Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — English → Filipino | 1 Timothy 1–6
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of 1 Timothy. Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and carry forward their exact recorded Filipino rendering, doctrine risk tier, and rejected alternatives unchanged — this Language Package extension never contradicts the baseline. New terms unique to 1 Timothy’s subject matter are marked [NEW — 1 Timothy] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory ahead of Phase 2.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier convention: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review).
Baseline Terms Reused in 1 Timothy
| Term | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Mabuting Balita | Medium | Gospel | 1:11 | [BASELINE REUSE] | “gospel of the glory of the blessed God” — unchanged rendering. |
| grace | biyaya | High | Grace | 1:2, 1:14, 6:21 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Ch.1’s “grace…superabounded” toward the former blasphemer Paul is the letter’s strongest test case against utang na loob framing. |
| faith | pananampalataya | Medium | Faith | throughout (1:2,1:4,1:5,1:14,1:19,2:7,3:9,3:13,4:1,4:6,4:12,5:8,5:12,6:10-12,6:21) | [BASELINE REUSE] | Object of faith consistently specified as Christ Jesus per baseline rule. |
| righteousness | katuwiran | High | Salvation | 6:11 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Part of the positive virtue-list Timothy is charged to pursue. |
| salvation | kaligtasan | Critical | Salvation | (conceptually underlies “Savior” throughout) | [BASELINE REUSE] | Same Critical framing applies: received by faith, not guaranteed by ritual performance. |
| holy | banal | Medium/High | Sanctification | 2:8 (“holy hands”) | [BASELINE REUSE] | |
| sanctification | pagpapabanal | Medium | Sanctification | 4:5 (distinct food-reception sense — see new-term note below) | [BASELINE REUSE, with flagged nuance] | Ch.4’s use of the sanctification verb for food received “through the word of God and prayer” is a distinct sense from a believer’s moral sanctification; flag in teaching notes. |
| law | kautusan | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy / Law’s proper use | 1:8-9 | [BASELINE REUSE] | “The Law is good if used lawfully” — proper, limited use affirmed. |
| sin / sinners | kasalanan | Medium/High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:9, 1:15, 5:20, 5:24 | [BASELINE REUSE] | “Christ Jesus came…to save sinners” — Paul includes himself as “foremost.” |
| church | iglesia | Medium | Church as God’s People | 3:5, 3:15, 5:16 | [BASELINE REUSE] | “iglesia ng Diyos” (church of God) — the gathered people, not a building. |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | High | Deity of Christ | 1:11, 1:17, 3:16 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Also closes the Christ-hymn: “taken up in glory.” |
| lord | Panginoon | High/Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:2, 1:12, 6:3, 6:14-15 | [BASELINE REUSE] | “King of kings and Lord of lords” (6:15) is the letter’s climactic title for Christ. |
| god | Diyos | High/Critical | Deity of Christ / One God | throughout | [BASELINE REUSE] | 2:5’s “one God” is the monotheistic premise for the One-Mediator doctrine. |
| jesus | Jesus | High | Lordship of Christ | throughout, as “Christ Jesus” | [BASELINE REUSE] | |
| christ / christ jesus | Kristo / Kristo Jesus | High | Christology | throughout | [BASELINE REUSE — new combined-title entry] | “Christ = Kristo” per established transliteration standard; combined with baseline “Jesus.” |
| father | Ama | High | Adoption / God the Father | 1:2 | [BASELINE REUSE] | |
| thanksgiving | pasasalamat | Low | Thanksgiving | 2:1, 4:3-4 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Also underlies the “received with thanksgiving” instruction regarding food. |
| intercession | pamamagitan | Critical | Prayer and Intercession / Christ as Mediator | 2:1 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Directly primes the reader for 2:5’s mediator doctrine — same Critical framing (Christ’s/the Spirit’s intercession/mediation is unique and sufficient) applies even more directly here than in Romans. |
| spiritual gifts | kaloob na espirituwal | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 1:18 (charge as a “prophecy”-linked commissioning), 4:14 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Timothy’s own gift, given through prophecy and the elders’ laying on of hands. |
| exhort | pasiglahin | Low | Mutual Edification | 1:3, 2:1, 5:1, 6:2 | [BASELINE REUSE] | Context-sensitive per baseline note (entreaty vs. encouragement). |
New Terms Introduced by 1 Timothy
| Term | Filipino Rendering | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mercy | kaawaan | ἔλεος | eleos | Medium | Grace (paired concept) | 1:2, 1:13, 1:16 | — | Distinct from biyaya (grace, the positive gift): mercy is compassion withholding deserved judgment; keep both distinct in teaching. |
| sound doctrine | wagas na aral | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | hygiainousa didaskalia | High | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 1:10, 6:3 | ”opisyal na turo ng Simbahan,” “malusog na aral” | Anchor the standard to the apostolic gospel content, not institutional/denominational authority. |
| different/false doctrine | ibang aral / maling aral | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω | heterodidaskaleō | High | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 1:3, 6:3 | — | Frames the letter’s opening and closing charge. |
| myths | mga kathang-isip | μῦθοι | mythoi | Medium | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 1:4, 4:7 | ”alamat” (rejected: wrongly localizes onto Filipino indigenous folklore) | |
| genealogies | mga talaangkanan | γενεαλογίαι | genealogiai | Low | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 1:4 | — | |
| conscience | budhi | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | Medium | Sound Doctrine / Sanctification | 1:5, 1:19, 3:9, 4:2 | — | Compatible established Filipino concept; teach as needing to be rightly informed by truth and faith, not treated as self-sufficient. |
| eternal life | buhay na walang hanggan | αἰώνιος ζωή | aiōnios zōē | High | Godliness and Contentment / Eschatology | 1:16, 6:12, 6:19 | — | |
| Savior | Tagapagligtas | σωτήρ | sōtēr | Critical | Salvation | 1:1, 2:3, 4:10 | — | 4:10’s “Savior of all people, especially believers” requires mandatory note against a universal-automatic-salvation misreading. |
| mediator | tagapamagitan | μεσίτης | mesitēs | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | 2:5 | — | The single most direct confrontation with saint/Marian intercessory devotion in the curriculum; mandatory teaching note at every occurrence affirming Christ’s numerically singular (“one”) mediatorship. |
| ransom | pantubos | ἀντίλυτρον | antilytron | High | Christ as the One Mediator / Atonement | 2:6 | — | Costly, substitutionary payment, not mere help or example. |
