Semantic Analysis
Semantic Analysis: 1 Peter (Koine Greek → Javanese)
Method and Governing Constraints
- Every term already recorded in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonmust be reused exactly in 1 Peter. These are marked [BASELINE REUSE] below. - New terms proposed here for 1 Peter follow the same risk-tier logic and the same forbidden-substitution discipline already established (no kasekten, wahyu, utang budi, titisan, manunggaling kawula gusti, dhemit/lelembut, Leluhur for God, Satrio Piningit, Nabi Isa, bare Gusti).
- 1 Peter introduces several new syncretism-risk zones not present in Romans: sacred-stone veneration (watu kramat), ancestor-tradition veneration (leluhur, slametan), Islamic-shared ritual-sacrifice vocabulary (kurban), feudal/keraton deference protocol (sumuyud), village-elder authority (sesepuh), and the unseen spirit-world (dhemit, lelembut, memedi) — all of which surface directly in this book’s doctrine list.
PART A — Core Passage Verse-by-Verse: 1 Peter 1:3-9
1 Peter 1:3
Greek: Εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν διʼ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Θεός | Theos | God | the one supreme deity | God | The Father who acts to save | Gusti Allah [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| Father | Πατήρ | Patēr | father | begetter, personal relational father | Father | God as Father of Christ, and by extension of believers reborn | Rama [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| Lord | Κύριος | Kyrios | lord, master | supreme authority; owner-master | Lord | Christ’s exclusive supreme Lordship | Gusti [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| Jesus Christ | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | Iēsous Christos | Jesus (the) Anointed | proper name + messianic title | Jesus Christ | Full confessional name | Gusti Yesus Kristus [BASELINE REUSE pattern: Gusti Yesus + Kristus] | Critical |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | mercy, compassion shown to the miserable | pity, compassionate kindness toward the needy/afflicted | mercy, compassion | God’s compassionate disposition toward helpless sinners, the ground of the new birth | sih-kawelasan (new term) | Medium |
| having caused to be born again | ἀναγεννήσας | anagennēsas | having begotten again, having caused to be reborn | regeneration, new spiritual origin | born again, given new birth, regenerated | A once-for-all, God-caused new spiritual origin, not a repeatable cycle | nglairaken malih (new term) | Critical |
| living hope | ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | elpida zōsan | hope, living | ἐλπίς: confident expectation; ζῶσαν: alive, active | living hope, a hope that lives | Hope grounded in a historical, accomplished resurrection, not wishful optimism or resigned fate | pengarep-arep kang gesang (new term) | High |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | anastasis | rising up, standing again | bodily rising from death, once-for-all | resurrection | Christ’s own bodily resurrection, the objective ground of living hope | wungu saka pati [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| dead (ones) | νεκρῶν | nekrōn | dead (people) | the state/company of the dead | the dead | The realm from which Christ was raised, historically and bodily | para tiyang pejah (descriptive, low-risk) | Low |
Translator note: ἀναγεννήσας (“born again/begotten anew”) sits directly beside titisan, the Javanese belief that an ancestor’s or deity’s spiritual quality is reborn in a later figure. Every occurrence of “born again” language in 1 Peter must carry the same forbidden-substitution discipline already applied to resurrection: never render it with vocabulary suggesting a repeatable spiritual descent/rebirth cycle. Recommend nglairaken malih (a divine, one-time causative act performed on the believer by God) rather than any verb implying the believer’s own spirit migrating or recurring.
1 Peter 1:4
Greek: εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον καὶ ἀμίαντον καὶ ἀμάραντον, τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| inheritance | κληρονομία | klēronomia | inheritance, allotted portion | a possession received by right of relationship, not purchase | inheritance | Believers’ guaranteed future possession in God’s family, secured by the resurrection | warisan (new term) | High |
| imperishable | ἄφθαρτος | aphthartos | not corruptible, incapable of decay | permanence, incorruptibility | imperishable, incorruptible | Unlike any earthly warisan or pusaka, this inheritance cannot decay or be lost | ora bisa rusak (descriptive) | Medium |
| undefiled | ἀμίαντος | amiantos | unstained, unpolluted | ritual and moral purity | undefiled, unstained | Free from moral corruption, not merely ritual defilement | tanpa cemer (new term) | Medium |
| unfading | ἀμάραντος | amarantos | not fading, unwithering | permanence of beauty/value | unfading | Contrasts with anything Java’s culture prizes that fades (status, harvest, flowers) | ora bakal luntur (descriptive) | Low |
| heavens | οὐρανοῖς | ouranois | heavens, sky | God’s dwelling place; the eschatological realm | heaven(s) | The secure, transcendent location of the believer’s inheritance | swarga (established loanword) | Low |
Translator note: κληρονομία (“inheritance”) must NOT be rendered pusaka. Pusaka names a sacred heirloom object (keris, regalia) believed to carry transferable spiritual potency (kasekten) within a family or royal line — the opposite of a legal, relational, incorruptible inheritance freely given by a Father. Recommend the neutral warisan, with the sentence’s adjectives (imperishable, undefiled, unfading) doing the work of distinguishing it from pusaka-type heirlooms.
