Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Titus | English → Filipino
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified across the full book of Titus in 07_semantic_analysis.md, in a single per-term reference table. It is organized into two parts:
- Part A — Terms already established in the baseline Romans Language Package (
translation_memory.json). These renderings MUST be reused exactly as recorded in the baseline; this table restates them for Titus-specific reference and flags any Titus-specific contextual nuance, but proposes no changes. - Part B — New terms introduced by Titus, not present in the baseline Romans translation memory. Each includes a proposed Filipino rendering, risk tier, doctrine linkage, citations, and translation notes, ready for Phase 2 addition to
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.json.
Risk tiers (Critical / High / Medium / Low) follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions. Citations use standard Filipino Bible format (Tito 1:1, etc. — book name “Tito” per MBB/Ang Biblia convention for Titus).
Part A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans Translation Memory)
| English Term | Filipino Rendering | Risk (Baseline) | Titus Citations | Titus-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | biyaya | High | Tito 1:4; 2:11; 3:7; 3:15 | Titus 2:11 personifies grace as the agent that “trains” believers (see Part B, paideuō) — the fullest NT statement of grace’s transforming function, making the utang na loob collision risk especially acute here. |
| faith | pananampalataya | Medium | Tito 1:1; 1:4; 1:13; 2:2; 3:15 | Also underlies “those who have believed” (Tito 3:8, perfect participle) — reuse root concept. |
| righteousness | katuwiran | High | Tito 3:5 | Appears in the Critical-risk phrase “works [done] in righteousness,” explicitly excluded as a basis for salvation. |
| justification | pagpapawalang-sala | Critical (elevated from High per baseline’s overall Salvation-category treatment) | Tito 3:7 | Directly follows the “not by works” statement of 3:5 — do not separate this term’s rendering from that clause’s teaching note. |
| salvation | kaligtasan | Critical | Tito 1:3; 2:10; 2:11 (adj. form); 3:4; 3:5; 3:6 | Highest concentration of “salvation”/“Savior” language of any short NT letter; every occurrence in 3:4-6 requires the baseline’s mandatory sacramental-performance caution. |
| apostle | apostol | Medium | Tito 1:1 | Standard reuse. |
| holy | banal | Medium (see also hosios, Part B) | (implicit, cf. 1:8 hosios as near-synonym) | |
| covenant/law | kautusan | Medium | Tito 3:9 | ”Quarrels about the law” — Mosaic Law context, standard reuse. |
| sin | kasalanan | Medium | Tito 3:11 (hamartanei, verb form) | Standard reuse. |
| glory | kaluwalhatian | Medium | Tito 2:13 | Part of the Critical-risk “great God and Savior” clause — see Part B, sōtēr and the deity-of-Christ note. |
| peace | kapayapaan | Medium | Tito 1:4 | Standard greeting-formula reuse alongside biyaya. |
| election | pagkahirang (root); adjectival form hinirang | Medium | Tito 1:1 (eklektōn, “God’s elect”) | Adjectival use of the same root as baseline’s ekloge noun. |
| lord | Panginoon | High | (implicit reservation — see Part B, despotēs collision note) | Critical cross-reference: this baseline term must be actively protected from dilution by the distinct human-master term despotēs (Tito 2:9) — see Part B. |
| jesus | Jesus | High | Tito 1:1; 1:4; 2:13; 3:6 | Standard reuse. |
| god | Diyos | High | throughout | Standard reuse; central to the Critical deity-of-Christ clause at 2:13. |
| holy_spirit | Espiritu Santo | High | Tito 3:5 | Standard reuse; paired with regeneration/renewal — see Part B. |
| father | Ama | High | Tito 1:4 | Standard reuse (“mula sa Diyos Ama”). |
| exhort | pasiglahin | Low | Tito 2:6; 2:15 | Standard reuse; paired with rebuke (elenchō) in both citations. |
| david | — | Low | (not present in Titus) | N/A |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by Titus
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Proposed Filipino Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Category | Titus Citations | Translation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior (title) | σωτήρ | sōtēr | Tagapagligtas | High | Deity of Christ / Salvation | Tito 1:3; 1:4; 2:10; 2:13; 3:4; 3:6 | Applied to both the Father and the Son across the letter, reinforcing shared divine identity. Filipino folk-Catholic devotion can extend savior-like mediating roles to Mary (“Mediatrix”); every occurrence needs a note that this title in Titus belongs exclusively to God the Father and Jesus Christ. |
| great God and Savior (Christological title cluster) | ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ | ho megas theos kai sōtēr | ang dakilang Diyos at Tagapagligtas | Critical | Deity of Christ | Tito 2:13 | The single Greek article governs both titles, naming Jesus Christ as one person who is both. This is one of the NT’s clearest deity-of-Christ texts (a “Sharp’s rule” construction). Filipino syntax MUST preserve the single-referent reading; a split reading (implying two separate beings) destroys the verse’s doctrinal force. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence. |