| godliness | pagkamaka-Diyos | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | High | Godliness and Contentment | 2:2, 3:16, 4:7-8, 6:3, 6:5-6, 6:11 | ”kabanalan” (considered, but risks conflation with banal/holiness word-family; kept distinct as its own entry) | Must be taught as devoted godward living, not a transactional means of material gain (see 6:5). |
| contentment | kasapatan | αὐτάρκεια | autarkeia | High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:6 | — | Central term for the doctrine’s positive pole; guard against prosperity-gospel inversion. |
| love of money | kasakiman sa salapi | φιλαργυρία | philargyria | Medium/High | Godliness and Contentment / Leadership Qualifications | 3:3, 6:10 | — | Root-of-evils warning (6:10) grounds the leadership qualification (3:3). |
| overseer / office of overseer | tagapangasiwa / pagka-tagapangasiwa | ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπή | episkopos / episkopē | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1-2 | ”obispo” (rejected: evokes Roman Catholic diocesan-hierarchy bishop, a different structure than the local, plural NT office) | Mandatory teaching note: local, plural congregational office, not a territorial hierarch. |
| elder | matanda sa iglesia | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4:14 (council of elders), 5:1-2, 5:17, 5:19 | — | Interchangeable office with episkopos (cf. Titus 1); distinguish from generic age-based elder-respect courtesy. |
| deacon | diyakono | διάκονος | diakonos | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:8, 3:10, 3:12-13 | ”lingkod” (rejected as primary gloss: too generic, loses the office-specific sense) | Distinguish from the Catholic sacramental permanent-diaconate office; NT deacon is a non-sacramental, recognized service office. |
| husband of one wife | may isang asawa / tapat sa isang asawa | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα | mias gynaikos andra | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2, 3:12 | — | Clarify this is about marital fidelity, not celibacy; does not exclude qualified single men. |
| sober-minded | matino ang pag-iisip | νηφάλιος | nēphalios | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2, 3:11 | — | |
| self-controlled | mapagpigil sa sarili | σώφρων | sōphrōn | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2 | — | |
| respectable/dignified | marangal | κόσμιος / σεμνός | kosmios / semnos | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2, 3:4, 3:8, 3:11 | — | |
| hospitable | mapagpatuloy sa panauhin | φιλόξενος | philoxenos | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2 | — | |
| able to teach | may kakayahang magturo | διδακτικός | didaktikos | High | Sound Doctrine / Church Leadership | 3:2 | — | Direct safeguard against false teaching described in ch.1 and ch.6. |
| above reproach / blameless | walang kapintasan / walang paratang laban | ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος | anepilēmptos / anegklētos | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2, 3:10 | — | Near-synonyms; slightly different nuance (general unimpeachability vs. no formal accusation standing). |
| given to wine / addicted to wine | sugapa sa alak | πάροινος | paroinos | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:3, 3:8 | — | Genuine practical relevance given Filipino fiesta/social-drinking culture. |
| not a lover of money | hindi sakim sa salapi | ἀφιλάργυρος | aphilargyros | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership / Godliness and Contentment | 3:3 | — | Ties directly to 6:10’s root-of-evils warning. |
| manage household | mamahala sa sambahayan | προΐστημι | proistēmi | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:4-5, 3:12, 5:17 | — | Same verb links household leadership, elder office, and “ruling well.” |
| submission | pagpapasakop | ὑποταγή | hypotagē | High | Household Order (Qualifications for Church Leadership context) | 3:4 | — | Sensitive gender/family-role term; teach within full relational context, not as license for harshness. |
| church of God | iglesia ng Diyos | ἐκκλησία Θεοῦ | ekklēsia theou | Medium | Church as God’s People | 3:5, 3:15 | — | Full baseline-term combination. |
| recent/new convert | bagong sumasampalataya | νεόφυτος | neophytos | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:6 | ”bagong binyagan” (rejected: risks anchoring maturity to baptismal timing rather than spiritual growth) | |
| devil | diyablo | διάβολος | diabolos | Medium | Spiritual Warfare (contextual) | 3:6-7, 3:11 (adjectival, “slanderers”) | — | Distinguish from folk figures (kapre, tikbalang, engkanto); same root also used adjectivally for human slander in 3:11. |
| disgrace/reproach | kahihiyan | ὀνειδισμός | oneidismos | Medium/High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:7 | — | Strong resonance with Filipino hiya (shame) culture; teach standard as God’s holiness, not merely avoidance of public embarrassment. |
| double-tongued | salawahan sa pananalita | δίλογος | dilogos | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:8 | — | |
| greedy for [dishonest] gain | sakim sa mahalay na pakinabang | αἰσχροκερδής | aischrokerdēs | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership / Godliness and Contentment | 3:8 | — | |
| mystery of the faith / mystery of godliness | hiwaga ng pananampalataya / hiwaga ng pagkamaka-Diyos | μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως / τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον | mystērion tēs pisteōs / to tēs eusebeias mystērion | Critical | Guarding the Deposit of Faith / Christology | 3:9, 3:16 | — | Direct collision risk with the devotional “Mysteries of the Rosary” framework; mandatory teaching note distinguishing revealed apostolic truth from a devotional meditation cycle. |
| women / their wives (3:11 ambiguity) | mga babae / kanilang mga asawa | γυναῖκας | gynaikas | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:11 | — | Genuine source-text ambiguity; recommend “mga babae” to preserve openness, with mandatory translator note presenting both readings. |
| good standing | magandang katayuan | βαθμός καλός | bathmos kalos | Medium/High | Salvation (merit-collision guard) | 3:13 | — | Must not be read as merit accumulated toward salvation; standing/respect within the community as a fruit of service, not righteousness earned before God. |
| boldness/confidence | lakas ng loob | παρρησία | parrēsia | Medium | Assurance (contextual) | 3:13 | — | Natural, idiomatic Filipino fit. |
| pillar and foundation of truth | haligi at saligan ng katotohanan | στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας | stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias | Critical | The Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:15 | — | Mandatory note: the gathered congregation displays already-revealed apostolic truth; it does not generate or infallibly interpret truth independent of Scripture (contrast a magisterial-authority reading). |
| manifested in the flesh | nahayag sa laman | ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί | ephanerōthē en sarki | Critical | Incarnation | 3:16 | — | Directly restates baseline Incarnation doctrine (pagkakatawang-tao); same Santo Niño image-devotion caution applies. |