1 Peter 1:5
Greek: τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους διὰ πίστεως εἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| power of God | δύναμις Θεοῦ | dynamis Theou | power/might of God | God’s own personal capability | power of God | God’s personal, active guarding power — never an impersonal potency | panguwaosipun Gusti Allah [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| guarded/kept | φρουρουμένους | phrouroumenous | garrisoned, kept under guard | military guarding imagery | guarded, protected, kept | Believers kept safe by God’s power until the end, like a garrisoned city | dijagi (new term) | Medium |
| faith | πίστις | pistis | trust, faithfulness | trust in a person | faith | Trust in Christ as the channel of God’s guarding power | pitados [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| salvation | σωτηρία | sōtēria | deliverance, rescue | rescue and reconciliation with God | salvation | The full, final deliverance already secured and soon to be revealed | kaslametan [BASELINE REUSE — requires translator note distinguishing from slametan ritual meal] | Critical |
| revealed/unveiled | ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | apokalyphthēnai | to be uncovered, unveiled | disclosure of what was hidden | revealed, disclosed | The consummation of salvation at Christ’s return — a divine unveiling, not a wahyu-style mandate | kawiyakaken (new term) | High |
| last time | καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ | kairō eschatō | in the last/final season | eschatological end-time | last time, end times | The appointed climax of history, not a cyclical era-return as in Jayabaya-style prophecy | jaman pungkasan (new term) | Medium |
Translator note: ἀποκαλυφθῆναι must never be rendered with wahyu (the impersonal mystical mandate-light of Javanese royal legitimacy already forbidden for calling, election, and glory). Recommend the verb-based kawiyakaken (“caused to be opened/unveiled,” from wiyak), keeping this event clearly personal and Christ-centered.
1 Peter 1:6
Greek: ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὀλίγον ἄρτι εἰ δέον ἐστὶν λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rejoice greatly | ἀγαλλιᾶσθε | agalliasthe | to exult, leap for joy | exuberant, active joy | rejoice greatly, exult | Joy grounded in the certainty of the inheritance, not circumstantial happiness | bungah kang gedhe (new term) | Low |
| grieved | λυπηθέντες | lypēthentes | made sorrowful, distressed | genuine emotional pain | grieved, distressed | Real suffering is acknowledged, not denied or spiritualized away | sedhih (new term) | Low |
| various trials | ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς | poikilois peirasmois | many-colored testings/trials | trials, testings, temptations (context-dependent) | trials, various trials, temptations | Divinely permitted testing of faith’s genuineness, not karmic retribution or fate (pesthi) | pacoban warna-warna (new term) | High |
1 Peter 1:7
Greek: ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον καὶ δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proven genuineness | δοκίμιον | dokimion | that which is tested/proven genuine | the tested, refined quality that results from testing | genuineness, proven character, tested quality | Faith’s tested authenticity, more valuable than refined gold | pambuktening pitados (new term) | High |
| faith | πίστις | pistis | trust | — | faith | see 1:5 | pitados [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| gold | χρυσίου | chrysiou | gold | precious metal | gold | Standard of earthly value, surpassed by tested faith | mas (common word) | Low |
| tested/proved | δοκιμαζομένου | dokimazomenou | being tested, being proved | refining process | tested, proved, refined | Refining-fire imagery for trials | kaujian (new term) | Medium |
| praise | ἔπαινος | epainos | praise, commendation | approval, commendation | praise | Commendation from God at Christ’s appearing | pamuji (new term, distinct from pamuji sukur = thanksgiving) | Low |
| glory | δόξα | doxa | glory, honor, radiance | — | glory | Christ’s own radiant honor, shared with the proven believer | kamulyan [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| honor | τιμή | timē | honor, value, price | esteem, worth | honor | Esteem bestowed by God, not caste/priyayi social honor | kaurmatan (new term) | Medium |
| revelation/appearing | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | unveiling, disclosure | second coming of Christ | revelation, appearing | Christ’s future unveiling — see note at 1:5; never wahyu | kawiyakanipun Gusti Yesus Kristus (new term) | Critical |
1 Peter 1:8
Greek: ὃν οὐκ ἰδόντες ἀγαπᾶτε, εἰς ὃν ἄρτι μὴ ὁρῶντες πιστεύοντες δὲ ἀγαλλιᾶτε χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| love (agapē verb) | ἀγαπᾶτε | agapate | you love | self-giving, committed love | love | Committed love for the unseen Christ | nresnani (new term) | Medium |
| believing | πιστεύοντες | pisteuontes | believing, trusting | — | believing | Ongoing trust despite not seeing | pitados [BASELINE REUSE, verbal form] | Medium |
| joy | χαρᾷ | chara | joy, gladness | emotional delight | joy | Joy that is inexpressible and glorified — supernatural, not circumstantial | kabungahan (new term) | Medium |
| inexpressible | ἀνεκλαλήτῳ | aneklalētō | unable to be spoken | ineffability | inexpressible, unspeakable | Joy that exceeds ordinary description | ora kena kaucapaken (descriptive) | Low |
| glorified | δεδοξασμένῃ | dedoxasmenē | having been glorified | already partaking of glory | glorified, full of glory | Joy already touched by eschatological glory | kamulyan [BASELINE REUSE, adjectival use] | High |
1 Peter 1:9
Greek: κομιζόμενοι τὸ τέλος τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| obtaining/receiving | κομιζόμενοι | komizomenoi | carrying off for oneself, obtaining | receiving a due outcome | obtaining, receiving | Receiving what faith’s trajectory was always aimed at | nampani (common word) | Low |
| outcome/goal | τέλος | telos | end, goal, outcome | culmination, purpose-fulfillment | outcome, goal, end result | The intended culmination of a life of faith | wusananing (new term) | Medium |
