendering: tubos / tinubos
Transliteration: tubos / tinubos
Doctrine: Redemption and Ransom from a Futile Way of Life
Original: λυτρόω / λύτρωσις
Category: Sin
A ransom paid to free someone from captivity or a futile way of life (1 Peter 1:18). Must be kept as a payment made on the believer’s behalf by Christ, not a debt the believer still owes or repays — parallel caution to grace/utang na loob: this ransom creates no ongoing debt of repayment, only grateful love.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Right standing before God received by faith; also righteous conduct reflecting that standing. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 2:24, 3:14, and 4:18, both the ground of Christ’s substitutionary suffering and the standard for which believers may righteously suffer.
Sanctify Christ As Lord
Approved rendering: itakda si Kristo bilang Panginoon sa inyong puso
Transliteration: itakda si Kristo bilang Panginoon sa inyong puso
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Κύριον τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν
Category: Christology
Setting apart Christ as Lord in one’s heart, the posture from which believers answer hostile questioning (1 Peter 3:15). Reuses baseline ‘Lord’ (Panginoon): exclusive, supreme Lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints.
Shepherd Overseer Of Souls
Approved rendering: pastol at tagapangasiwa ng mga kaluluwa
Transliteration: pastol at tagapangasiwa ng mga kaluluwa
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: obispo
Original: ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν
Category: Christology
Christ himself as the ultimate shepherd and overseer/caretaker of every believer’s soul (1 Peter 2:25). Never ‘obispo’ (bishop), a specific, institutionally-ordained denominational office, which would wrongly imply Christ occupies a Church-hierarchy office rather than being the ultimate shepherd-overseer of every soul.
Shepherd The Flock
Approved rendering: pastulan ang kawan / mamahala bilang tagapangasiwa
Transliteration: pastulan ang kawan / mamahala bilang tagapangasiwa
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: obispo
Original: ποιμαίνω / ἐπισκοπέω
Category: Church
Elders’ core task, echoing Christ’s own shepherd-overseer role (1 Peter 5:2). Reuses the ἐπίσκοπος caution from 2:25 — never ‘obispo’ (a specific ordained denominational office); use ‘tagapangasiwa’ instead to keep Christ as sole Chief Shepherd.
Spirit Of Christ
Approved rendering: Espiritu ni Kristo
Transliteration: Espiritu ni Kristo
Doctrine: Deity and Preexistence of Christ
Original: Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology
The pre-incarnate Spirit of Christ active in the OT prophets (1 Peter 1:11). Affirms Christ’s eternal existence and Trinitarian unity across both Testaments; must not be read as a generic ‘prophetic spirit’ apart from the divine Christ.
Sprinkling Of Blood
Approved rendering: pagwisik ng dugo ni Jesu-Kristo
Transliteration: pagwisik ng dugo ni Jesu-Kristo
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος
Category: Sin
Application of Christ’s covenant-sealing, atoning blood to believers, echoing OT sprinkling rites (1 Peter 1:2). Must be taught with its OT covenant-ratification and purification background (Exodus 24, Leviticus), not collapsed into a vague metaphor.
Submission
Approved rendering: pasakop
Transliteration: pasakop
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Authority
Core term for Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance (1 Peter 2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:5, 5:5). Filipino socialized deference to authority (paggalang, hiya, patron-client structuring) creates a double risk: absorption into unreflective, fear-based, or status-preserving obedience, or misuse of 3:1 to justify enduring abuse. Teaching must retain both the voluntary, gospel-motivated character of submission and its clear limits.
Suffer
Approved rendering: magdusa / pagdurusa
Transliteration: magdusa / pagdurusa
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πάσχω
Category: Suffering
Central verb of two named doctrines (1 Peter 2:19-21, 2:23, 3:14, 3:17-18, 4:1, 4:15-16, 4:19, 5:1, 5:9-10). Must be carefully distinguished from suffering as divine punishment for sin, or suffering glorified for its own sake; the emphasis is suffering unjustly, for doing good, following Christ’s pattern.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Established loanword; conveys a directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:1 grounds Peter’s authority to write to scattered believers; reused unchanged.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive summons by God. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 2:9, 2:21, 3:9, and 5:10 the calling grounds suffering-endurance and future glory, not fate.
Chief Shepherd
Approved rendering: Punong Pastol
Transliteration: Punong Pastol
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Christology
Christ as the Shepherd over all under-shepherds/elders (1 Peter 5:4); Christological anchor of the Elders and Humility doctrine.