| vindicated in the Spirit | pinatunayang matuwid ng Espiritu | ἐδικαιώθη ἐν Πνεύματι | edikaiōthē en Pneumati | High | Christology (distinct from believer’s justification) | 3:16 | — | Distinct christological usage of the justification word-family; must not be confused with baseline pagpapawalang-sala (a believer’s justification). |
| taken up in glory | itinaas sa kaluwalhatian | ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ | anelēmphthē en doxa | High | Deity of Christ / Ascension | 3:16 | — | Completes the Christ-hymn’s arc; reuses baseline glory term. |
| depart from the faith | tatalikod sa pananampalataya | ἀποστήσονταί…τῆς πίστεως | apostēsontai…tēs pisteōs | High | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 4:1 | — | |
| doctrines of demons | mga aral ng mga demonyo | διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων | didaskaliai daimoniōn | High | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 4:1 | — | Distinguish demonyo from folk anito/engkanto categories. |
| seared conscience | namanhid na budhi | κεκαυστηριασμένων…συνείδησιν | kekaustēriasmenōn…syneidēsin | Medium | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 4:2 | — | |
| forbid marriage | ipinagbabawal ang pag-aasawa | κωλυόντων γαμεῖν | kōlyontōn gamein | High | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 4:3 | — | Sensitive relative to mandatory clerical celibacy tradition; frame as condemning mandated celibacy-for-all, not the legitimate personal calling. |
| abstain from foods | pag-iwas sa ilang pagkain | ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων | apechesthai brōmatōn | Medium | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 4:3 | — | Must not be misread as condemning Lenten fasting/abstinence practice itself; the error is mandatory spiritual necessity, not voluntary discipline. |
| public reading of Scripture | pagbabasa ng Kasulatan | ἀνάγνωσις | anagnōsis | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | 4:13 | — | |
| laying on of hands | pagpapatong ng kamay | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | epithesis tōn cheirōn | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4:14, 5:22 | — | Distinguish from the Catholic sacrament of Holy Orders; here, a symbolic commissioning act, not a grace-conferring sacrament. |
| council of elders | kapulungan ng mga matanda | πρεσβυτέριον | presbyterion | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4:14 | — | |
| widow | babaeng balo | χήρα | chēra | Medium | Care for Widows | 5:3-16 | — | |
| honor / double honor | parangalan / dobleng karangalan | τιμή / διπλῆ τιμή | timē / diplē timē | Medium/High | Care for Widows / Church Leadership | 5:3, 5:17 | — | Flag risk of prosperity-oriented misuse of “double honor” for pastoral wealth-accumulation; bound by 3:3/6:6-10’s contentment teaching. |
| own household | sariling sambahayan | ἴδιος οἶκος | idios oikos | Medium | Care for Widows / Household of Faith | 5:4, 5:8, 5:16 | — | Family responsibility precedes church-provided support. |
| accusation / witnesses | paratang / mga saksi | κατηγορία / μάρτυρες | katēgoria / martyres | Medium | Church Discipline (contextual) | 5:19 | — | Due-process safeguard for elders. |
| pure | dalisay / malinis | ἁγνός | hagnos | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 5:22 | — | |
| bondservants/slaves | alipin | δοῦλοι | douloi | High | Household/Social Ethics (contextual) | 6:1-2 | — | Distinguish 1st-century Greco-Roman institution from Filipino pre-colonial alipin caste and colonial-era slavery memory; not a simplistic template for modern employment without careful bridging. |
| masters | panginoon (lowercase) | δεσπόται | despotai | High | Household/Social Ethics (contextual) | 6:1-2 | — | Same root as capitalized divine title Panginoon; disambiguate carefully by case and context. |
| godliness as means of gain | kabuhayan/pinagkakakitaan ang pagkamaka-Diyos | πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν | porismon einai tēn eusebeian | High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:5 | — | Names, almost verbatim, the prosperity-gospel “godliness for gain” error; teach as Paul’s own explicit rebuttal. |
| root of all evils | ugat ng lahat ng kasamaan | ῥίζα…πάντων τῶν κακῶν | rhiza…pantōn tōn kakōn | Medium/High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:10 | — | |
| steadfastness | pagtitiyaga | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | Low | Godliness and Contentment | 6:11 | — | |
| gentleness | kahinahunan | πραϋπάθεια | praüpatheia | Low | Godliness and Contentment | 6:11 | — | |
| fight the good fight of faith | ipaglaban ang mabuting pakikipaglaban ng pananampalataya | ἀγωνίζου τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως | agōnizou ton kalon agōna tēs pisteōs | Medium | Godliness and Contentment | 6:12 | — | |
| King of kings and Lord of lords | Hari ng mga hari at Panginoon ng mga panginoon | βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων | basileus tōn basileuontōn kai kyrios tōn kyrieuontōn | High | Lordship of Christ | 6:15 | — | Climactic supreme-sovereignty title; must not be diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary/saints. |
| guard the deposit | ingatan ang ipinagkatiwala | τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον | tēn parathēkēn phylaxon | Critical | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6:20 | — | Mandatory note: the fixed apostolic gospel content already recorded in Scripture, not an evolving “Sacred Tradition” interpreted by a magisterium. |
| knowledge falsely called | kaalamang mali ang pangalan / huwad na kaalaman | ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως | pseudōnymou gnōseōs | High | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 6:20 | — | Collision risk with folk-esoteric “hidden knowledge” claims (e.g., certain albularyo/faith-healing or new-age “higher knowledge” traditions). |
| irreverent babble | walang kabuluhang usapan | βέβηλοι κενοφωνίαι | bebēloi kenophōniai | Low | Sound Doctrine vs. False Teaching | 6:20 | — | |
| mercy (see above) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (listed once, see top of new-terms table) |
Terms Requiring Mandatory Translator/Teaching Notes (Critical Tier)
The following terms, wherever they occur in 1 Timothy, MUST carry the associated teaching note in any Phase 2 output, per the Glossary Enforcement Priority Order established in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md:
- Tagapagligtas (Savior) — clarify God’s saving disposition toward “all people” (2:3-4; 4:10) is realized specifically through faith, not automatic/universal apart from belief.
- Tagapamagitan (Mediator) — clarify Christ is affirmed as numerically the one mediator (2:5), not one intercessory relationship to add alongside Mary or the saints.
- Hiwaga ng pananampalataya / Hiwaga ng pagkamaka-Diyos (Mystery of the Faith / of Godliness) — clarify this names revealed apostolic truth (3:9, 3:16), distinct from the devotional “Mysteries of the Rosary” framework.
- Haligi at saligan ng katotohanan (Pillar and Foundation of Truth) — clarify the gathered congregation displays already-revealed truth (3:15); it does not generate or infallibly interpret truth independent of Scripture.
