Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians 1–6 (English → Javanese)
Table 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (from Romans translation_memory.json)
| Term | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Chapters Occurring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Injil | Medium | 1, 2, 3, 4 | Reused exactly; central to “True Gospel vs. False Gospels” doctrine. |
| grace | sih-rahmat | Critical | 1, 2, 5, 6 | Reused exactly; never kasekten/wahyu/utang budi. Gal 2:21 and 5:4 are key contrast passages. |
| faith | pitados | Medium/High (context-dependent, see pistis Christou below) | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | Reused exactly; object of faith (Christ) must be specified per baseline rule. |
| righteousness | kabeneran | Critical | 2, 3, 5 | Reused exactly. |
| justification | kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah | Critical | 2, 3, 5 | Reused exactly; core passage anchor (2:16-17). |
| salvation | kaslametan | Critical | (minimal direct occurrence; conceptually present) | Reused exactly if/when the noun appears; carries the same slametan-ritual translator-note requirement. |
| apostle | utusan | Medium | 1 | Reused exactly; doctrine “Paul’s Apostleship.” |
| called | katimbalan | High | 1, 5 | Reused exactly. |
| calling | katimbalanipun Gusti Allah | High | 1 | Reused exactly. |
| holy | suci | High | (implicit in “saints,” “Holy Spirit”) | Reused exactly. |
| saints | para suci | Medium | (minimal direct occurrence) | Reused exactly if referenced. |
| sanctification | pensucen | High | 5 (conceptually, fruit of the Spirit) | Reused exactly. |
| adoption | pengangkatan dadi putra | High | 4 | Reused exactly, verbatim match to Romans 8:15 context. |
| law | angger-anggering Toret | Medium | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Reused exactly; must stay distinct from new term “law of Christ” (ch. 6). |
| sin | dosa | High | 1, 2, 3 | Reused exactly. |
| gentiles | bangsa liya | Medium | 2, 3 | Reused exactly. |
| glory | kamulyan | High | 1 | Reused exactly. |
| covenant | prajanjian | High | 3, 4 | Reused exactly; distinct from new term “promise” (janji). |
| church | pasamuwan | Medium | 1 | Reused exactly. |
| kingdom_of_god | Kratoning Gusti Allah | Medium | 5 | Reused exactly (5:21, “will not inherit the kingdom of God”). |
| fellowship | patunggilan | Low | 2 | Reused exactly (“right hand of fellowship,” 2:9). |
| resurrection | wungu saka pati | Critical | 1 | Reused exactly. |
| lord | Gusti | Critical/High | throughout | Reused exactly; “Lord Jesus Christ” is the standard divine reference form. |
| son_of_god | Putrané Gusti Allah | Critical | 2, 4 | Reused exactly. |
| father | Rama | High | 1, 4 | Reused exactly (“God our Father,” “Abba, Father”). |
| abba | Abba | Medium | 4 | Reused exactly; verbatim consistency with Romans 8:15 required. |
| jesus | Gusti Yesus | Critical | throughout | Reused exactly. |
| god | Gusti Allah | Critical | throughout | Reused exactly; never bare “Gusti.” |
| holy_spirit | Roh Suci | Critical | 3, 4, 5, 6 | Reused exactly; short form “Roh” in the flesh/Spirit antithesis (ch. 5) always resolves to this full term. |
| israel | Israel | Medium | 6 | Reused exactly (“Israel of God,” 6:16 — referent flagged as disputed). |
| imputed_righteousness | kabeneran kang kaanggep saking Gusti Allah | Critical | 3 | Reused exactly; Gal 3:6 quotes the same Genesis 15:6 text as Romans 4:3. |
| peace | katentreman | Medium | 1, 5, 6 | Reused exactly; also the head fruit-of-the-Spirit-adjacent term in 5:22 (as a listed virtue) and closing benediction (6:16). |
Table 2 — New Terms Required for Galatians (proposed additions to translation memory)
| Term | Category | Risk | Original / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Alternatives Rejected | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| works of the law | Salvation | Critical | ἔργα νόμου / erga nomou | pakaryan-pakaryan angger-anggering Toret | ”kabecikan” (too broad, would blur with good works generally) | 2, 3 | Central negative pole of Justification by Faith doctrine; must stay distinct from “good works” (6:9-10), which Galatians affirms. |
| faith in Jesus Christ (pistis Christou) | Salvation/Christology | Critical | πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ / pistis Iēsou Christou | pitados dhateng Gusti Yesus Kristus | Bare “pitados” without object (loses the genitive’s referent) | 2, 3 | Resolves the objective/subjective genitive ambiguity toward “faith directed toward Christ,” consistent with baseline faith entry’s requirement that the object of faith be specified. Flag for theologian review every occurrence. |
