Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Filipino)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the entire book of Mark. Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [TM-REUSE] and carry their exact recorded Filipino rendering forward unchanged, per the hard rule that established term renderings must be reused exactly. Terms newly introduced by the Mark curriculum are marked [NEW] with a proposed rendering and risk tier for incorporation into an updated, Mark-extended translation memory in Phase 2.
Risk tiers follow the baseline convention: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Romans Translation Memory
| Term (English) | Filipino Rendering | Risk (baseline) | First Mark Occurrence(s) | Note for Mark Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Mabuting Balita | Medium | 1:1; 1:14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15 | Foundational book-opening term; also the content proclaimed throughout Jesus’ ministry. |
| grace | biyaya | High | (not a frequent Markan lexeme; conceptually present) | No direct occurrence of χάρις in Mark; retained here for cross-curriculum consistency if referenced in teaching material. |
| faith | pananampalataya | Medium | 2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 6:6; 9:23-24; 10:52; 11:22-24 | Faith directed at Jesus specifically; central to Faith and Discipleship amid Fear doctrine. |
| salvation / save | kaligtasan | Critical | 8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16 | See also the σῴζω “heal/save” wordplay note in ch. 5 and 10 of the semantic analysis — physical-healing occurrences of the same Greek verb are rendered with paggaling/iniligtas, not kaligtasan, but the wordplay must be flagged in teaching. |
| apostle | apostol | Medium | 3:14; 6:30 | Twelve appointed and named; reused without modification. |
| called / calling | tinawag / pagkatawag | Medium | 1:20; 2:17; 3:13 | Calling of disciples and of sinners; context-sensitive per baseline note. |
| holy | banal | Medium | 1:24 (“the Holy One of God,” demon’s confession); 6:20 (John called “a righteous and holy man”) | Reused without modification. |
| resurrection | pagkabuhay na mag-uli | Medium | 8:31; 9:9-10; 9:31; 10:33-34; 12:18-27; 16:6 | Central to Necessity of the Cross doctrine’s vindication; reused exactly. |
| lord | Panginoon | High | 1:3; 2:28; 5:19; 7:28; 11:3, 9-10; 12:29-30, 36-37; 13:35 | Must remain terminologically distinct from the negative “lord over/dominate” verbs in 10:42 (see new terms below) — see teaching note in semantic analysis. |
| son of God | Anak ng Diyos | High | 1:1; 1:11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 14:61-62; 15:39 | Central Christological title bracketing the whole book (1:1 … 15:39); reused exactly. |
| peace | kapayapaan | Medium | 4:39 (contextual, calming the storm); 5:34; 9:50 | Reused; note distinct from mere absence-of-storm sense in 4:39, which is literal-physical rather than the relational/covenantal peace of Romans 5:1 — flag context. |
| fellowship | pagsasamahan | Low | (implicit in disciple-community scenes, e.g., ch. 3, 6, 14) | No frequent direct Markan lexeme; retained for consistency. |
| church | iglesia | Medium | (Mark does not use ἐκκλησία; term retained for cross-curriculum consistency only) | Not a Markan term; no occurrence requiring translation decision. |
| kingdom of God | Kaharian ng Diyos | Medium | 1:15; 4:11, 26, 30; 9:1, 47; 10:14-15, 23-25; 12:34; 14:25; 15:43 | The single most frequent theological phrase in Mark; anchors the Kingdom of God Breaking In doctrine. |
| law | kautusan | Medium | 2:24-27; 7:5-13 (contrasted with tradition); 10:3-5; 12:28-31 | Reused; contrasted with human “tradition” — see new term below. |
| sin | kasalanan | Medium | 1:4-5; 2:5-10; 3:28-29 | Reused; forgiveness of sin closely tied to Jesus’ divine authority (2:10) and the unforgivable sin warning (3:28-29). |
| gentiles | mga Hentil | Medium | 7:26 (Syrophoenician woman, implicitly); 10:33, 42; 11:17; 13:10 | See semantic-analysis note at 10:42 flagging a context-sensitive alternate rendering (“mga bansa”) for the generic-nations sense distinct from the covenantal Jew/Gentile contrast. |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | Medium | 8:38; 10:37; 13:26 | Christ’s messianic glory, requested wrongly by James/John (10:37) and rightly revealed at his coming (13:26) and Transfiguration (9:2-8, conceptually). |
| messiah | Mesiyas | High | 8:29 (concept); throughout via “Christ” | See “Christ/Kristo” distinction noted in ch. 8 of semantic analysis. |
| prophet | propeta | Low | 1:2; 6:4, 15; 8:28; 11:32 | John the Baptist and Elijah/prophetic-figure discussions; reused without modification. |
| prophecy | propesiya | Low | 1:2-3 (Isaiah quotation) | Reused. |
| covenant | tipan | High | 14:24 (“blood of the covenant”) | Directly ties Last Supper to Ransom for Many and Necessity of the Cross doctrines. |
| election | pagkahirang | High | 13:20, 22, 27 (“the elect”) | Root shared with new term “mga hinirang” (elect, ch. 13) — see below. |
| providence | kalinga ng Diyos | Medium | 10:40 (conceptually, “for those for whom it has been prepared”) | See semantic-analysis note at 10:40 recommending register consonant with this baseline term. |
| mission | misyon | Medium | 6:7-13 (sending of the Twelve); 13:10; 16:15 | Reused for the sending/proclamation motif. |
| david | David | Low | 2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 | Reused proper name form. |
| israel | Israel | Medium | 12:29 (Shema quotation); 15:32 (“King of Israel”) | Reused proper name form. |
| jesus | Jesus | Critical | throughout | Reused proper name form exactly. |
| god | Diyos | Critical | throughout | Reused exactly; never Bathala. |
| holy_spirit | Espiritu Santo | Critical | 1:8, 10, 12; 3:29; 12:36; 13:11 | Reused exactly; never anito or bare kaluluwa. |
| father | Ama | High | 8:38; 11:25; 13:32; 14:36 | Reused exactly. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | 14:36 | Reused exactly, retained alongside Ama per baseline note. |
| exhort | pasiglahin | Low | (not a frequent Markan lexeme) | Retained for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| seed_of_david | lahi ni David | Medium | (conceptual background to 10:47-48, 12:35-37) | Kept lexically distinct from new term “Anak ni David” (Son of David, ch. 10) — see below. |
| imputed_righteousness | katuwirang ibinilang | Critical | (not directly present in Mark; retained for consistency) | No direct Markan occurrence. |
B. New Terms Introduced by the Mark Curriculum
| Term (English) | Original Greek | Transliteration | Filipino Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | First/Key Occurrence(s) | Rendering Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | Anak ng Tao | Critical | Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God; Messianic Secret | 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62 | Literal rendering reads as mere humanity; must carry a teaching note every occurrence recovering the Daniel 7 exaltation sense fused with genuine suffering humanity. |
