Core Glossary
2 Timothy — Core Glossary (English → Javanese)
How to Use This Glossary
- Status = REUSED: the term already exists in the Romans baseline
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json. The Javanese rendering and all standing cautions from the baseline apply unchanged and must not be altered for this curriculum. - Status = NEW: the term is newly identified in 2 Timothy and does not yet exist in the baseline. The proposed rendering and risk tier below are recommendations for the doctrine risk registry and bible term registry to be produced next in Phase 1. Until formally adopted, treat these as provisional.
- Risk tiers (Critical / High / Medium / Low) follow the same definitions established in the baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.json. - Terms are grouped by the chapter of first/primary occurrence in 2 Timothy; the core passage (3:14–4:5) terms are marked [CORE].
Chapter 1 Terms
| Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός / theos | Gusti Allah | REUSED | Critical | — | Never shorten to bare Gusti. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | Gusti Yesus | REUSED | Critical | — | Never Nabi Isa. |
| Christ | Χριστός / Christos | Kristus | REUSED (transliteration standard) | Critical | Messianic Promise | Standard Indonesian-archipelago form. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | utusan | REUSED | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Never rasul. |
| grace | χάρις / charis | sih-rahmat | REUSED | Critical | — | Never kasekten, wahyu, utang budi. |
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | kawelasan | NEW | Low-Medium | — | Standard term for compassion; no major collision identified. |
| peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | katentreman | REUSED | Medium | — | Relational peace, not meditative calm. |
| promise of life | ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς / epangelia zōēs | kaprasetyanipun gesang | NEW | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward | Distinct Greek word from covenant (διαθήκη); a divine pledge. |
| unfeigned/sincere faith | ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις / anhypokritos pistis | pitados ingkang tanpa lamis | NEW | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Built on REUSED root pitados. |
| gift of God (ministry gift) | χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ / charisma tou theou | peparing Gusti Allah | NEW (compound of REUSED root) | Medium | — | Root shared with baseline “spiritual_gifts” (peparing Roh Suci). |
| laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν / epithesis tōn cheirōn | pananganan asta | NEW | Medium | — | Clarify as commissioning/blessing, not mystical power transfer. |
| power (of the Spirit) | δύναμις / dynamis | panguwaos | REUSED ROOT | Critical | — | Same root as baseline “power_of_God”; never kasekten. |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | katresnan | NEW | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Perseverance | Standard Javanese Christian term. |
| self-control | σωφρονισμός / sōphronismos | pangreksaning dhiri | NEW | Low | — | |
| cowardice/timidity | δειλία / deilia | kajirihan | NEW | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | NT hapax; contrasted with the Spirit’s power. |
| ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι / epaischynomai | isin | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Social/honor-shame register; anchor to association with suffering apostle, not ritual/moral shame. |
| the testimony | μαρτύριον / martyrion | paseksen | NEW | Low-Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | |
| suffer together with | συγκακοπαθέω / synkakopatheō | nandhang kasangsaran (sesarengan) | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Root recurs at 2:3, 2:9, 4:5; keep consistent. |
| saved / salvation | σῴζω, σωτηρία / sōzō, sōtēria | kaslametan | REUSED | Critical | Perseverance; Assurance of Reward | Mandatory translator note distinguishing from slametan ritual at every Critical-risk occurrence. |
| called / calling, holy calling | κλῆσις ἁγία / klēsis hagia | katimbalan / katimbalanipun Gusti Allah | REUSED | High | — | Never wahyu. |
| holy | ἅγιος / hagios | suci | REUSED | High | — | Never kramat. |
| purpose (God’s own) | πρόθεσις / prothesis | pepesthèn (qualified: pepesthenipun Gusti Allah) | NEW / REUSED ROOT | Medium-High | — | Must always be qualified as God’s own personal purpose; bare pesthi is forbidden (baseline “providence” caution). |
| abolished death | καταργέω τὸν θάνατον / katargeō ton thanaton | numpes pati | NEW | High | Perseverance; Assurance of Reward | Ties to Critical resurrection doctrine. |
| incorruption / immortality | ἀφθαρσία / aphtharsia | kalanggengan ingkang tanpa karisakan | NEW | Medium-High | Assurance of Reward | Must not suggest a repeatable or partial victory over death. |
| appearing (Christ’s, 1st or 2nd coming) | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | rawuhipun Gusti Yesus | NEW | High | Assurance of Reward; Charge to Preach | Distinguish from cyclical/avatar-style divine appearance and from Satrio Piningit expectation. Context determines 1st vs. 2nd coming sense. |
| herald / preacher | κῆρυξ / kēryx | juru wara-wara | NEW | Low-Medium | Charge to Preach the Word | |
| teacher | διδάσκαλος / didaskalos | guru (qualified) | NEW | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Collision risk with Javanese guru-murid mystical-lineage tradition; always qualify (e.g., guru ingkang ngajar piwulang leres saking Gusti Allah). |
| guard (the deposit) | φυλάσσω / phylassō | reksa | NEW | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Legal/custodial sense: keep safe something held for another. |
| pattern of sound words | ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων / hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn | tuladha tembung-tembung ingkang saras | NEW | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Pair consistently with saras (“healthy”) vocabulary used at 4:3. |
| the good deposit | παραθήκη (καλή) / (kalē) parathēkē | piwulang leres ingkang kapitadosaken | NEW | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Faithful Transmission | Central term for the whole letter’s stewardship theme. |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον / Pneuma Hagion | Roh Suci | REUSED | Critical | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Never dhemit/lelembut. |
Chapter 2 Terms
| Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| entrust to faithful men | παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις / parathou pistois anthrōpois | pitadosaken dhateng tiyang-tiyang ingkang kapitadosan | NEW | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Same deposit-root as παραθήκη (1:14). |
| soldier | στρατιώτης / stratiōtēs | prajurit | NEW | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| athlete | ἀθλέω / athleō | tiyang tandhing / atlit | NEW | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| farmer | γεωργός / geōrgos | tani | NEW | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| resurrection (of Christ) | ἀνάστασις / anastasis | wungu saka pati | REUSED | Critical | (Underlies Perseverance; Assurance) | Never titisan/reinkarnasi. |
| seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ / sperma Dauid | tedhak turune Dawud | REUSED | High | (Underlies Faithful Transmission) | |
| word of God is not bound | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται / ho logos tou theou ou dedetai | pangandikanipun Gusti Allah boten kabanda | NEW | Medium | Charge to Preach the Word | |
| the elect | ἐκλεκτοί / eklektoi | para pinilihipun Gusti Allah | NEW (root REUSED) | High | — | Root shared with baseline “election” (pepilihanipun Gusti Allah); never wahyu. |
| a faithful/trustworthy saying | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος / pistos ho logos | tembung punika kapitadosan | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| God remains faithful | ἐκεῖνος πιστὸς μένει / ekeinos pistos menei | Gusti Allah tetep kapitadosan | NEW | Medium-High | Assurance of Reward | Statement about God’s own character, not human trust; same pitados root doing double duty — disambiguate in context. |