| crucified with Christ | Crucifixion / Union with Christ | Critical | συνεσταύρωμαι Χριστῷ / synestaurōmai Christō | sampun disalib bebarengan kaliyan Gusti Kristus | ”mati raga” (Javanese/kejawen ascetic self-mortification — rejected as a repeatable human discipline, not a once-for-all divine act) | 2, 5 | New doctrine “Crucified with Christ.” Must never be confused with ascetic technique; a completed act with continuing result, accomplished in and by Christ. |
| revelation | Divine Calling / Inspiration | Critical | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | kawiyakan (noun) / mbabaraken (verb) | wahyu (FORBIDDEN — baseline’s impersonal, transferable royal-legitimizing mandate-light) | 1 | New Critical forbidden-substitution rule specific to Galatians: never render “revelation” as wahyu. |
| curse (of the law) / accursed / anathema | Law / Redemption | High | κατάρα / ἀνάθεμα / katara / anathema | ipat-ipat(ing angger-anggering Toret) | none proposed (no viable alternative; risk managed via teaching note, not substitution) | 1, 3 | Must be anchored to God’s judicial verdict under the law, distinct from Javanese tenung/santet invoked sorcery-curse. |
| redeem / redemption | Redemption | High | ἐξαγοράζω / exagorazō | nebus | none proposed | 3, 4 | Commercial ransom-buying metaphor; distinguish from ritual appeasement offerings (sesaji) to spirits. |
| freedom / liberty | Freedom in Christ | High | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | kamardikan | none proposed (established word; risk managed via context, not substitution) | 2, 5 | Strong collision with Indonesian national-independence connotation; every occurrence needs explicit spiritual-freedom framing. |
| yoke of slavery | Freedom in Christ / Law and Grace | High | ζυγὸς δουλείας / zygos douleias | pasangan pangawulan | Any phrase pairing “kawula” directly with “gusti” (would risk invoking the forbidden manunggaling kawula gusti mystical-union association) | 5 | Caution flagged re: root-word proximity to a forbidden baseline phrase. |
| new creation | Circumcision and the New Creation | Critical | καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis | titah anyar | ”dadi becik” (mere moral improvement — rejected, loses eschatological weight) | 6 | Constructive positive resolution to the circumcision controversy; teach with full eschatological weight. |
| flesh (moral/sinful-nature sense) | Flesh versus Spirit | Critical | σάρξ / sarx (moral sense) | kadagingan | bare “daging” alone in moral contexts (would flatten Paul’s flesh/Spirit antithesis into mere dietary/bodily reference) | 5 | Keep distinct from neutral physical sense (see next row). |
| flesh (neutral/physical sense) | Christology / Incarnation-adjacent | High | σάρξ / sarx (neutral sense) | daging | ”kadagingan” in neutral contexts (would wrongly moralize ordinary embodied existence, e.g., Gal 2:20’s “life I now live in the flesh”) | 2, 4 | Context-check required at every occurrence to select correct sense. |
| sorcery (pharmakeia) | Flesh versus Spirit | Critical | φαρμακεία / pharmakeia | tenung | none proposed (no safe substitute; risk managed via teaching note) | 5 | Live cultural belief in dukun-mediated sorcery; requires human theologian and culturally-informed review. |
| elements/elemental spirits of the world | The Law’s Purpose | Critical | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου / stoicheia tou kosmou | pangwasa-pangwasaning jagad | none proposed (ambiguous Greek term itself; risk managed via strong teaching note) | 4 | Risk of being heard as endorsing kejawen nature-spirit cosmology; must teach these powers as decisively overcome in Christ. |
| circumcision | Circumcision and the New Creation | Critical | περιτομή / peritomē | tetak | none proposed (established shared term with Islamic sunat practice; risk managed via teaching note, not substitution) | 2, 5, 6 | Major cultural-collision risk with living Javanese Muslim practice; requires explicit distinction between the OT covenant-sign question and contemporary practice. |
| mediator | The Law’s Purpose / Abrahamic Covenant | Medium | μεσίτης / mesitēs | juru pantara | none proposed | 3 | |