| faith | πίστις | pistis | trust | — | faith | see above | pitados [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| salvation of souls | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | sōtērian psychōn | salvation/rescue of souls | the full and final rescue of persons | salvation of your souls | The final, whole-person rescue that living hope anticipates | kaslametanipun nyawa (compound: kaslametan [BASELINE REUSE] + jiwa/nyawa new) | Critical |
| soul | ψυχή | psychē | soul, life, self | the inner person; whole self in some contexts | soul, life, self | The whole inner person being saved, not a detachable spirit-entity as in kejawen soul concepts (sukma) | jiwa (new term) | Medium |
PART B — Whole-Book Chapter-by-Chapter Analysis
Chapter 1 (beyond 1:3-9)
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | one sent | commissioned emissary | apostle | Peter’s commissioned authority | utusan [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| elect/chosen | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | chosen out | selected by divine choice | elect, chosen | God’s sovereign personal choice of these scattered believers | pepilihanipun Gusti Allah [BASELINE REUSE root] | High |
| sojourners/exiles | παρεπίδημοι | parepidēmoi | resident aliens, temporary sojourners | one dwelling temporarily among a foreign people | sojourners, exiles, pilgrims, strangers | Believers’ social identity as resident aliens wherever they live — a key identity marker for a suffering minority church | tiyang neneka (new term) | High |
| dispersion | διασπορά | diaspora | scattering | the scattered Jewish (here, applied to Christian) communities among the nations | Dispersion, Diaspora | Applied typologically to scattered Gentile-Christian communities | para pandhawuh (new term, requires explanatory gloss) | Medium |
| foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις | prognōsis | foreknowing | God’s prior knowledge/purpose | foreknowledge | God’s Fatherly foreknowledge, not impersonal fate (pesthi) | pangertosan rumiyin Gusti Allah (new term) | High |
| sanctification of the Spirit | ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | hagiasmō Pneumatos | in/by sanctification of Spirit | the Spirit’s setting-apart work | sanctification of the Spirit | The Spirit’s active work in effecting the calling | pensucening Roh Suci [BASELINE REUSE: pensucen + Roh Suci] | High |
| obedience | ὑπακοή | hypakoē | obedience | compliance, submission to authority | obedience | Obedience directed to Jesus Christ himself | pambangun-turut [BASELINE REUSE root, cf. obedience_of_faith] | High |
| sprinkling of blood | ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος | rhantismos haimatos | sprinkling of blood | covenant-ratifying/cleansing rite (Exod 24; Heb 9-10 background) | sprinkling of the blood | Christ’s blood ratifying the new covenant and cleansing believers | kaseseraping rah (new term) | High |
| grace | χάρις | charis | unmerited favor | — | grace | see baseline | sih-rahmat [BASELINE REUSE] | Critical |
| peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | peace | — | peace | see baseline | katentreman [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| prophets | προφῆται | prophētai | prophets | God’s OT spokesmen | prophets | OT prophets who searched out this very salvation | nabi [BASELINE REUSE] | Low |
| Spirit of Christ | Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | Pneuma Christou | Spirit of Christ | the pre-incarnate Christ’s Spirit active in the prophets | Spirit of Christ | Christ’s own Spirit inspiring OT prophecy — high Christological weight | Roh Suci Gusti Kristus [BASELINE REUSE: Roh Suci] | Critical |
| gospel preached | εὐαγγελισαμένων | euangelisamenōn | having announced good news | proclamation of the gospel | preached the gospel, announced good news | Proclamation of the same salvation now revealed | martakaken Injil (new verb form + BASELINE REUSE Injil) | Medium |
| angels | ἄγγελοι | angeloi | messengers | heavenly messenger-beings | angels | Angels themselves long to look into this salvation | para malaekat (established loanword) | Low |
| hope | ἐλπίς | elpis | hope | — | hope | see 1:3 note | pengarep-arep (new term, root of “living hope”) | High |
| sober-minded | νήφοντες | nēphontes | being sober, clear-headed | mental alertness, self-control | be sober-minded | Watchful, undistracted expectancy | tumemen ing pikir (descriptive) | Low |
| children of obedience | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | tekna hypakoēs | children of obedience | Hebraism for “obedient people” | obedient children | Identity marker as God’s obedient family, contrasted with former desires | para putra pambangun-turut (new term) | Medium |
| former desires/lusts | ἐπιθυμίαις | epithymiais | desires, cravings | often negative: illicit passions | former lusts, passions, desires | The old, unredeemed pattern of life | pepenginan ala (new term) | Low |
| holy | ἅγιος | hagios | set apart, holy | moral and relational set-apartness | holy | God’s own holiness as the standard for conduct | suci [BASELINE REUSE] | High |
| conduct/behavior | ἀναστροφή | anastrophē | manner of life, way of conduct | one’s whole pattern of living | conduct, behavior, way of life | The visible, lived-out holiness distinct from ascetic tapa/tirakat discipline | patrap gesang (new term) | High |
| handed down from the fathers | πατροπαράδοτος | patroparadotos | handed down from ancestors | inherited ancestral tradition | tradition of your fathers, inherited from ancestors | Describes the futile former way of life inherited from ancestral tradition — NOT a statement about God the Father | tinilar-tilar saking leluhur (new term) | Critical |
| redeemed | ἐλυτρώθητε | elytrōthēte | ransomed, redeemed | released by payment of a price | redeemed, ransomed | Christ’s blood as the price of release — must not be read through utang budi reciprocal-debt logic | katebus (new term) | High |
| lamb without blemish or spot | ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | amnou amōmou kai aspilou | lamb, unblemished and unspotted | sacrificial-lamb imagery (Exod 12; Isa 53) | lamb without blemish or spot | Christ as the perfect, sinless sacrificial substitute | cempening tanpa cacad (new term) | High |