| rightly handling the word of truth | ὀρθοτομέω / orthotomeō | mbabar pangandikaning kayekten kanthi leres | NEW | Medium-High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| godless chatter | βέβηλος κενοφωνία / bebēlos kenophōnia | criwisan ingkang najis tur tanpa guna | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | |
| spreads like gangrene | γάγγραινα / gangraina | ngrembaka kados korengan | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Medical metaphor; keep vivid, not abstract. |
| resurrection already happened (heresy) | τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι / tēn anastasin ēdē gegonenai | wungu saka pati sampun kelakon (as named heresy to be refuted) | REUSED ROOT, extended | Critical | (Corrupts Perseverance/Assurance) | Mandatory expanded translator note distinguishing true future bodily resurrection from both this heresy and unrelated titisan concept. |
| God’s firm foundation | θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ / themelios tou theou | dhasar Gusti Allah ingkang kiyat | NEW | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward | |
| seal | σφραγίς / sphragis | sesigil / cap | NEW | Low-Medium | — | |
| vessels (honorable/dishonorable use) | σκεῦος / skeuos | wadhah | NEW | Low-Medium | — | |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | kabeneran | REUSED | High/Critical | — | Never kasampurnan. |
| faith | πίστις / pistis | pitados | REUSED | Medium | — | Object of faith always specified. |
| foolish controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις / mōrai zētēseis | padudon ingkang tanpa guna | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| the Lord’s servant/bondservant | δοῦλος κυρίου / doulos kyriou | abdinipun Gusti | NEW | Medium-High | — | Guard against reducing to feudal/social-class deference; total, willing devotion is the point. |
| gentleness | πραΰτης / prautēs | sareh | NEW | Low | — | |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | pitobat | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Standard Javanese Christian term. |
| knowledge of the truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας / epignōsis alētheias | pangertosan ingkang leres bab kayekten | NEW | Medium | — | |
| the devil | διάβολος / diabolos | Iblis | NEW | Medium-High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Never folk-spirit categories (dhemit, lelembut, memedi, banaspati); must denote the singular personal adversary. |
Chapter 3 Terms (3:1–13; core-passage terms 3:14–17 listed separately below)
| Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the last days | ἐσχάται ἡμέραι / eschatai hēmerai | dinten-dinten wingking | NEW | High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Collision risk with cyclical Javanese jaman kalabendu / Jayabaya prophetic framework; requires linear-eschatology teaching note. |
| times of difficulty | καιροὶ χαλεποί / kairoi chalepoi | mangsa ingkang awrat | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | |
| vice catalogue (18 items, representative) | φίλαυτοι κτλ. / philautoi etc. | (individually translated moral vocabulary) | NEW (as a set) | Low-Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Individually transparent; treat as a diagnostic list. |
| lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God | φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι / philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi | langkung tresna kanikmatan katimbang tresna Gusti Allah | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Climactic phrase; preserve the comparative structure. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | kabektèn dhateng Gusti Allah | NEW | High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Collision with bekti as ancestor/elder devotion; divine object must always be explicit. |
| form of godliness | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας / morphōsis eusebeias | wangunanipun kabektèn (tanpa daya) | NEW | Medium-High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Empty external form contrasted with δύναμις. |
| Jannes and Jambres | Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς / Iannēs kai Iambrēs | Yanes lan Yambres | NEW | Low (proper names) | Apostasy and False Teachers | Requires explanatory footnote; extrabiblical Jewish tradition, not OT text itself. |
| disqualified/counterfeit regarding the faith | ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν / adokimoi peri tēn pistin | sampun ora lulus ing pitados | NEW | Medium-High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Never kapir/kafir (wrong religious category). |
| persecution | διωγμός / diōgmos | panganiaya | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| live godly (adv.) | εὐσεβῶς ζῆν / eusebōs zēn | gesang kanthi bekti dhateng Gusti Allah | NEW (compound) | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Same risk profile as εὐσέβεια above. |
| evil men and impostors/sorcerer-deceivers | πονηροὶ ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες / ponēroi anthrōpoi kai goētes | tukang goroh saha tukang tenung | NEW | High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Never dhukun alone; must not imply real occult power (guard “power_of_God” doctrine, no kasekten). |
| deceiving and being deceived | πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι / planōntes kai planōmenoi | nasaraken lan kesasar | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers |
CORE PASSAGE Terms — 2 Timothy 3:14–4:5 [CORE]
| Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remain/continue in | μένω / menō | tetepa | NEW | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| were firmly assured | πιστόω / pistoō | sampun kayakinan kanthi santosa | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Shares pist- root with faith; conveys settled conviction, not mere trust. |
| sacred writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα / hiera grammata | Kitab Suci (OT-specific in context) | NEW | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Anchor to OT fulfilled in Christ; not a generic “holy book” category shared with other traditions. |
| salvation | σωτηρία / sōtēria | kaslametan | REUSED | Critical | Inspiration/Sufficiency; Perseverance | Standing slametan translator-note rule applies. |
| faith in Christ Jesus | πίστις…ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ / pistis en Christō Iēsou | pitados dhateng Gusti Yesus Kristus | REUSED | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Object of faith explicit. |
| all/every Scripture | πᾶσα γραφή / pasa graphē | sadaya Kitab Suci | NEW | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Totalizing scope must be preserved. |
| God-breathed | θεόπνευστος / theopneustos | kawedharan saking Gusti Allah piyambak | NEW | CRITICAL | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Never bare ilham (Sufi/kejawen mystical-inspiration collision); never wahyu. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| profitable | ὠφέλιμος / ōphelimos | murakabi | NEW | Low | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | |
| teaching/doctrine | διδασκαλία / didaskalia | piwulang | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Base term used throughout the book; pair with leres/saras for “sound.” |
| reproof | ἔλεγχος / elegchos | panyerangan dhateng kalepatan | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| correction | ἐπανόρθωσις / epanorthōsis | pambenering lampah | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| training/discipline | παιδεία / paideia | panggulawenthahing budi | NEW | Low-Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | kabeneran | REUSED | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Never kasampurnan. |
| complete/proficient | ἄρτιος / artios | sampurna kacawisanipun | NEW | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Avoid any term implying mystically attained perfection. |
| the man of God | ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος / ho tou theou anthrōpos | tiyang ingkang kagunganipun Gusti Allah | NEW | Medium-High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Avoid wali/kyai-style elite-status reading; available to any equipped believer. |
| equipped | ἐξαρτίζω / exartizō | kacawisan kanthi lengkap | NEW | Low-Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | |
| I solemnly charge | διαμαρτύρομαι / diamartyromai | kula dhawuhaken kanthi tarik seksi | NEW | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | |
| God and Christ Jesus | θεός καὶ Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς / theos kai Christos Iēsous | Gusti Allah saha Gusti Yesus | REUSED | Critical | The Charge to Preach the Word | Never shorten Gusti Allah to bare Gusti. |
| judge (the living and the dead) | κρίνω / krinō | ngadili | NEW | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | |
| his appearing (2nd coming) | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | rawuhipun Gusti Yesus ingkang badhe rawuh malih | NEW | High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Assurance of Reward | Distinguish from Satrio Piningit/Ratu Adil expectation. |
| his kingdom | βασιλεία / basileia | Kratoning Gusti Allah | REUSED | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Distinguish from earthly keraton. |
| preach | κηρύσσω / kēryssō | wara-warakna | NEW | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | Herald’s public authority, not casual teaching. |
| the word (gospel message) | λόγος / logos | Pangandika | NEW | Medium-High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission | Not diluted to a generic “message.” |
| in season, out of season | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως / eukairōs akairōs | ing wekdal prayogi lan mboten prayogi | NEW | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | |
| reprove | ἐλέγχω / elegchō | nyerang (kalepatan) | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω / epitimaō | mbenerake kanthi tandhes | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| exhort/encourage | παρακαλέω / parakaleō | pitutur | REUSED | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | Context-sensitive per baseline note. |
| patience | μακροθυμία / makrothymia | kasabaran ingkang jembar | NEW | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | |
| teaching (accompanying correction) | διδαχή / didachē | piwucalan | NEW | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Near-synonym of διδασκαλία. |
| sound teaching/doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / hygiainousa didaskalia | piwulang ingkang saras | NEW | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Central medical-metaphor term for the whole book; keep consistent across all occurrences. |
| teachers | διδάσκαλοι / didaskaloi | guru-guru (qualified) | NEW (root as ch.1) | High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Same guru-lineage collision risk as 1:11. |
| itching ears | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν / knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | kepingin krungu piwulang ingkang nyenengaken kekarepanipun piyambak | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Idiom; preserve doctrinal content (flattering novelty over truth) over literalism. |
| the truth | ἀλήθεια / alētheia | kayekten | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | |
| myths | μῦθος / mythos | dongeng-dongeng gubahan | NEW | High | Apostasy and False Teachers | Collision with dignified Javanese babad/mitos literary-genealogical tradition; must read as invented, truth-competing fiction, not Javanese heritage narrative. |
| turned aside/wander away | ἐκτρέπω / ektrepō | kesasar | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | |
| be sober-minded | νήφω / nēphō | tansah waspada lan cetha pikiranipun | NEW | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| endure suffering | κακοπαθέω / kakopatheō | nandhanga kasangsaran | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Same root family as 1:8, 2:3, 2:9. |
| evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής / euangelistēs | juru pekabaran Injil | NEW (root REUSED: Injil) | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | |
| ministry/service | διακονία / diakonia | ayahan | NEW | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | |
| fulfill (ministry) | πληροφορέω / plērophoreō | lampahana kanthi kebak | NEW | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word |
Chapter 4 Terms (4:6–22; core-passage terms 4:1–5 listed above)
| Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| poured out like a drink offering | σπένδομαι / spendomai | kaesokaken kados kurban unjukan | NEW | CRITICAL | Assurance of Reward | Collision with Javanese sajen/tumbal ritual-offering practice; mandatory translator note that this is metaphorical self-giving, not a ritual appeasement act. |
| the time of my departure | καιρὸς τῆς ἀναλύσεώς / kairos tēs analyseōs | wekdal kepamitan kula | NEW | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward | |
| fought the good fight | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι / ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai | tandhing ingkang utama sampun kula lampahi | NEW | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward | |
| finished the race | τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα / ton dromon teteleka | lomba sampun kula rampungaken | NEW | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward | |
| kept the faith | τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα / tēn pistin tetērēka | pitados sampun kula jagi kanthi tetep | NEW (root REUSED: pitados) | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Assurance of Reward | Echoes the guarding/deposit vocabulary of 1:14. |
| the crown of righteousness | ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος / ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos | makuthaning kabeneran | NEW | Medium-High | Assurance of Reward | Must clarify: athletic victor’s wreath, not a royal/keraton crown. |
| the Lord will award | ἀποδίδωμι / apodidōmi | badhe maringi ganjaran | NEW | Medium | Assurance of Reward | Reward is a gift of grace to the faith-united, not a merit-wage; teach alongside Grace doctrine. |
| loved his appearing | ἀγαπήσασι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ / agapēsasi tēn epiphaneian autou | tresna dhateng rawuhipun | NEW | High | Assurance of Reward | Same risk profile as ἐπιφάνεια above. |
| the Lord stood by me and strengthened me | ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με / ho kyrios moi parestē kai enedynamōsen me | Gusti sampun jumeneng ing sisih kula saha maringi kekiyatan | NEW | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| rescued from the lion’s mouth | ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος / errysthēn ek stomatos leontos | kauwalaken saking cangkeming singa | NEW | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | |
| heavenly kingdom | βασιλεία ἐπουράνιος / basileia epouranios | Kratoning Gusti Allah ing Swarga | NEW (root REUSED: Kratoning Gusti Allah) | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward | |
| grace be with you | ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν / hē charis meth’ hymōn | sih-rahmat nunggila kaliyan panjenengan | REUSED | Critical | — | Closing benediction; standard grace cautions apply. |
| proper names (Demas, Crescens, Titus, Luke, Mark, Alexander, Priscilla/Aquila, Erastus, Trophimus, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia, Onesiphorus) | various | Dhemas, Kréskès, Titus, Lukas, Markus, Aleksander, Priskila lan Akwila, Erastus, Trofimus, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Klaudia, Onesiforus | NEW (transliteration only) | Low | — | Follow established Indonesian-archipelago Bible name-form conventions per baseline precedent. |
Cross-Reference: Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline TM
For quick auditing, the following terms appear in 2 Timothy and must use the exact Romans baseline rendering with no modification: Gusti Allah (God), Gusti Yesus (Jesus), Kristus (Christ), Roh Suci (Holy Spirit), sih-rahmat (grace), pitados (faith), kabeneran (righteousness), kaslametan (salvation), wungu saka pati (resurrection), utusan (apostle), katimbalan / katimbalanipun Gusti Allah (called/calling), suci (holy), Gusti (Lord), pitutur (exhort), katentreman (peace), Kratoning Gusti Allah (kingdom of God), pepilihanipun Gusti Allah (election, root), tedhak turune Dawud (seed of David), panguwaosipun Gusti Allah (power of God, root), kamulyan (glory, if invoked in doxological closings), Injil (gospel, root for “evangelist”).