| guardian / schoolmaster (paidagogos) | The Law’s Purpose | Medium | παιδαγωγός / paidagōgos | pamomong | none proposed | 3, 4 | Apt cultural parallel to the traditional Javanese child-guide role; must stress the role’s now-completed status. |
| promise | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Medium | ἐπαγγελία / epangelia | janji(nipun Gusti Allah) | conflating with “prajanjian” (covenant — rejected, would blur two distinct baseline/Galatians concepts) | 3, 4 | Kept distinct from the heavier term “covenant.” |
| seed (singular, Christological) | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | High | σπέρμα / sperma | tedhak-turun | none proposed (grammatical-number nuance managed via translator note, not word substitution) | 3 | Requires explicit note that Paul’s argument rests on singular/plural distinction not visible in the Javanese rendering. |
| faith working through love | Faith Working through Love | High | πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη / pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | pitados ingkang makarya lantaran katresnan | none proposed | 5 | Must be taught alongside justification-by-faith so love is not mistaken as a co-ground of righteousness. |
| fruit of the Spirit | Fruit of the Spirit | High | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος / karpos tou pneumatos | wohing Roh Suci | none proposed | 5 | Preserve the grammatical singular “fruit” (vs. plural “works of the flesh”) in teaching material. |
| love (as fruit-list item) | Fruit of the Spirit | Medium | ἀγάπη / agapē | katresnan | none proposed | 5 | New standalone glossary entry. |
| gentleness | Fruit of the Spirit | Medium | πραΰτης / prautēs | andhap asor | none proposed (risk managed via teaching note) | 5, 6 | Must be reframed from feudal-deference etiquette to Spirit-produced strength-under-restraint toward all people. |
| self-control | Fruit of the Spirit | Low-Medium | ἐγκράτεια / egkrateia | kabisan ngendhaleni dhiri | none proposed | 5 | |
| bear one another’s burdens | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | Medium | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε / allēlōn ta barē bastazete | nyanggi momotanipun tiyang sanès | none proposed | 6 | |
| law of Christ | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Law and Grace | High | ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ / ho nomos tou Christou | angger-anggering Gusti Kristus | Reusing bare “angger-anggering Toret” (would wrongly conflate Christ’s love-ethic with the Mosaic Law just relativized throughout the letter) | 6 | Must be explicitly distinguished from the Mosaic Law. |
| each will bear his own load | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | Medium | τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει / to idion phortion bastasei | piyambak-piyambak badhe nyanggi momotanipun piyambak | Using the identical phrase as “bear one another’s burdens” without a distinguishing note (would flatten Paul’s deliberate two-word contrast) | 6 | Different Greek word (phortion, not baros) from v. 2; requires translator note. |
| household of faith | Church as God’s People | Medium | οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως / oikeioi tēs pisteōs | brayat pitados | none proposed | 6 | Reframes family loyalty around shared faith without requiring abandonment of biological family duty. |
| boast [only] in the cross | Crucified with Christ / Freedom in Christ | High | καυχᾶσθαι ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ / kauchasthai en tō staurō | mongkog namung ing salibipun Gusti Kristus | none proposed | 6 | Must be distinguished from ordinary self-boasting, which Javanese cultural humility norms (andhap asor) generally discourage. |
| marks of Jesus | Paul’s Apostleship | Medium | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ / ta stigmata tou Iēsou | tandha-tandhaning Gusti Yesus | none proposed | 6 | Distinguish from devotional stigmata-veneration and from unrelated tattoo/scarification associations. |
| bewitched | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | Critical | ἐβάσκανεν / ebaskanen | kena panguna-guna (rhetorical idiom) | Literal “sinerang mripat” (too obscure, loses rhetorical force) | 3 | Requires teaching note that this is rhetorical accusation of deception, not endorsement of literal sorcery. |
| different / another gospel | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | High | ἕτερον / ἄλλο εὐαγγέλιον | Injil sanès | none proposed | 1 | |