| ransom | λύτρον | lytron | pantubos | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Strong cultural bridge to Filipino pawn-redemption (tubos) practice; every occurrence needs a note distinguishing a completed substitutionary payment received by faith from a commercial transaction or a devotional debt repaid through ritual/imitative suffering. |
| body / blood (Lord’s Supper) | τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου | to sōma mou / to haima mou | katawan ko / dugo ko | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Ransom for Many | 14:22-24 | Direct doctrinal fault line with Catholic transubstantiation; every occurrence needs a note affirming a once-for-all, sufficient, already-accomplished sacrifice remembered/proclaimed, not repeated or re-presented. |
| ”I am” (trial) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | Ako nga / Ako ang siya | Critical | Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ; Messianic Secret | 14:62 | Climactic, unambiguous divine/messianic self-disclosure; must not be softened to a merely polite conversational affirmation. |
| cross | σταυρός | stauros | krus | High | Necessity of the Cross | 8:34; 15:21-32 | Ubiquitous Filipino devotional/relic association (crucifix veneration, Via Crucis, penitential reenactment); every doctrinally central occurrence needs a note anchoring the term to the historic, sufficient atoning event and the call to costly discipleship, not devotional object-veneration or imitative penance. |
| crucify | σταυρόω | stauroō | ipako sa krus | High | Necessity of the Cross | 15:13-15, 20-27 | Same devotional-veneration caution as “cross,” applied to the historical event itself. |
| suffer (Son of Man must suffer) | πάσχω (παθεῖν) | paschō (pathein) | magdusa / pagdurusa | High | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant | 8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33-34, 45 | The divine necessity (Greek δεῖ, “must”) should be taught as appointed necessity, not accident; this is what Peter rejects and is rebuked for. |
| deny self / take up cross / follow | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / ἄρας τὸν σταυρόν / ἀκολουθέω | aparneomai heauton / aras ton stauron / akoloutheō | itakwil ang sarili / pasanin ang krus / sumunod | High | Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8:34 | Universalizes Christ’s own cross-pattern to every disciple; carries the same “krus” devotional caution. |
| authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | kapangyarihan | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 27; 2:10; 11:28-33 | Filipino lexically conflates exousia (delegated right) with dynamis (raw power, baseline’s “kapangyarihan ng Diyos”); every occurrence needs a contextual note distinguishing legitimate, delegated right-to-act from mere force. |
| lord over / dominate (negative) | κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω | katakyrieuō / katexousiazō | pinaghaharian nang malupit / inaalipin sa pamamagitan ng kapangyarihan | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Shares roots with Panginoon (Lord) and kapangyarihan (authority/power); must be kept visibly distinct so Christ’s positive, exclusive Lordship is never colored by this negative sense. |
| slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | alipin | High (Medium-High) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | Carries genuine historical weight in Filipino social memory (slavery/bondage); teaching note needed framing this as voluntary, Christ-modeled self-giving, not literal bondage endorsement. |
| unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | maruming espiritu / demonyo | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Kingdom Breaking In | 1:23-27, 34, 39; 3:11, 22; 5:1-20; 7:25-30; 9:17-29 | Must be distinguished from folk anito/engkanto/multo belief and albularyo (folk-healer) exorcism practice; these spirits are subject unconditionally to Christ’s word alone, not to be placated or negotiated with. |
| tradition (of the elders) | παράδοσις (τῶν πρεσβυτέρων) | paradosis (tōn presbyterōn) | tradisyon ng mga matanda / kaugalian ng mga nakaraan | High | (Inspiration/authority of Scripture, cross-curriculum) | 7:3-13 | Live sensitivity in majority-Catholic Filipino context regarding Sacred Tradition alongside Scripture; teach Christ’s principle that tradition must never nullify God’s revealed word, without dismissing all custom as wrong. |
| blasphemy (against the Holy Spirit) | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | paglapastangan sa Espiritu Santo / kalapastanganan | High | Deity/Person of the Holy Spirit; Unforgivable Sin | 3:28-30; 14:64 (Jesus condemned for blasphemy) | Requires careful pastoral framing (sustained, willful rejection of manifest divine work, not momentary doubt or irreverent exclamation) to avoid inducing unwarranted fear in sincere believers. |
| hell / Gehenna | γέεννα | geenna | impiyerno | High | Final judgment (cross-curriculum) | 9:43-48 | Must be distinguished from the distinct Catholic doctrine of purgatory (a temporary state); Gehenna denotes final, eternal judgment. |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | Hari ng mga Judio | High (Medium-High) | Necessity of the Cross; Kingdom of God | 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26, 32 | Mocking title turns out true; must be kept from being read as a claim to worldly political kingship, using the Kaharian ng Diyos framework. |
| ”It is I” (walking on water) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | Ako ito | High | Deity of Christ; Messianic Secret | 6:50 | Carries theophanic OT resonance (Exodus 3:14) beneath a surface-level reassurance; flag the resonance in teaching. |
| ”for many” / substitution (“in place of”) | ἀντὶ (πολλῶν) | anti (pollōn) | kapalit (ng marami) | High | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Small preposition carrying the whole weight of substitutionary atonement; must not be softened to a general-benefit sense. |
| life / soul | ψυχή | psychē | buhay / kaluluwa (context-dependent) | High (Medium-High) | Ransom for Many; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8:35-37; 10:45 | Avoid rendering “give his life” with kaluluwa (which the baseline reserves as a forbidden/cautioned term for Holy Spirit contrast); prefer buhay where the sense is “life,” not disembodied soul. |
| baptism / baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | bautismo / bautismuhan | High | Faith and Discipleship; Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical use) | 1:4-11; 10:38-39 | Distinguish from mechanically efficacious ritual (folk-Catholic automatic-regeneration view); also distinguish the metaphorical suffering-sense (10:38-39) from the literal water rite. |
| cup (of suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | kalis | High | Necessity of the Cross | 10:38-39; 14:23, 36 | OT symbol of appointed suffering/wrath, not a general metaphor for hardship; keep rendering consistent across 10:38-39 and 14:23, 36 to preserve the narrative link. |
| ”at hand” / kingdom drawing near | ἤγγικεν | ēngiken | malapit na / dumating na | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:15 | Preserve the “already breaking in” sense; avoid a purely future-tense rendering. |