Cross-Reference: New Critical/High-Risk Terms Requiring Doctrine Risk Registry Entries
theopneustos (God-breathed), hiera grammata / graphē (sacred writings/Scripture), didaskalos (teacher), eusebeia (godliness), mythos (myths), eschatai hēmerai (last days), goēs (impostor/sorcerer-deceiver), spendomai (poured out as a libation), the 2:18 resurrection-already-happened heresy, parathēkē (the good deposit), hygiainousa didaskalia (sound doctrine), epiphaneia (Christ’s future appearing), stephanos tēs dikaiosynēs (crown of righteousness), doulos kyriou (bondservant of the Lord), diabolos (the devil).
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: The compound joins the Javanese honorific Gusti (lord/master) with Allah. Never shorten to bare Gusti, which is also the ordinary address for any feudal lord or palace master. In 2 Timothy 4:1, ‘God and Christ Jesus’ are jointly named as witnesses/judge; Gusti Allah must never be shortened here.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never use Nabi Isa. Occurs throughout 2 Timothy (1:1-2, 2:8, 4:1, 4:22 etc.), frequently paired with Kristus as ‘Christ Jesus.‘
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Kristus
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package’s established transliteration standard (12_ai_translation_requirements.md proper-name table: Christ = Kristus). Distinct from the title-concept entry ‘messiah’ (Sang Mesias) governing OT-promise doctrinal content; Kristus is the proper-name form used whenever Christ functions as part of the name ‘Christ Jesus’ throughout 2 Timothy (1:1, 1:9, 2:1, 2:8, 2:10, 4:1).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Indwelling Power
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never dhemit or lelembut. In 2 Timothy the Spirit is the personal agent giving power/love/self-control instead of fear (1:7) and empowering the guarding of sound doctrine (1:14).
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never kasekten, wahyu, or utang budi. Brackets the letter: opening greeting (1:2), calling/purpose (1:9), strengthened in grace (2:1), closing benediction (4:22). Must render identically at both ends of the letter.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: wungu saka pati
Transliteration: wungu saka pati
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: titisan, reinkarnasi
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never titisan or reinkarnasi. Occurs positively at 1:10 and 2:8; directly attacked by the named heresy of 2:18 (see resurrection_already_happened_heresy below), which requires an EXPANDED translator’s note at every occurrence in this book.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Indwelling Power
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never kasekten. Root of ‘a spirit…of power’ (1:7) and ‘the Lord stood by me and strengthened me’ (4:17).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Transliteration: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: manunggaling kawula gusti
Original: ἐπιφάνεια (first sense)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never manunggaling kawula gusti. Governs the first-coming sense of epiphaneia at 1:10 (‘brought life and immortality to light’), distinct from the second-coming sense at 4:1/4:8 (see appearing_epiphaneia below).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Sang Mesias
Transliteration: Sang Mesias
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment
Rejected alternatives: Satrio Piningit
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never Satrio Piningit. Directly relevant background for excluding a cyclical-restorer reading of 2 Timothy 4:1/4:8’s appearing (epiphaneia) and of 3:1’s ‘last days.‘
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Putrané Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Putrané Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Background doctrine underlying 4:1’s joint naming of ‘God and Christ Jesus’ as co-witnesses/Judge, a strong implicit affirmation of Christ’s co-equal Sonship and deity.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaslametan
Transliteration: kaslametan
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: karahayon
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: mandatory translator’s note distinguishing Christ’s once-for-all rescue from the slametan protective ritual meal at every occurrence: 1:9 (‘saved us’), 3:15 (Scripture’s wisdom leads to salvation), 4:18 (‘save me for his heavenly kingdom’).
Resurrection Already Happened Heresy
Approved rendering: wungu saka pati (sampun kelakon) — dipuntedahaken minangka piwulang sasar ingkang kedah dipuntulak
Transliteration: n/a (named heresy, not a term to be affirmed)
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: any wording that could sound like an endorsement of a persisting spiritual essence
Original: τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek tēn anastasin ēdē gegonenai (2:18), the named heresy of Hymenaeus and Philetus. The single most theologically sensitive collision point in the book: its shape (a spiritual reality already, quietly, non-bodily accomplished) superficially echoes titisan’s claim of a persisting spiritual essence carried into a later bearer, though historically unrelated. MANDATORY expanded three-way translator’s note at this verse: (a) true future bodily wungu saka pati, (b) the named false claim it is already, wholly, past, (c) unrelated titisan.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: kawedharan saking Gusti Allah piyambak
Transliteration: kawedharan saking Gusti Allah piyambak
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ilham (bare), wahyu
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
New. Greek theopneustos (3:16), NT hapax and the single most doctrinally load-bearing word in the core passage. Never bare ilham: in the surrounding Islamic and kejawen milieu ilham denotes a subjective mystical insight granted to a wali, kyai, or ascetic through personal spiritual attainment — a category of experience available to many holy people, not a unique, comprehensive, once-for-all divine act producing an inerrant text. Never wahyu, the impersonal, transferable mandate-light. The piyambak (‘Himself’) qualifier is mandatory at every occurrence. Mandatory theologian review every time.
Poured Out Libation
Approved rendering: kula kados kaesokaken kados kurban unjukan
Transliteration: kaesokaken kados kurban unjukan
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: any wording resembling sajen or tumbal ritual-offering practice
Original: ἐγὼ σπένδομαι
Category: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek egō spendomai (4:6). Direct collision with sajen (ritual offerings poured out at a shrine, grave, or crossroads) and tumbal (an offering made to ward off calamity/appease unseen forces) — the same slametan-adjacent worldview already excluded from kaslametan and sih-rahmat. MANDATORY translator’s note: this is a metaphor for Paul’s total self-giving in gospel service, already accepted by God through Christ’s finished work — never a ritual act that itself secures or wards off anything.
High Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kabeneran
Transliteration: kabeneran
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never kasampurnan. Occurs at 2:22 (pursue righteousness), 3:16 (training in righteousness), and as the root of 4:8’s ‘crown of righteousness.‘
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: tedhak turune Dawud
Transliteration: tedhak turune Dawud
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in Paul’s compressed gospel summary at 2:8: ‘Jesus Christ, risen from the dead, the offspring of David.‘
Called
Approved rendering: katimbalan
Transliteration: katimbalan
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Inherited from Romans package. Never wahyu. Occurs at 1:9, ‘called us to a holy calling.‘
Calling
Approved rendering: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Inherited from Romans package. Never wahyu. Noun form used at 1:9 alongside the explicit statement ‘not because of our works but because of his own purpose and grace,’ which must not be softened.
Holy
Approved rendering: suci
Transliteration: suci
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: kramat
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Never kramat. Qualifies both the ‘holy calling’ of 1:9 and the ‘sacred writings’ of 3:15.
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked as witness/Judge at 4:1 and as giver of the crown/rescue at 4:8, 4:17-18; context must establish exclusive divine Lordship, not keraton-style feudal deference, at every occurrence in chapter 4.
