Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Timothy (English → Javanese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 1 Timothy chapters 1–6. Terms marked [Baseline] are reused exactly from the Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and must not be altered. Terms marked [New] are introduced for the first time by this curriculum and must be added to translation memory before Phase 2 begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
1. Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Injil | Medium | [Baseline] | 1 | Consistent with Romans usage |
| teaching / doctrine | διδασκαλία | piwulang | Medium | [New] | 1,4,6 | Base term; risk concentrated in its qualifiers |
| sound / healthy doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | piwulang ingkang saras | High | [New] | 6 (root 1) | Must not evoke jamu/traditional physical-spiritual health practices |
| to teach a different doctrine | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω | mulang piwulang sanès | High | [New] | 1,6 | Deviation from the apostolic deposit |
| myth / fable | μῦθος | dongèng | Medium | [New] | 1,4 | Must not disparage Javanese dongèng/babad heritage generally |
| genealogy | γενεαλογία | tedhak-tedhak / asal-usul | Low-Medium | [New] | 1 | Speculative genealogical systems, not OT genealogies |
| quarrels about words | λογομαχία | padudon babagan tembung | Low | [New] | 6 | |
| unhealthy craving (for controversy) | νοσέω | lara ing pikiran babagan pasulayan | Low-Medium | [New] | 6 | Sickness metaphor paired with hygiainousa |
| falsely called knowledge | ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις | kawruh ingkang lepat anggènipun kasebat | Critical | [New] | 6 | Direct collision with Javanese kebatinan/ngèlmu esoteric-knowledge tradition |
| the deposit (entrusted teaching) | παραθήκη | titipan pitados | High | [New] | 6 | See doctrine 8 below |
| conscience | συνείδησις | kalbu (ingkang resik / mati raos) | Medium-High | [New] | 1,3,4 | Answerable to God’s revealed truth, not communal shame-avoidance alone |
| law | νόμος | angger-anggering Toret | Medium | [Baseline] | 1 | Mosaic Law referent, consistent with Romans |
| prophecy | προφητεία | pameca | Low | [Baseline] | 4 |
2. Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| overseer / bishop | ἐπίσκοπος | pangreksa pasamuwan | High | [New] | 3 | Named office; distinct from generic “leader” |
| office of overseer | ἐπισκοπή | kalenggahan pangreksa pasamuwan | High | [New] | 3 | Must not evoke village guardian-spirit “watching over” |
| elder | πρεσβύτερος | pinituwa / pinituwa pasamuwan | High | [New] | 5,4 | Distinguish titled office from generic “sesepuh” traditional authority |
| deacon | διάκονος | diaken | Medium-High | [New] | 3,4 | Transliterated loanword; distinct ordained office, not generic “batur” (servant) |
| council of elders | πρεσβυτέριον | pepanthaning para pinituwa pasamuwan | Medium-High | [New] | 4 | |
| husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα | kang mung gadhah semah setunggal | High | [New] | 3 | Confronts historical priyayi/keraton polygamy custom directly |
| above reproach | ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος | tanpa cacad | Medium | [New] | 3 | Reputational integrity, not mystical perfection (kasampurnan forbidden) |
| self-controlled / sensible | σώφρων | sareh | Medium | [New] | 3 | Spirit-given discipline, not natural priyayi temperament or ascetic kasekten |
| sober / temperate | νηφάλιος | ora dhemen ngombé, tansah waspada | Low | [New] | 3 | |
| orderly / respectable | κόσμιος | tumindak sopan lan tumata | Low | [New] | 3 | |
| hospitable | φιλόξενος | remen nampi tamu | Low | [New] | 3 | Positively resonant with Javanese custom |
| able to teach | διδακτικός | mahir mulang | Medium | [New] | 3 | Must connect to “sound doctrine” competency |
| not a lover of money | ἀφιλάργυρος | ora dhemen bandha | Medium | [New] | 3 | Cross-reference philargyria (Ch.6) |
| household | οἶκος | brayat | Medium | [New] | 3 | Distinguish from trah (ancestral lineage/clan status) |
| to manage / lead | προΐστημι | ngereh kanthi becik | Medium | [New] | 3,5 | Servant-leadership, not keraton-style command |
| submission | ὑποταγή | pambangun-turut | Medium | [New] | 2,3 | Same root as baseline “obedience of faith”; different referent |
| dignity / gravitas | σεμνότης / σεμνός | wibawa | Medium-High | [New] | 2,3 | Anchor to moral seriousness, not priyayi class status |
| new convert | νεόφυτος | wong ingkang nembé pitados | Low | [New] | 3 | |
| puffed up / conceited | τυφόω | gumunggung | Low-Medium | [New] | 3 | |
| the devil (proper name) / slanderous (adj.) | διάβολος | Iblis / tukang pitenah | High | [New] | 1,3 | Must not conflate with propitiated folk spirits (dhemit/lelembut/danyang) |
| good testimony | μαρτυρία καλή | paseksèn ingkang saé | Low-Medium | [New] | 3 | |
| tested / examined | δοκιμάζω | diuji rumiyin | Medium | [New] | 3 | Ordination follows examination, not inherited status |
| double-tongued | δίλογος | lambé loro | Low | [New] | 3 | |
| greedy for dishonest gain | αἰσχροκερδής | srakah bandha kanthi cara ingkang boten patut | Medium | [New] | 3 | |
| mystery of the faith | μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως | wewadinipun pitados | Critical | [New] | 3 | Revealed truth, opposite direction of kejawen esoteric secrecy |
| women (ambiguous: wives / deaconesses) | γυναῖκας | para wanita | High | [New] | 3 | Interpretive ambiguity must be preserved, not silently resolved |
| standing / rank | βαθμός | pangkat ingkang saé | Medium | [New] | 3 | Earned through service, not status-seeking |
| boldness / confidence | παρρησία | kekendelan | Low-Medium | [New] | 3 | |
| church | ἐκκλησία | pasamuwan | Medium | [Baseline] | 3 | |
| faith (in Christ Jesus) | πίστις (ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ) | pitados (wonten ing Gusti Yesus Kristus) | Medium | [Baseline] | 3 | |
| laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | tumempeling asta | High | [New] | 4 | Must not evoke “tangan panas” potency-transfer healing practice |
| gift (ordination gift) | χάρισμα | peparing Roh Suci | Medium | [Baseline] | 4 | Specific ministry gift via prophecy + laying on of hands |
| elect angels | ἐκλεκτοὶ ἄγγελοι | malaékat ingkang kepilih | Medium | [New] | 5 | Distinguish from soteriological “election” doctrine (same root, different referent) |
3. Christ as the One Mediator
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mediator | μεσίτης | Juru Panengah | Critical | [New] | 2 | Excludes wali intercession, ancestor veneration, dukun mediation |
| ransom | ἀντίλυτρον | tebusan | High | [New] | 2 | Distinguish from tumbal (folk warding-off offering) |
| one God | εἷς θεός | setunggal Gusti Allah | Critical | [Baseline root] | 2 | Builds on baseline “Gusti Allah”; monotheistic exclusivity |
| testimony | μαρτύριον | paseksèn | Low-Medium | [New] | 2 | |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Gusti Yesus | Critical | [Baseline] | throughout | Never Nabi Isa |
| Christ | Χριστός | Kristus | Critical | [Baseline/system convention] | throughout | Per established transliteration standard |
| Lord | κύριος | Gusti | Critical | [Baseline] | throughout | Exclusive supreme Lordship, not feudal deference |
| God | θεός | Gusti Allah | Critical | [Baseline] | throughout | Never bare “Gusti” |
4. Public Worship and Prayer
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prayer (general) | προσευχή | pandonga | Low | [New] | 2 | |
| petition / supplication | δέησις | panyuwunan | Low | [New] | 2 | |
| intercession | ἔντευξις | pandonga tetulung tumrap wong liya | Medium | [Baseline] | 2 | Reuses Romans 8:26 cognate rendering |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | pamuji sukur | Low | [Baseline] | 2 | |
| modesty | αἰδώς | prasaja | Low-Medium | [New] | 2 | |
| self-control | σωφροσύνη | sareh | Medium | [New] | 2 | |
| to exercise authority over / domineer | αὐθεντέω | ngerèh kanthi meksa | High | [New] | 2 | Flag for human theologian review (gender-role sensitivity) |
| full knowledge of truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | kayektosan ingkang kawuningan sanget | High | [New] | 2 | See “truth” (alētheia) below |
5. The Church as Pillar of Truth
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| household of God | οἶκος θεοῦ | brayatipun Gusti Allah | Medium | [New] | 3 | Extends household metaphor to whole church |
| church of the living God | ἐκκλησία θεοῦ ζῶντος | pasamuwanipun Gusti Allah ingkang gesang | Medium | [New/Baseline blend] | 3 | Not a territorial/resident spirit-deity |
| pillar | στῦλος | cagak | High | [New] | 3 | Generic pillar chosen over ritually-loaded “saka guru” |
| foundation | ἑδραίωμα / θεμέλιον | dhasar / dhasar ingkang kukuh | Medium | [New] | 3,6 | |
| truth | ἀλήθεια | kayektosan | Medium-High | [New] | 3 | Distinguish from baseline “kabeneran” (righteousness) |
| mystery of godliness | μυστήριον τῆς εὐσεβείας | wewadinipun kabektèn | Critical | [New] | 3 | Combines two Critical/High terms; ties to incarnation doctrine |
| angel | ἄγγελος | malaékat | Low-Medium | [New] | 3,5 | Established shared transliteration |
| incarnation (manifested in flesh) | ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί | ngatingal ing sarira / Gusti Allah dados manungsa | Critical | [Baseline] | 3 | Reuses baseline incarnation doctrine exactly |
| glory | δόξα | kamulyan | High | [Baseline] | 3 |
6. Godliness and Contentment
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godliness | εὐσέβεια | kabektèn | High | [New] | 2,3,4,6 | Not kejawen ascetic discipline (tapa/tirakat) for kasekten/kasampurnan |
| contentment | αὐτάρκεια | marem ing panggalih | Critical | [New] | 6 | Collides with baseline-flagged fatalistic “nrimo ing pandum” (providence) |
| love of money | φιλαργυρία | tresna marang bandha | Medium | [New] | 6 | Cross-reference aphilargyros (3:3), aischrokerdēs (3:8) |
| means of gain | πορισμός | sarana pados bandha | Medium | [New] | 6 | Warns against monetizing godliness |
| root | ῥίζα | oyod | Low | [New] | 6 | |
| eternal life | αἰώνιος ζωή | gesang langgeng | Medium | [New] | 6 | Not a repeating cycle (cf. baseline anti-titisan note) |
| the good fight of faith | ἀγῶνα τὸν καλὸν τῆς πίστεως | perang ingkang saé tumrap pitados | Low-Medium | [New] | 6 | |
| the good confession | ὁμολογία (καλή) | ikrar ingkang saé | High | [New] | 6 | Echoes baseline Rom 10:9 Lordship confession |
| appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια | rawuhipun Gusti Yesus Kristus | Medium-High | [New] | 6 | Distinguish from royal keraton ceremonial appearance |
| the blessed and only Sovereign | μακάριος καὶ μόνος δυνάστης | Ingkang Mahakuwaos ingkang mulya piyambak | Medium-High | [New] | 6 | Tied to baseline “panguwaosipun Gusti Allah,” not kasekten |
| immortality | ἀθανασία | boten saged pejah / kalanggengan | Medium | [New] | 6 | Inherent divine being, not titisan-style spiritual continuity |
| highminded / proud | ὑψηλοφρονέω | gumunggung amarga bandha | Low | [New] | 6 | |
| slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | batur tukon | Medium | [New] | 6 | Historical-social accuracy concern |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | kabeneran | High | [Baseline] | 6 | Listed alongside godliness/faith/love/patience |
| power of God | — | panguwaosipun Gusti Allah | Critical | [Baseline] | 6 | Underlies “Sovereign” title rendering |
7. Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| widow | χήρα | randha | High | [New] | 5 | Cultural stigma-reversal teaching point, not lexical risk |
| honor / double honor | τιμή / διπλῆς τιμῆς | kaurmatan / kaurmatan tikel kalih | Medium | [New] | 5 | Likely includes material support, not honor alone |
| to labor / toil | κοπιάω | nyambut damel kanthi rekasa | Low | [New] | 5 | |
| witness | μάρτυς | seksi | Low | [New] | 5 | |