| repentance / repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | pagsisisi / magsisi | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:4, 15 | Distinguish genuine inward turning/faith from sacramental contrition alone (Confession/Kumpisal) apart from life-change. |
| disciple / follow | μαθητής / ἀκολουθέω | mathētēs / akoloutheō | alagad / sumunod | Low | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:16-20 | Established, low-risk terms. |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | Araw ng Pamamahinga | Medium | Authority over Sin/Law (Lordship of Christ) | 2:23-28; 3:1-6 | Keep focus on Christ’s lordship over the Sabbath, not a denominational day-of-observance debate (relevant given Seventh-day Adventist presence in the Philippines). |
| forgive (sins) | ἀφίημι | aphiēmi | magpatawad / patawarin | High | Deity of Christ; Authority over Sin | 2:5-10 | Authoritative divine declaration, not a mere wish for reconciliation. |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Satanas | Satanas | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:13; 3:23-26; 4:15; 8:33 | Established transliteration; keep distinct from generic “demonyo” as a singular personal adversary. |
| Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ | Beelzeboul | Beelzebub | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:22 | Transliterated proper name; low risk. |
| parable | παραβολή | parabolē | talinghaga | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Messianic Secret | 4:2 and throughout | Established, standard term. |
| mystery (of the kingdom) | μυστήριον | mystērion | hiwaga | Medium | Messianic Secret | 4:11 | Distinguish from occult/folk-superstition “hiwaga” connotations; anchor to God’s gracious selective revelation. |
| rebuke (nature/demons) | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | sawayin | Medium | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:25; 4:39; 9:25 | Render consistently across exorcism and nature-miracle scenes to preserve the intended narrative parallel. |
| faith heals/saves (wordplay) | σῴζω (σέσωκέν σε) | sōzō (sesōken se) | pinagaling ka / iniligtas ka | High | Authority over Sickness; Faith and Discipleship | 5:34; 10:52 | Same Greek verb as “salvation”; teaching must flag the wordplay so healing is read as a signpost toward, not a substitute for, full salvation. |
| compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnizomai | kahabagan / maawa | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 6:34; 8:2 | Visceral, felt compassion; low risk. |
| clean / unclean (ceremonial) | καθαρός / κοινός | katharos / koinos | malinis / marumi | Medium | Authority over Sin; Universal Human Accountability (cross-curriculum) | 1:40-42; 7:15-23 | Distinguish ceremonial-purity sense from moral sin (kasalanan); Jesus relocates defilement to the heart. |
| Corban | κορβᾶν | korban | Corban | Low | (Tradition vs. Scripture) | 7:11 | Transliterated; minor caution re: religious-vow misuse (cf. panata). |
| beloved (Son) | ἀγαπητός | agapētos | minamahal | Low-Medium | Sonship of Christ | 1:11; 9:7 | Adds relational warmth to the Sonship title. |
| transfigured | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | nagbagong-anyo | Medium | Jesus as Son of God; Messianic Secret | 9:2-3 | Momentary, selectively-witnessed unveiling of divine glory. |
| stumbling block / cause to sin | σκάνδαλον / σκανδαλίζω | skandalon / skandalizō | katitisuran / dahilan ng pagkakasala | Medium | Universal Human Accountability (cross-curriculum) | 9:42-47 | Severity of warning underscores value God places on the vulnerable. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | buhay na walang hanggan | Medium | Ransom for Many; Salvation (cross-curriculum) | 10:17, 30 | Received as gift, not earned by wealth or status — connect to kaligtasan’s Critical-risk framing. |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | Anak ni David | Medium | Jesus as Son of God; Davidic Covenant (cross-curriculum) | 10:47-48 | Keep lexically distinct from baseline’s “lahi ni David” (seed of David); functions here as direct messianic address. |
| have mercy | ἐλέησον | eleēson | maawa ka (sa akin) | Low | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 10:47-48 | Simple, low-risk petition term. |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | Hosana | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 11:9-10 | Familiar from Palm Sunday liturgical tradition across Filipino Catholic and Protestant churches. |
| house of prayer / den of robbers | οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν | oikos proseuchēs / spēlaion lēstōn | bahay-panalanginan / lungga ng mga tulisan | Low-Medium | Necessity of the Cross (foreshadowing) | 11:17 | Prophetic denunciation citing Isaiah 56:7 / Jeremiah 7:11. |
| rejected stone / cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | batong panulukan / batong itinakwil | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | 12:10-11 | Rejection-then-vindication logic anticipates the cross’s paradox. |
| love (greatest commandment) | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη | agapaō / agapē | pag-ibig / ibigin | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (positive counterpart) | 12:28-34 | Distinguish covenantal, willed love from romantic-love connotations of everyday Filipino “pag-ibig.” |
| elect | ἐκλεκτοί | eklektoi | mga hinirang | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological) | 13:20, 22, 27 | Shares root with baseline’s pagkahirang (election); same caution against swerte/kapalaran framing. |
| watch / be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | magbantay | Low | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 13:33-37; 14:34-38 | Echoed at Gethsemane where the disciples fail to watch. |
| betray | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | ipagkanulo / traydor | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | 14:10-11, 18, 21, 41-44 | Human treachery operating within God’s sovereign redemptive plan. |
| ”Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani” | ᾿Ελωΐ ᾿Ελωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί | Elōi Elōi lema sabachthani | Eloi, Eloi, lema sabaktani (transliterated, glossed) | Medium | Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | Depth of Christ’s substitutionary suffering; not evidence of Trinitarian rupture. |
| veil torn | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | tabing (ng templo) na napunit | Low | Necessity of the Cross | 15:38 | Symbolizes opened access to God through Christ’s death. |
| fear (post-resurrection) | φοβέομαι (ἐφοβοῦντο) | phobeomai (ephobounto) | natakot sila | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 16:8 | Recurring Markan motif; note the text-critical status of 16:9-20 if the longer ending is used in teaching materials. |
C. Terms Requiring Coordinated Cross-Reference with Core Passage (Mark 10:35-45)
The following table isolates every load-bearing term within the core passage itself for quick Phase 2 reference, cross-linking each to its full treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md, Part 1.