- Nahayag sa laman (Manifested in the Flesh) — reuse baseline Incarnation framing (3:16); anchor to the historical, once-for-all event, not image-devotion.
- Tagapangasiwa (Overseer) — clarify this names a local, plural congregational office (3:1-2), not a territorial diocesan bishop.
- Ingatan ang ipinagkatiwala (Guard the Deposit) — clarify the “deposit” is the fixed, already-given apostolic gospel content (6:20), not an evolving magisterially-interpreted tradition.
These extend, and never contradict, the baseline’s existing Critical-tier note requirements for kaligtasan, mga banal, pamamagitan, and katuwirang ibinilang.
Load this glossary alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 processing of any 1 Timothy segment. New terms listed here must be added to translation memory (version increment required) before segment translation begins, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Guard The Deposit
Approved rendering: ingatan ang ipinagkatiwala sa iyo
Transliteration: ingatan ang ipinagkatiwala sa iyo
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον
Category: Guarding the Deposit
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek tēn parathēkēn phylaxon (6:20). CRITICAL: risks absorption into a ‘Banal na Tradisyon’ (Sacred Tradition) framework of magisterially-interpreted, evolving teaching. MANDATORY NOTE at every occurrence: the deposit is the fixed apostolic gospel content already given and recorded in Scripture, not a living tradition developing new doctrinal content.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pamamagitan
Transliteration: pamamagitan
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: pamamagitan ng mga santo (intercession of the saints/Mary) is a central Filipino folk-Catholic devotional practice. In 1 Timothy 2:1, this term sits only four verses before 2:5’s ‘one mediator’ claim — the closest textual proximity of these two concepts in this Language Package to date. Teach 2:1-2:6 as a single arc: Christ’s/the Spirit’s intercession and mediation are unique and sufficient.
Manifested In The Flesh
Approved rendering: nahayag sa laman
Transliteration: nahayag sa laman
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek ephanerōthē en sarki (3:16). Directly restates the baseline Incarnation doctrine (pagkakatawang-tao). Same Santo Niño image-devotion caution applies. Also the textual-critical fork (theos/hos) exploited by Iglesia ni Cristo and Jehovah’s Witnesses materials to deny Christ’s deity — must anchor to Christ’s full deity, consistent with mainstream Filipino translations.
Mediator
Approved rendering: tagapamagitan
Transliteration: tagapamagitan
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christology
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek mesitēs (2:5). CRITICAL: the single most direct biblical confrontation with Filipino folk-Catholic devotional practice of praying through Mary/patron saints as intercessory go-betweens. MANDATORY NOTE at every occurrence: numerically one mediator, not one relationship among several. Deliver respectfully, without dismissing readers’ devotional background.
Mystery Of Faith Godliness
Approved rendering: hiwaga ng pananampalataya / hiwaga ng pagkamaka-Diyos
Transliteration: hiwaga ng pananampalataya / hiwaga ng pagkamaka-Diyos
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως / τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον
Category: Guarding the Deposit
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek mystērion tēs pisteōs (3:9) / to tēs eusebeias mystērion (3:16). CRITICAL: collides with ‘Mga Hiwaga ng Rosaryo’ (Mysteries of the Rosary). MANDATORY NOTE at every occurrence: previously hidden, now openly revealed apostolic truth — a person and his historical acts — not a devotional meditation cycle. Deliver respectfully.
Overseer
Approved rendering: tagapangasiwa
Transliteration: tagapangasiwa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: obispo
Original: ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek episkopos / episkopē (3:1-2). CRITICAL: obispo rejected — evokes the Roman Catholic diocesan bishop (territorial, apostolic-succession authority over many parishes), a different structure than the NT’s local, plural, congregation-based office. MANDATORY NOTE at every occurrence: local, plural office recognized within one congregation, not a diocesan rank.
Pillar And Foundation Of Truth
Approved rendering: haligi at saligan ng katotohanan
Transliteration: haligi at saligan ng katotohanan
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias (3:15). CRITICAL: risk of a Roman Catholic magisterial-authority reading. MANDATORY NOTE at every occurrence: the local gathered congregation displays truth already revealed in the apostolic gospel; it does not generate, add to, or infallibly interpret truth independent of Scripture (cf. 6:20).
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: same folk-Catholic sacramental-mechanism risk applies. Underlies 1 Timothy’s repeated use of ‘Savior’ (1:1, 2:3, 4:10) — received by faith in Christ’s finished work, not guaranteed by ritual performance alone.
Saved Through Childbearing
Approved rendering: maliligtas/maiingatan sa pagsilang ng anak
Transliteration: sōthēsetai dia tēs teknogonias (Greek)
Doctrine: Role of Women in Public Worship and Teaching
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek sōthēsetai dia tēs teknogonias (2:15). Notoriously difficult verse; MANDATORY NOTE: must not imply salvation is earned/secured through childbirth, which would contradict the letter’s own faith-alone framework (1:15-16). Render cautiously, preserving interpretive options rather than resolving unilaterally; flag for theologian review.
Savior
Approved rendering: Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek sōtēr. Applied to God the Father (1:1, 2:3, 4:10). MANDATORY NOTE at every occurrence: 4:10’s ‘Savior of all people, especially of those who believe’ is God’s saving disposition toward all, realized specifically through faith — not automatic universal salvation apart from belief.
High Risk Terms
Able To Teach
Approved rendering: may kakayahang magturo
Transliteration: may kakayahang magturo
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: διδακτικός
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek didaktikos (3:2). Direct safeguard against false teaching described in ch.1 and ch.6; must not be softened into mere willingness or enthusiasm apart from actual doctrinal competence.
Bondservants Slaves
Approved rendering: alipin
Transliteration: alipin
Doctrine: Household and Social Ethics (Marriage, Celibacy, Slavery)
Original: δοῦλοι
Category: Household Ethics
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek douloi (6:1-2). Requires careful historical-contextual framing distinguishing the 1st-century Greco-Roman institution from the Philippines’ own pre-colonial alipin caste and colonial-era forced-labor memory; not a simplistic modern-employment template.