| to share in / be partaker of | κοινωνέω | patunggilan (nampèni) | Medium | [Baseline root] | 5 | Negative moral sense here; distinct from baseline’s positive fellowship usage |
| household | οἶκος | brayat | Medium | [New] | 5 | Family’s primary duty of care for its own widows |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | patunggilan | Low | [Baseline] | throughout |
8. Guarding the Deposit of Faith
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Status | Ch. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the deposit | παραθήκη | titipan pitados | High | [New] | 6 | Natural custom of entrusted safekeeping, elevated to sacred apostolic trust |
| to fall away / depart | ἀφίστημι | nyingkur saking pitados | High | [New] | 4 | |
| deceiving spirits | πνεύματα πλάνοις | roh-roh ingkang nasaraken | Critical | [New] | 4 | Avoid dhemit/lelembut folk-spirit categories |
| demon | δαιμόνιον | roh awon | Critical | [New] | 4 | Morally evil, to be resisted, not propitiated with offerings |
| seared conscience | συνείδησις κεκαυτηριασμένη | kalbunipun sampun mati raos | Medium-High | [New] | 4 | |
| empty babbling | κενοφωνία | omong kosong | Low | [New] | 6 | |
| contradiction | ἀντίθεσις | pasulayan pamanggih | Low | [New] | 6 | |
| falsely called knowledge | ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις | kawruh ingkang lepat anggènipun kasebat | Critical | [New] | 6 | See doctrine 1 above; cross-listed |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Iblis | High | [New] | 1 | Shared vocabulary with Islamic tradition; requires anchoring note |
| blaspheme | βλασφημέω | nyenyamah | Low-Medium | [New] | 1 |
Reused Baseline Terms Appearing Throughout 1 Timothy (No Change)
| Term | Javanese | Risk (baseline) |
|---|---|---|
| God | Gusti Allah | Critical |
| Jesus | Gusti Yesus | Critical |
| Lord | Gusti | High |
| grace | sih-rahmat | Critical |
| faith | pitados | Medium |
| salvation | kaslametan | Critical |
| righteousness | kabeneran | High |
| holy | suci | High |
| saints | para suci | Medium |
| church | pasamuwan | Medium |
| apostle | utusan | Medium |
| gospel | Injil | Medium |
| glory | kamulyan | High |
| called / calling | katimbalan / katimbalanipun Gusti Allah | High |
| election | pepilihanipun Gusti Allah | High |
| gentiles | bangsa liya | Medium |
| law | angger-anggering Toret | Medium |
| peace | katentreman | Medium |
| kingdom of God | Kratoning Gusti Allah | Medium |
| spiritual gifts | peparing Roh Suci | Medium |
| thanksgiving | pamuji sukur | Low |
| fellowship | patunggilan | Low |
| intercession | pandonga tetulung tumrap wong liya | Medium |
| prophecy / prophet | pameca / nabi | Low |
| power of God | panguwaosipun Gusti Allah | Critical |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Suci | Critical |
| incarnation | Gusti Allah dados manungsa | Critical |
| resurrection | wungu saka pati | Critical |
| sin | dosa | High |
New-Term Version Control Note
This glossary introduces 34 new theological terms to translation memory beyond the Romans baseline. Per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md, each new term must be:
- Added to
translation_memory.jsonwith an incremented version number before Phase 2 segment translation begins. - Flagged for human theologian review if Critical or High risk (23 of the 34 new terms meet this threshold).
- Cross-checked against the Forbidden Substitution List for any overlap (notably: diabolos/Iblis, daimonion/roh awon, and pneumata planois must never be rendered with dhemit or lelembut, extending the baseline’s Holy Spirit forbidden-substitution logic to the demonic-spirit domain).
This document should be loaded alongside analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md before any Phase 2 translation of 1 Timothy content begins.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The compound joins the Javanese honorific Gusti (lord/master) with Allah. Never shorten to bare Gusti, which is also the ordinary address for any feudal lord or palace master; the full compound is required to specify the one supreme personal Creator.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never use Nabi Isa, the Islamic framing of Jesus as one prophet among a line culminating in Muhammad.
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Sih-rahmat must be taught as favor given with no debt incurred and nothing to repay, including in 1 Timothy 1:2, 1:14, and 6:21.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaslametan
Transliteration: kaslametan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: karahayon
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Every occurrence in 1 Timothy (1:15; 2:3-4; 4:10, 16) requires a teaching note distinguishing Christ’s once-for-all rescue from the repeated protective slametan ritual.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: δύναμις / δυνάστης
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies God’s title as sole Sovereign in 1 Timothy 6:15-16; never kasekten.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept sharply distinct from the deceiving spirits (pneumata planois) and demons (daimonia) warned against in 1 Timothy 4:1.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Transliteration: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: manunggaling kawula gusti
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Anchors ‘manifested in the flesh’ in the Christ-hymn of 1 Timothy 3:16; never manunggaling kawula gusti.
Deceiving Spirits
Approved rendering: roh-roh ingkang nasaraken
Transliteration: pneumata planois
Doctrine: False Asceticism and Spiritual Deception
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Original: πνεύματα πλάνοις
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
CRITICAL: must never be rendered with dhemit or lelembut, the ambiguous, often ritually-managed unseen-world beings of kejawen cosmology typically placated with sesajen offerings. These are morally hostile beings requiring doctrinal resistance, not propitiation.