| trains/training (grace’s active work) | παιδεύω (παιδεύουσα) | paideuō (paideuousa) | nagsasanay | Critical | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | Tito 2:12 | Grace itself, not the believer’s self-effort, is the grammatical subject doing the training. Guard against a reciprocal-debt reading (“grace helped me, so I must now repay through disciplined conduct”) that would import the baseline’s flagged utang na loob risk into this passage — the single highest-stakes rendering decision in the letter. |
| appeared / appearing (epiphany word-group) | ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια | epiphainō / epiphaneia | nahayag (verb) / paghayag (noun) | Medium | Incarnation / Second Coming | Tito 2:11; 2:13; 3:4 | One word-group used of grace’s past appearing (2:11), Christ’s future appearing (2:13), and God’s kindness appearing (3:4). Render consistently across all three occurrences for lexical cohesion. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς | eusebeia / eusebōs | kabanalan / may kabanalan | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | Tito 1:1; 2:12 | Structures the letter’s whole ethical vision. Risk: must denote genuine inward transformation, not externally performed religious respectability (“pakitang-tao” piety), a live cultural pattern in the Philippines. |
| self-control / sober-mindedness (word-group) | σώφρων / σωφρόνως / σωφρονίζω / ἐγκρατής / νηφάλιος | sōphrōn / sōphronōs / sōphronizō / egkratēs / nēphalios | mapagpigil sa sarili / pagpipigil sa sarili | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | Tito 1:8; 2:2; 2:4; 2:5; 2:6; 2:12 | The most frequently repeated virtue-term-family in Titus. Must be taught as Spirit-enabled fruit of grace’s training (2:11-12), not autonomous willpower achieved apart from grace. |
| good works | καλὰ ἔργα / ἔργον ἀγαθόν | kala erga / ergon agathon | mabubuting gawa | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works / Salvation by Grace not Works | Tito 1:16; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14 | The letter’s most recurring theme. Must always be taught as the fruit of grace-given salvation, never its means — direct parallel to the baseline’s Critical imputed_righteousness distinction. Mandatory teaching note especially near 3:5 and 3:8. |
| sound doctrine / sound teaching | διδασκαλία ὑγιαίνουσα / λόγος ὑγιής | didaskalia hygiainousa / logos hygiēs | wastong aral / malusog na aral | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | Tito 1:9; 1:13; 2:1; 2:2; 2:8 | Greek metaphor is medical (“healthy teaching,” root of “hygiene”) — recommend a translator note surfacing this nuance, since it is not otherwise visible in Filipino. |
| elder | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | matanda [sa iglesia] | High | Qualifications for Elders | Tito 1:5 | Character-qualified local office, not an age-seniority title nor a sacramentally-ordained clerical rank. Must be distinguished from both ordinary cultural elder-respect and Catholic Holy-Orders priesthood framing. |
| overseer | ἐπίσκοπος | episkopos | tagapangasiwa | High | Qualifications for Elders | Tito 1:7 | Used interchangeably with presbyteros in the same passage — one office, two descriptive terms. Must NOT be rendered obispo (Catholic diocesan bishop), which would wrongly import a distinct, higher hierarchical rank not present in the text. |
| steward | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | katiwala | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | Tito 1:7 | Delegated, accountable household authority — reinforces that elder authority is derived, not autonomous. |
| husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ | mias gynaikos anēr | asawa ng isang babae | Medium-High | Qualifications for Elders | Tito 1:6 | Marital-faithfulness qualification; culturally sensitive given the prevalence of informal extramarital arrangements in a context without civil divorce. Teaching note on ongoing faithfulness (not merely marital history) recommended. |
| blameless | ἀνέγκλητος | anegklētos | walang kapintasan | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | Tito 1:6; 1:7 | Reputation-based standard; standard vocabulary. |
| slave/servant [of God] | δοῦλος | doulos | alipin [ng Diyos] | Medium | Salvation / Submission to Authority | Tito 1:1; 2:9 | Total-ownership self-designation (1:1) and household-order term (2:9). Preserve the total-belonging force; avoid an over-softened “katulong” that loses the ownership nuance. |
| master [of slaves, human] | δεσπότης | despotēs | amo | High | Submission to Authority | Tito 2:9 | Explicit collision guard: must NOT be rendered “Panginoon,” which the baseline reserves exclusively, at High risk, for Christ’s unique and exclusive Lordship (κύριος). Using a distinct, ordinary secular term (“amo”) for this human household authority protects that baseline reservation. |