Chosen Race
Approved rendering: hinirang na lahi
Transliteration: hinirang na lahi
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν
Category: Church
The church’s corporate identity as God’s elect people (1 Peter 2:9, citing Isaiah 43:20 and Exodus 19:6). Built on the baseline election root.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός / λαός
Category: Church
Iglesia (the gathered body) preferred over simbahan (the physical building). Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 2:5, 2:9-10, and 4:17, described as a spiritual house and God’s own household.
Conduct
Approved rendering: pag-uugali / pamumuhay
Transliteration: pag-uugali / pamumuhay
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: kabanalan
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification
Core term for Holiness in Conduct (1 Peter 1:15, 1:18, 2:12, 3:1-2, 3:16). Preferred over ‘kabanalan,’ which leans toward external devotional-performance piety; holiness here is comprehensive lived conduct, not liturgical performance frequency.
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη (background); ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος
Category: Covenant
A relational, binding bond initiated by God. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 1 Peter 1:2’s ‘sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ,’ which evokes OT covenant-ratification imagery (Exodus 24) rather than the Davidic-covenant context originally tagged in Romans; retain the relational-bond sense in both contexts.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: masamang pagnanasa
Transliteration: masamang pagnanasa
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sanctification
Disordered craving, contrasted with holy conduct (1 Peter 1:14, 2:11, 4:2-3). Context-sensitive negative sense; describes the pre-conversion life pattern now decisively left behind.
Disobedient Formerly
Approved rendering: naging suwail
Transliteration: naging suwail
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: ἀπειθέω
Category: Eschatology
Identifies the spirits/Noah’s generation as disobedient formerly (1 Peter 3:20).
Elder
Approved rendering: matanda sa iglesia
Transliteration: matanda sa iglesia
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: matanda (bare, without qualifier)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
Core term for Elders and Humility (1 Peter 5:1, 5:5). Bare ‘matanda’ (old/elder) is read only in its ordinary age sense in Filipino; the qualifier ‘sa iglesia’ (of the church) is necessary every occurrence to mark the office.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
God’s sovereign personal choice, not swerte/kapalaran (luck/fate), common folk-fatalistic framing. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:1-2 and 2:9 grounds the letter’s whole ecclesiology in this sovereign choice.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Object of faith always Christ. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:5, 1:7-9, and 5:9, faith is both the means by which believers are guarded and the ground of resistance to the devil.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: tapat na Manlalikha
Transliteration: tapat na Manlalikha
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Care
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
God as the believer’s faithful Maker, a unique NT title (1 Peter 4:19); grounds suffering believers’ trust in God specifically as their Creator, not merely their Judge or Savior.
Fear Reverent
Approved rendering: banal na takot / paggalang
Transliteration: banal na takot / paggalang
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: φόβος
Category: Sanctification
Reverent awe before God as impartial judge, not servile terror (1 Peter 1:17, 3:2, 3:14-15). Must be distinguished from anxious, superstitious fear of angry spirits or ancestral displeasure in folk belief; this is filial reverence before a just Father.
Fellow Heir Of Grace
Approved rendering: kapwa-tagapagmana ng biyaya ng buhay
Transliteration: kapwa-tagapagmana ng biyaya ng buhay
Doctrine: Grace
Original: συγκληρονόμος χάριτος ζωῆς
Category: Church
A joint heir of the grace of life, correcting any view of spiritual inequality between spouses (1 Peter 3:7). Built on baseline biyaya.
Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: paunang kaalaman ng Diyos
Transliteration: paunang kaalaman ng Diyos
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: God
God’s prior, sovereign knowledge grounding his election of a people (1 Peter 1:2, 1:20). Must not be reduced to swerte/kapalaran (fate); matches the baseline’s election/providence caution.
Gentle Quiet Spirit
Approved rendering: mahinahon at payapang espiritu/kalooban
Transliteration: mahinahon at payapang espiritu/kalooban
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
An inward disposition of gentleness and settled calm, the imperishable adornment God values (1 Peter 3:4). ‘Quiet’ should not be misread as passive silencing or suppression of a woman’s voice/personhood.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s radiant honor and majesty. Inherited from Romans package. Recurs at 1 Peter 1:7-8, 1:11, 1:21, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10, including as the reward of tested faith and the elders’ ‘unfading crown.‘
Gods Own Possession
Approved rendering: bayang pag-aari ng Diyos
Transliteration: bayang pag-aari ng Diyos
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church
Believers’ corporate identity as God’s treasured possession (1 Peter 2:9, echoing Exodus 19:5).