Demon
Approved rendering: roh awon
Transliteration: daimonion
Doctrine: False Asceticism and Spiritual Deception
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut, setan
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
CRITICAL: inverts the baseline’s Holy Spirit collision. Readers must not map this onto ambiguous, ritually-managed kejawen unseen-world beings; also avoids the specifically Islamic-tradition setan to keep the doctrine’s own descriptive compound. Morally evil beings to be resisted, not appeased.
False Knowledge
Approved rendering: kawruh ingkang lepat anggènipun kasebat
Transliteration: pseudōnymos gnōsis
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: kawruh (unqualified)
Original: ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
CRITICAL: kawruh is precisely the indigenous term for the esoteric, mystical spiritual knowledge cultivated in Javanese kebatinan and ngèlmu traditions, transmitted through guru-murid lineage. The qualifying phrase ‘ingkang lepat anggènipun kasebat’ must always accompany this term; never let kawruh stand alone in this doctrinal-knowledge sense (6:20).
Mystery Of The Faith
Approved rendering: wewadinipun pitados
Transliteration: mystērion tēs pisteōs
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: wewadi (unanchored), ngèlmu
Original: μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
CRITICAL: Javanese kebatinan and kejawen mystical tradition centers on wewadi/esoteric kawruh transmitted only to initiated disciples through a guru-murid lineage. Every occurrence (3:9) must carry a teaching note that this is a truth God has now openly disclosed to all who believe, the opposite direction of kejawen esoteric secrecy.
Mediator
Approved rendering: Juru Panengah
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: wali (intercessory saint), dukun (spirit-mediator), leluhur invocation
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christ as the One Mediator
CRITICAL: Javanese religious life includes a dense system of intermediary figures believed to carry petitions to God or the unseen world — deceased wali visited at their graves, ancestral leluhur approached through slametan offerings, and dukun who mediate with spirits. Every occurrence (2:5) requires explicit teaching that Christ is the sole, sufficient mediator, excluding all of these.
One God
Approved rendering: setunggal Gusti Allah
Transliteration: heis theos
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: εἷς θεός
Category: Christ as the One Mediator
Builds directly on the baseline’s Gusti Allah; reinforces exclusive monotheism underlying the mediator doctrine of 2:5 against any plural or ambiguous unseen-world cosmology.
Savior
Approved rendering: Juruwilujeng
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Christ as Savior
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christ as the One Mediator
CRITICAL: the underlying safety/rescue concept shares the same root risk flagged for baseline kaslametan. Every occurrence (1:1; 2:3; 4:10) requires a teaching note that Juruwilujeng names Christ’s/God’s unique historical saving act, not a wish of general well-being as in ordinary Javanese greetings (sugeng, wilujeng) or a repeated protective ritual.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Christ as Savior
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
The established transliteration ‘Anointed One’; must accompany Gusti Yesus in doctrinally weighty confessional statements (e.g., 1:15; 6:13-14), never standing alone as a bare title that could read as generic.
Mystery Of Godliness
Approved rendering: wewadinipun kabektèn
Transliteration: mystērion tēs eusebeias
Doctrine: The Mystery of Godliness and the Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: wewadi (unanchored)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς εὐσεβείας
Category: The Church as Pillar of Truth
CRITICAL: combines the mystērion collision (kejawen esoteric wewadi/kawruh tradition) with the eusebeia collision (ascetic kejawen spirituality); introduces the Christ-hymn (3:16) and must be taught as revealed, not attained, truth.
Contentment
Approved rendering: marem ing panggalih
Transliteration: autarkeia
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: narima / nrimo ing pandum
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment
CRITICAL: the most natural Javanese word for this concept, narima, is the same root the baseline explicitly flags as passive, fatalistic ethic when rendering providence. Marem ing panggalih is chosen to reduce the fatalism association, but any use on this passage (6:6) must carry a distinguishing note: biblical contentment is active, confident trust in God’s personal provision, not passive resignation to impersonal fate.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Every occurrence needs context establishing Christ’s exclusive, supreme Lordship, not deference language borrowed from the keraton social hierarchy.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kabeneran
Transliteration: kabeneran
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Timothy 6:11, listed alongside godliness, faith, love, and patience; must remain distinct from kayektosan (truth) and never collapse into kasampurnan.
Holy
Approved rendering: suci
Transliteration: suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: kramat
Original: ὅσιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to the ‘holy hands’ lifted in prayer (1 Timothy 2:8).
Glory
Approved rendering: kamulyan
Transliteration: kamulyan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: wahyu, kasekten
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the doxology of 1 Timothy 1:17 and the Christ-hymn’s climax, ‘taken up in glory’ (3:16).
Called
Approved rendering: katimbalan
Transliteration: katimbalan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Paul’s apostolic call (1:12) and Timothy’s call to eternal life (6:12).
Calling
Approved rendering: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form retained for consistency across the curriculum’s calling vocabulary.
Election
Approved rendering: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for consistency; must be kept distinct from the ‘elect angels’ (eklektoi angeloi) reference in 1 Timothy 5:21, which shares the root but has a different referent.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: cemer
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Paul names himself ‘the foremost of sinners’ (1:15) and warns against unaddressed sin among leaders (5:20, 22, 24).
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: piwulang ingkang saras
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Sound Doctrine
“Saras” (healthy) risks being heard through the lens of Javanese jamu/traditional health-and-potency practices that promise holistic bodily-spiritual wellness. Must be anchored to doctrinal health/life versus doctrinal sickness (noseō, 6:4), never physical or mystical vitality.
Different Doctrine
Approved rendering: mulang piwulang sanès
Transliteration: heterodidaskaleō
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
Must be framed as departure from the guarded apostolic deposit (parathēkē), not acceptable denominational variety.
Conscience
Approved rendering: kalbu
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Conscience and Christian Integrity
Rejected alternatives: isin
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sound Doctrine
Javanese kalbu/ati nurani language is culturally available but must be taught as a faculty answerable to God’s revealed truth, not to communal shame-avoidance (isin), which functions as external face-honor rather than inward accountability before a personal God.