| Verse | Term | Filipino Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10:35 | Teacher (Διδάσκαλε) | Guro | Low |
| 10:37 | glory (δόξῃ) | kaluwalhatian [TM-REUSE] | Medium |
| 10:38 | cup (ποτήριον) | kalis | High |
| 10:38-39 | baptism (βάπτισμα) | bautismo | High |
| 10:40 | prepared (ἡτοίμασται) | inihanda na | Medium |
| 10:42 | Gentiles/nations (ἐθνῶν) | mga bansa (context-flagged; not mga Hentil here) | Medium |
| 10:42 | lord over / dominate (κατακυριεύουσιν, κατεξουσιάζουσιν) | pinaghaharian nang malupit / inaalipin | High |
| 10:43 | servant (διάκονος) | lingkod / tagapaglingkod | Medium |
| 10:44 | slave (δοῦλος) | alipin | High |
| 10:45 | Son of Man (υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου) | Anak ng Tao | Critical |
| 10:45 | give his life (δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν) | ibigay ang kanyang buhay | Medium |
| 10:45 | ransom (λύτρον) | pantubos | Critical |
| 10:45 | for/in place of (ἀντὶ) | kapalit (ng) | High |
| 10:45 | many (πολλῶν) | marami | Medium |
D. Chapters Reviewed with No New Theological Vocabulary
Every chapter of Mark introduces at least one load-bearing term relevant to this curriculum’s doctrines; no chapter is without theological content requiring analysis. All sixteen chapters (1–16) have accordingly received full treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md, Part 2. This section is retained per the coverage mandate to explicitly confirm that full-book review was performed and that no chapter was silently skipped.
This glossary must be merged into an updated, Mark-extended translation_memory.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins, with all [TM-REUSE] entries carried forward verbatim and all [NEW] entries added at their stated risk tier, consistent with the baseline’s version-increment and enforcement protocol.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly throughout Mark. Never Bathala.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (1:8, 10, 12; 3:29; 12:36; 13:11). Mark-specific extension: this distinction is especially urgent across the ch. 1-9 exorcism narratives given the living Filipino folk-belief tradition of anito/engkanto/multo and albularyo consultation. Never anito or bare kaluluwa.
I Am Trial
Approved rendering: Ako nga
Transliteration: egō eimi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Oo, ako (bare polite affirmation)
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 14:62. The clearest, most direct self-disclosure of divine and messianic identity in the Gospel, immediately followed by a Daniel 7/Psalm 110 quotation, and the basis of the blasphemy charge. Must never be softened into a merely polite conversational affirmation; must carry full declarative weight echoing Exodus 3:14.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwirang ibinilang
Transliteration: katuwirang ibinilang
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: katuwirang nakamit sa mga sakramento
Inherited from Romans package. No direct Markan occurrence; retained for cross-curriculum consistency and available for teaching material connecting Mark’s ransom/gift language (10:45) to this Critical-risk Romans doctrine.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (Protestant register), not Hesus, throughout Mark.
Lords Supper Body Blood
Approved rendering: katawan ko / dugo ko
Transliteration: to sōma mou / to haima mou
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 14:22-24. One of the deepest Catholic/Protestant fault lines in the Philippines: transubstantiation (Misa) versus memorial/spiritual-participation understanding. Every occurrence requires a teaching note affirming a once-for-all, sufficient, already-accomplished sacrifice, proclaimed and remembered, not re-presented or repeated.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesiyas
Transliteration: Mesiyas
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for doctrinal discussion of the title (8:29 concept). See kristo_title below for the proper-name/confessional-address usage.
Ransom
Approved rendering: pantubos
Transliteration: pantubos
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: kabayaran na dapat bayaran pabalik, gantimpala sa kabutihan
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 10:45. Pantubos (from tubos, redeeming a pawned item at a sanglaan) gives an immediate cultural bridge, but risks flattening a costly, personal, once-for-all substitutionary death into a commercial transaction, or conflating it with panata (vows) and Lenten pabasa/Senakulo reenactment where Christ’s suffering becomes an example to imitate or a devotional debt to repay. Every occurrence requires a teaching note: a completed, sufficient payment received by faith, not a debt requiring ritual repayment.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Transliteration: pagkabuhay na mag-uli
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for Christ’s bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection (8:31; 9:9-10, 31; 10:33-34; 16:6). Mark-specific fencing: keep lexically distinct from the temporary, non-final restoration to earthly life of Jairus’s daughter (5:41-42, egeirō, rendered bumangon).
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for the spiritual-salvation sense (8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16). CRITICAL Mark-specific extension: the same Greek verb sōzō also means physical healing (5:34; 10:52), rendered pinagaling ka/iniligtas ka, NOT kaligtasan, in those verses. Every occurrence of either sense requires a note flagging the wordplay.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak ng Tao
Transliteration: Anak ng Tao
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. Jesus’ most frequent self-designation (14x: 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62), drawing on Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted heavenly figure who nonetheless suffers, serves, and dies. The literal Filipino phrase reads as mere humanity, losing the Daniel 7 exaltation sense; every occurrence requires a teaching note recovering the fused suffering-humanity/exalted-dominion sense and its role in the Messianic Secret’s gradual disclosure.
High Risk Terms
Authority
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
NEW. Mark 1:22, 27; 2:10; 11:28-33. Filipino does not lexically distinguish exousia (delegated, legitimate right-to-act) from dynamis (raw power/might, already recorded as kapangyarihan ng Diyos for ‘power of God’). Every occurrence needs a contextual note clarifying ‘the right/authorization to act,’ distinct from mere ability or anting-anting-style supernatural power.
Baptism
Approved rendering: bautismo
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 1:4-11 (literal water rite); 10:38-39 (metaphorical, Jesus’ coming suffering/death). Must be distinguished from a mechanically efficacious rite (infant baptism as automatic regeneration apart from personal faith, common in folk-Catholic understanding). The metaphorical suffering-sense at 10:38-39 must be clearly distinguished from the literal water rite.