Election
Approved rendering: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: ἐκλεκτοί / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never wahyu. Root of the new compound ‘the elect’ (para pinilihipun Gusti Allah, 2:10) recorded separately below.
Glory
Approved rendering: kamulyan
Transliteration: kamulyan
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: wahyu, kasekten
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never wahyu or kasekten. Invoked in the closing doxology, 4:18 (‘to whom be the glory forever’).
Purpose Of God
Approved rendering: pepesthenipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: pepesthenipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: pesthi (bare/unqualified)
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: God
New. Greek prothesis (1:9), paired directly with grace. Must always be qualified as God’s own personal purpose; bare pesthi is forbidden per the Romans baseline’s providence caution, since it denotes impersonal, fatalistic destiny rather than a personal Governor’s intention. Compounds two baseline cautions (grace-vs-merit and providence-vs-fate) in a single clause.
Abolished Death
Approved rendering: numpes pati
Transliteration: numpes pati
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: καταργήσαντος τὸν θάνατον
Category: Christology
New. Greek katargēsantos ton thanaton (1:10). Must not be rendered in a way implying death’s defeat is repeatable or partial, paralleling the resurrection doctrine’s exclusion of titisan.
Incorruption Immortality
Approved rendering: kalanggengan ingkang tanpa karisakan
Transliteration: kalanggengan ingkang tanpa karisakan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
New. Greek aphtharsia (1:10). Must not suggest a spiritual quality that migrates or persists across bearers, which would echo the forbidden titisan concept already excluded for resurrection.
Appearing Epiphaneia
Approved rendering: rawuhipun Gusti Yesus (ingkang badhe rawuh malih, kangge kadhatengan ingkang kaping kalih)
Transliteration: rawuhipun Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment
Rejected alternatives: avatar-style repeatable manifestation
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
New. Greek epiphaneia: first-coming sense at 1:10 (governed by the reused incarnation term), second-coming sense at 4:1 and 4:8. Must be clearly distinguished from a repeatable/cyclical divine manifestation and from the Satrio Piningit/Ratu Adil restorer-figure expectation already flagged Critical for messiah. Context must establish which sense is active at each occurrence.
Teacher
Approved rendering: guru (kedah dipun tegesi kanthi ‘ingkang ngajar piwulang leres saking Gusti Allah’)
Transliteration: guru
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Ministry
New. Greek didaskalos, held by Paul (1:11) and, in the negative plural, by the false teachers of 4:3. Bare guru risks collision with the Javanese guru-murid mystical-lineage tradition central to kejawen and pesantren practice, where authority is personally attained or mystically mediated rather than received intact from a fixed apostolic deposit. Must always carry the qualifying phrase anchoring authority in transmitted apostolic content.
Guard The Deposit
Approved rendering: reksa
Transliteration: reksa
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek phylassō (1:12, 1:14). Must convey legal/custodial weight — something held in trust for another, to be returned intact — not merely ‘remember’ or ‘keep in mind.‘
Pattern Of Sound Words
Approved rendering: tuladha tembung-tembung ingkang saras
Transliteration: tuladha tembung-tembung ingkang saras
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn (1:13). Must be paired consistently with the same ‘healthy/saras’ vocabulary used for sound doctrine at 4:3.
Good Deposit
Approved rendering: piwulang leres ingkang kapitadosaken
Transliteration: piwulang leres ingkang kapitadosaken
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: καλὴ παραθήκη
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek kalē parathēkē (1:14), same deposit-root recurring at 2:2. A true vocabulary gap in Javanese (no existing idiom fuses ‘fixed content held in trust for another’); the single most important custodial term in the letter, requiring rigid consistency across 1:12, 1:14, 2:2, 2:14.
Entrust To Faithful Men
Approved rendering: pitadosaken dhateng tiyang-tiyang ingkang kapitadosan
Transliteration: pitadosaken dhateng tiyang-tiyang ingkang kapitadosan
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: guru-murid style personal-mantle transfer
Original: παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις
Category: Faithful Transmission
New. Greek parathou pistois anthrōpois (2:2), sharing the deposit-root with parathēkē. States the multi-generational transmission mechanism explicitly; must not be reduced to a one-time private transfer, and must not borrow guru-murid lineage imagery even for felt naturalness.
God Remains Faithful
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah tetep kapitadosan
Transliteration: Gusti Allah tetep kapitadosan
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἐκεῖνος πιστὸς μένει
Category: God
New. Greek ekeinos pistos menei (2:13). The pitados/kapitadosan root must do double duty for human trust and God’s own trustworthiness; must be disambiguated in context as a statement about God’s unchanging character, not ordinary human faith-language.
Rightly Handling The Word
Approved rendering: mbabar pangandikaning kayekten kanthi leres
Transliteration: mbabar pangandikaning kayekten kanthi leres
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek orthotomounta ton logon tēs alētheias (2:15). Must preserve the craftsman’s ‘cutting straight’ image as skilled, careful exposition of received content, not a personally-derived interpretive gift.
The Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: Iblis
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and the Devil
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut, memedi, banaspati
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek diabolos (2:26). Must never be rendered with folk-belief spirit categories, following the same principle the baseline applies to Holy Spirit; must always denote a singular, personal adversary opposed to God. Iblis is the established cross-tradition Indonesian-archipelago term.
Lords Servant
Approved rendering: abdinipun Gusti
Transliteration: abdinipun Gusti
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: δοῦλος κυρίου
Category: Ministry
New. Greek doulos kyriou (2:24). Javanese abdi (a keraton court-servant/subject) risks importing a social-class, feudal-deference framework rather than the NT’s paradoxical dignity of total, voluntary belonging to Christ, paralleling the baseline’s priyayi/wong cilik caution. Must be qualified as devotion, not social rank.
Last Days
Approved rendering: dinten-dinten wingking
Transliteration: dinten-dinten wingking
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: any Kawi/prophetic-literary vocabulary invoking Ranggawarsita directly
Original: ἐσχάται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
New. Greek eschatai hēmerai (3:1). Risks assimilation into the cyclical jaman kalabendu framework of Serat Kalatidha and the Jayabaya/Satrio Piningit restorer expectation, feeding the same cultural stream already flagged Critical for messiah. Requires a mandatory linear-eschatology teaching note at first occurrence per unit.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kabektèn dhateng Gusti Allah
Transliteration: kabektèn
Doctrine: Godliness and Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: bekti (bare/unqualified)
Original: εὐσέβεια / εὐσεβῶς
Category: Sanctification
New. Greek eusebeia / eusebōs (3:5, 3:12). Bare bekti primarily denotes filial/ancestral devotion (bekti marang leluhur); the divine object must be grammatically explicit at every occurrence, paralleling the baseline’s Rama-versus-Leluhur caution for Father.
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: wangunanipun kabektèn (tanpa daya)
Transliteration: wangunanipun kabektèn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek morphōsin eusebeias (3:5). Carries the same eusebeia/bekti collision risk, compounded by the need to convey an emptied, merely external shape contrasted with real divine power (panguwaosipun Gusti Allah, never kasekten).