Christ Jesus
Approved rendering: Kristo Jesus
Transliteration: Kristo Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
NEW — 1 Timothy. Combined title used throughout the letter (e.g., 1:1, 1:2, 1:12, 1:14-16, 2:5, 3:13, 6:13-14). Reuses baseline Jesus + new Christ entry.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: Kristo
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW — 1 Timothy (established Filipino Protestant Bible transliteration standard, not separately recorded in the baseline Romans TM). Combined with baseline Jesus throughout 1 Timothy as ‘Kristo Jesus.‘
Contentment
Approved rendering: kasapatan
Transliteration: kasapatan
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek autarkeia (6:6). Spiritual self-sufficiency in godliness, the true ‘great gain’; must be taught jointly with godliness to guard against a prosperity-gospel inversion promising material increase.
Deacon
Approved rendering: diyakono
Transliteration: diyakono
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: lingkod
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek diakonos (3:8, 3:10, 3:12-13). Lingkod rejected as primary gloss: too generic, loses the office-specific sense. MANDATORY NOTE: recognized-but-non-sacramental service office, distinct from the Catholic sacramental permanent-diaconate conferring priestly character through Holy Orders.
Depart From The Faith
Approved rendering: tatalikod sa pananampalataya
Transliteration: tatalikod sa pananampalataya
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek apostēsontai tines tēs pisteōs (4:1). A Spirit-predicted, ongoing spiritual danger, not a hypothetical.
Disgrace Reproach
Approved rendering: kahihiyan
Transliteration: kahihiyan
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ὀνειδισμός
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek oneidismos (3:7). Hiya (shame/social disgrace) is a load-bearing Filipino cultural value; teach the standard as God’s holiness, not merely avoidance of public embarrassment.
Doctrines Of Demons
Approved rendering: mga aral ng mga demonyo
Transliteration: mga aral ng mga demonyo
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: mga aral ng anito, mga aral ng engkanto
Original: διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek didaskaliai daimoniōn (4:1). Demonyo is the established Filipino Christian term for a fallen malevolent spirit; distinguish carefully from anito, engkanto, kapre, tikbalang — a different, animistic folk category.
Elder
Approved rendering: matanda sa iglesia
Transliteration: matanda sa iglesia
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek presbyteros (4:14, 5:1-2, 5:17, 5:19). Filipino elder-respect norm (paggalang sa nakatatanda) risks reducing this to age-based courtesy; teaching must clarify presbyteros in 5:17, 5:19 names an office interchangeable with episkopos, not simply ‘an old person.’ Use a more generic rendering at 5:1-2 where the sense is age-based address, not office.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: buhay na walang hanggan
Transliteration: buhay na walang hanggan
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Christian Hope
Original: αἰώνιος ζωή
Category: Salvation
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek aiōnios zōē. Appears at 1:16, 6:12 (‘take hold of the eternal life’ — decisive active pursuit), 6:19. Must not be assimilated to escaping a rebirth cycle (moksha/nirvana); this is unending relational life with the personal God.
Exercise Authority
Approved rendering: magturo nang may pamamahala / mangibabaw
Transliteration: authenteo (Greek, rare NT word)
Doctrine: Role of Women in Public Worship and Teaching
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek authentein (2:12), a rare word with a disputed semantic range (neutral ‘exercise authority’ vs. negative ‘domineer/usurp authority’). Flag for theologian review; do not resolve the underlying debate through translation choice.
False Doctrine
Approved rendering: ibang aral / maling aral
Transliteration: ibang aral / maling aral
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek heterodidaskaleō (1:3, 6:3). Use ‘ibang aral’ where the literal ‘other-teaching’ sense should be preserved; ‘maling aral’ for general descriptive force.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: One God (Monotheism)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God as personal, relational Father, distinct from the priestly title Padre. Appears in the greeting at 1 Timothy 1:2.
Forbid Marriage
Approved rendering: ipinagbabawal ang pag-aasawa
Transliteration: ipinagbabawal ang pag-aasawa
Doctrine: Household and Social Ethics (Marriage, Celibacy, Slavery)
Original: κωλυόντων γαμεῖν
Category: Household Ethics
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek kōlyontōn gamein (4:3). Sensitive proximity to Filipino Catholic mandatory clerical celibacy and religious vows; frame respectfully as condemning mandated celibacy-for-all, not legitimate personal vocational calling.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God’s radiant honor and majesty. Appears at 1 Timothy 1:11, 1:17, and closes the Christ-hymn at 3:16, ‘taken up in glory.‘
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: One God (Monotheism)
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid Bathala, the pre-colonial Tagalog supreme-being concept. 1 Timothy 1:17’s ‘King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God’ and 2:5’s ‘one God’ both reinforce exclusive monotheism as the premise for the One-Mediator doctrine.
Godliness As Means Of Gain
Approved rendering: pinagkakakitaan ang pagkamaka-Diyos
Transliteration: pinagkakakitaan ang pagkamaka-Diyos
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν
Category: Godliness
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek porismon einai tēn eusebeian (6:5). Names, almost verbatim, the health-and-wealth ‘godliness for profit’ framework active in parts of Filipino charismatic/Pentecostal Christianity. Teach 6:5-6 as Paul’s own explicit rebuttal, not a complementary teaching.
Godliness
Approved rendering: pagkamaka-Diyos
Transliteration: pagkamaka-Diyos
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: kabanalan
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek eusebeia (2:2, 3:16, 4:7-8, 6:3, 6:5-6, 6:11). Kabanalan rejected because it risks conflating with the banal/holiness word-family; kept as its own distinct entry. Devoted godward living, not a transactional means of material gain.
Good Standing
Approved rendering: magandang katayuan
Transliteration: magandang katayuan
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: βαθμὸν καλόν
Category: Salvation
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek bathmon kalon (3:13). Standing/respect within the church community as a fruit of faithful service; must not be read as merit accumulated toward salvation before God, which remains katuwirang ibinilang, received by faith alone.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Salvation
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never frame grace as utang na loob. In 1 Timothy 1:14, ‘grace…superabounded’ toward Paul the former blasphemer is the letter’s strongest test case: Paul owed nothing and could repay nothing, yet grace was lavished on him. Also appears in the greeting (1:2) and closing (6:21).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Inherited from Romans package. Never anito or bare kaluluwa. Underlies 1 Timothy 3:16’s ‘vindicated in the Spirit’ (Pneumati) and 4:1’s ‘the Spirit expressly says.‘
Honor Double Honor
Approved rendering: parangalan / dobleng karangalan
Transliteration: parangalan / dobleng karangalan
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: τιμή / διπλῆ τιμή
Category: Care for Widows
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek timē / diplē timē (5:3, 5:17). Flag risk of prosperity-oriented abuse (pastoral wealth-accumulation, ‘seed offering’ schemes); teach as fair support for genuine, verified labor, bounded by 3:3 and 6:6-10.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: may isang asawa / tapat sa isang asawa
Transliteration: may isang asawa / tapat sa isang asawa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: asawa ng isa lamang (bare marital-history reading)
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek mias gynaikos andra (3:2, 3:12). MANDATORY NOTE: marital fidelity, not celibacy; does not exclude qualified single men or wrongly stigmatize widowers. Do not default to a bare marital-history checkbox rendering.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard Filipino Protestant Bible spelling, this pipeline’s established register. Used throughout 1 Timothy as ‘Christ Jesus’ (Kristo Jesus).