| submit / be subject | ὑποτάσσω (ὑποτάσσεσθαι) | hypotassō | pasakop | High | Submission to Authority | Tito 2:5; 2:9; 3:1 | Applied to citizens/rulers, wives/husbands, and servants/masters. Requires a teaching note distinguishing voluntary, God-ordained submission from coerced political obedience (a live sensitivity given the Philippines’ martial-law history) and from any use that would require obeying a command to sin. |
| rulers and authorities | ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι | archai kai exousiai | mga pinuno at mga may kapangyarihan | Medium | Submission to Authority | Tito 3:1 | Civil governing authorities; parallel to Romans 13:1’s usage. |
| redeem / redemption | λυτρόω (λυτρώσηται) | lytroō | tumubos | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | Tito 2:14 | Ransom/purchase imagery; must retain the costly, purchased-deliverance nuance, not a generic rescue. |
| washing | λουτρόν | loutron | paghuhugas | Critical | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | Tito 3:5 | Part of the “washing of regeneration” phrase; risk of being read as water-baptism mechanically securing salvation apart from faith. Mandatory teaching note paralleling the baseline’s kaligtasan Critical caution. |
| regeneration | παλιγγενεσία | paliggenesia | muling kapanganakan | Critical | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | Tito 3:5 | The Holy Spirit’s inward, sovereign, once-for-all new-birth work — not a status automatically conferred by a physical rite, and not a cyclical-rebirth concept. Aligns with existing Filipino evangelical “born again” (ipinanganak na muli) usage. Mandatory teaching note required on every occurrence. |
| renewal | ἀνακαίνωσις | anakainōsis | pagbabago | High | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | Tito 3:5 | Paired with regeneration as the Spirit’s ongoing renewing action; distinguish from the baseline’s broader pagpapabanal (sanctification) as the specific renewing companion-action to new birth. |
| kindness | χρηστότης | chrēstotēs | kabutihang-loob | Low | Salvation by Grace not Works | Tito 3:4 | God’s benevolent disposition, personified as appearing (paired with philanthrōpia). |
| love for mankind | φιλανθρωπία | philanthrōpia | pag-ibig sa sangkatauhan | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | Tito 3:4 | A divine attribute in this context; must not be reduced to the modern secular sense of “philanthropy” (charitable giving). |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | awa | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | Tito 3:5 | The positive ground of salvation, replacing “works” in the clause. |
| heirs | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | mga tagapagmana | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works / Adoption | Tito 3:7 | Connects to the baseline’s adoption doctrine (pag-ampon, Romans 8): justification results in full heir-status. |
| faithful is the saying (formula) | Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος | Pistos ho logos | Tapat ang pananalitang ito | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | Tito 3:8 | Formulaic marker (also used in 1 Timothy) underlining the reliability of the preceding grace/regeneration/justification statement. |
| divisive person | αἱρετικός | hairetikos | mapaghating-tao | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | Tito 3:10 | Paul’s sense here is behavioral (one who causes faction through quarrelsomeness), narrower than the later technical “heretic.” Explicitly reject transliterated erehe, which carries Inquisition-era institutional/juridical connotations not intended by this text. |
| foolish controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις | mōrai zētēseis | mga hangal na pagtatalo | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | Tito 3:9 | Speculative, unproductive theological debate to be avoided, not engaged. |
| genealogies | γενεαλογίαι | genealogiai | mga talaangkanan | Low | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | Tito 3:9 | Low doctrinal risk; brief note warranted given the cultural value Filipino families place on lineage (angkan) — the warning targets unproductive dispute, not genealogical interest itself. |
| people for his own possession | λαὸς περιούσιος | laos periousios | bayan na sariling pag-aari [ng Diyos] | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | Tito 2:14 | Echoes Exodus 19:5 LXX covenant-people language, now applied to the church; brief OT background note recommended. |
| a prophet of their own (ironic/pagan referent) | ἴδιος προφήτης | idios prophētēs | (kanilang) propeta | Low | (contextual — not a doctrine category) | Tito 1:12 | Same Filipino word as baseline’s prophet (propeta) but referring here to the Cretan poet Epimenides by local reputation, not a biblical prophet; translator/footnote clarification recommended to prevent confusion of referents. |
| blameless (reputation standard) | ἀνέγκλητος | anegklētos | walang kapintasan | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | Tito 1:6-7 | (see above; consolidated entry) |