Disqualified Regarding Faith
Approved rendering: sampun ora lulus ing pitados
Transliteration: sampun ora lulus ing pitados
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: kapir, kafir
Original: ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek adokimoi peri tēn pistin (3:8), a metallurgical assay term. Must never be rendered with kapir/kafir, the Arabic-derived Islamic legal-religious category for non-Muslims, which would wrongly import an entirely different religious classification system into a text about internal doctrinal failure.
Evil Men And Impostors
Approved rendering: tukang goroh saha tukang tenung
Transliteration: tukang goroh saha tukang tenung
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition and the Devil
Rejected alternatives: dhukun
Original: πονηροὶ ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek ponēroi anthrōpoi kai goētes (3:13). Never dhukun (folk healer/diviner): risks either validating real occult power (forbidden by power_of_god doctrine) or unfairly stigmatizing folk healers. Paul’s point is moral/doctrinal deception, not real occult power.
Myths
Approved rendering: dongeng-dongeng gubahan
Transliteration: dongeng-dongeng gubahan
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: mitos (cognate loanword), babad, crita leluhur
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek mythoi (4:4). Never the cognate loanword mitos or the dignified babad/wayang literary-heritage register, which carries real moral, genealogical, and quasi-sacred authority in Javanese self-understanding. Requires a note clarifying the referent is contemporary invented, truth-competing teaching, not Javanese literary heritage.
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: Kitab Suci
Transliteration: Kitab Suci
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: primbon
Original: τὰ ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
New. Greek ta hiera grammata (3:15). Kitab Suci is also applied in Indonesian/Javanese Islamic usage to the Qur’an; context must anchor this specifically to the OT Scriptures fulfilled in Christ. Also avoid any implied parallel with primbon (the Javanese divinatory almanac).
All Scripture
Approved rendering: sadaya Kitab Suci
Transliteration: sadaya Kitab Suci
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: πᾶσα γραφή
Category: Scripture
New. Greek pasa graphē (3:16). The totalizing scope (‘all/every’) must be preserved explicitly via sadaya/saben so the claim does not read as covering only a selective anthology.
Sound Teaching
Approved rendering: piwulang ingkang saras
Transliteration: piwulang ingkang saras
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek hygiainousa didaskalia (4:3). Central medical-metaphor term for the whole book; must be rendered identically across 1:13 (pattern of sound words), 4:3, and implicitly against 2:17’s ‘gangrene’ as its opposite.
Complete Equipped
Approved rendering: sampurna kacawisanipun / kacawisan kanthi lengkap
Transliteration: sampurna kacawisanipun
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan (mystical ascetic perfection)
Original: ἄρτιος / ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Scripture
New. Greek artios / exērtismenos (3:17). Must not be rendered with any term implying mystical perfection attained through ascetic discipline, paralleling the baseline’s prohibition of kasampurnan for righteousness.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: tiyang ingkang kagunganipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: tiyang ingkang kagunganipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: wali, kyai
Original: ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος
Category: Scripture
New. Greek ho tou theou anthrōpos (3:17), an OT prophetic title applied generally. Risks assimilation to wali (venerated Islamic saint) or kyai (mystic-teacher) as an elite honorific rather than a description available to any Scripture-equipped believer.
Preach
Approved rendering: wara-warakna
Transliteration: wara-warakna
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: wulangna (too weak/teach-only)
Original: κήρυξον
Category: Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek kēryxon (4:2), the central verb of the charge. A weaker verb like wulangna (‘teach’) loses the herald’s-authority sense; must preserve public, delegated, non-optional proclamation.
The Word Message
Approved rendering: Pangandika
Transliteration: Pangandika
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘message’
Original: τὸν λόγον
Category: Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek ton logon (4:2), the specific apostolic gospel deposit. Must not be diluted to a generic ‘message’; ties directly to the deposit vocabulary of 1:14/2:2.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: makuthaning kabeneran
Transliteration: makuthaning kabeneran
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: makutha read as a monarch’s political crown without clarification
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos (4:8). Javanese makutha most naturally evokes a royal/keraton crown, risking confusion with stephanos’s actual sense as an athletic victor’s wreath, and entanglement with the same royal imagery flagged for kingdom_of_god. MANDATORY clarifying note: a victor’s garland for finishing a race, not a monarch’s crown of political rule.
Loved His Appearing
Approved rendering: tresna dhateng rawuhipun (Gusti Yesus ingkang badhe rawuh malih)
Transliteration: tresna dhateng rawuhipun
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ
Category: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek tois ēgapēkosi tēn epiphaneian autou (4:8). Same risk profile as appearing_epiphaneia; must be distinguished from the Ratu Adil/Satrio Piningit restorer-figure expectation.
The Elect
Approved rendering: para pinilihipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: para pinilihipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
New compound on the reused election root. Greek hoi eklektoi (2:10), for whose sake Paul endures suffering. Never wahyu, the impersonal ruler-legitimizing mandate.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith (Gusti Yesus Kristus) must remain explicit. Also underlies ‘kept the faith’ (4:7), ‘unfeigned faith’ (1:5), and ‘a faithful saying’ (2:11) compounds recorded separately below.
Apostle
Approved rendering: utusan
Transliteration: utusan
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: rasul
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never rasul. Grounds Paul’s authority for the whole letter’s charge (1:1, 1:11).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from an earthly keraton. Occurs at 4:1 (his kingdom) and, qualified, at 4:18 (heavenly kingdom; see heavenly_kingdom below).
Peace
Approved rendering: katentreman
Transliteration: katentreman
Doctrine: Household Faith and Generational Discipleship
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the opening greeting triad (1:2) and the virtue list of 2:22.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar kabungahan
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Root of the new compound ‘evangelist’ (juru pekabaran Injil, 4:5) recorded separately below.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: peparing Roh Suci
Transliteration: peparing Roh Suci
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Ministry Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Inherited from Romans package. Never kasekten. Root of the new compound ‘gift of God’ (peparing Gusti Allah, 1:6) recorded separately below.
David
Approved rendering: Dawud
Transliteration: Dawud
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Root of ‘seed of David’ (2:8).
Mercy
Approved rendering: kawelasan
Transliteration: kawelasan
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New. Greek eleos. Part of the opening greeting triad alongside grace and peace (1:2). Standard Javanese compassion term; no significant collision risk identified.
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: kaprasetyanipun gesang
Transliteration: kaprasetyanipun gesang
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
New. Greek epangelia zōēs (1:1). A divine pledge, distinct from covenant (diathēkē/prajanjian); grounds Paul’s apostleship in promise rather than achievement.