| false brothers | Paul’s Apostleship / True Gospel | Medium | ψευδάδελφοι / pseudadelphoi | sedherek palsu | none proposed | 2 | |
| hypocrisy | Law and Grace (Antioch incident) | Low | ὑπόκρισις / hypokrisis | lamis | none proposed | 2 | |
| ancestral traditions | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | Medium | παραδόσεις πατρικαί / paradoseis patrikai | tata-cara leluhur | none proposed (risk managed via teaching note) | 1 | Collision with Javanese ancestor-veneration reverence; requires clarifying note. |
| Israel of God | Abrahamic Covenant / Unity of Jews and Gentiles | High | ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ / ho Israēl tou theou | Israelipun Gusti Allah | none proposed (referent ambiguity managed via flag, not word choice) | 6 | Disputed referent (church vs. ethnic Israel); do not resolve silently. |
| brahala (false gods/idols) | Flesh versus Spirit / Law’s Purpose | High | θεοί (φύσει μὴ ὄντες) / theoi (physei mē ontes) | brahala | none proposed | 4, 5 | Relevant to persistent kejawen/folk-religious practice. |
| nullify / set aside (atheteo) | Grace / Abrahamic Covenant | High | ἀθετέω / atheteō | nyuwak | none proposed | 2, 3 | Distinct from “katargeo” (severed/rendered inoperative, ch. 5) — track both under related but distinct entries if Phase 2 requires finer granularity. |
| severed from Christ / fallen from grace | Law and Grace | Critical | κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ / τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε | pedhot saking Gusti Kristus / dhawah saking sih-rahmat | none proposed (scope-bounding managed via teaching note) | 5 | Mandatory theologian review; bound the warning to its specific context (seeking law-based justification). |
| transgressor | Crucified with Christ (context) | Medium | παραβάτης / parabatēs | tiyang ingkang nerak angger-anggering Toret | none proposed | 2 | |
| servant of sin | Crucified with Christ (context) | High | διάκονος ἁμαρτίας / diakonos hamartias | abdinipun dosa | none proposed | 2 | Must be flagged as the false inference Paul rejects, not a true statement. |
| died for no purpose / died in vain | Grace / Crucified with Christ | Critical | δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν / dōrean apethanen | Gusti Kristus sedanipun mboten wonten gunanipun | none proposed | 2 | Wordplay with charis-family root (dōrea) should be recorded in a footnote for teaching purposes, not imported into running text. |
| heir (klēronomos) | Adoption and Sonship | Medium | κληρονόμος / klēronomos | ahli waris | none proposed | 3, 4 | |
| guardians and managers | The Law’s Purpose | Medium | ἐπίτροποι καὶ οἰκονόμοι / epitropoi kai oikonomoi | pamomong saha pangayoming bandha | none proposed | 4 | |
| fullness of time | Providence (extension) | Medium | τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου / to plērōma tou chronou | sampun jangkep wektunipun | none proposed | 4 | |
| allegory | Abrahamic Covenant (hermeneutics) | Medium | ἀλληγορούμενα / allēgoroumena | pralambang | none proposed | 4 | |
| Jerusalem above | Abrahamic Covenant / Freedom in Christ | Medium | ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ / hē anō Ierousalēm | Yerusalem ing dhuwur | none proposed | 4 | Must not be confused with earthly holy-site pilgrimage significance. |
| leaven | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | Low | ζύμη / zymē | ragi | none proposed | 5 | |
| offense of the cross | Crucified with Christ | Medium | τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ / to skandalon tou staurou | sandhungan salibipun Gusti Kristus | none proposed | 5 | |
| observe days, months, seasons, years | The Law’s Purpose | Medium-High | ἡμέρας…καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς | ngèngeti dinten, wulan, mangsa, saha taun ingkang dipun anggep suci | none proposed | 4 | Collision with Javanese ritual-calendar (petungan/primbon) practice. |
| truth of the gospel | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | High | ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου / alētheia tou euangeliou | kayektosaning Injil | none proposed | 2 | |
| pillars | Paul’s Apostleship | Low-Medium | στῦλοι / styloi | cagak-cagaking pasamuwan | none proposed | 2 | |
| Judaize | Law and Grace | Medium | ἰουδαΐζειν / ioudazein | kapeksa urip kados tiyang Yahudi | none proposed | 2 | |