| sound in the faith | ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει | hygiainōsin en tē pistei | maging matatag/malusog sa pananampalataya | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | Tito 1:13; 2:2 | Same “health” word-group as didaskalia hygiainousa; applied to persons rather than teaching. |
Risk Summary for Titus New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms, Part B) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 4 (Savior-title cluster at 2:13, paideuō, loutron, paliggenesia) | Human theologian review mandatory |
| High | 10 | Human theologian review required |
| Medium | 13 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 3 | Automated review sufficient |
Combined with the baseline Romans registry, this brings the total Critical-risk doctrinal terms carried into Phase 2 for Titus to the baseline’s existing three (Salvation, Righteousness/Justification cluster, Imputed Righteousness) plus four new Titus-specific Critical items, for a combined seven Critical-risk terms requiring mandatory human theologian review across both curricula.
This glossary must be loaded alongside translation_memory.json (Romans baseline) before any Phase 2 Titus segment translation begins. New terms in Part B require formal addition to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json, with version increment, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Diyos
Transliteration: Diyos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Bathala
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: High); ELEVATED to Critical for Titus, matching assets/bible_term_registry.json (Titus), given the term’s central role in the Critical deity-of-Christ clause at Tito 2:13 and in the Father’s own ‘Savior’ title at Tito 1:3, 2:10, 3:4. Never Bathala.
Grace That Trains
Approved rendering: nagsasanay
Transliteration: nagsasanay
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob framing (grace as reciprocal debt requiring repayment through disciplined conduct), disiplina (carries a punitive/corrective connotation in Filipino parenting idiom), self-directed pagsasanay (implies the believer trains himself rather than being trained by grace)
New term for Titus, rendering paideuousa (Tito 2:12). Grace (biyaya) must remain the grammatical subject actively training the believer; the sentence must never imply the believer trains himself to repay grace already received. This is the single highest-stakes rendering decision in the letter. Mandatory teaching note required on every occurrence: ‘Ang biyaya… ay nagsasanay sa atin’ — grace as agent, believer as the one trained, not the one training.
Great God And Savior
Approved rendering: dakilang Diyos at Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: dakilang Diyos at Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: split-referent rendering separating ‘the great God’ from ‘our Savior Jesus Christ’ as two distinct beings (echoes the Jehovah’s Witnesses New World Translation pattern at this verse)
Original: ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν
Category: Christology
New term for Titus. The single Greek article governing both ‘God’ and ‘Savior’ (Tito 2:13) names Jesus Christ as one person who is both — one of the NT’s clearest deity-of-Christ proof-texts. Filipino syntax MUST preserve the single-referent reading: ‘ang ating dakilang Diyos at Tagapagligtas, si Jesu-Cristo.’ Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence, no exceptions.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espiritu Santo
Transliteration: Espiritu Santo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: anito, kaluluwa
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: High); ELEVATED to Critical for Titus because Tito 3:5 pairs the Spirit directly with the Critical-risk ‘washing of regeneration’ language, compounding the need for careful contextual framing against a mechanical-baptism reading. Never anito or bare kaluluwa.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jesus
Transliteration: Jesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: High); ELEVATED to Critical for Titus because Tito 2:13 identifies Jesus Christ as ‘our great God and Savior’ in one of the NT’s clearest deity-of-Christ constructions (see ‘great_god_and_savior’ below). Standard Protestant-tradition spelling retained (Jesus, not Hesus).
Justification
Approved rendering: pagpapawalang-sala
Transliteration: pagpapawalang-sala
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιωθέντες
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: High); ELEVATED to Critical for Titus per 08_core_glossary.md and 11_doctrine_analysis.md, because Tito 3:7 directly completes the tight 3:4-7 soteriological chain (mercy -> Spirit’s regenerating work -> justification by grace -> heirship) with works of righteousness explicitly excluded at every link. Must never be isolated from that exclusion, or heirship risks being read as earned status. Mandatory teaching note required on every occurrence.