| brotherly love | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | love of brothers | familial affection among believers | brotherly love | Genuine, purified mutual love within the church family | katresnan sadulur (new term) | Low |
| born again | ἀναγεγεννημένοι | anagegennēmenoi | having been born again | see 1:3 | born again, regenerated | Restated: through the imperishable seed of God’s living word | kalairaken malih [see 1:3 CRITICAL note] | Critical |
| imperishable seed | σπορᾶς ἀφθάρτου | sporas aphthartou | incorruptible seed | the generative source of the new birth | incorruptible seed, imperishable seed | God’s living word as the generative agent of new birth | wiji kang ora bisa rusak (new term) | Medium |
| word of God | λόγος Θεοῦ / ῥῆμα Κυρίου | logos Theou / rhēma Kyriou | word of God / word/utterance of the Lord | God’s spoken, living, enduring word | word of God, word of the Lord | The enduring, living basis of the gospel proclaimed | pangandikanipun Gusti Allah (new term) | Medium |
Chapter 2
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, slander | κακία, δόλος, ὑπόκρισις, φθόνος, καταλαλιά | kakia, dolos, hypokrisis, phthonos, katalalia | evil, deceit, pretense, envy, slander | vice list to be put off | malice/evil, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, slander | Sins to be decisively abandoned at conversion | piala, tipu, lamis, meri, pitenah (standard vocabulary) | Low |
| pure spiritual milk | λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα | logikon adolon gala | rational/word-related, unadulterated, milk | the pure, nourishing word of God for new believers | pure spiritual milk, pure milk of the word | Scripture as nourishment for spiritual growth | susu rohani kang murni (new term) | Low |
| the Lord is good | χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος | chrēstos ho Kyrios | the Lord is kind/good | God’s benevolent character | the Lord is good | Grounds believers’ desire for the word in God’s own goodness | Gusti punika sae (descriptive, uses BASELINE REUSE Gusti) | Medium |
| living stone | λίθος ζῶν | lithos zōn | stone, living | Christ as the foundational, life-giving stone (Ps 118; Isa 28) | living stone | Christ as the rejected-yet-chosen foundation of God’s spiritual house | watu kang gesang (new term) | High |
| spiritual house | οἶκος πνευματικός | oikos pneumatikos | house, spiritual | the church as a Spirit-indwelt temple-community | spiritual house | The corporate church as God’s new temple | padaleman rohani (new term) | Medium |
| holy priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον | hierateuma hagion | priesthood, holy | the entire believing community functioning as priests (universal priesthood) | holy priesthood | Every believer, not a special class, has priestly access to offer sacrifices to God | pangimaman suci (new term) | Critical |
| spiritual sacrifices | θυσίαι πνευματικαί | thysiai pneumatikai | sacrifices, spiritual | non-animal offerings of praise, life, and service | spiritual sacrifices | Sacrifice reoriented from ritual animal offering to a life offered to God | kurban rohani (new term) | High |
| cornerstone | λίθος ἀκρογωνιαῖος | lithos akrogōniaios | corner-foundation stone | Christ as the foundation that determines the whole structure | cornerstone | Christ as the decisive, load-bearing foundation of God’s building | watu pojok (new term) | Medium |
| chosen race/generation | γένος ἐκλεκτόν | genos eklekton | race/kind, chosen | the corporate identity of God’s elect people | chosen race, chosen people, chosen generation | The church as God’s chosen people, transcending ethnicity | bangsa pepilihan [BASELINE REUSE root: pepilihanipun] | Medium |
| royal priesthood | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | basileion hierateuma | royal, priesthood | a priesthood belonging to a king; a kingly-priestly people | royal priesthood | The church’s dual identity: royal dignity and priestly access, under Christ’s kingship — echoes but must be distinguished from an earthly kraton | pangimaman kraton (new term, deliberately echoes Kratoning Gusti Allah) | Critical |
| holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον | ethnos hagion | nation, holy | a people set apart as God’s own, transnational | holy nation | Not an ethnic-territorial nation-state, but God’s international covenant people | bangsa suci [BASELINE REUSE root: suci] | High |
| a people for God’s own possession | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | laos eis peripoiēsin | people, for possession | a people specially acquired to belong to God | a people for his own possession, a peculiar people | The church as God’s specially acquired, treasured people | umat kagunganipun Gusti Allah (new term) | Medium |
| sojourners and exiles | πάροικοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | paroikoi kai parepidēmoi | resident-aliens and sojourners | see 1:1 | aliens and strangers, sojourners and exiles | Reinforces believers’ social identity in a hostile or indifferent society | tiyang neneka lan tamu [see ch.1] | High |
| day of visitation | ἐπισκοπή | episkopē | visitation, oversight | the day God visits to judge or vindicate | day of visitation | The eschatological day when watching outsiders may glorify God | dinten pariksanipun Gusti Allah (new term) | Medium |
| submit yourselves | ὑποτάγητε | hypotagēte | be subjected, submit | voluntary ordering of oneself under authority | submit, be subject to | Voluntary Christlike submission to human institutions for the Lord’s sake — not mere feudal deference | mituhu (new term) | High |
| every human institution | πᾶσῃ ἀνθρωπίνῃ κτίσει | pasē anthrōpinē ktisei | every human creation/institution | civil and social structures | every human institution, every authority instituted among men | The scope of required submission — civil government, not religious hierarchy per se | saben pranataning manungsa (new term) | Medium |
| freedom/liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | freedom | Christian liberty | freedom, liberty | Freedom that must not become a pretext for evil | kamardikan (established word) | Low |
| servants/slaves of God | δοῦλοι Θεοῦ | douloi Theou | slaves of God | total, willing belonging to God | servants of God, God’s slaves | Believers’ identity as those wholly belonging to and owned by God | paladosanipun Gusti Allah (new term) | Medium |