The Deposit
Approved rendering: titipan pitados
Transliteration: parathēkē
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
The Javanese custom of nitipaké (entrusting an item for safekeeping) is culturally clear and positively resonant, but the teaching must elevate this beyond ordinary household custom to the weighty, non-negotiable trust of the apostolic gospel (1 Timothy 6:20).
Fall Away
Approved rendering: nyingkur saking pitados
Transliteration: aphistēmi
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ἀφίστημι
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Must be read as genuine departure from professed faith (4:1), not a lesser wavering; ties directly to the letter’s warnings against deceiving spirits.
Satan
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Shares vocabulary with the surrounding Islamic tradition’s term for the devil; must be anchored, consistent with the baseline’s treatment of Roh Suci, as a personal, morally hostile being to be resisted (1:20), not a folk-spirit category to be avoided or appeased.
Overseer
Approved rendering: pangreksa pasamuwan
Transliteration: episkopos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: pemimpin (generic leader)
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Must not be flattened into a generic ‘leader’ nor elevated into a priyayi-style status title; the office carries the examined qualifications listed in 3:1-7 and is accountable to the congregation.
Office Of Overseer
Approved rendering: kalenggahan pangreksa pasamuwan
Transliteration: episkopē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἐπισκοπή
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
“Pangreksa” (watcher/guardian) must be firmly anchored to this specific congregational office (3:1); Javanese village life includes other ‘watching-over’ roles (e.g., a danyang guardian spirit said to watch over a territory) that must not bleed into this meaning.
Deacon
Approved rendering: diaken
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: batur
Original: διάκονος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Transliterated per the established Indonesian-archipelago Christian convention for specific ecclesial titles (3:8-13); must be distinguished from batur, a household/social-servant term carrying subordinate-class connotations in Javanese village hierarchy.
Elder
Approved rendering: pinituwa pasamuwan
Transliteration: presbyteros
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: sesepuh
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Pinituwa/sesepuh in Javanese village culture denotes a respected elder often consulted for traditional or quasi-spiritual guidance; the office sense (5:17-19) must be anchored to the examined-character and formal accusation-and-witness procedure, not inherited seniority-based traditional authority.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: kang mung gadhah semah setunggal
Transliteration: mias gynaikos andra
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: setya marang bojo (a vaguer fidelity metaphor)
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Traditional Javanese aristocratic (priyayi) and royal court (keraton) custom historically permitted, and in places still tolerates, polygamy. This qualification (3:2, 12) directly confronts that custom and must be taught as a literal behavioral requirement, not softened into a general fidelity metaphor.
Dignity
Approved rendering: wibawa
Transliteration: semnotēs / semnos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: σεμνότης / σεμνός
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
A weighty, respect-commanding moral seriousness (2:2; 3:4, 8, 11). Wibawa is historically tied to priyayi (aristocratic) social standing; must be anchored to moral seriousness before God, not inherited class-based deference.
Devil Slanderous
Approved rendering: Iblis (proper name) / tukang pitenah (adjectival)
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut, danyang
Original: διάβολος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
As a proper title (3:6-7), the personal chief spiritual adversary; as an adjective (3:11), ‘slanderous’ human conduct. Javanese kejawen folk cosmology populates the unseen world with morally ambiguous, propitiable spirit-beings; Iblis must be taught as a personal, morally hostile being to be resisted.
Women Ambiguous
Approved rendering: para wanita
Transliteration: gynaikas
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: bojonipun para diaken (wives of deacons — premature disambiguation), diaken wanita (women deacons — premature disambiguation)
Original: γυναῖκας
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Genuinely ambiguous in 3:11 between ‘wives [of deacons]’ and ‘women [in a parallel serving office]’. The rendering must remain as open as the Greek and be flagged for human theologian review with a translator’s note explaining the ambiguity rather than resolving it silently.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: tumempeling asta
Transliteration: epithesis tōn cheirōn
Doctrine: Ordination and Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: tangan panas (folk-healing potency-transfer touch)
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Physical touch believed to transmit spiritual potency is a live concept in Javanese folk healing practice (a healer’s ‘hot hand’); this act (4:14; 5:22) must be taught as symbolic church affirmation under the Spirit’s own sovereign gifting, not a channel of transferable potency.
Ransom
Approved rendering: tebusan
Transliteration: antilytron
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: tumbal (calamity-warding substitute offering)
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Christ as the One Mediator
Javanese folk ritual includes the practice of tumbal, an offering set apart to ward off calamity or appease spiritual forces. Tebusan (2:6) must be taught as Christ’s voluntary, once-for-all self-giving to satisfy the just penalty for sin, a personal act by the divine Mediator himself, not an impersonal warding-off offering.
Domineer Authority
Approved rendering: ngerèh kanthi meksa
Transliteration: authenteō
Doctrine: Gender Roles in Public Worship and Teaching
Rejected alternatives: ngerèh (bare authority, an under-translation)
Original: αὐθεντέω
Category: Public Worship and Prayer
A hapax legomenon (its only NT occurrence, 2:12) with genuine scholarly disagreement in the source language. The rendering must neither overstate (blanket prohibition on any teaching by women) nor understate what the Greek conveys; requires mandatory human theologian review per segment.
Full Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: kayektosan ingkang kawuningan sanget
Transliteration: epignōsis alētheias
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Public Worship and Prayer
An intensified compound of alētheia (2:4); shares alētheia’s need to be kept distinct from the baseline’s kabeneran (righteousness/legal standing).
Pillar
Approved rendering: cagak
Transliteration: stylos
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: saka guru (ritually-loaded joglo house pillar)
Original: στῦλος
Category: The Church as Pillar of Truth
The obvious cultural analogue, saka guru (the four central load-bearing pillars of a traditional joglo house), is traditionally associated in some communities with house-building rituals adjacent to tumbal practice. The generic cagak is chosen (3:15) to convey structural support without importing that ritual association; a translator note explaining this choice is required.