| baptized into Christ / put on Christ | Christian Identity in Christ | Medium | ἐβαπτίσθητε…/ἐνεδύσασθε Χριστόν | kabaptis wonten ing Gusti Kristus / ngagem Gusti Kristus | none proposed | 3 | |
| imprisoned under sin | Universal Human Accountability (extension) | Medium | συνέκλεισεν…ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν | kinunjara wonten ing sangandhaping dosa | none proposed | 3 | |
| covenant cannot be annulled | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | High | διαθήκην…οὐδεὶς ἀθετεῖ | prajanjian mboten saged kasuwak | none proposed | 3 | |
| becoming a curse for us | Redemption / Crucified with Christ | Critical | γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα | Panjenenganipun piyambak dados ipat-ipat kanggé kita | none proposed | 3 | |
| blessing of Abraham | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Medium | εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ | berkahipun Abraham | none proposed | 3 | |
| present evil age | True Gospel vs. False Gospels (background) | Medium | ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός | jaman donya ingkang awon samenika | none proposed | 1 | Cautious, non-identical resonance with Javanese zaman edan motif noted for teaching use. |
| loved me and gave himself for me | Crucified with Christ | High | ἀγαπήσαντός με καὶ παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ | ingkang ngasihi kula saha masrahaken sariranipun piyambak kangge kula | none proposed | 2 | Preserve the personal, individual address (“for ME”). |
Risk Summary for Galatians-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 21 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 3 | Automated review |
Cross-Reference to Baseline Forbidden Substitution List (extended for Galatians)
| Never use | For concept | Use instead | Extends baseline rule for |
|---|---|---|---|
| wahyu | revelation (apokalypsis) | kawiyakan / mbabaraken | New — Galatians 1:12, 1:16 |
| mati raga / tapa | crucified with Christ | disalib bebarengan kaliyan Gusti Kristus | New — Galatians 2:19-20, 5:24 |
| kasekten, wahyu, utang budi | grace | sih-rahmat | Baseline (Romans), reused unchanged |
| titisan, reinkarnasi | resurrection | wungu saka pati | Baseline (Romans), reused unchanged |
| manunggaling kawula gusti | incarnation; also flagged re: “yoke of slavery” phrase construction | Gusti Allah dados manungsa; avoid pairing kawula+gusti in any new phrase | Baseline (Romans) + new caution for Galatians 5:1 |
| Satrio Piningit | messiah | Sang Mesias | Baseline (Romans), reused unchanged |
| Nabi Isa | Jesus | Gusti Yesus | Baseline (Romans), reused unchanged |
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never kasekten, wahyu, or utang budi. Galatians 1:6, 1:15, 2:21, 5:4, 6:18 make grace the explicit, categorical counterweight to law-works; the whole letter’s argument depends on grace incurring no utang budi (reciprocal debt) whatsoever.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaslametan
Transliteration: kaslametan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: karahayon
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not a frequent noun in Galatians itself but conceptually present (1:4, 3:22, 4:5-6); carries the same mandatory translator note distinguishing Christ’s once-for-all rescue from the slametan protective ritual meal wherever it surfaces.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: wungu saka pati
Transliteration: wungu saka pati
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: titisan, reinkarnasi
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείραντος
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Never titisan or reinkarnasi. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostleship in God ‘who raised him from the dead.‘
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Putrané Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Putrané Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in 2:20 (‘faith in the Son of God’) and 4:4 (‘God sent forth his Son’); never metaphorical, adoptive, or titled royal sonship.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Transliteration: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: manunggaling kawula gusti
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never manunggaling kawula gusti. Galatians 4:4’s ‘born of woman, born under the law’ is a direct parallel to Romans 1:3.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never Nabi Isa. Pervasive throughout Galatians.