Blasphemy Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: paglapastangan sa Espiritu Santo / kalapastanganan
Transliteration: blasphēmia
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
NEW. Mark 3:28-30; 14:64. Requires careful pastoral framing as sustained, willful attribution of the Spirit’s manifest work to Satan, not isolated doubt or a common devotional exclamation (‘Diyos ko po’); mistranslation risks inducing unwarranted ongoing fear among sincere, anxious believers.
Called
Approved rendering: tinawag
Transliteration: tinawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Context-sensitive across the calling of the first disciples (1:20), of sinners (2:17), and of the Twelve (3:13).
Covenant
Approved rendering: tipan
Transliteration: tipan
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for ‘blood of the covenant’ (14:24), tying the Lord’s Supper institution directly to the Ransom for Many and Necessity of the Cross doctrines.
Cross
Approved rendering: krus
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 8:34; 15:21-32. Krus is ubiquitous in Filipino Catholic devotional/folk-religious life (worn/displayed crucifixes, Via Crucis, and in some provinces literal penitential crucifixion reenactment during Holy Week). Every doctrinally central occurrence requires a note anchoring the term to the historic, sufficient atoning event and the call to costly discipleship, not devotional object-veneration or imitative penance for merit.
Crucify
Approved rendering: ipako sa krus
Transliteration: stauroō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 15:13-15, 20-27. Same devotional-veneration caution as krus, applied to the historical event itself; must be taught as a real, historical, once-for-all atoning death.
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: kalis
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: saro (plain drinking vessel, inconsistent register)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 10:38-39; 14:23, 36. The OT symbol of divinely-appointed suffering/wrath, not an ordinary drinking vessel or a general metaphor for hardship. Render uniformly as kalis across all occurrences to preserve the narrative link, and distinguish from the Eucharistic cup’s ongoing liturgical use apart from its meaning here as suffering unto death.
Deny Self Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: itakwil ang sarili / pasanin ang kanyang krus / sumunod sa akin
Transliteration: aparneomai heauton / aras ton stauron autou / akoloutheō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / ἄρας τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ / ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 8:34. Universalizes Christ’s own cross-pattern to every disciple’s calling; carries the same krus devotional-veneration caution — willing self-giving in imitation of Christ, not literal physical penance performed for merit.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly as the doctrinal root; shares its root with the new Mark-specific term mga hinirang (the elect, 13:20, 22, 27). Never swerte/kapalaran.
Faith Heals Saves Wordplay
Approved rendering: pinagaling ka / iniligtas ka
Transliteration: sōzō (sesōken se)
Doctrine: Faith, Healing, and Salvation (the sōzō wordplay)
Rejected alternatives: kaligtasan (for physical-healing sense)
Original: σῴζω (σέσωκέν σε)
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 5:34; 10:52. The same Greek verb underlies physical healing and spiritual salvation; established rendering avoids kaligtasan here to prevent confusing healing with definitive spiritual salvation, but every occurrence requires a note flagging the wordplay so healing is read as a signpost toward, not a substitute for, fuller salvation — relevant given visible Filipino faith-healing ministries.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (8:38; 11:25; 13:32; 14:36). Keep distinct from the reverence-title Padre for Catholic priests and from ancestor-veneration petitions.
For Many Substitution
Approved rendering: kapalit (ng marami)
Transliteration: anti (pollōn)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: para sa kapakanan ng marami
Original: ἀντὶ (πολλῶν)
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 10:45. The preposition anti marks substitution (‘in place of’), not mere general benefit. Must be rendered kapalit (ng marami), never a weaker ‘para sa’ construction alone, to preserve the exegetical basis for substitutionary atonement.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: magpatawad / patawarin
Transliteration: aphiēmi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἀφίημι
Category: Authority
NEW. Mark 2:5-10. Not a wish for reconciliation but an authoritative divine declaration, proven by immediate physical healing; risks flattening into the sacramental act of Confession/Kumpisal performed by a priest rather than Jesus himself exercising a distinctly divine prerogative.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Mark-specific note: at 10:37 James and John request this glory as worldly status, misapplying the term Jesus rightly reveals at the Transfiguration (9:2-8) and his coming (13:26); true glory is entered through the cross (8:31; 10:33-34), not around it.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Inherited from Romans package. No frequent direct Markan lexeme for charis, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency; the forbidden utang na loob substitution remains relevant whenever teaching material connects Christ’s self-giving ransom (10:45) to the concept of unmerited gift.
Hell Gehenna
Approved rendering: impiyerno
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: Final Judgment (Gehenna/Hell)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Mark 9:43-48. Must be taught as final, eternal judgment, not conflated with the distinct Catholic doctrine of purgatory (a temporary purifying state before heaven), a default framework many Filipino Catholic-background learners bring to post-death warnings.
It Is I Walking On Water
Approved rendering: Ako ito
Transliteration: egō eimi
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 6:50. Plain surface rendering retained for naturalness, but every occurrence requires a teaching note flagging the Exodus 3:14 theophanic resonance beneath the surface-level reassurance, consistent with the fuller unveiling at 14:62.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Hari ng mga Judio
Transliteration: basileus tōn Ioudaiōn
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26, 32. A mocking title Mark’s readers recognize as bitterly true; teaching note required clarifying Jesus’ kingship, though mocked as merely political/nationalistic, is genuinely royal and spiritual — use the Kaharian ng Diyos framework so this is not read as endorsing a worldly political claim.
Kristo Title
Approved rendering: Kristo
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW. The proper-name usage of Christos as part of ‘Jesus Christ’ and in confessional address (‘Ikaw ang Kristo,’ 8:29), distinct from the doctrinal title Mesiyas. Render Kristo when functioning as part of the proper name or confessional address; reserve Mesiyas for doctrinal discussion of the OT-fulfillment title.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: buhay
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: kaluluwa (default)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 8:35-37; 10:45. Prefer buhay (‘life’) over kaluluwa where the sense is Christ’s or a disciple’s whole life given up; kaluluwa is reserved for genuinely disembodied-soul senses and even then flagged for review, since it carries the baseline’s forbidden-adjacent wandering-soul/ghost association from Holy Spirit teaching.