Truth
Approved rendering: kayektosan
Transliteration: alētheia
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: kabeneran (baseline’s righteousness term — must not substitute)
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Objective, revealed reality, the gospel content itself (2:4; 3:15; 4:3; 6:5). Must be kept distinct from the baseline’s kabeneran (forensic right-standing before God); collapsing the two would blur the Sound Doctrine and Salvation doctrines together.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kabektèn
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: tapa, tirakat, laku prihatin
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment
A defining term of the Pastoral Epistles, occurring ten times in this letter. Must be anchored to devotion flowing from relationship with God through Christ, not the ascetic disciplines of kejawen spirituality pursued to attain spiritual potency or mystical perfection.
Good Confession
Approved rendering: ikrar ingkang saé
Transliteration: homologia (kalē)
Doctrine: The Good Confession and the Return of Christ
Original: ὁμολογία (καλή)
Category: Godliness and Contentment
A public, formal declaration of allegiance to Christ, made both by Timothy and by Christ himself before Pilate (6:12-13). Must echo, not compete with, the established Romans 10:9 Lordship-confession language already fixed in the baseline.
Widow
Approved rendering: randha
Transliteration: chēra
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα
Category: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Not a lexical mistranslation risk but a cultural-application risk: in Javanese village social structure a randha, especially childless or elderly, has historically carried social vulnerability and sometimes stigma. This doctrine (5:1-16) commands a reversal — structured honor and material care — that the teaching note must make explicit.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith (Christ) must remain recoverable from context throughout 1 Timothy.
Saints
Approved rendering: para suci
Transliteration: para suci
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for consistency though not a focal term in 1 Timothy; keeps every-believer sense distinct from Wali Songo grave-veneration practice.
Church
Approved rendering: pasamuwan
Transliteration: pasamuwan
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: punden
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Central to 1 Timothy 3:5, 15 and 5:16; never punden.
Apostle
Approved rendering: utusan
Transliteration: utusan
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: rasul
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Paul’s own title (1 Timothy 1:1; 2:7); never rasul.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar kabungahan
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. The authoritative gospel entrusted to Paul (1 Timothy 1:11).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa liya
Transliteration: bangsa liya
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Used of Paul’s role as ‘a teacher of the Gentiles’ (1 Timothy 2:7).
Law
Approved rendering: angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: hukum agami
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Anchors 1 Timothy 1:7-9’s teaching on the lawful use of the law.
Peace
Approved rendering: katentreman
Transliteration: katentreman
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the 1 Timothy 1:2 greeting formula.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for consistency with the curriculum’s Kingdom vocabulary; distinct from the doxological ‘King of the ages’ title in 1 Timothy 1:17.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: peparing Roh Suci
Transliteration: peparing Roh Suci
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Timothy 4:14, refers to Timothy’s specific ordination gift conferred through prophecy and the laying on of hands, not the general congregational category.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pandonga tetulung tumrap wong liya
Transliteration: pandonga tetulung tumrap wong liya
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: nyuwun berkah ing kuburan
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Commanded ‘for all people, for kings and all who are in high positions’ (1 Timothy 2:1-2); distinguish from grave-visitation or spirit-mediation intercessory practice.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: piwulang
Transliteration: didaskalia
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: διδασκαλία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Base term for the body of apostolic instruction. Risk is concentrated in its qualifying compounds (sound doctrine, a different doctrine) rather than the bare noun itself.
Myth
Approved rendering: dongèng
Transliteration: mythos
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: μῦθος
Category: Sound Doctrine
Javanese dongèng and babad traditions carry deep cultural respect as vehicles of ancestral wisdom; the rendering must make clear Paul condemns speculative, Christ-less religious fictions specifically, not Javanese storytelling heritage generally.
Genealogy
Approved rendering: tedhak-tedhak/asal-usul
Transliteration: genealogia
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Refers to speculative, likely proto-Gnostic genealogical systems condemned in 1:4, distinct from the OT genealogies affirmed elsewhere in Scripture.
Unhealthy Craving
Approved rendering: lara ing pikiran babagan pasulayan
Transliteration: noseō
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: νοσέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
Reinforces the health/sickness metaphor paired with piwulang ingkang saras; must be kept consistent with that entry across all occurrences.
Seared Conscience
Approved rendering: kalbunipun sampun mati raos
Transliteration: syneidēsis kekautēriasmenē
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: συνείδησις κεκαυτηριασμένη
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Extends the conscience term-family (4:2); should read as morally deadened, not merely forgetful.
Mercy
Approved rendering: sih-kawelasan
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Testimony
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Grace and Mercy
Must be distinguished from sih-rahmat (grace, unmerited favor): mercy specifically addresses Paul’s self-description as formerly a blasphemer who received mercy (1:13, 16) — compassion toward the guilty, complementary to but distinct from grace toward the unworthy.
Council Of Elders
Approved rendering: pepanthaning para pinituwa pasamuwan
Transliteration: presbyterion
Doctrine: Ordination and Spiritual Gifts
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
The formal collective body that laid hands on Timothy (4:14), not an informal gathering of village elders.
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: tanpa cacad
Transliteration: anepilēmptos / anenklētos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Publicly blameless (3:2, 10); reputational integrity under scrutiny, not the mystical moral perfection already forbidden in the baseline for righteousness.
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: sareh
Transliteration: sōphrōn / sōphrosynē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: σώφρων / σωφροσύνη
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Must be taught as Spirit-given discipline rooted in Christ (2:9, 15; 3:2, 11), not the natural even-temperedness prized as a priyayi cultural ideal, nor ascetic self-mastery pursued for spiritual potency.
Able To Teach
Approved rendering: mahir mulang
Transliteration: didaktikos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: διδακτικός
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Must connect explicitly to piwulang ingkang saras (sound doctrine, 3:2), not generic public-speaking skill.
Not A Lover Of Money
Approved rendering: ora dhemen bandha
Transliteration: aphilargyros
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἀφιλάργυρος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Free from greed (3:3); cross-reference philargyria (6:10) and aischrokerdēs (3:8) for terminological consistency across the letter.