| fear God | φοβεῖσθε τὸν Θεόν | phobeisthe ton Theon | fear God | reverent awe | fear God | Reverence reserved for God alone, distinguished from honoring the king | ajrih ing Gusti Allah (new term) | Medium |
| honor the king | τιμᾶτε | timate | honor | respect due to office | honor the king | Due civil respect, not worship | kaurmatan [see 1:7] applied to ratu | Low |
| household servants | οἰκέται | oiketai | household slaves | domestic servant class | household servants, slaves | Household-servant addressees of the ensuing submission instruction | para batur (established word) | Low |
| submitting to masters | ὑποτασσόμενοι δεσπόταις | hypotassomenoi despotais | submitting, to masters | see ὑποτάγητε above | submitting to masters | Submission extended even to harsh masters, as Christlike endurance | mituhu dhateng bendaranipun [see above] | High |
| suffering unjustly | λύπας πάσχων ἀδίκως | lypas paschōn adikōs | suffering griefs, unjustly | undeserved suffering | suffering unjustly | Suffering that is not deserved is the very context that makes patient endurance commendable | kasangsaran kang ora adil (new term) | High |
| endure | ὑπομένειτε | hypomeneite | remain under, endure | patient perseverance under pressure | endure, bear up under | Christlike endurance modeled after Christ’s own patient suffering — not fatalistic resignation (nrimo ing pandum) | kasabaran (new term) | High |
| example/pattern | ὑπογραμμός | hypogrammos | writing-copy, pattern to trace | a model for imitation | example, pattern | Christ’s suffering as the pattern believers are to trace/imitate | tuladha (new term) | Medium |
| he committed no sin | ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν | hamartian ouk epoiēsen | sin he did not do | Christ’s sinlessness | did no sin, committed no sin | Christ’s total sinlessness, the necessary qualification for substitutionary suffering | piyambakipun boten nglampahi dosa (descriptive, uses BASELINE REUSE dosa) | Critical |
| he himself bore our sins in his body on the tree | τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | tas hamartias hēmōn autos anēnegken en tō sōmati autou epi to xylon | our sins he himself carried up in his body upon the tree | substitutionary bearing of sin, sacrificial-altar imagery | bore our sins … on the tree | The central substitutionary-atonement statement of the letter | piyambakipun nyanggi dosa kita ing salira wonten ing kajeng salib (new term) | Critical |
| wound/bruise | μώλωψ | mōlōps | welt, bruise | mark of physical beating | wound, bruise, stripe | Isaiah 53 quotation: Christ’s suffering as the source of spiritual healing — must not be conflated with dhukun-style ritual/magical healing | tatu (new term) | High |
| healed | ἰάθητε | iathēte | you were healed | restoration from affliction | healed | Healing accomplished through Christ’s suffering, not shamanic mediation | sampun sembuh (descriptive) | Medium |
| shepherd and overseer of your souls | ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | poimena kai episkopon tōn psychōn hymōn | shepherd and overseer, of your souls | pastoral care and oversight of persons | shepherd and overseer/bishop of your souls | Christ as the returning, caring shepherd-overseer for straying sheep | Pangon lan Pengawasing nyawa kita (new term) | High |
Chapter 3
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wives, submit | γυναῖκες ὑποτασσόμεναι | gynaikes hypotassomenai | wives, submitting | see ὑποτάγητε ch.2 | wives, be submissive | Household submission instruction paralleling ch.2’s civil submission | para wanita mituhu [see ch.2] | High |
| conduct | ἀναστροφή | anastrophē | manner of life | see ch.1 | conduct, behavior | Wordless witness through godly conduct | patrap gesang [see ch.1] | High |
| gentle and quiet spirit | πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | praeōs kai hēsychiou pneumatos | gentle and quiet, spirit | inner disposition of gentleness and calm | gentle and quiet spirit | Inner character, not mere external adornment, as what is precious to God | budi sareh saha sepen ing manah (new term) | Medium |
| weaker vessel | ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει | asthenesterō skeuei | weaker vessel | a term of comparative physical strength, not worth | weaker vessel | Calls husbands to honor, not to exploit, greater physical strength | piranti kang ringkih (new term) | Medium |
| joint-heirs of the grace of life | συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς | sygklēronomoi charitos zōēs | joint-heirs, of grace of life | shared inheritance-status between husband and wife | fellow heirs of the grace of life | Equal spiritual standing and shared inheritance despite role distinctions | sesarengan tampi warisan sih-rahmating gesang (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE sih-rahmat) | High |
| of one mind | ὁμόφρονες | homophrones | same-minded | unity of thought/purpose | of one mind, harmonious | Corporate unity within the church | sabaya pikir (new term) | Low |
| tenderhearted | εὔσπλαγχνοι | eusplagchnoi | good-innards, compassionate | deep compassion | tenderhearted, compassionate | Deep, gut-level compassion for fellow believers | sipat welasan (new term) | Low |
| humble-minded | ταπεινόφρονες | tapeinophrones | humble-minded | voluntary lowliness of mind | humble, humble-minded | Christlike humility as a communal virtue, not caste-based deference | andhap asor (established Javanese virtue term) | High |
| suffer for righteousness’ sake | πάσχητε διὰ δικαιοσύνην | paschēte dia dikaiosynēn | you might suffer, because of righteousness | suffering caused specifically by doing right | suffer for righteousness’ sake | Central doctrine: suffering that results from faithful obedience is blessed, not punitive | nandhang kasangsaran margi saking kabeneran (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE kabeneran) | Critical |
| sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts | ἁγιάσατε τὸν Κύριον | hagiasate ton Kyrion | set apart/sanctify, the Lord | inward enthronement of Christ’s Lordship as the governing reality | sanctify Christ as Lord, regard Christ as holy | Christ’s Lordship as the inward anchor that overcomes fear | sucekaken Gusti Kristus wonten ing salebeting manah (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE suci + Gusti) | Critical |