Lord
Approved rendering: Panginoon
Transliteration: Panginoon
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: High); ELEVATED to Critical for Titus per assets/bible_term_registry.json (Titus), because Titus 2:9 introduces a distinct Greek term (despotēs, human master) that must never be rendered with any form of Panginoon. Panginoon must remain reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique Lordship throughout Titus; see the new term ‘master_of_slaves’ (amo) below, which exists specifically to protect this reservation.
Regeneration
Approved rendering: muling kapanganakan
Transliteration: muling kapanganakan
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: reincarnation or cyclical-rebirth concept, a status conferred automatically by the physical performance of a rite
Original: παλιγγενεσία
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering paliggenesia (Tito 3:5). Aligns with existing Filipino evangelical ‘born again’ idiom (ipinanganak na muli); anchor with a parenthetical at first occurrence. Mandatory teaching note required on every occurrence: the Holy Spirit’s sovereign, once-for-all inward new-birth work, not automatically conferred by a water rite.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaligtasan
Transliteration: kaligtasan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: seguradong pumunta sa langit dahil sa sakramento
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Titus has the highest concentration of salvation/Savior language of any short NT letter (Tito 1:3; 2:10; 2:11; 3:4; 3:5; 3:6). Every occurrence in 3:4-6 must carry the baseline’s mandatory caution that salvation is received by faith in Christ’s finished work, not mechanically secured through sacramental performance apart from genuine faith.
Washing
Approved rendering: paghuhugas
Transliteration: paghuhugas
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: a binyag-only (baptism-only) reading implying the water rite mechanically causes regeneration apart from faith
Original: λουτρόν
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering loutron in ‘the washing of regeneration’ (Tito 3:5). This exact phrase is highly susceptible to being read in a folk-Catholic sacramental frame as teaching that water baptism mechanically secures salvation. Mandatory teaching note on every occurrence: the washing that saves is the Spirit’s inward cleansing work, of which any outward rite is a sign, not the cause.
High Risk Terms
Elder
Approved rendering: matanda [sa iglesia]
Transliteration: matanda sa iglesia
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: matanda alone, without the ‘sa iglesia’ qualifier (risks collapsing the character-based qualification standard into ordinary age-seniority)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Leadership
New term for Titus, rendering presbyteros (Tito 1:5). A character-qualified local office, not an age-seniority title nor a sacramentally-ordained clerical rank. Must be distinguished from both ordinary cultural elder-respect and the Catholic Holy-Orders priesthood model.
Father
Approved rendering: Ama
Transliteration: Ama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus (Tito 1:4, ‘mula sa Diyos Ama’). Keep distinct from the reverence-title Padre used for Catholic priests.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kabanalan
Transliteration: kabanalan
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: pakitang-tao framing (externally performed religious respectability without inward transformation)
Original: εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς
Category: Ethics
New term for Titus, rendering eusebeia/eusebōs (Tito 1:1; 2:12). Structures the letter’s entire ethical vision. Must denote genuine inward transformation flowing from grace and truth, not externally performed religious display valued for social respectability.
Good Works
Approved rendering: mabubuting gawa
Transliteration: mabubuting gawa
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works / Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: works as a meritorious contribution toward salvation (folk-Catholic penance/almsgiving/indulgence-adjacent framing)
Original: καλὰ ἔργα / ἔργον ἀγαθόν
Category: Ethics
New term for Titus, rendering kala erga / ergon agathon, the letter’s most recurring theme (Tito 1:16; 2:7; 2:14; 3:1; 3:8; 3:14). Every occurrence near a passage discussing the ground of salvation (especially 3:5, 3:8) requires a teaching note clarifying that good works are the fruit of grace-given redemption, never a means of earning it.
Grace
Approved rendering: biyaya
Transliteration: biyaya
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: utang na loob
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus (Tito 1:4; 2:11; 3:7; 3:15). Baseline caution against utang na loob (reciprocal debt of gratitude) applies with heightened force in Titus 2:11-12, where grace is personified as the active agent that trains believers — see the new term ‘grace_that_trains’ below for the Critical-risk companion entry governing that specific clause.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: asawa ng isang babae
Transliteration: asawa ng isang babae
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: a technical marital-history count divorced from an ongoing-faithfulness requirement
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ
Category: Leadership
New term for Titus, rendering mias gynaikos anēr (Tito 1:6). Culturally sensitive given the prevalence in the Philippines of informal extramarital arrangements (‘kabit’) in a context without civil divorce; the qualification concerns ongoing marital faithfulness, not merely marital-history counting. Requires both native speaker and theologian input on the accompanying teaching note.