Good Conscience
Approved rendering: mabuting budhi
Transliteration: mabuting budhi
Doctrine: Baptism and a Good Conscience
Original: συνείδησις ἀγαθή
Category: Sanctification
Inward moral awareness of right conduct before God (1 Peter 3:16, 3:21). Should be distinguished from mere social reputation (avoiding hiya/shame before others) and from ritual purification; this is inward moral integrity before God.
Guarded
Approved rendering: iniingatan
Transliteration: iniingatan
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: φρουρέω
Category: Salvation
Continuous, active military-style guarding (1 Peter 1:5). Must not be softened into passive ‘safe’ (ligtas) alone, which would lose the vivid image of God actively standing guard over believers’ salvation.
Holy Nation
Approved rendering: banal na bansa
Transliteration: banal na bansa
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Church
The church as a set-apart people group, transcending ethnic Israel and any single nation-state (1 Peter 2:9). Should not be politicized (e.g., conflated with Filipino nationalism).
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure; every believer’s calling, not an ascetic elite. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:15-16 (citing Leviticus) grounds all Christian conduct in God’s own holiness.
Honor
Approved rendering: karangalan
Transliteration: karangalan
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: τιμή
Category: Faith
Esteem granted by God at Christ’s return (1 Peter 1:7). Filipino honor-shame social dynamics (hiya/karangalan) are strong; teaching should clarify this honor comes from God’s verdict, not community approval.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: sambahayan ng Diyos
Transliteration: sambahayan ng Diyos
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Church
The church as God’s own household, subject to his refining judgment first (1 Peter 4:17).
Humility
Approved rendering: mapagpakumbaba / kapakumbabaan
Transliteration: mapagpakumbaba / kapakumbabaan
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ταπεινόφρων / ταπεινοφροσύνη
Category: Sanctification
Core term for Elders and Humility (1 Peter 3:8, 5:5). Filipino culture has its own strong humility-adjacent social values (pakikisama, hiya-avoidance); teaching should clarify this is humility before God and within the church, not merely social face-saving or conflict-avoidance.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: mana
Transliteration: mana
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
A guaranteed future possession secured by God, not earned by labor (1 Peter 1:4). Teaching should stress this inheritance cannot be forfeited, contested, or diminished by human family inheritance-dispute patterns familiar in Filipino experience.
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: hukuman ang mga buhay at mga patay
Transliteration: hukuman ang mga buhay at mga patay
Doctrine: Final Judgment and the End of All Things
Original: κρίναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
God/Christ’s certain future judgment of all humanity (1 Peter 4:5); reinforces universal accountability.
Living Word
Approved rendering: buhay na salita ng Diyos
Transliteration: buhay na salita ng Diyos
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: λόγος Θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Covenant
God’s own living, abiding word, the imperishable seed of the new birth (1 Peter 1:23). Not a perishable human word or ritual formula.
Love Covers Sins
Approved rendering: ang pag-ibig ay nagtatakip ng napakaraming kasalanan
Transliteration: ang pag-ibig ay nagtatakip ng napakaraming kasalanan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Mutual Love
Original: ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sanctification
Love’s practical, relational patience and forbearance within the church (1 Peter 4:8). Should not be read as love earning forgiveness of sin (a merit-based misunderstanding).
Love
Approved rendering: iniibig / pag-ibig
Transliteration: iniibig / pag-ibig
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Mutual Love
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
Committed, willed love, distinct from mere affection or desire (1 Peter 1:8, love for the unseen Christ; 4:8). Should be taught alongside, not against, devotional attachment to visible images: love for Christ is not less real for being directed to the unseen, risen Christ.
Mercy
Approved rendering: awa
Transliteration: awa
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
God’s covenantal, compassionate kindness, distinct from mere pity (1 Peter 1:3, the ground of the new birth, ‘his great mercy’). Distinguish saving, covenantal mercy from ordinary human pity (awang panlipunan).
Not Domineering But Example
Approved rendering: hindi mapanupil kundi naging halimbawa
Transliteration: hindi mapanupil kundi naging halimbawa
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: κατακυριεύω / τύπος γινόμενος
Category: Church
Elders lead by pattern, not by domineering control (1 Peter 5:3). Checks any authoritarian leadership model reinforced by Filipino deference-to-authority culture.
Outcome Of Faith
Approved rendering: kinahihinatnan
Transliteration: kinahihinatnan
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: τέλος
Category: Salvation
The intended culmination/goal faith is progressively receiving (1 Peter 1:9). Must not be confused with the merely temporal ‘end’ sense used in 4:7 (‘katapusan’); context-sensitive rendering required.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God through justification. Inherited from Romans package. Frames both the letter’s opening (1:2) and closing (5:14) greetings.