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never shortened to bare Gusti.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never dhemit or lelembut. Central to Galatians 3-6 (receiving the Spirit, flesh vs. Spirit, fruit of the Spirit); the abbreviated form ‘Roh’ used in the ch.5 flesh/Spirit antithesis must always resolve to this full term.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: kabeneran kang kaanggep saking Gusti Allah
Transliteration: kabeneran kang kaanggep saking Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan kang digayuh
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, verbatim required. Galatians 3:6 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 proof-text used in Romans 4:3.
Revelation
Approved rendering: kawiyakan / mbabaraken
Transliteration: kawiyakan (noun) / mbabaraken (verb)
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: ἀποκάλυψις / ἀποκαλύψαι
Category: Divine Calling
CRITICAL, new forbidden-substitution rule for this package: never wahyu, the impersonal, transferable mystical mandate-light believed to legitimize a Javanese ruler’s throne-claim. Galatians 1:12 and 1:16 speak of revelation in a context closely resembling royal-legitimation narratives, making default drift toward wahyu unusually likely. Always route to human theologian review.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: tetak
Transliteration: tetak
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
CRITICAL: no viable substitute term exists; tetak/sunat is a living, socially central Islamic rite of passage in Javanese Muslim society. Every occurrence (2:3-5, 5:2-6, 5:11, 6:12-15) requires a mandatory teaching note distinguishing the OT Abrahamic covenant-sign question Paul addresses from contemporary Javanese/Islamic sunat practice, which the text does not address. Route to human theologian review every occurrence.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: pakaryan-pakaryan angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: pakaryan-pakaryan angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: kabecikan (too broad, blurs with good works generally)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Torah-observance, especially covenant-boundary markers, invoked as a basis for right standing before God. Must be kept distinct from ‘good works’ generally, which Galatians affirms (6:9-10); collapsing into generic good deeds would blur Paul’s specific polemic and risk being heard as an attack on ethical living itself.
Faith In Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: pitados dhateng Gusti Yesus Kristus
Transliteration: pitados dhateng Gusti Yesus Kristus
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: bare pitados without a specified object
Original: πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Resolves the Greek genitive (pistis Iesou Christou) toward the objective-genitive sense (‘faith directed toward Christ’), consistent with the baseline faith entry’s rule that the object of faith must always be specified. Flag every occurrence (2:16 x2, 2:20, 3:22) for theologian review.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: sampun disalib bebarengan kaliyan Gusti Kristus
Transliteration: sampun disalib bebarengan kaliyan Gusti Kristus
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: mati raga, tapa
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology
CRITICAL, new forbidden-substitution rule for this package: never mati raga (kejawen ascetic self-mortification) or tapa (ascetic withdrawal), both repeatable human disciplines aimed at self-attained kasampurnan. This is a completed, once-for-all judicial-relational union accomplished by Christ. Occurs 2:19-20, 5:24, 6:14. Route every occurrence to human theologian review.
Died For No Purpose
Approved rendering: Gusti Kristus sedanipun mboten wonten gunanipun
Transliteration: Gusti Kristus sedanipun mboten wonten gunanipun
Doctrine: Grace
Original: δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Grace
CRITICAL. Galatians 2:21, the hinge conclusion of the grace/law argument. Greek dorean is etymologically kin to the charis (grace/gift) word-family, an untranslatable wordplay; record the Greek connection in a footnote for teaching purposes only, never import it into running text.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: kadospundi dene panjenengan sami kena panguna-guna
Transliteration: kadospundi dene panjenengan sami kena panguna-guna
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: sinerang mripat (too obscure)
Original: ἐβάσκανεν
Category: Rhetoric
CRITICAL. Galatians 3:1, purely rhetorical accusation of deception. Javanese guna-guna/santet/tenung names a widely and literally believed witchcraft system; risks either trivializing Paul’s rhetoric or inadvertently affirming guna-guna’s supposed spiritual danger. Mandatory teaching note; route to human theologian review. Keep fenced apart from the literal vice-list occurrence of sorcery/tenung in 5:20.
Becoming A Curse For Us
Approved rendering: Panjenenganipun piyambak dados ipat-ipat kanggé kita
Transliteration: Panjenenganipun piyambak dados ipat-ipat kanggé kita
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα
Category: Redemption
CRITICAL. Galatians 3:13. Sharpest substitutionary-atonement statement in the letter; must retain the shocking substitutionary force without implying Christ himself was guilty, and without being read through the folk-curse/ritual-scapegoating lens of ipat-ipat vocabulary.