Master Of Slaves
Approved rendering: amo
Transliteration: amo
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: Panginoon / panginoon in any capitalization (reserved exclusively, at Critical risk, for Christ’s unique Lordship; using it for a human master would dilute that reservation)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Household
New term for Titus, rendering despotēs (Tito 2:9), ordinary human household authority over slaves — a distinct Greek word from kyrios. This explicit substitution guard protects the baseline’s exclusive reservation of Panginoon for Christ. Mandatory inclusion in the Phase 2 validation checklist.
Overseer
Approved rendering: tagapangasiwa
Transliteration: tagapangasiwa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: obispo (the Filipino Catholic term for a diocesan bishop with authority over many parishes; would wrongly import a distinct, higher hierarchical rank not present in the text)
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Leadership
New term for Titus, rendering episkopos (Tito 1:7), used interchangeably with presbyteros in the same passage — one local office, two descriptive terms. Mandatory teaching note on the interchangeability of the two Greek terms, distinct from a monarchical-episcopal hierarchy.
Redemption
Approved rendering: tumubos
Transliteration: tumubos
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: a generic ‘rescue/help’ word without the ransom/purchase nuance
Original: λυτρόω (λυτρώσηται)
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering lytroō (lytrōsētai, Tito 2:14). Must retain the costly, purchased-deliverance nuance of Christ’s self-giving, not a generic rescue.
Renewal
Approved rendering: pagbabago
Transliteration: pagbabago
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: ἀνακαίνωσις
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering anakainōsis (Tito 3:5), paired with regeneration as the Spirit’s ongoing renewing action. Distinguish from the baseline’s broader pagpapabanal (sanctification, the whole lifelong process); this term names specifically the Spirit’s renewing companion-action tightly paired with the initiating new birth.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: katuwiran
Transliteration: katuwiran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Appears in the Critical-risk clause ‘works [done] in righteousness’ (Tito 3:5), explicitly excluded as any basis for salvation. Context must make the forensic/moral-conduct sense unmistakable, especially where it is being negated as a ground of salvation.
Savior
Approved rendering: Tagapagligtas
Transliteration: Tagapagligtas
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Salvation
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term for Titus, not a distinct entry in the baseline Romans TM. Applied throughout Titus to both the Father (1:3; 2:10; 3:4) and the Son (1:4; 2:13; 3:6), reinforcing shared divine identity. Filipino folk-Catholic devotion can extend savior-like mediating/rescuing roles to Mary (‘Mediatrix’) or particular saints; every occurrence needs a teaching note that Tagapagligtas in Titus belongs exclusively to God the Father and Jesus Christ.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: wastong aral / malusog na aral
Transliteration: wastong aral / malusog na aral
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: διδασκαλία ὑγιαίνουσα / λόγος ὑγιής
Category: Doctrine
New term for Titus, rendering didaskalia hygiainousa / logos hygiēs (Tito 1:9; 1:13; 2:1; 2:2; 2:8). The Greek metaphor is medical (‘healthy teaching,’ root of English ‘hygiene’), largely invisible in ordinary Filipino usage; recommend a translator note surfacing this nuance at first occurrence (1:9) so its contrast with false teaching’s corrupting effect (1:11) is not lost.
Submit Be Subject
Approved rendering: pasakop
Transliteration: pasakop
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: sumunod (a more generic, lower-register ‘obey’ that flattens the God-ordained structural sense into simple compliance), any framing requiring obedience to a command to sin
Original: ὑποτάσσω (ὑποτάσσεσθαι)
Category: Household
New term for Titus, rendering hypotassō/hypotassesthai, applied to citizens/rulers (3:1), wives/husbands (2:5), and servants/masters (2:9). Requires a teaching note distinguishing voluntary, God-ordained submission from coerced political obedience — a live sensitivity given the Philippines’ martial-law history — and from any application requiring obedience to sin.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Leadership
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus (Tito 1:1). Established loanword, low syncretism risk; paired with ‘alipin ng Diyos’ (slave of God) in Paul’s opening self-designation — see new term ‘slave_of_god’ below.