Proud Humble
Approved rendering: mapagmataas / mapagpakumbaba
Transliteration: mapagmataas / mapagpakumbaba
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός
Category: Sanctification
‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble,’ citing Proverbs 3:34 (1 Peter 5:5). Grace-humility link should reinforce, not contradict, the baseline’s grace-is-not-merit teaching.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Original: μακροθυμία / πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
God’s personal, purposive, loving care; never bahala na. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 3:20 (God’s patience in Noah’s day), 4:19 (‘faithful Creator’), and 5:7 (casting anxiety on God who cares).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:3 and 3:21, the ground of the ‘living hope’ and of baptism’s saving significance; must not be separated from the ‘made alive in spirit’ language of 3:18.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:2, one of three Trinitarian grounds (Father’s foreknowledge, Spirit’s sanctification, Son’s blood) of the believers’ calling.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression against a personal God. Inherited from Romans package. Central to 1 Peter 2:24’s ‘he bore our sins in his body on the tree’ and to 4:8’s teaching on love covering sin among believers.
Sojourner
Approved rendering: dayuhan / manlalakbay
Transliteration: dayuhan / manlalakbay
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: παρεπίδημος / πάροικος
Category: Church
One temporarily residing in a foreign place; a spiritual status of temporary residence whose true home is heaven (1 Peter 1:1, 2:11). Should not be read as literal ethnic/geographic displacement alone but chiefly as spiritual status; Filipino OFW/diaspora experience provides a resonant, affirming cultural analogy — affirm, don’t correct away.
Soul
Approved rendering: kaluluwa
Transliteration: kaluluwa
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
The whole inner person/life, not merely an immaterial ghost-fragment (1 Peter 1:9, 1:22, 2:11, 2:25, 3:20, 4:19). Distinct caution from the Holy Spirit’s rejection of bare ‘kaluluwa’: here it correctly names the human soul, but teaching should clarify this is the whole redeemed person, not a wandering spirit needing masses, novenas, or prayers for release (Undas practices).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: kaloob na espirituwal
Transliteration: kaloob na espirituwal
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Spirit-given enablements for service, never anting-anting. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 4:10-11, every believer is a steward of God’s varied grace.
Spiritual House
Approved rendering: espiritwal na tahanan
Transliteration: espiritwal na tahanan
Doctrine: The Living Stone and the Church’s Foundation
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church
The church as God’s true temple, built of living stones (believers), replacing the physical Jerusalem Temple concept (1 Peter 2:5).
Spiritual Sacrifices
Approved rendering: espiritwal na mga handog
Transliteration: espiritwal na mga handog
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: θυσίαι πνευματικαί
Category: Church
Non-animal offerings of praise, obedience, and service now acceptable to God (1 Peter 2:5). Should be distinguished from the Catholic Mass’s sacramental sacrifice theology without direct polemic.
Stumbling Stone
Approved rendering: batong katitisuran
Transliteration: batong katitisuran
Doctrine: The Living Stone and the Church’s Foundation
Original: λίθος προσκόμματος / σκάνδαλον
Category: Church
Christ as the stone over which the disobedient stumble (1 Peter 2:7-8). Retains universal accountability for those who reject Christ, without softening.
Tested Genuineness
Approved rendering: katunayan ng pananampalataya
Transliteration: katunayan ng pananampalataya
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Faith
The proven, purified genuineness of faith resulting from trial, like assayed gold (1 Peter 1:7). Not faith validated by works/performance (merit), but trial-refined genuineness of a faith already given by grace.
Trial
Approved rendering: pagsubok
Transliteration: pagsubok
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Suffering
Hardship or testing, distinct from temptation to sin (1 Peter 1:6, 4:12). Must be kept distinct from ‘tukso’ (temptation to sin); these are purposive, God-permitted, temporary hardships.
Wound Healed
Approved rendering: sugat
Transliteration: sugat
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: μώλωψ
Category: Sin
A wound or welt from a beating, the source of believers’ spiritual healing (1 Peter 2:24, Isaiah 53:5 echo).
Low Risk Terms
Anxiety
Approved rendering: kabalisahan / pagkabahala
Transliteration: kabalisahan / pagkabahala
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Care
Original: μέριμνα
Category: God
Worry or care, to be cast on God who cares for believers (1 Peter 5:7).