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Hari ng mga hari at Panginoon ng mga panginoon
Transliteration: Hari ng mga hari at Panginoon ng mga panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων
Category: Christology
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek basileus tōn basileuontōn kai kyrios tōn kyrieuontōn (6:15). Climactic supreme-sovereignty title for Christ; must not be diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary/saints, per baseline kyrios caution.
Knowledge Falsely Called
Approved rendering: huwad na kaalaman
Transliteration: huwad na kaalaman
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: gnosis (transliteration)
Original: ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek pseudōnymou gnōseōs (6:20). Risk of collision with Filipino folk-esoteric ‘hidden knowledge’ traditions (albularyo/faith-healing claims, new-age ‘higher knowledge’); teach as any claimed spiritual insight contradicting/supplementing the apostolic gospel deposit.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: pagpapatong ng kamay
Transliteration: pagpapatong ng kamay
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Commissioning to Ministry
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek epithesis tōn cheirōn (4:14, 5:22). MANDATORY NOTE: symbolic act of public commissioning and recognition of a Spirit-given calling, distinct from the Catholic sacrament of Holy Orders (conferring an indelible priestly character).
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Exclusive, supreme Lordship, not diluted by devotional attention shared with Mary and the saints. Culminates in 1 Timothy 6:15’s ‘King of kings and Lord of lords.‘
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: kasakiman sa salapi
Transliteration: kasakiman sa salapi
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: φιλαργυρία / ἀφιλάργυρος
Category: Sin
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek philargyria / aphilargyros (3:3, 6:10). Links the leadership qualification of 3:3 to the root-of-evils warning of 6:10; teach both passages as one integrated financial-integrity standard.
Masters
Approved rendering: panginoon (lowercase)
Transliteration: panginoon (lowercase)
Doctrine: Household and Social Ethics (Marriage, Celibacy, Slavery)
Original: δεσπόται
Category: Household Ethics
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek despotai (6:1-2). Same root as the capitalized divine title Panginoon; translators/typesetters must disambiguate carefully by case and context so a human ‘master’ is never confused with the divine ‘Lord’ title.
Only God
Approved rendering: tanging Diyos
Transliteration: monō Theō (Greek)
Doctrine: One God (Monotheism)
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek monō Theō (1:17). Closes ch.1’s doxology, anticipating the ‘one God’ polemic of 2:5; numerical exclusivity must not be softened alongside devotional plurality of intercessory figures.
Quietness
Approved rendering: katahimikan
Transliteration: katahimikan
Doctrine: Role of Women in Public Worship and Teaching
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek hēsychia (2:11-12; also 2:2 of the ideal peaceful life). A contested-application term across Filipino Protestant/evangelical traditions; render accurately without resolving the wider complementarian/egalitarian debate.
Ransom
Approved rendering: pantubos
Transliteration: pantubos
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: sakripisyo, tulong
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek antilytron (2:6). Costly, substitutionary payment securing release, grounding the one-mediator claim; must not be diluted into vague ‘help’ or ‘example.‘
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Right standing before God received by faith. Appears in 1 Timothy 6:11 in the positive virtue-list Timothy is charged to pursue; must not collapse into dutiful conduct or moral achievement.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: wagas na aral
Transliteration: wagas na aral
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: opisyal na turo ng Simbahan, malusog na aral
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek hygiainousa didaskalia (1:10, 6:3). ‘Opisyal na turo ng Simbahan’ rejected because it wrongly locates the standard in institutional/denominational authority rather than apostolic gospel content.
Submission
Approved rendering: pagpapasakop
Transliteration: pagpapasakop
Doctrine: Household and Social Ethics (Marriage, Celibacy, Slavery)
Original: ὑποταγή
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek hypotagē (3:4). Sensitive gender/family-role term; teach within full relational context as proof of the father’s capacity to lead well, not license for harshness.
Taken Up In Glory
Approved rendering: itinaas sa kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: itinaas sa kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Original: ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ
Category: Christology
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek anelēmphthē en doxa (3:16). Completes the Christ-hymn’s arc (incarnation, vindication, proclamation, reception in glory); reuses baseline kaluwalhatian.
Vindicated In The Spirit
Approved rendering: pinatunayang matuwid ng Espiritu
Transliteration: pinatunayang matuwid ng Espiritu
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Mystery of Godliness (Christ-Hymn)
Original: ἐδικαιώθη ἐν Πνεύματι
Category: Christology
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek edikaiōthē en Pneumati (3:16). Christ’s own public vindication, using the dikaioō word-family but distinct from baseline pagpapawalang-sala (a believer’s justification); flag as a distinct christological usage.
Women Or Wives 3 11
Approved rendering: mga babae
Transliteration: mga babae
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: kanilang mga asawa (as sole resolution)
Original: γυναῖκας
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek gynaikas (3:11). Genuine source-text ambiguity (deacons’ wives vs. a parallel women’s-service office). Preserve ambiguity with ‘mga babae’; MANDATORY translator/teaching note presenting both readings without adjudicating the complementarian/egalitarian debate.
Medium Risk Terms
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: walang kapintasan / walang paratang laban
Transliteration: walang kapintasan / walang paratang laban
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek anepilēmptos / anegklētos (3:2, 3:10). Near-synonyms: general unimpeachability vs. no formal accusation standing against them.
Abstain From Foods
Approved rendering: pag-iwas sa ilang pagkain
Transliteration: pag-iwas sa ilang pagkain
Doctrine: Household and Social Ethics (Marriage, Celibacy, Slavery)
Original: ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων
Category: Household Ethics
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek apechesthai brōmatōn (4:3). Must not be misread as condemning Lenten fasting/abstinence itself; the error is mandatory/salvific restriction, not voluntary discipline.