| defense/answer | ἀπολογία | apologia | verbal defense | reasoned account | answer, defense, reason | Reasoned account of the hope believers hold, given with gentleness | wangsulan (new term) | Low |
| good conscience | συνείδησιν ἀγαθήν | syneidēsin agathēn | conscience, good | inner moral awareness kept clear | good conscience | A conscience kept clear before God amid slander | kasadaran ati kang sae (new term) | Low |
| Christ suffered once for sins | Χριστὸς ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν | Christos hapax peri hamartiōn epathen | Christ, once, concerning sins, suffered | a single, unrepeatable atoning event | Christ suffered once for sins | Foundational substitutionary-atonement statement; “once” (ἅπαξ) rules out any repeatable ritual re-enactment | Gusti Kristus sampun nandhang sangsara sepisan kemawon kangge dosa (new term) | Critical |
| the righteous for the unrighteous | δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων | dikaios hyper adikōn | righteous, on behalf of, unrighteous | substitutionary “on behalf of” | the just for the unjust | The exact substitutionary mechanism: the innocent dying in the place of/for the guilty | ingkang leres kanggé ingkang boten leres (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE kabeneran root) | Critical |
| put to death in the flesh, made alive in the spirit | θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι | thanatōtheis sarki, zōopoiētheis pneumati | put to death, in flesh; made alive, in spirit | death of physical body / resurrection life | put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit | Describes the mode of Christ’s death and resurrection | dipatèni ing daging, dipagesangaken ing roh (new term) | Critical |
| spirits in prison | πνεύμασιν … ἐν φυλακῇ | pneumasin en phylakē | spirits, in prison | disobedient spiritual beings held in confinement | spirits in prison | Difficult, disputed text (Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits); must not be conflated with folk categories of dhemit/lelembut/memedi | roh-roh ing pakunjaran (new term) | Critical |
| went and proclaimed | πνεύματι πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν | pneumati poreutheis ekēryxen | having gone in spirit, proclaimed | announcement/heralding | went and preached/proclaimed | Christ’s proclamation to imprisoned spirits — content and audience disputed among interpreters | martakaken (new term, cf. BASELINE REUSE pekabaran Injil root) | Critical |
| disobedient | ἀπειθήσασιν | apeithēsasin | having disobeyed | willful non-compliance | who formerly did not obey, disobedient | Describes the spirits’ past disobedience, in the days of Noah | para tiyang mbangkang (new term) | Medium |
| ark | κιβωτός | kibōtos | box, chest, ark | Noah’s vessel of rescue | ark | The vessel of Noah’s rescue, typologically prefiguring salvation through water | kapal Nuh (established, “Nuh’s ark”) | Low |
| eight souls saved through water | ὀκτὼ ψυχαί διεσώθησαν διʼ ὕδατος | oktō psychai diesōthēsan di’ hydatos | eight souls were saved through water | Noah’s family’s deliverance | eight souls were saved through water | Historical rescue foreshadowing baptism | wolung nyawa kaslametaken lumantar toya (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE kaslametan) | High |
| baptism | βάπτισμα | baptisma | baptism, immersion | the Christian rite | baptism | Baptism as the corresponding reality (antitype) to Noah’s flood-rescue | baptisan (established loanword) | Medium |
| antitype/corresponding pattern | ἀντίτυπον | antitypon | corresponding to a type, counterpart | typological correspondence | antitype, corresponding to, symbol | The flood-rescue as a foreshadowing “type” now fulfilled in baptism’s reality | pralambang (new term) | Medium |
| appeal of a good conscience to God | συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐρώτημα εἰς Θεόν | syneidēseōs agathēs erōtēma eis Theon | of a good conscience, appeal, to God | the true content of baptism — inward pledge, not ritual water-magic | appeal to God for a good conscience | Clarifies baptism saves not by the water itself but by its inward reality before God | panyuwunan kasadaran ati kang sae dhateng Gusti Allah (new term) | Critical |
| right hand of God | δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | dexia Theou | right hand, of God | position of highest honor/authority | right hand of God | Christ’s exalted, ruling position after resurrection | tengening Gusti Allah (new term) | High |
| angels, authorities, and powers subjected | ἀγγέλων καὶ ἐξουσιῶν καὶ δυνάμεων ὑποταγέντων | angelōn kai exousiōn kai dynameōn hypotagentōn | angels and authorities and powers, having been subjected | cosmic spiritual powers under Christ’s rule | angels, authorities, and powers made subject to him | Christ’s supreme cosmic authority over all spiritual powers | para malaekat, panguwaos, saha kakiyatan sami sumujud (new term) | High |
Chapter 4
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| suffered in the flesh | παθόντος σαρκί | pathontos sarki | having suffered, in flesh | Christ’s physical suffering as model | suffered in the flesh | Christ’s bodily suffering as pattern for believers’ break with sin | nandhang sangsara ing daging (new term) | High |
| ceased from sin | πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας | pepautai hamartias | has ceased, from sin | decisive break from sinful patterns | done with sin, ceased from sin | Suffering-with-Christ produces decisive moral break | mareni dosa (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE dosa) | Medium |
| debauchery, idolatry | ἀσωτίαις, εἰδωλολατρίαις | asōtiais, eidōlolatriais | reckless living, idol-worship | vice list of pagan life | debauchery, idolatry | Former Gentile way of life to be decisively abandoned | kemaruk, panyembahing brahala (new terms) | High (idolatry) |
| idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | idol-worship | worship of images/objects | idolatry | Direct relevance to veneration of sacred objects/shrines in Javanese religious practice; requires careful, non-blanket pastoral framing | panyembahing brahala (new term) | High |