Lord Over Dominate
Approved rendering: pinaghaharian nang malupit / inaalipin sa pamamagitan ng kapangyarihan
Transliteration: katakyrieuō / katexousiazō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:42. The coercive, self-serving exercise of worldly power Jesus contrasts with kingdom servanthood. Shares roots with Panginoon (Lord) and kapangyarihan (authority); must be kept visibly distinct so Christ’s positive, exclusive Lordship is never colored by this negative, domineering sense in the same passage.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (1:3; 2:28; 5:19; 7:28; 11:3, 9-10; 12:29-30, 36-37; 13:35). CRITICAL Mark-specific fencing: must remain visibly, lexically distinct from the negative ‘lord it over/dominate’ verbs (katakyrieuō/katexousiazō) at 10:42, which share the same kyrios root but describe worldly domination Jesus condemns; see lord_over_dominate below.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Transliteration: kapangyarihan ng Diyos
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: anting-anting
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for dynamis (raw power/might). CRITICAL Mark-specific fencing: Filipino kapangyarihan also renders exousia (delegated authority/right, see authority below), a distinction Greek makes but Filipino does not; every exousia occurrence needs a note distinguishing it from this dynamis-based term so Christ’s legitimate authority is not conflated with impersonal force or anting-anting.
Slave Bondservant
Approved rendering: alipin
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:44. Alipin carries genuine historical weight in Filipino social memory (pre-colonial and Spanish-era slavery/bondage) — an asset for conveying total, unconditional servitude, but a sensitivity risk without pastoral framing. Teaching note required: this is voluntary, kingdom-defined self-giving in imitation of Christ (10:45), not an endorsement of literal human bondage.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak ng Diyos
Transliteration: Anak ng Diyos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Brackets the whole Gospel (1:1; 1:11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 14:61-62; 15:39). Mark-specific note: the climactic human confession comes from a Roman centurion (15:39), not a devotional insider; teaching should keep this Sonship central against devotional dilution toward Mary or particular saints, including Santo Niño devotion.
Suffer
Approved rendering: magdusa / pagdurusa
Transliteration: paschō (pathein)
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: πάσχω (παθεῖν)
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 8:31; 9:12, 31; 10:33-34, 45. The Greek dei (‘it is necessary’) marks divinely appointed necessity, not accident. Render with kailangang (appointed-necessity register), not dapat (generic moral obligation), at the passion-prediction texts. This is what Peter rejects and is rebuked for (8:32-33).
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: tradisyon ng mga matanda / kaugalian ng mga nakaraan
Transliteration: paradosis tōn presbyterōn
Doctrine: Tradition versus the Word of God
Original: παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Covenant
NEW. Mark 7:3-13. Directly relevant to the majority-Catholic Filipino context where Sacred Tradition (Banal na Tradisyon) is held authoritative alongside Scripture. Teaching note required: must not dismiss all tradition/custom as wrong, but must highlight Jesus’ principle that human tradition must never nullify or displace God’s revealed word.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: maruming espiritu / demonyo
Transliteration: pneuma akatharton / daimonion
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Authority
NEW. Mark 1:23-27, 34, 39; 3:11, 22; 5:1-20; 7:25-30; 9:17-29. The Philippines’ living folk-belief tradition (anito, engkanto, multo) and recourse to albularyo folk healers means learners may believe in malevolent spirits but frame them within an animist rather than biblical cosmology. Teaching note required: these spirits are unconditionally subject to Christ’s word alone, never placated, warded off, or negotiated with.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly at Gethsemane (14:36). Mark-specific note: here Abba functions in anguished submission, not the adoption-assurance register of Romans 8:15; the same intimate address spans very different emotional registers.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for the appointing and naming of the Twelve (3:14; 6:30).
At Hand Kingdom Near
Approved rendering: malapit na / dumating na
Transliteration: ēngiken
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἤγγικεν
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 1:15. Preserve the sense of a kingdom already beginning to arrive, not only a future hope; avoid a purely future-tense construction. Where space allows, a dual-aspect gloss (dumating na at patuloy na lumalapit) better preserves the already/not-yet tension.
Beloved Son
Approved rendering: minamahal
Transliteration: agapētos
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 1:11; 9:7. Adds relational warmth to the Sonship-of-Christ title through the Father’s own voice.
Betray
Approved rendering: ipagkanulo / traydor
Transliteration: paradidōmi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 14:10-11, 18, 21, 41-44. Judas’s human treachery operates within, not against, the necessity of the cross (‘the Son of Man goes as it is written of him,’ 14:21).
Calling
Approved rendering: pagkatawag
Transliteration: pagkatawag
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for the noun form of God’s summons, applicable to the calling narratives of Mark 1-3.
Church
Approved rendering: iglesia
Transliteration: iglesia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: simbahan
Inherited from Romans package. Mark does not use ekklēsia directly; retained for cross-curriculum consistency should teaching material reference the church founded on the apostolic witness Mark records.
Clean Unclean Ceremonial
Approved rendering: malinis / marumi / linisin
Transliteration: katharos / koinos / katharizō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: καθαρός / κοινός / καθαρίζω
Category: Sin
NEW. Mark 1:40-42; 7:15-23. Distinguish this ceremonial-purity sense clearly from moral sin (kasalanan); Jesus relocates true defilement to the heart, not ritual food-uncleanness.
Elect
Approved rendering: mga hinirang
Transliteration: eklektoi
Doctrine: Election and the Elect
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 13:20, 22, 27. Shares the root of the baseline’s pagkahirang (election), applied eschatologically to God’s sovereign preservation and gathering of his chosen people. Never swerte/kapalaran.
Eloi Eloi Lema Sabachthani
Approved rendering: Eloi, Eloi, lema sabaktani
Transliteration: Elōi Elōi lema sabachthani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 15:34. Jesus’ cry quoting Psalm 22:1, glossed ‘Diyos ko, Diyos ko, bakit mo ako pinabayaan?’ Should be taught within the framework of Christ bearing the penalty for sin on others’ behalf (echoing 10:45’s kapalit ng marami), not as evidence of a rupture within the Trinity.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: buhay na walang hanggan
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Mark 10:17, 30. Cannot be secured by wealth, self-effort, or law-keeping alone; connect to kaligtasan’s Critical-risk framing — received as gift (‘with God all things are possible’), not achieved.
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πίστις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Object of faith is Jesus specifically across Mark (2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 6:6; 9:23-24; 10:52; 11:22-24).