Household
Approved rendering: brayat
Transliteration: oikos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: trah
Original: οἶκος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Must be distinguished from trah (an ancestral lineage/clan line heavily loaded with descent-based status claims, including royal lineage legitimacy); brayat keeps the sense of an ordinary household unit (3:4-5, 12).
Manage Household
Approved rendering: ngereh kanthi becik
Transliteration: proistēmi
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: ngerèh kados ratu ing kraton (autocratic royal command style)
Original: προΐστημι
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Servant-oriented household and, by extension, church management (3:4-5; 5:17), not autocratic keraton-style command authority.
Submission
Approved rendering: pambangun-turut
Transliteration: hypotagē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ὑποταγή
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Reuses the root in the baseline’s ‘obedience of faith’; here the referent is household order (3:4) or gender-role instruction (2:11) — a different doctrinal sense sharing only the root word, not to be conflated with the believer’s gospel response.
Puffed Up
Approved rendering: gumunggung
Transliteration: typhoō
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: τυφόω
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Pride that clouds spiritual judgment, especially the danger of premature leadership elevation (3:6); should not be softened into ordinary self-confidence.
Good Testimony
Approved rendering: paseksèn ingkang saé
Transliteration: martyria kalē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: μαρτυρία καλή
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
A good reputation with outsiders, protecting leaders from disgrace (3:7).
Tested
Approved rendering: diuji rumiyin
Transliteration: dokimazō
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: δοκιμάζω
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Establishes that ordination follows an examination process (3:10), not appointment by inherited status or lineage.
Greedy For Dishonest Gain
Approved rendering: srakah bandha kanthi cara ingkang boten patut
Transliteration: aischrokerdēs
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: αἰσχροκερδής
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Cross-reference philargyria (6:10) and porismos (6:5) for consistency (3:8).
Standing Rank
Approved rendering: pangkat ingkang saé
Transliteration: bathmos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: βαθμός
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
“Pangkat” evokes civil-service/bureaucratic rank in modern Javanese usage; a teaching note is needed that this standing (3:13) is earned through humble service, the opposite of status-climbing.
Boldness
Approved rendering: kekendelan
Transliteration: parrēsia
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: παρρησία
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Confident, unashamed access and speech gained through faithful diaconal service (3:13); a term of assurance, not arrogance.
Elect Angels
Approved rendering: malaékat ingkang kepilih
Transliteration: eklektoi angeloi
Doctrine: Eldership Governance and Discipline
Original: ἐκλεκτοὶ ἄγγελοι
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Angels chosen by God, invoked in 5:21 as solemn witnesses to Timothy’s charge; distinguish from the soteriological ‘election’ doctrine, which shares the root word but has a different theological referent.
Modesty
Approved rendering: prasaja
Transliteration: aidōs
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: αἰδώς
Category: Public Worship and Prayer
Modest, appropriately restrained dress and manner in public worship (2:9).
Foundation
Approved rendering: dhasar
Transliteration: hedraiōma / themelion
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: ἑδραίωμα / θεμέλιον
Category: The Church as Pillar of Truth
A firm support or base, paired with cagak for the church (3:15), and later a good foundation stored up for the future (6:19).
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: tresna marang bandha
Transliteration: philargyria
Doctrine: Love of Money and the Danger of Wealth
Original: φιλαργυρία
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Named as a root of many evils (6:10); cross-reference aphilargyros (3:3) and aischrokerdēs (3:8) for consistency across the leadership-qualification and contentment passages.
Means Of Gain
Approved rendering: sarana pados bandha
Transliteration: porismos
Doctrine: Love of Money and the Danger of Wealth
Original: πορισμός
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Treating godliness as a means of financial gain (6:5); note the live contemporary parallel of paid spiritual services (dukun’s fees, purchased blessings).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: gesang langgeng
Transliteration: aiōnios zōē
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: titisan-style repeated cycle framing
Original: αἰώνιος ζωή
Category: Godliness and Contentment
The promised, unending future life secured by Christ (6:12, 19); must be taught consistently with the baseline’s resurrection doctrine, not an indefinitely repeated cycle of existence.
Appearing Of Christ
Approved rendering: rawuhipun Gusti Yesus Kristus
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: The Good Confession and the Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: garebeg-style royal ceremonial appearance framing
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Uses the honorific verb rawuh appropriate to Christ’s supreme dignity (6:14), but must be distinguished from ceremonial public appearances of Javanese royalty (keraton processions, garebeg ceremonies).
Blessed And Only Sovereign
Approved rendering: Ingkang Mahakuwaos ingkang mulya piyambak
Transliteration: makarios kai monos dynastēs
Doctrine: The Good Confession and the Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sakti ruler framing tied to kasekten
Original: μακάριος καὶ μόνος δυνάστης
Category: Godliness and Contentment
A doxological title for God as sole, blessed Ruler over all (6:15); must be tied to the baseline’s panguwaosipun Gusti Allah term-family, not to kasekten-associated notions of a sakti ruler.
Immortality
Approved rendering: kalanggengan
Transliteration: athanasia
Doctrine: The Good Confession and the Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: titisan (rebirth-transfer spiritual continuity)
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: Godliness and Contentment
God’s inherent, underived eternal existence (6:16); must be distinguished from any notion of a spirit’s continued existence through titisan, already flagged Critical in the baseline for resurrection.
Slave
Approved rendering: batur tukon
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Slavery and Social Order
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Godliness and Contentment
A bondservant under the literal institution of slavery in the Roman world (6:1-2). Primarily a socio-historical accuracy concern rather than a syncretism risk; the ancient institution must be explained accurately without endorsing it or anachronistically softening the text.
Honor
Approved rendering: kaurmatan
Transliteration: timē / diplēs timēs
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: τιμή / διπλῆς τιμῆς
Category: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Honor, likely including material/financial support, for widows (5:3) and elders (5:17, ‘double honor’).
Share In Negative Sense
Approved rendering: patunggilan (ing pangertosan negatif)
Transliteration: koinōneō
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: κοινωνέω
Category: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Reuses the baseline’s patunggilan/koinōnia root, here in the negative sense of shared culpability in others’ sins (5:22); a translator note distinguishing this from the baseline’s positive fellowship usage is recommended.