| the gospel was preached even to the dead | εὐαγγελίσθη … νεκροῖς | euangelisthē … nekrois | it was gospeled … to the dead | exegetically disputed clause, related to 3:19 | the gospel was preached to those now dead | Disputed text; interpretive options must be presented without collapsing into a “second chance for the dead” doctrine absent careful qualification | Injil sampun kawartosaken … dhateng para tiyang pejah (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE Injil) | Critical |
| the end of all things is at hand | πάντων τὸ τέλος ἤγγικεν | pantōn to telos ēngiken | of all things, the end, has drawn near | eschatological imminence | the end of all things is near | Motivates sober, loving urgency | wusananing samubarang sampun celak (new term) | Medium |
| fervent love | ἀγάπην ἐκτενῆ | agapēn ektenē | love, stretched-out/fervent | intense, sustained love | fervent/earnest love | Love that “covers” and endures much among believers | katresnan kang mempeng (new term) | Low |
| hospitable | φιλόξενοι | philoxenoi | lovers of strangers | welcoming outsiders | hospitable, given to hospitality | Practical love expressed through hospitality | loma marang tamu (new term) | Low |
| gift | χάρισμα | charisma | grace-gift | Spirit-given enablement | gift, spiritual gift | Reuses spiritual-gifts doctrine | peparing Roh Suci [BASELINE REUSE] | Medium |
| stewards of God’s varied grace | οἰκονόμοι … ποικίλης χάριτος Θεοῦ | oikonomoi … poikilēs charitos Theou | stewards, of varied grace of God | managerial responsibility over entrusted gifts | good stewards of God’s grace | Believers as accountable managers, not owners, of Spirit-given gifts | juru-tata sih-rahmatipun Gusti Allah (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE sih-rahmat) | High |
| fiery trial | πύρωσις | pyrōsis | burning, fiery ordeal | intense testing likened to refining fire | fiery trial, fiery ordeal | Suffering framed as expected refining fire, not a strange anomaly | kasangsaran kaya geni (new term) | Medium |
| partake of Christ’s sufferings | κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν | koinōneite tois tou Christou pathēmasin | share in, the sufferings of Christ | participatory suffering-fellowship with Christ | share in Christ’s sufferings, partake of Christ’s sufferings | Suffering for Christ’s name as a form of fellowship with Christ himself | tumut ing kasangsaranipun Gusti Kristus (new term) | High |
| reproached for the name of Christ | ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | oneidizesthe en onomati Christou | reviled, in the name of Christ | suffering specifically for Christian identity | reproached for the name of Christ | Suffering explicitly tied to bearing Christ’s name/identity | dipoyoki margi saking asmanipun Gusti Kristus (new term) | High |
| Christian | Χριστιανός | Christianos | Christ-one, Christ-follower | the emerging self-designation of believers | Christian | First NT occurrence of this identity-label as a term of reproach, later embraced | Kristen (established loanword) | Low |
| judgment begins at the house of God | κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ | krima apo tou oikou tou Theou | judgment, from the house of God | God’s discipline/purification beginning with his own people | judgment begins with the household of God | God’s refining discipline addressed first to the church itself | pangadilan wiwit saking padalemanipun Gusti Allah (new term) | Medium |
| faithful Creator | πιστῷ κτίστῃ | pistō ktistē | faithful, Creator | God as reliable maker of all things | faithful Creator | Grounds suffering believers’ trust in God as trustworthy Maker, not an impersonal cosmic force | Sang Pandamel kang tuhu setya (new term) | High |
| commit their souls | παρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχάς | paratithesthōsan tas psychas | let them entrust, their souls | act of committing oneself to God’s safekeeping | commit their souls | Active entrustment of the whole self to God amid suffering | nyaosaken nyawanipun (new term, reuses “nyawa/jiwa” root) | Medium |
Chapter 5
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Contextual Theological Meaning | Javanese Rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| elders | πρεσβύτεροι | presbyteroi | elders, older ones | church leadership office | elders | Local church leadership office, addressed directly for the first (and only) time in the letter | pinituwa (new term) | Critical |
| fellow elder | συμπρεσβύτερος | sympresbyteros | fellow elder | Peter’s self-identification with, not above, the elders | fellow elder | Apostolic humility — Peter identifies as a peer, not a superior | kanca pinituwa (new term) | High |
| witness of Christ’s sufferings | μάρτυς τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων | martys tōn tou Christou pathēmatōn | witness, of the sufferings of Christ | eyewitness testimony | witness of the sufferings of Christ | Peter’s authority grounded in eyewitness testimony to Christ’s suffering | seksi kasangsaranipun Gusti Kristus (new term) | High |
| shepherd the flock | ποιμάνατε τὸ ποίμνιον | poimanate to poimnion | shepherd, the flock | pastoral care | shepherd the flock of God | The elders’ core task: caring, protective pastoral leadership | pangonana pepanthanipun Gusti Allah (new term) | High |
| exercising oversight | ἐπισκοποῦντες | episkopountes | overseeing | supervisory function | exercising oversight, serving as overseers | The elders’ supervisory function, done willingly not by compulsion | ngawasi (new term) | Medium |
| not for shameful gain | μὴ αἰσχροκερδῶς | mē aischrokerdōs | not greedily/for shameful gain | financial integrity in leadership | not for shameful gain, not for money | Guards against exploiting the flock for personal profit | sanes kangge kauntungan kang nistha (new term) | Medium |
| lording it over | κατακυριεύοντες | katakyrieuontes | dominating, lording over | domineering, authoritarian control | lording it over, domineering | Explicitly forbidden leadership posture — directly warns against feudal-style authority abuse | nguwaosi kanthi peksa (new term) | High |
| examples to the flock | τύποι … τοῦ ποιμνίου | typoi … tou poimniou | patterns/models, of the flock | leadership by example, not by coercion | examples to the flock | Leadership modeled through life example rather than positional dominance | tuladha tumrap pepanthan (new term) | Medium |