Accusation Witnesses
Approved rendering: paratang / mga saksi
Transliteration: paratang / mga saksi
Doctrine: Church Discipline
Original: κατηγορία / μάρτυρες
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek katēgoria / martyres (5:19). Due-process safeguard protecting elders from unsubstantiated charges; distinct from informal hiya/tsismis-driven public shaming.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Inherited from Romans package. A directly commissioned, authoritative sent-one. Opens the letter: ‘Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the command of God our Savior’ (1 Timothy 1:1).
Boldness Confidence
Approved rendering: lakas ng loob
Transliteration: lakas ng loob
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: παρρησία
Category: Faith
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek parrēsia (3:13). Openness/confidence produced by faithful service; lakas ng loob is a natural idiomatic Filipino fit.
Church Of God
Approved rendering: iglesia ng Diyos
Transliteration: iglesia ng Diyos
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household
Original: ἐκκλησία θεοῦ
Category: Church
NEW — 1 Timothy (combination of baseline terms). Greek ekklēsia theou (3:5, 3:15). The local congregation as God’s own gathered people, not a building or institution.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s Household
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Iglesia (the gathered body of believers) preferred over simbahan (the physical church building/parish institution). Combined with God (theos) in 1 Timothy 3:5 and 3:15 as ‘iglesia ng Diyos.‘
Conscience
Approved rendering: budhi
Transliteration: budhi
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sanctification
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek syneidēsis (1:5, 1:19, 3:9, 4:2). Budhi is a well-established, compatible Filipino concept; teach as needing to be rightly informed and kept clear by faith and truth, not treated as an infallible, self-sufficient guide.
Council Of Elders
Approved rendering: kapulungan ng mga matanda
Transliteration: kapulungan ng mga matanda
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek presbyterion (4:14). The recognized body of elders confirming Timothy’s commissioning.
Devil
Approved rendering: diyablo
Transliteration: diyablo
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: kapre, tikbalang
Original: διάβολος
Category: God
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek diabolos (3:6-7, adjectivally ‘slanderers’ at 3:11). Distinguish from folk figures (kapre, tikbalang, engkanto), a different animistic folk category.
Double Tongued
Approved rendering: salawahan sa pananalita
Transliteration: salawahan sa pananalita
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: δίλογος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek dilogos (3:8). Guards the trustworthiness of those entrusted with practical service.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith must always be specified as Christ. Consistently specified as Christ Jesus throughout 1 Timothy (1:2, 1:4, 1:14, 2:7, 3:9, 3:13, 4:6, 6:12).
Fight The Good Fight
Approved rendering: ipaglaban ang mabuting pakikipaglaban ng pananampalataya
Transliteration: ipaglaban ang mabuting pakikipaglaban ng pananampalataya
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ἀγωνίζου τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως
Category: Faith
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek agōnizou ton kalon agōna tēs pisteōs (6:12). Athletic/military metaphor for sustained perseverance; echoes 1:18-19.
Given To Wine
Approved rendering: sugapa sa alak
Transliteration: sugapa sa alak
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πάροινος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek paroinos (3:3, 3:8). Genuine practical relevance given Filipino fiesta/social-drinking culture (tuba, lambanog, communal inuman); teach as a real behavioral standard.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established Filipino Bible term (‘good news’). Standard, well-understood across Catholic and Protestant usage. In 1 Timothy 1:11, qualified as ‘the gospel of the glory of the blessed God’ (Mabuting Balita ng kaluwalhatian ng pinagpalang Diyos) — the added qualifier is Low risk on its own.
Greedy For Gain
Approved rendering: sakim sa mahalay na pakinabang
Transliteration: sakim sa mahalay na pakinabang
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: αἰσχροκερδής
Category: Sin
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek aischrokerdēs (3:8). Pursuing profit through shameful/dishonorable means, especially relevant since deacons often handled practical/financial ministry.
Handed Over To Satan
Approved rendering: ibinigay sa kapangyarihan ni Satanas
Transliteration: paredōka tō Satana (Greek)
Doctrine: Church Discipline
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek paredōka tō Satana (1:20). Severe church-discipline act against unrepentant false teachers (Hymenaeus, Alexander); demonstrates the seriousness of guarding sound doctrine. Teach as formal discipline, not casual application.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος / ὅσιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Set apart for God and morally pure. 1 Timothy 2:8 uses the near-synonym hosios (‘holy hands’) for a posture of prayer combined with moral integrity; render with this banal word-family.
King Eternal Immortal Invisible
Approved rendering: Hari na walang hanggan, walang kamatayan, di-nakikita
Transliteration: basilei aphthartō aoratō (Greek)
Doctrine: One God (Monotheism)
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek basilei… aphthartō, aoratō (1:17). Doxological titles emphasizing God’s incorruptibility and invisibility, opening the letter’s monotheistic frame.
Kings And Authorities
Approved rendering: mga hari at lahat ng may mataas na katungkulan
Transliteration: basileis kai pantes hoi en hyperochē (Greek)
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek basileōn kai pantōn tōn en hyperochē (2:2). Prayer for governing authorities regardless of their disposition toward the church.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mosaic Law. 1 Timothy 1:8-9 affirms the Law’s proper, limited use: good when used lawfully, but ‘not laid down for the just’ — not the mechanism of justification.
Manage Household
Approved rendering: mamahala sa sambahayan
Transliteration: mamahala sa sambahayan
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: προΐστημι
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek proistēmi (3:4-5, 3:12, 5:17). Same verb links household leadership, elder office, and ‘ruling well.‘
Mercy
Approved rendering: kaawaan
Transliteration: kaawaan
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Salvation
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek eleos. Paired with grace and peace in the greeting (1:2) and central to Paul’s testimony (1:13, 1:16, ‘I received mercy’). Must be kept distinct from biyaya (grace): mercy withholds deserved punishment, grace gives beyond what is deserved. Do not collapse both into a single generic ‘kabutihan.‘
Modesty Apparel
Approved rendering: kahinhinan sa pananamit
Transliteration: katastolē, aidōs, sōphrosynē (Greek)
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek katastolē / aidōs / sōphrosynē (2:9-10). Culturally-embedded worship-dress standards; teach in context rather than as an isolated rule, given contemporary dress-norm sensitivities.
Myths
Approved rendering: mga kathang-isip
Transliteration: mga kathang-isip
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: alamat
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek mythoi (1:4, 4:7). Alamat (indigenous legend/folklore) rejected since it would wrongly localize the polemic onto Filipino oral tradition rather than the false teachers’ fabricated theological speculation.