Ark
Approved rendering: arka
Transliteration: arka
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Care
Original: κιβωτός
Category: Covenant
Noah’s ark, the historical referent of God’s patient saving act (1 Peter 3:20).
Brotherhood
Approved rendering: kapatiran
Transliteration: kapatiran
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Mutual Love
Original: ἀδελφότης
Category: Church
The worldwide community of believers sharing common suffering (1 Peter 5:9).
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: pagmamahalan bilang mga kapatid
Transliteration: pagmamahalan bilang mga kapatid
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Mutual Love
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
Sincere, unhypocritical love among believers as siblings in the faith (1 Peter 1:22, 2:17). Fruit of the new birth within the believing community.
Christian
Approved rendering: Kristiyano
Transliteration: Kristiyano
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Church
One belonging to Christ (1 Peter 4:16); established loanword, widely used and non-ambiguous, though should always be anchored to Christ himself rather than treated as a mere denominational or cultural-heritage label.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: batong panulukan
Transliteration: batong panulukan
Doctrine: The Living Stone and the Church’s Foundation
Original: λίθος ἀκρογωνιαῖος
Category: Church
The chosen, honored foundation stone (1 Peter 2:6, citing Isaiah 28:16).
Defense Answer
Approved rendering: paliwanag / pagsagot
Transliteration: paliwanag / pagsagot
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: ἀπολογία
Category: Faith
A reasoned verbal defense or account, given as in a legal setting (1 Peter 3:15); reasoned testimony, not mere assertion.
Dispersion
Approved rendering: pagkakawatak-watak / Diaspora
Transliteration: pagkakawatak-watak / Diaspora
Doctrine: (General/Background)
Original: διασπορά
Category: Covenant
A scattering; geographic dispersal of God’s people (1 Peter 1:1). Historical-geographic background term, standard rendering.
Dominion
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan / paghahari
Transliteration: kapangyarihan / paghahari
Doctrine: (General/Background — Doxology)
Original: κράτος
Category: God
God’s eternal sovereign power, affirmed in the closing doxology (1 Peter 5:11).
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: halimbawa
Transliteration: halimbawa
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑπογραμμός
Category: Suffering
A copy-line for tracing; a pattern to imitate (1 Peter 2:21); Christ’s suffering as the pattern believers trace their own conduct after.
Fellow Elder
Approved rendering: kapwa-matanda sa iglesia
Transliteration: kapwa-matanda sa iglesia
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: συμπρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
Peter’s self-identification, modeling the humility he commands (1 Peter 5:1).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία / φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ and with other believers. Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:22 and 4:13, extends to sincere brotherly love and shared participation in Christ’s sufferings.
Freedom
Approved rendering: kalayaan
Transliteration: kalayaan
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Authority
Freedom used as God’s servants, not as a cover for wrongdoing (1 Peter 2:16).
Imperishable
Approved rendering: hindi masisira
Transliteration: hindi masisira
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἄφθαρτος
Category: Salvation
Not subject to decay or corruption (1 Peter 1:4, 1:23). Standard adjective.
Kiss Of Love
Approved rendering: halik ng pag-ibig
Transliteration: halik ng pag-ibig
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Mutual Love
Original: φίλημα ἀγάπης
Category: Church
A customary greeting of Christian affection within the early church, not a romantic gesture (1 Peter 5:14). Should be explained culturally as a first-century greeting custom (paralleling the Filipino ‘beso’ greeting), not a literal instruction applied identically today.
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
God’s spokesperson; never manghuhula (fortune-teller). Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Peter 1:10-12, the OT prophets searched out the salvation now proclaimed.
Revelation
Approved rendering: paghahayag / ihahayag
Transliteration: paghahayag / ihahayag
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀποκάλυψις / ἀποκαλύπτω
Category: Eschatology
The unveiling of something previously hidden (1 Peter 1:5, 1:7, 1:12). Consistent rendering required across all three occurrences.
Steward
Approved rendering: tagapamahala
Transliteration: tagapamahala
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
A household manager entrusted with, but not owning, resources (1 Peter 4:10); believers as managers of God’s grace-gifts.
Undefiled
Approved rendering: walang dungis
Transliteration: walang dungis
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀμίαντος
Category: Salvation
Unstained, free from moral or ritual contamination (1 Peter 1:4). Standard adjective.
Unfading
Approved rendering: hindi kukupas
Transliteration: hindi kukupas
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀμάραντος / ἀμαράντινος
Category: Salvation
Never withering; permanent (1 Peter 1:4 inheritance; 5:4 elders’ crown of glory). Render consistently across both occurrences.
Referenced passages