King Of The Ages
Approved rendering: Ratu ingkang Langgeng
Transliteration: basileus tōn aiōnōn
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Apostolic Ministry
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰώνων
Category: God
A doxological title for God as eternal Sovereign (1:17), distinct from the earthly-advancing kingdom-mission sense of God’s reign used elsewhere in the curriculum.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: brayatipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: oikos theou
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Builds on oikos (3:4) plus the baseline’s Gusti Allah (3:15); extends the household metaphor from chapter 3’s leadership qualifications into an image for the whole church.
Church Of Living God
Approved rendering: pasamuwanipun Gusti Allah ingkang gesang
Transliteration: ekklēsia theou zōntos
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: punden (village guardian-spirit shrine)
‘Living God’ (3:15) must be distinguished from any implication of a locally-resident guardian deity/spirit, as in a punden shrine; the living God is the one universal Creator, not a territorial spirit.
Agape Love
Approved rendering: katresnan
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Conscience and Christian Integrity
Self-giving, willed love flowing from a pure heart and good conscience (1:5), distinct in register from tresna (ordinary romantic/family affection) though sharing the same root; standard, well-established Javanese Christian usage.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pamuji sukur
Transliteration: pamuji sukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Commanded in corporate prayer (1 Timothy 2:1) and over food (4:3-4).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: patunggilan
Transliteration: patunggilan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: kekancan
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Presupposed throughout the letter’s household-of-faith language.
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: dhukun
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for consistency across the curriculum.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: pameca
Transliteration: pameca
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: primbon
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Accompanies Timothy’s ordination (1:18; 4:14).
Quarrels About Words
Approved rendering: padudon babagan tembung
Transliteration: logomachia
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: λογομαχία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Standard descriptive vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: nyenyamah
Transliteration: blasphēmeō
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
Standard vocabulary; low risk.
Empty Babbling
Approved rendering: omong kosong
Transliteration: kenophōnia
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: κενοφωνία
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Standard descriptive vocabulary (6:20).
Contradiction
Approved rendering: pasulayan pamanggih
Transliteration: antithesis
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ἀντίθεσις
Category: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Standard descriptive vocabulary (6:20).
Sober
Approved rendering: ora dhemen ngombé, tansah waspada
Transliteration: nēphalios
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: νηφάλιος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Free from wine, clear-headed, watchful (3:2, 11).
Orderly
Approved rendering: tumindak sopan lan tumata
Transliteration: kosmios
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: κόσμιος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Orderly, decorous outward conduct matching inward self-control (3:2).
Hospitable
Approved rendering: remen nampi tamu
Transliteration: philoxenos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: φιλόξενος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Positively resonant with existing Javanese hospitality customs (3:2); no collision risk.
Gentle
Approved rendering: sabar lan lembah manah
Transliteration: epieikēs
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἐπιεικής
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Gracious forbearance that does not insist on the letter of one’s rights (3:3).
Peaceable
Approved rendering: ora seneng congkrah
Transliteration: amachos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἄμαχος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Not contentious or quarrelsome (3:3).
Not Violent
Approved rendering: seneng padu lan tumindak sereng (ingkang kaicalaken)
Transliteration: plēktēs
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πλήκτης
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Not a striker; free from a violent or bullying temperament (3:3).
Not Drunkard
Approved rendering: seneng ngombé arak (ingkang kaicalaken)
Transliteration: paroinos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πάροινος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Not given to habitual heavy drinking (3:3; cf. 3:8).
New Convert
Approved rendering: wong ingkang nembé pitados
Transliteration: neophytos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: νεόφυτος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
A person newly come to faith, disqualified from immediate leadership (3:6).
Double Tongued
Approved rendering: lambé loro
Transliteration: dilogos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: δίλογος
Category: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Saying one thing to one person and another to another; matches an existing Javanese idiom for insincerity (3:8).
Testimony
Approved rendering: paseksèn
Transliteration: martyrion
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Christ as the One Mediator
The witness given at the proper time concerning Christ’s mediating and ransoming work (2:6).
Prayer General
Approved rendering: pandonga
Transliteration: proseuchē
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: προσευχή
Category: Public Worship and Prayer
General term for prayer addressed to God, commanded for all people including rulers (2:1-2).
Petition
Approved rendering: panyuwunan
Transliteration: deēsis
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: δέησις
Category: Public Worship and Prayer
A specific, urgent request addressed to God (2:1); reuses the baseline’s panyuwunan established for the entreaty sense of parakaleō.
Angel
Approved rendering: malaékat
Transliteration: angelos
Doctrine: The Mystery of Godliness and the Incarnation
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Established shared transliteration across Indonesian-archipelago religious vocabulary (3:16; 5:21).
Root
Approved rendering: oyod
Transliteration: rhiza
Doctrine: Love of Money and the Danger of Wealth
Original: ῥίζα
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Metaphor for the source from which love of money produces evils (6:10).
Proud Because Of Wealth
Approved rendering: gumunggung amarga bandha
Transliteration: hypsēlophroneō
Doctrine: Love of Money and the Danger of Wealth
Original: ὑψηλοφρονέω
Category: Godliness and Contentment
To be arrogant on account of riches (6:17).
Labor
Approved rendering: nyambut damel kanthi rekasa
Transliteration: kopiaō
Doctrine: Eldership Governance and Discipline
Original: κοπιάω
Category: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
To toil, especially in preaching and teaching (5:17).
Witness
Approved rendering: seksi
Transliteration: martys
Doctrine: Eldership Governance and Discipline
Original: μάρτυς
Category: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
A witness required to establish a formal charge against an elder (5:19).
Train Godliness
Approved rendering: nglatih
Transliteration: gymnazō
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Contrasts athletic/ascetic self-training with eusebeia (4:7-8); a useful bridge for relativizing kejawen ascetic exercises (tapa, tirakat) pursued for their own sake.