Unfeigned Faith
Approved rendering: pitados ingkang tanpa lamis
Transliteration: pitados ingkang tanpa lamis
Doctrine: Household Faith and Generational Discipleship
Original: ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις
Category: Faith
New. Greek anhypokritos pistis (1:5). Built on the reused pitados root; guards against reading Timothy’s faith as merely inherited family custom rather than his own settled, personal conviction.
Gift Of God Ministry
Approved rendering: peparing Gusti Allah
Transliteration: peparing Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Ministry Empowerment
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
New compound on the reused spiritual_gifts root. Greek charisma tou theou (1:6). The Spirit-given ministry enablement received through Paul’s laying on of hands; never kasekten (earned/magical potency).
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: pananganan asta
Transliteration: pananganan asta
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Ministry Empowerment
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church
New. Greek epithesis tōn cheirōn (1:6). Must be clarified as an act of commissioning/blessing, not a transfer of mystical energy as in pencak silat or kejawen healing gestures.
Cowardice
Approved rendering: kajirihan
Transliteration: kajirihan
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Indwelling Power
Original: δειλία
Category: Perseverance
New. Greek deilia (1:7), NT hapax. Must be distinguished from ordinary reverent fear of God; the Spirit gives power/love/self-control instead of this fearful timidity.
Ashamed
Approved rendering: isin
Transliteration: isin
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Perseverance
New. Greek epaischynomai (1:8, 1:12, 1:16). Javanese isin carries strong social/honor-shame weight; must be anchored specifically to shame over association with the suffering, imprisoned apostle and the gospel, not generalized ritual or moral shame.
Testimony
Approved rendering: paseksen
Transliteration: paseksen
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Faithful Transmission
New. Greek martyrion (1:8). The gospel witness borne at personal cost.
Suffer Together With
Approved rendering: nandhang / nandhanga kasangsaran
Transliteration: nandhang kasangsaran
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: συγκακοπαθέω / κακοπαθέω
Category: Perseverance
New. Greek synkakopatheō / kakopatheō, recurring root at 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, and as a direct charge at 4:5. Must be rendered with the identical root at all five touchpoints spanning all four chapters to preserve the letter’s perseverance theme. Guard against collapsing into nrimo ing pandum (passive fatalistic acceptance); always pair with an explicit purposive/relational clause.
Word Of God Not Bound
Approved rendering: pangandikanipun Gusti Allah boten kabanda
Transliteration: pangandikanipun Gusti Allah boten kabanda
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek ho logos tou theou ou dedetai (2:9). The personification of God’s word as unchained must remain clearly metaphorical.
Faithful Saying
Approved rendering: tembung punika kapitadosan
Transliteration: tembung punika kapitadosan
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek pistos ho logos (2:11), a formula introducing a settled, dependable creedal statement. Built on the pitados root.
Godless Chatter
Approved rendering: criwisan ingkang najis tur tanpa guna
Transliteration: criwisan ingkang najis tur tanpa guna
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: βεβήλους κενοφωνίας
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek bebēlous kenophōnias (2:16). Must retain both the ‘profane’ and ‘empty’ senses.
Gangrene Spreading Error
Approved rendering: ngrembaka kados korengan ingkang ngganggu badan
Transliteration: ngrembaka kados korengan
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ὡς γάγγραινα νομὴν ἕξει
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek hōs gangraina nomēn hexei (2:17). The medical metaphor must remain vivid, preserving active, spreading corruption rather than static/passive error.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pitobat
Transliteration: pitobat
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek metanoia (2:25). Standard, already-established Javanese Christian term. Leads to ‘knowledge of the truth’ (see knowledge_of_truth below).
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: kepingin krungu piwulang ingkang nyenengaken kekarepanipun piyambak
Transliteration: kepingin krungu piwulang ingkang nyenengaken kekarepanipun piyambak
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: gatel kuping (literal, comic)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek knēthomenoi tēn akoēn (4:3), a vivid NT idiom. Literal rendering (‘gatel kuping’) risks sounding comic/trivial; doctrinal content (craving flattering novelty over truth) must be preserved over idiomatic literalness.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: piwulang
Transliteration: piwulang
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek didaskalia / didachē. Base doctrine-vocabulary term used throughout the letter (1:13, 2:2, 3:16, 4:2-3); must remain consistent across all occurrences to preserve the medical health/disease metaphor for doctrine.
Reproof Correction Training
Approved rendering: panyerangan dhateng kalepatan / pambenering lampah / panggulawenthahing budi
Transliteration: panyerangan / pambenering lampah / panggulawenthahing budi
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἔλεγχος / ἐπανόρθωσις / παιδεία
Category: Scripture
New. Greek elegchos / epanorthōsis / paideia (3:16). Scripture’s threefold corrective/formative function; retained as a set for consistency across the passage.
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: kula dhawuhaken kanthi tarik seksi
Transliteration: kula dhawuhaken kanthi tarik seksi
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek diamartyromai (4:1), a strong legal-forensic verb invoking divine witnesses. Must preserve the legal-solemn register, distinct from an ordinary request.
Judge Living And Dead
Approved rendering: badhe ngadili ingkang gesang saha ingkang sampun tilar donya
Transliteration: badhe ngadili
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment
Original: μέλλοντος κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
New. Greek mellontos krinein zōntas kai nekrous (4:1). The universal scope (no exceptions) must not be softened.
Reprove Rebuke
Approved rendering: nyerang (kalepatan) / mbenerake kanthi tandhes
Transliteration: nyerang / mbenerake kanthi tandhes
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἔλεγξον / ἐπιτίμησον
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek elegxon / epitimēson (4:2). Must convey pastoral authority without softening into mere suggestion.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: juru pekabaran Injil
Transliteration: juru pekabaran Injil
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Faithful Transmission
New compound on the reused gospel/Injil root. Greek euangelistēs (4:5), consistent with the Romans baseline’s mission term pekabaran Injil.
Fought Finished Kept
Approved rendering: tandhing ingkang utama sampun kula lampahi; lomba sampun kula rampungaken; pitados sampun kula jagi kanthi tetep
Transliteration: n/a (descriptive compound)
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai, ton dromon teteleka, tēn pistin tetērēka (4:7). The ‘kept the faith’ clause reuses the pitados root and should echo the guarding vocabulary of 1:14 to reinforce the letter’s stewardship theme.
Lord Will Award
Approved rendering: badhe maringi ganjaran
Transliteration: badhe maringi ganjaran
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: framing as an independently earned wage
Original: ἀποδώσει μοι ὁ κύριος
Category: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek apodōsei moi ho kyrios (4:8). Must be taught alongside the Grace doctrine so the reward is not misunderstood as owed in a reciprocal, merit-based utang budi sense; it remains a gift of grace to the faith-united.