| Chief Shepherd | ἀρχιποίμην | archipoimēn | chief/head shepherd | Christ as supreme Shepherd over under-shepherds | Chief Shepherd | Christ’s supreme, accountable-to authority over all human elders | Pangon Ageng (new term) | High |
| unfading crown of glory | ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον | amarantinon tēs doxēs stephanon | unfading, of glory, crown | eschatological reward imagery, echoing royal/athletic crowning | unfading crown of glory | The eternal reward awaiting faithful elders, unlike any earthly crown or makutha | makutha kamulyan kang ora bakal luntur (new term, reuses BASELINE REUSE kamulyan) | Medium |
| younger, submit to elders | νεώτεροι ὑποτάγητε πρεσβυτέροις | neōteroi hypotagēte presbyterois | younger ones, submit, to elders | generational submission within the church | younger, be subject to elders | Ordered submission within the church community — see High-risk note on mituhu | para nem-neman mituhu dhateng pinituwa [see ch.2] | High |
| clothe yourselves with humility | ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε | tapeinophrosynēn enkombōsasthe | humility, tie on (as a garment/apron) | vivid image: tying on a servant’s apron | clothe yourselves with humility | Vivid servant-imagery for mutual humility among all members | ngagem andhap asor [see ch.3] | High |
| God gives grace to the humble | ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν | tapeinois didōsin charin | to the humble, gives grace | citing Proverbs 3:34 | gives grace to the humble | Grace flows toward humility, resists pride — reinforces the grace doctrine | maringi sih-rahmat dhateng ingkang andhap asor (reuses BASELINE REUSE sih-rahmat) | High |
| humble yourselves under God’s hand | ταπεινώθητε ὑπὸ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | tapeinōthēte hypo tēn cheira tou Theou | be humbled, under the hand of God | submission to God’s sovereign timing | humble yourselves under God’s mighty hand | Voluntary humility before God’s sovereign hand, trusting future exaltation | ngasoraken badan wonten ing asta Gusti Allah (new term) | High |
| casting your anxiety | μέριμναν ἐπιρίψαντες | merimnan epiripsantes | anxiety, having cast/thrown | active transfer of care/worry onto God | cast your anxiety, casting all your care | Active, ongoing trust that transfers worry onto God who cares | nyèmplungaken kuwatosipun (new term) | Medium |
| adversary the devil | ἀντίδικος διάβολος | antidikos diabolos | opponent, the devil | a personal cosmic legal adversary | your adversary the devil | A personal spiritual enemy, distinguished from folk demon-categories (dhemit/lelembut) | Iblis, mengsahipun (established loanword) | Medium |
| roaring lion seeking to devour | λέων ὠρυόμενος … ζητῶν καταπιεῖν | leōn ōryomenos … zētōn katapiein | lion, roaring … seeking to devour | predator imagery for the devil’s aggression | roaring lion seeking to devour | Vivid warning imagery calling for vigilance | singa kang nggero, ngupaya mangsa (descriptive) | Low |
| resist him, firm in the faith | ἀντίστητε στερεοὶ τῇ πίστει | antistēte stereoi tē pistei | resist, firm/solid, in the faith | active spiritual resistance grounded in faith | resist him, firm in the faith | Active, faith-grounded resistance to the adversary | nglawan kanthi kukuh ing pitados (reuses BASELINE REUSE pitados) | Medium |
| God of all grace | ὁ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος | ho Theos pasēs charitos | the God, of all grace | God’s total, comprehensive character as gracious | God of all grace | Comprehensive summary title for God grounding the letter’s closing benediction | Gusti Allah ingkang kebak sih-rahmat (reuses BASELINE REUSE sih-rahmat) | Critical |
| called to eternal glory | καλέσας εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον δόξαν | kalesas eis tēn aiōnion doxan | having called, to eternal glory | God’s personal summons to a glorious destiny | called … to his eternal glory | The personal divine calling doctrine applied to the letter’s central hope | katimbalanipun Gusti Allah dhateng kamulyan langgeng (reuses BASELINE REUSE katimbalanipun Gusti Allah + kamulyan) | High |
| restore, confirm, strengthen, establish | καταρτίσει, στηρίξει, σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει | katartisei, stērixei, sthenōsei, themeliōsei | will restore/mend, will fix firm, will make strong, will found/ground | fourfold promise of God’s completing work after suffering | restore, confirm, strengthen, establish | God’s promised, active work to complete believers after a period of suffering | mbenerake, ngukuhake, nyantosake, madegake (new terms) | Medium |
Doctrine-Level Risk Summary (for use in Step 2 doctrine registry)
| Doctrine (curriculum-specified) | Key Greek terms | Overall Risk | Core syncretism concern |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Living Hope of the Resurrection | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα, ἀναγεννάω, ἀνάστασις | Critical | titisan (spirit rebirth/reincarnation); fatalistic pesthi vs. living hope |
| Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην, πάθημα | Critical | nrimo ing pandum (passive fatalism) vs. purposeful, blessed suffering |
| The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | ἱεράτευμα, βασίλειον, γένος ἐκλεκτόν | Critical | Islamic imam (mosque prayer-leader) role collision; earthly kraton politics |
| Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | ὑποτάγητε, ὑπομένω, κατακυριεύω | High | Feudal/priyayi deference vs. voluntary, Christ-modeled submission |
| Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | ἀναφέρω, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων, ἅπαξ | Critical | Reducing substitution to generic self-sacrifice or ritual kurban logic |
| Holiness in Conduct | ἀναστροφή, ἅγιος, εἰδωλολατρία | High | Ritual purity (cemer) vs. moral holiness; sacred-object veneration |
| Elders and Humility | πρεσβύτερος, ταπεινοφροσύνη, κατακυριεύω | High | Village-elder (sesepuh) authority patterns vs. servant-leadership |
| Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (3:18-22) | πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ, κηρύσσω, βάπτισμα | Critical | Javanese unseen-world spirit categories (dhemit, lelembut, memedi); ancestor-spirit veneration |