Elements Of The World
Approved rendering: pangwasa-pangwasaning jagad
Transliteration: pangwasa-pangwasaning jagad
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Cosmology
CRITICAL. Galatians 4:3, 4:9. Ambiguous Greek term (basic elements / elementary religious principles / cosmic power-forces); acute risk of confirming rather than overturning kejawen belief in nature-spirits and cosmic power-forces (roh alam, danyang). Requires strong teaching note at every occurrence and human theologian review; must teach these powers as decisively overcome and obsolete in Christ.
Severed From Christ Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: pedhot saking Gusti Kristus / dhawah saking sih-rahmat
Transliteration: pedhot saking Gusti Kristus / dhawah saking sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace
Original: κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ… τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε
Category: Grace
CRITICAL. Galatians 5:4. One of Galatians’ most theologically debated warnings; a Javanese rendering must not resolve the assurance-vs-warning ambiguity by default through word choice. Mandatory human theologian review with a translator’s teaching note bounding the warning to the specific issue of seeking justification through circumcision/law.
Flesh Moral
Approved rendering: kadagingan
Transliteration: kadagingan
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare daging in moral contexts
Original: σάρξ (moral sense)
Category: Anthropology
CRITICAL. Galatians 5:16-24 and throughout ch.5. Must be distinguished sharply from daging (literal flesh/meat or neutral bodily-existence sense, see flesh_neutral entry). Bare daging here risks reducing Paul’s moral-spiritual antithesis to a statement about diet, or implying the body itself is evil. Mandatory translator note at every ch.5 occurrence.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: tenung
Transliteration: tenung
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
CRITICAL. Galatians 5:20. Javanese tenung (and related santet, guna-guna) names a widely and seriously believed occult practice involving dukun intermediaries — a live, feared social reality, not a merely rhetorical or archaic vice. Requires explicit pastoral framing and human theologian, culturally-informed review. Keep fenced apart from the purely rhetorical ‘bewitched’ (3:1).
Crucified The Flesh
Approved rendering: kadagingan sampun disalib sesarengan kaliyan hawa nepsu saha kekarepanipun
Transliteration: kadagingan sampun disalib sesarengan kaliyan hawa nepsu saha kekarepanipun
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: mati raga, tapa
Original: τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις
Category: Christian Identity
CRITICAL. Galatians 5:24. Same rationale as crucified_with_christ — must not collapse into a repeatable ascetic technique like mati raga. Believers’ decisive, once-for-all break with the sinful nature’s ruling power, grounded in union with Christ’s crucifixion.
New Creation
Approved rendering: titah anyar
Transliteration: titah anyar
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: dadi becik (mere moral improvement)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Galatians 6:15. Must be taught with full eschatological weight, not flattened into moral self-improvement. Carries the constructive positive answer to the circumcision controversy and should be taught alongside it. Route to human theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kabeneran
Transliteration: kabeneran
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never kasampurnan. In Galatians must additionally resist assimilation to a Sharia-style framework of legal righteousness before Allah secured through faithful legal observance, which 2:16-21 and 3:11 directly deny.
Justification
Approved rendering: kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah
Transliteration: kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιοῦται
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, verbatim required. Galatians 2:16-17 is the core-passage thesis statement of this curriculum; render every occurrence identically.
Called
Approved rendering: katimbalan
Transliteration: katimbalan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: κλητός / καλέσαντος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never wahyu. Galatians 1:6, 1:15, 5:8 use calling of both Paul’s apostolic commissioning and the Galatians’ salvation.
Calling
Approved rendering: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Paul’s own commissioning narrative (ch. 1); keep the same personal, relational sense as the Romans baseline.
Holy
Approved rendering: suci
Transliteration: suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: kramat
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Present chiefly through the compound Roh Suci throughout Galatians 3-6.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pensucen
Transliteration: pensucen
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the flesh/Spirit and fruit-of-the-Spirit teaching of Galatians 5; distinct from ascetic discipline aimed at kasampurnan.