Vice Catalogue Climax
Approved rendering: langkung tresna kanikmatan katimbang tresna Gusti Allah
Transliteration: langkung tresna kanikmatan katimbang tresna Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι
Category: Apostasy
New. Greek philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi (3:4), climaxing the eighteen-item vice list. The comparative structure (‘rather than’) must be preserved, not softened into two unrelated vices.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: pangertosan ingkang leres bab kayekten
Transliteration: pangertosan ingkang leres bab kayekten
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New. Greek epignōsin alētheias (2:25), the goal of repentance even for those ensnared by false teaching.
Persecution
Approved rendering: panganiaya
Transliteration: panganiaya
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
New. Greek diōgmos (3:11), and the universal pattern of 3:12 (‘all who desire to live godly…will be persecuted’).
The Truth Aletheia
Approved rendering: kayekten
Transliteration: kayekten
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek alētheia, recurring at 2:15, 2:18, 2:25, 3:8, 4:4. The apostolic gospel/sound doctrine, contrasted with fabricated myth and doctrinal deception.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: pitutur
Transliteration: pitutur
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive between entreaty and encouragement; one of the four charges of 4:2.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pamuji sukur
Transliteration: pamuji sukur
Doctrine: Household Faith and Generational Discipleship
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term; background for Paul’s thanksgiving for Timothy at 1:3.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: katresnan
Transliteration: katresnan
Doctrine: Godliness and Sanctification
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
New. Greek agapē. Occurs at 1:7 (Spirit’s gift), 2:22 (pursue), 3:10 (Timothy’s example). Standard, well-established Javanese Christian term; no significant collision identified.
Self Control
Approved rendering: pangreksaning dhiri
Transliteration: pangreksaning dhiri
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Indwelling Power
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Sanctification
New. Greek sōphronismos (1:7), part of the Spirit’s gift contrasted with cowardice.
Herald Preacher
Approved rendering: juru wara-wara
Transliteration: juru wara-wara
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κῆρυξ
Category: Ministry
New. Greek kēryx (1:11), one of Paul’s three ministry titles. No strong competing religious connotation identified.
Soldier Athlete Farmer
Approved rendering: prajurit / tiyang tandhing (atlit) / tani
Transliteration: prajurit / atlit / tani
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης / ἀθλῶν / γεωργός
Category: Perseverance
New. Greek stratiōtēs / athlōn / geōrgos (2:3-6). Three vocational images of disciplined endurance; standard occupational vocabulary, no significant cultural collision.
Gods Firm Foundation
Approved rendering: dhasar Gusti Allah ingkang kiyat
Transliteration: dhasar Gusti Allah ingkang kiyat
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ ἕστηκεν
Category: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek ho themelios tou theou hestēken (2:19). Standard architectural metaphor; reassurance amid apostasy.
Profitable
Approved rendering: murakabi
Transliteration: murakabi
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
New. Greek ōphelimos (3:16). Straightforward functional term.
Patience Makrothymia
Approved rendering: kasabaran ingkang jembar
Transliteration: kasabaran ingkang jembar
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek makrothymia (4:2). The forbearing, non-harsh manner required when correcting others.
Sober Minded
Approved rendering: tansah waspada lan cetha pikiranipun
Transliteration: tansah waspada
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: νῆφε
Category: Perseverance
New. Greek nēphe (4:5). Contrasted with the intoxicating appetite for novelty of 4:3-4.
Fulfill Ministry
Approved rendering: ayahan panjenengan lampahana kanthi kebak
Transliteration: lampahana kanthi kebak
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: τὴν διακονίαν σου πληροφόρησον
Category: Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek tēn diakonian sou plērophorēson (4:5), concluding the core-passage charge with complete, wholehearted execution of duty.
Rescued And Strengthened
Approved rendering: Gusti sampun jumeneng ing sisih kula saha maringi kekiyatan; kauwalaken saking cangkeming singa
Transliteration: n/a (descriptive compound)
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με / ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος
Category: Perseverance
New. Greek ho kyrios moi parestē kai enedynamōsen me / errysthēn ek stomatos leontos (4:17). Vivid but transparent testimony vocabulary.
Jannes And Jambres
Approved rendering: Yanes lan Yambres
Transliteration: Iannēs kai Iambrēs
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς
Category: Apostasy
New. Proper names (3:8) from extrabiblical Jewish tradition (not the OT text itself). Transliterate; requires an explanatory footnote since the Javanese reader has no independent access to this tradition.
Vice Catalogue General
Approved rendering: (piwulang etika ingkang kaping wolulas, dipun-tegesi sacara harfiah kanggé saben tembung)
Transliteration: n/a (set)
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New. Greek philautoi, philargyroi, alazones…(3:2-4), an eighteen-item vice catalogue. Individually transparent moral vocabulary treated as a single diagnostic set supporting the Critical apostasy doctrine; no independent registry entries needed for individual items beyond the climactic phrase above.
Times Of Difficulty
Approved rendering: mangsa ingkang awrat
Transliteration: mangsa ingkang awrat
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New. Greek kairoi chalepoi (3:1). Names the character of the last days concretely.
Seal
Approved rendering: sesigil
Transliteration: sesigil
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
New. Greek sphragis (2:19), the inscribed mark of ownership on God’s firm foundation.
Vessels
Approved rendering: wadhah
Transliteration: wadhah
Doctrine: Godliness and Sanctification
New. Greek skeuē…eis timēn…eis atimian (2:20-21), a household-object metaphor for varying usefulness/purity connected to personal holiness and ministry usefulness.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: padudon ingkang tanpa guna
Transliteration: padudon ingkang tanpa guna
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek mōras zētēseis (2:23), contrasted with the productive ‘rightly handling the word’ of 2:15.
Gentleness
Approved rendering: sareh
Transliteration: sareh
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New. Greek en prautēti (2:25), the manner required for correcting opponents — controlled strength, not harshness.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: ayahan
Transliteration: ayahan
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek diakonia (4:5, cf. 4:11), base noun for pastoral service/ministry, used in the concluding charge to ‘fulfill your ministry.‘
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: ing wekdal prayogi lan mboten prayogi
Transliteration: ing wekdal prayogi lan mboten prayogi
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
New. Greek eukairōs akairōs (4:2). Removes any excuse of bad timing from the charge to preach.
Deceiving And Deceived
Approved rendering: nasaraken lan kesasar
Transliteration: nasaraken lan kesasar
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New. Greek planōntes kai planōmenoi (3:13), the self-perpetuating, self-entrapping cycle of false teaching.
Proper Names 2 Timothy
Approved rendering: Dhemas, Kréskès, Titus, Lukas, Markus, Aleksander, Priskila lan Akwila, Erastus, Trofimus, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Klaudia, Onesiforus, Onesiforus (1:16-18), Higenéus lan Filétus (Hymenaeus and Philetus)
Transliteration: n/a (proper names)
Doctrine: —
New. Personal names throughout the letter (1:15-18, 4:9-21). Follow established Indonesian-archipelago Bible name-form conventions per baseline precedent (Dawud, Musa, Yesaya); no doctrinal content to paraphrase.
Referenced passages