Fear Post Resurrection
Approved rendering: natakot sila
Transliteration: phobeomai (ephobounto)
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
NEW. Mark 16:8. The women’s response to the empty tomb in Mark’s earliest-attested ending. Recurring Markan motif of fear/awe closing major episodes (cf. 4:41; 5:15, 33; 9:6, 32; 10:32); teach as reverent awe intertwined with genuine human fear, not fully resolved within the narrative. If the longer ending (16:9-20) is used, flag its distinct text-critical status.
Gentiles Generic Nations
Approved rendering: mga bansa
Transliteration: ethnē (generic sense)
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: mga Hentil (in this specific context)
NEW. Mark 10:42. Context-flagged alternative to mga Hentil: here ethnē means the generic ‘nations/rulers of the world’ comparison, not the covenantal Jew-Gentile contrast. Use mga bansa to avoid importing the Romans 9-11 covenantal frame into a passage about worldly rulership in general. Flag for native-speaker review.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: mga Hentil
Transliteration: mga Hentil
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for the covenantal Jew-Gentile contexts (7:26 implicit; 11:17; 13:10). See gentiles_generic_nations below for the context-flagged 10:42 alternative.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Mabuting Balita
Transliteration: mabuting balita
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Anchors the whole book from Mark 1:1 and names the content Jesus proclaims throughout his ministry (1:14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15).
Heal Healing
Approved rendering: pagalingin / pagpapagaling
Transliteration: therapeuō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: θεραπεύω
Category: Authority
NEW. Mark 1:34, 40-42. Ordinary healing-miracle verb, distinct from the sōzō ‘heal/save’ wordplay at 5:34 and 10:52 (see faith_heals_saves_wordplay).
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Occurs as the demon’s confession title ‘the Holy One of God’ (1:24) and describing John the Baptist as ‘a righteous and holy man’ (6:20); keep distinct from the Critical-risk noun ‘mga banal’ (saints), which does not occur as a frequent designation in Mark itself but remains fenced per the baseline note.
House Of Prayer Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: bahay-panalanginan / lungga ng mga tulisan
Transliteration: oikos proseuchēs / spēlaion lēstōn
Doctrine: The Temple and Access to God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 11:17. Jesus’ prophetic denunciation of temple corruption, citing Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11, foreshadowing the temple’s coming destruction (ch. 13) and the torn veil (15:38).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (12:29, Shema quotation; 15:32, ‘King of Israel’).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kaharian ng Diyos
Transliteration: Kaharian ng Diyos
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Mark’s single most frequent theological phrase (1:15; 4:11, 26, 30; 9:1, 47; 10:14-15, 23-25; 12:34; 14:25; 15:43), anchoring the Kingdom of God Breaking In doctrine.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (2:24-27; 7:5-13; 10:3-5; 12:28-31), contrasted in ch. 7 with human ‘tradition of the elders.‘
Love Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: pag-ibig / ibigin
Transliteration: agapaō / agapē
Doctrine: Love as the Greatest Commandment
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 12:28-34. Filipino pag-ibig carries strong romantic-love connotations in everyday usage (popular music, film); teaching note required clarifying this is committed, willed, covenantal devotion, the positive counterpart to the Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness doctrine.
Many Pollon
Approved rendering: marami
Transliteration: pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
NEW. Mark 10:45. Deliberately echoes Isaiah 53:11-12’s Suffering Servant language regarding the extensive scope of the ransom’s beneficiaries. Teach as echoing Isaiah 53, not as implying ‘not all’; avoid importing systematic-theology debates over the extent of the atonement into this verse’s plain force.
Mission
Approved rendering: misyon
Transliteration: misyon
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for the sending of the Twelve (6:7-13) and closing commission language (13:10; 16:15).
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: hiwaga
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 4:11. Hiwaga carries occult/superstition-adjacent everyday connotations in ordinary Filipino usage; must never stand unglossed — attach a fixed explanatory phrase anchoring this to God’s own deliberate, gracious act of revealing hidden truth to disciples.
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Note that Mark 4:39 (the calmed storm) is a literal-physical sense distinct from the fuller relational/covenantal peace of Romans 5:1; 5:34 and 9:50 carry the fuller relational sense.
Prepared Ordained
Approved rendering: inihanda na
Transliteration: hētoimastai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἡτοίμασται
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 10:40. Divine appointment/sovereign allotment made in advance, regarding the honored seats James and John request. Should echo, without duplicating verbatim, the register of the baseline’s kalinga ng Diyos (providence) — not swerte/kapalaran.
Providence
Approved rendering: kalinga ng Diyos
Transliteration: kalinga ng Diyos
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: bahala na
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; register should echo (without duplicating verbatim) the new Mark term ‘inihanda na’ (prepared, 10:40), so learners connect the two providence-adjacent passages. Never bahala na.
Rebuke Nature Demons
Approved rendering: sawayin
Transliteration: epitimaō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Authority
NEW. Mark 1:25; 4:39; 8:33; 9:25. Render consistently across exorcism, nature-miracle, and even Peter-correction scenes to preserve Mark’s intentional narrative parallel — nature and demons alike are subject to Christ’s authoritative word.
Rejected Stone Cornerstone
Approved rendering: batong panulukan / batong itinakwil
Transliteration: kephalē gōnias
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 12:10-11 (citing Psalm 118:22-23). The rejection-then-vindication logic of the parable of the tenants anticipates the necessity of the cross’s own paradox.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pagsisisi / magsisi
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 1:4, 15. Must be taught as genuine inward turning toward God expressed through faith, not merely sacramental contrition (Confession/Kumpisal) apart from actual life-change and trust in Christ.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Araw ng Pamamahinga
Transliteration: sabbaton
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW. Mark 2:23-28; 3:1-6. Given the significant Seventh-day Adventist presence in the Philippines, teaching should keep the focus on Christ’s lordship over the Sabbath, not open a denominational day-of-observance debate outside Mark’s own argument.