Appearing
Approved rendering: nahayag (verb) / paghayag (noun)
Transliteration: nahayag / paghayag
Doctrine: Incarnation / Second Coming
Rejected alternatives: dumating (arrived) — too weak, loses the dramatic historical in-breaking sense
Original: ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term for Titus, rendering epiphainō/epiphaneia. One word-group spans grace’s past appearing (Tito 2:11), Christ’s future glorious appearing (2:13), and God’s kindness appearing (3:4). Must be rendered consistently across all three occurrences for lexical cohesion.
Blameless
Approved rendering: walang kapintasan
Transliteration: walang kapintasan
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Ethics
New term for Titus, rendering anegklētos (Tito 1:6; 1:7). Reputation-based standard; standard vocabulary.
Divisive Person
Approved rendering: mapaghating-tao
Transliteration: mapaghating-tao
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: erehe (transliterated ‘heretic,’ carries Inquisition-era institutional/juridical connotations of formal ecclesiastical condemnation not present in Paul’s relational warning)
Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Doctrine
New term for Titus, rendering hairetikos anthrōpos (Tito 3:10). Paul’s sense here is behavioral (one who causes faction through persistent quarrelsomeness), narrower than the later technical ‘heretic.’ Explicit forbidden-substitution entry.
Election
Approved rendering: pagkahirang
Transliteration: pagkahirang
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: swerte, kapalaran
Original: ἐκλεκτῶν
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Adjectival form ‘mga hinirang [ng Diyos]’ renders eklektōn, ‘God’s elect,’ whose faith Paul’s apostleship serves (Tito 1:1). Must not be rendered with a term for impersonal fate or luck (swerte/kapalaran).
Faith
Approved rendering: pananampalataya
Transliteration: pananampalataya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus (Tito 1:1; 1:4; 1:13; 2:2; 3:15). Also underlies the perfect-tense construction ‘those who have believed God’ (Tito 3:8) — a settled, completed state of faith with ongoing effect.
Faithful Saying Formula
Approved rendering: Tapat ang pananalitang ito
Transliteration: Tapat ang pananalitang ito
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Doctrine
New term for Titus, rendering Pistos ho logos (Tito 3:8), a formulaic marker (also used in 1 Timothy) underlining the reliability of the preceding grace/regeneration/justification statement (3:4-7). Should be rendered identically if 1 Timothy is later added to this Language Package.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: mga hangal na pagtatalo
Transliteration: mga hangal na pagtatalo
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις
Category: Doctrine
New term for Titus, rendering mōrai zētēseis (Tito 3:9). Speculative, unproductive theological debate to be avoided, not engaged.
Glory
Approved rendering: kaluwalhatian
Transliteration: kaluwalhatian
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Appears within the Critical-risk ‘great God and Savior’ clause (Tito 2:13) as part of the ‘blessed hope… of the glory’ phrase; the surrounding sentence structure (see ‘great_god_and_savior’ below) carries the greater doctrinal risk, not this word alone.
Heirs
Approved rendering: mga tagapagmana
Transliteration: mga tagapagmana
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering klēronomoi (Tito 3:7). Connects to the baseline’s adoption doctrine (pag-ampon, Romans 8): justification results in full heir-status, not a lesser or provisional standing.
Holy
Approved rendering: banal
Transliteration: banal
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος / ὅσιος
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Titus 1:8 uses the near-synonym hosios (devout piety toward sacred duty); reuse banal with an optional translator note on the nuance if maximal precision is desired — see new term entry for context.
Law
Approved rendering: kautusan
Transliteration: kautusan
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος / νομικαί (μάχαι)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. In Titus 3:9, appears in ‘quarrels about the law’ (mga pagtatalo tungkol sa kautusan), one of the disputes to be avoided per the doctrine ‘Avoiding Divisive Controversies’ — a Titus-specific doctrinal context distinct from the baseline’s original ‘Fulfillment of Prophecy’ association, retained here unchanged per copy-exactly rule.
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: kasamaan
Transliteration: kasamaan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
New term for Titus, rendering anomia (Tito 2:14). Stronger than the general term for sin (kasalanan); keep distinct where precision about active rebellion versus general transgression matters.
Love For Mankind
Approved rendering: pag-ibig sa sangkatauhan
Transliteration: pag-ibig sa sangkatauhan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: the modern secular sense of ‘philanthropy’ (charitable donation)
Original: φιλανθρωπία
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering philanthrōpia (Tito 3:4). Must be kept as a divine attribute (God’s love toward humanity) in this context, not reduced to the secular charitable-giving sense.