Not A Lover Of Money
Approved rendering: hindi sakim sa salapi
Transliteration: hindi sakim sa salapi
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ἀφιλάργυρος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek aphilargyros (3:3). Ties directly to 6:10’s root-of-evils warning; teach alongside 6:5-10.
Own Household
Approved rendering: sariling sambahayan
Transliteration: sariling sambahayan
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: ἴδιος οἶκος
Category: Care for Widows
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek idios oikos (5:4, 5:8, 5:16). Family responsibility precedes church-provided support; positively reinforced by Filipino extended-family (pagmamalasakit sa kapamilya) culture rather than colliding with it.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Relational peace with God. Appears in the greeting formula alongside grace and mercy: ‘Grace, mercy, and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord’ (1 Timothy 1:2).
Public Reading Of Scripture
Approved rendering: pagbabasa ng Kasulatan
Transliteration: pagbabasa ng Kasulatan
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἀνάγνωσις
Category: Church
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek anagnōsis (4:13). Connects to the baseline Inspiration of Scripture doctrine; institutes Scripture’s central place in corporate worship.
Pure
Approved rendering: dalisay
Transliteration: dalisay
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἁγνός
Category: Sanctification
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek hagnos (5:22). Moral and sexual purity, applied to Timothy personally regarding the seriousness of the laying-on-of-hands act.
Recent Convert
Approved rendering: bagong sumasampalataya
Transliteration: bagong sumasampalataya
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: bagong binyagan
Original: νεόφυτος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek neophytos (3:6). ‘Bagong binyagan’ rejected: risks anchoring maturity to baptismal timing rather than actual spiritual growth and testing.
Root Of All Evils
Approved rendering: ugat ng lahat ng kasamaan
Transliteration: ugat ng lahat ng kasamaan
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν
Category: Sin
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek rhiza pantōn tōn kakōn (6:10). Avaricious love of money as a generative, not sole, source of many evils; illustrated by those who ‘wandered away from the faith.‘
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pagpapabanal
Transliteration: pagpapabanal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy. 1 Timothy 4:5 uses the verb in a distinct, non-moral sense: food is ‘sanctified’ (rightly received as good) through God’s word and thanksgiving prayer — flag this distinct sense so it is not confused with a believer’s ongoing moral sanctification.
Seared Conscience
Approved rendering: namanhid na budhi
Transliteration: namanhid na budhi
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: κεκαυστηριασμένη συνείδησις
Category: Sanctification
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek kekaustēriasmenē syneidēsis (4:2). The end-state of persistent false teaching and hypocrisy; reuses the budhi root established at 1:5.
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: mapagpigil sa sarili
Transliteration: mapagpigil sa sarili
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: σώφρων
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek sōphrōn (3:2). Disciplined inner mastery qualifying one to govern others.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Salvation
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Moral transgression against a personal God. 1 Timothy 1:15 — ‘Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners’ — with Paul naming himself ‘foremost,’ reinforcing Universal Human Accountability without exception for the especially devout.
Sober Minded
Approved rendering: matino ang pag-iisip
Transliteration: matino ang pag-iisip
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: νηφάλιος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek nēphalios (3:2, 3:11). Clear-headed self-possession, avoiding excess in any form.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: kaloob na espirituwal
Transliteration: kaloob na espirituwal
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Commissioning to Ministry
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Spirit-given enablements for service; never anting-anting. Applied to Timothy’s own gift, given through prophecy and the elders’ laying on of hands (1 Timothy 1:18, 4:14).
Widow
Approved rendering: babaeng balo
Transliteration: babaeng balo
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα
Category: Care for Widows
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek chēra (5:3-16). Technical sense: a widow with no family support, eligible for the church’s structured care.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive: makiusap for entreaty, pasiglahin for building up. Recurs at 1 Timothy 1:3, 2:1, 5:1, 6:2.
Genealogies
Approved rendering: mga talaangkanan
Transliteration: mga talaangkanan
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: γενεαλογίαι
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek genealogiai (1:4). Speculative lineage-tracing tied to legalistic/mythological elaboration.
Gentleness
Approved rendering: kahinahunan
Transliteration: kahinahunan
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: πραϋπάθεια
Category: Godliness
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek praüpatheia (6:11). Part of the positive virtue-list Timothy is charged to pursue.
Hospitable
Approved rendering: mapagpatuloy sa panauhin
Transliteration: mapagpatuloy sa panauhin
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: φιλόξενος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek philoxenos (3:2). Concrete, other-centered generosity, significant for itinerant teachers/missionaries.
Irreverent Babble
Approved rendering: walang kabuluhang usapan
Transliteration: walang kabuluhang usapan
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: βέβηλοι κενοφωνίαι
Category: Sound Doctrine
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek bebēloi kenophōniai (6:20). Bookends the letter’s opening concern about myths and endless speculation.
Petition
Approved rendering: pagsusumamo
Transliteration: pagsusumamo
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek deēsis, part of the fourfold prayer vocabulary of 2:1 (petition/pleading). No exact one-to-one Filipino equivalent for all four Greek terms; supply an explanatory note that Paul stacks near-synonyms for comprehensiveness.
Prayer General
Approved rendering: panalangin
Transliteration: panalangin
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek proseuchē, part of the fourfold prayer vocabulary of 2:1 (general prayer).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: propesiya
Transliteration: propesiya
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Commissioning to Ministry
Inherited from Romans package. God-inspired declaration. Used of Timothy’s own commissioning: his gift was given ‘in accordance with the prophecies previously made’ about him (1 Timothy 1:18, 4:14).
Respectable Dignified
Approved rendering: marangal
Transliteration: marangal
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: κόσμιος / σεμνός
Category: Church Leadership
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek kosmios / semnos (3:2, 3:4, 3:8, 3:11). Dignified, well-ordered conduct and appearance.
Steadfastness
Approved rendering: pagtitiyaga
Transliteration: pagtitiyaga
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Godliness
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek hypomonē (6:11). Part of the positive virtue-list contrasted with the wealth-obsessed false teachers.
Testimony
Approved rendering: patotoo
Transliteration: patotoo
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
NEW — 1 Timothy. Greek martyrion (2:6). Frames the gospel as historically anchored proclamation, ‘at the proper time,’ not a timeless myth.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pasasalamat
Transliteration: pasasalamat
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Mutual Edification
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term; minimal doctrinal risk. Also underlies the ‘received with thanksgiving’ instruction regarding food (1 Timothy 4:3-4), part of the fourfold prayer vocabulary at 2:1.
Referenced passages