Satan
Approved rendering: Satanas
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 1:13; 3:23, 26; 4:15; 8:33. Established transliteration; keep distinct from generic ‘demonyo’ usage as a personal, singular adversary rather than one spirit among many equal ones.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: lahi ni David
Transliteration: lahi ni David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly as the genealogical-fulfillment background to 10:47-48 and 12:35-37. Keep lexically distinct from the new Mark term Anak ni David (Son of David), which functions as direct messianic address, not a genealogical statement.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: lingkod / tagapaglingkod
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:43; also underlies 10:45’s diakonēthēnai/diakonēsai (‘to be served’/‘to serve’). Keep distinct from the later ecclesial office title ‘deacon’ (diakono, Acts/Pastoral Epistles); the sense here is the plain servant-role, grounded directly in Christ’s own precedent.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (1:4-5; 2:5-10; 3:28-29). Mark ch. 7’s teaching that defilement is internal, not ritual, reinforces the baseline’s caution that this must remain a relational/moral category, not a purely sacramental one.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Anak ni David
Transliteration: huios Dauid
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 10:47-48. A recognized messianic title used by Bartimaeus in a personal cry for help, in striking contrast to the disciples’ incomprehension in the same chapter. Keep lexically distinct from lahi ni David (seed of David, genealogical fulfillment).
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: katitisuran / dahilan ng pagkakasala
Transliteration: skandalon / skandalizō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: σκάνδαλον / σκανδαλίζω
Category: Sin
NEW. Mark 9:42-47. Severe warnings against causing ‘little ones’ to stumble underscore the value God places on the vulnerable within the believing community.
Tell No One Messianic Secret
Approved rendering: huwag ninyong sasabihin kaninuman
Transliteration: (thematic motif, no single Greek lexeme)
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
NEW. Mark 1:34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9. The recurring command-to-silence motif central to the Messianic Secret. Teach as a deliberate, theologically significant narrative device pacing revelation until the cross’s necessity is understood — not embarrassment or inconsistency.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: nagbagong-anyo
Transliteration: metamorphoō
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark 9:2-3. A momentary, dazzling, selectively-witnessed unveiling of divine glory, immediately followed by a further command to silence (9:9), consistent with the Messianic Secret.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: magbantay
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: Watchfulness and the Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bahala na (as a passive substitute)
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 13:33-37; echoed and failed at Gethsemane (14:34-38). A call to vigilant, active readiness, not passive bahala na fatalism.
Low Risk Terms
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Beelzebub
Transliteration: Beelzeboul
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 3:22. A title for the ‘prince of demons’; transliterated proper name, low ambiguity risk.
Compassion
Approved rendering: kahabagan / maawa
Transliteration: splanchnizomai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 6:34; 8:2. Gut-level, visceral compassion, grounding kingdom-provision miracles in Christ’s personal, felt compassion, not detached power-display.
Corban
Approved rendering: Corban
Transliteration: korban
Doctrine: Tradition versus the Word of God
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Covenant
NEW. Mark 7:11. A vow dedicating something to God’s use, exploited by some to avoid caring for parents; transliterated, with a brief teaching note on religious vow-language misused to evade moral duty, transferable to Filipino panata practice.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37).
Disciple Follow
Approved rendering: alagad / sumunod
Transliteration: mathētēs / akoloutheō
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής / ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 1:16-20. Models immediate, total, costly response — leaving nets to follow — establishing the pattern of Faith and Discipleship amid Fear developed through the whole book.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: Efata
Transliteration: Ephphatha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Authority
NEW. Mark 7:34. ‘Be opened,’ Jesus’ Aramaic command healing a deaf man; transliterated and glossed ‘mabuksan.‘
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. No frequent direct Markan lexeme; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: pagsasamahan
Transliteration: pagsasamahan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package. No frequent direct Markan lexeme (koinōnia); retained for cross-curriculum consistency in disciple-community scenes (ch. 3, 6, 14).
First Rank
Approved rendering: una
Transliteration: prōtos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
NEW. Mark 10:44. Intensifies ‘great’ (v.43) — the very highest rank in the kingdom is reserved for the lowest form of service, a rhetorical escalation from servant (diakonos) to slave (doulos).
Great Status
Approved rendering: dakila
Transliteration: megas
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
NEW. Mark 10:43; 9:34-35. Kingdom greatness is redefined, not condemned in its desire but inverted in its fulfillment — achieved through service, not domination.
Have Mercy
Approved rendering: maawa ka (sa akin)
Transliteration: eleēson
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἐλέησον
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:47-48. A model prayer of persistent, faith-filled petition despite attempts to silence the petitioner.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 11:9-10. A liturgical/acclamatory shout from Psalm 118, already familiar to Filipino Christians from Palm Sunday tradition in both Catholic and Protestant churches.
Indignant
Approved rendering: nagalit / nayamot
Transliteration: aganaktein
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
NEW. Mark 10:41. The other ten disciples’ indignation at James and John reveals the whole group, not two exceptional individuals, is caught up in status-rivalry — the servanthood teaching that follows addresses the entire community.
Parable
Approved rendering: talinghaga
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Mark 4:2 and throughout. Established, standard Filipino Bible term for Jesus’ primary kingdom-teaching mode, itself an instrument of the Messianic Secret (4:11-12).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: propesiya
Transliteration: propesiya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (1:2-3, Isaiah quotation).
Prophet
Approved rendering: propeta
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: manghuhula
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly (1:2; 6:4, 15; 8:28; 11:32).
Raised Arise Temporary
Approved rendering: bumangon
Transliteration: egeirō
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: pagkabuhay na mag-uli (reserved for final resurrection)
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Mark 5:41-42. Jairus’s daughter’s temporary restoration to earthly life; must remain lexically distinct from Christ’s final, once-for-all bodily resurrection.
Right Left Seats
Approved rendering: kanan / kaliwa
Transliteration: dexiōn / aristerōn
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
NEW. Mark 10:37, 40. Positions of highest honor flanking a monarch (cf. Psalm 110:1); James and John request the two most honored positions after Christ’s own. Note the Psalm 110 connection in teaching materials.
Teacher Title
Approved rendering: Guro
Transliteration: Didaskale
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: Διδάσκαλε
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Mark 10:35. The disciples’ common vocative address for Jesus, showing respect without full recognition of his suffering-servant identity; sets up the dramatic irony of the status-seeking request that follows.
Veil Torn
Approved rendering: tabing (ng templo) na napunit
Transliteration: katapetasma
Doctrine: The Temple and Access to God
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Passion
NEW. Mark 15:38. Symbolizes opened direct access to God accomplished through Christ’s death, a fitting narrative sequel to the temple-cleansing scene (ch. 11).
Referenced passages