Mercy
Approved rendering: awa
Transliteration: awa
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering eleos (Tito 3:5). The positive ground of salvation, replacing ‘works’ in the clause. Distinct from but overlapping with grace (biyaya).
Peace
Approved rendering: kapayapaan
Transliteration: kapayapaan
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Standard greeting-formula reuse alongside biyaya (Tito 1:4).
People For His Own Possession
Approved rendering: bayan na sariling pag-aari [ng Diyos]
Transliteration: bayan na sariling pag-aari ng Diyos
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: λαὸς περιούσιος
Category: Ethics
New term for Titus, rendering laos periousios (Tito 2:14), echoing Exodus 19:5 LXX covenant-people language now applied to the church. Requires brief OT background note for the covenant-continuity force to land.
Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: mga pinuno at mga may kapangyarihan
Transliteration: mga pinuno at mga may kapangyarihan
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι
Category: Household
New term for Titus, rendering archai kai exousiai (Tito 3:1), parallel to Romans 13:1’s usage.
Self Control
Approved rendering: mapagpigil sa sarili
Transliteration: mapagpigil sa sarili
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: σώφρων / σωφρόνως / σωφρονίζω / ἐγκρατής / νηφάλιος
Category: Ethics
New term for Titus, rendering the sōphrōn/sōphronōs/sōphronizō/egkratēs/nēphalios word-family, the most frequently repeated virtue-term-family in Titus (Tito 1:8; 2:2; 2:4; 2:5; 2:6; 2:12). Must be taught as Spirit-enabled fruit of grace’s training (2:11-12), never autonomous willpower achieved apart from grace. Render consistently throughout for lexical cohesion of the letter’s virtue-refrain.
Sin
Approved rendering: kasalanan
Transliteration: kasalanan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτάνει
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus. Verb form applied to the self-condemned divisive person (Tito 3:11, hamartanei). Keep distinct from the stronger ‘anomia’ (lawlessness) — see new term below.
Slave Of God
Approved rendering: alipin [ng Diyos]
Transliteration: alipin ng Diyos
Doctrine: Salvation / Submission to Authority
Rejected alternatives: katulong (softened ‘helper/assistant’ that loses the total-ownership/belonging force)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Household
New term for Titus, rendering doulos as Paul’s self-designation (Tito 1:1) and as a household-order term for Christian slaves (Tito 2:9). Must retain total ownership/submission force.
Sound In The Faith
Approved rendering: maging matatag/malusog sa pananampalataya
Transliteration: maging matatag/malusog sa pananampalataya
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
New term for Titus, same ‘health’ word-group as sound_doctrine but applied to persons rather than teaching (Tito 1:13; 2:2).
Steward
Approved rendering: katiwala
Transliteration: katiwala
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Leadership
New term for Titus, rendering oikonomos (Tito 1:7). Reinforces that elder authority is delegated and accountable to God, not autonomous or self-derived.
Low Risk Terms
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: buhay na walang hanggan
Transliteration: buhay na walang hanggan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering zōē aiōnios. Bookends the letter (Tito 1:2; 3:7); standard, well-established term.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pasiglahin
Transliteration: pasiglahin
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Ministry
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Titus (Tito 2:6; 2:15). Paired with rebuke (sawayin) in both citations.
Genealogies
Approved rendering: mga talaangkanan
Transliteration: mga talaangkanan
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: γενεαλογίαι
Category: Doctrine
New term for Titus, rendering genealogiai (Tito 3:9). Low doctrinal risk; brief note warranted given the cultural value Filipino families place on lineage (angkan) — the warning targets unproductive dispute, not genealogical interest itself.
Kindness
Approved rendering: kabutihang-loob
Transliteration: kabutihang-loob
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: χρηστότης
Category: Salvation
New term for Titus, rendering chrēstotēs (Tito 3:4). God’s benevolent disposition, personified as appearing in history alongside philanthrōpia. Standard term; minimal doctrinal risk.
Prophet Cretan Reference
Approved rendering: propeta (may talababa)
Transliteration: propeta
Doctrine: Warning Against False Teachers and Empty Talk
Rejected alternatives: unqualified reuse of propeta without a clarifying footnote (risks implying biblical prophetic authority for a pagan poet’s saying)
Reuses the baseline term propeta but applies it in Tito 1:12 to the Cretan poet Epimenides by local reputation, not a biblical prophet. Translator/footnote clarification recommended to prevent conflation of referents.
Referenced passages