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Always appears in the full compound with Yesus Kristus in divine reference (1:3; 6:14, 6:18), never as bare feudal-deference address.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: cemer
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Present in 1:4, 2:17, 3:22; anchored to moral transgression against a personal God, not ritual impurity.
Glory
Approved rendering: kamulyan
Transliteration: kamulyan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: wahyu, kasekten
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the doxology of Galatians 1:5; never wahyu or kasekten.
Covenant
Approved rendering: prajanjian
Transliteration: prajanjian
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Galatians 3-4’s Abrahamic-covenant argument; kept distinct from the new, lighter term ‘promise’ (janji).
Father
Approved rendering: Rama
Transliteration: Rama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Leluhur
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never Leluhur. Occurs in 1:1, 1:3-4, 4:6.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil sanès
Transliteration: Injil sanès
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / ἄλλο
Category: Salvation
Galatians 1:6-9. Because Injil is shared Muslim/Christian vocabulary, ‘a different gospel’ risks being heard as denominational variation rather than Paul’s claim that no second valid gospel exists.
Pervert The Gospel
Approved rendering: ngowahi Injil temenan dados sanès kalakuanipun
Transliteration: ngowahi Injil temenan dados sanès kalakuanipun
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: μεταστρέψαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Galatians 1:7. The false teachers invert, not merely adjust, the gospel’s content; must not be reduced to ordinary doctrinal disagreement.
Anathema
Approved rendering: kenging ipat-ipat
Transliteration: kenging ipat-ipat
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Judgment
Galatians 1:8-9. Must be anchored explicitly to God’s own judicial verdict, distinct from Javanese ipat-ipat as ordinary interpersonal malediction and from the more feared santet/tenung sorcery-curse.
Set Apart From The Womb
Approved rendering: kapisahaken wiwit saking guwa-garbaning biyung kula
Transliteration: kapisahaken wiwit saking guwa-garbaning biyung kula
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: ἀφορίσας με ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου
Category: Divine Calling
Galatians 1:15. Must retain a personal-relational sense, not an impersonal predestined fate (pesthi) nor a wahyu-style birth-omen legitimizing future authority.
Freedom
Approved rendering: kamardikan
Transliteration: kamardikan
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13. HIGH RISK: kamardikan is the standard modern word for national political independence (Hari Kemerdekaan). Every occurrence needs deliberate contextual framing establishing spiritual, not political, freedom from sin, the law’s condemnation, and the ‘elements of the world.‘
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: kayektosaning Injil
Transliteration: kayektosaning Injil
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:5, 2:14. Risk that ‘truth’ language softens into sincerity or personal conviction rather than objective doctrinal content that cannot be compromised.
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: abdinipun dosa
Transliteration: abdinipun dosa
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: διάκονος ἁμαρτίας
Category: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:17. The false inference Paul immediately rejects (that grace-based justification makes Christ complicit in sin); must be clearly marked as the rejected conclusion, not a true statement.
Nullify
Approved rendering: nyuwak
Transliteration: nyuwak
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἀθετῶ / ἀθετέω
Category: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:21; also 3:15, 3:17. Must be used consistently wherever grace/covenant-nullification language recurs so learners recognize a single recurring theological move.
Loved Me And Gave Himself For Me
Approved rendering: ingkang ngasihi kula saha masrahaken sariranipun piyambak kangge kula
Transliteration: ingkang ngasihi kula saha masrahaken sariranipun piyambak kangge kula
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: generalizing to ‘for humanity’
Original: ἀγαπήσαντός με καὶ παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ
Category: Redemption
Galatians 2:20. Personal, substitutionary self-giving; the personal pronoun (‘for ME’) must be preserved, never generalized.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: ipat-ipating angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: ipat-ipating angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Law
Galatians 3:10, 3:13. Must be anchored explicitly to God’s own judicial verdict under the Mosaic law, distinct from Javanese ipat-ipat/santet/tenung.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: sampun nebus
Transliteration: sampun nebus
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἐξηγόρασεν
Category: Redemption
Galatians 3:13, 4:5. Natural, non-syncretistic commercial-transaction verb; ensure it is not confused with sesaji, ritual appeasement offerings made to spirits.
Seed
Approved rendering: tedhak-turun
Transliteration: tedhak-turun
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Christology
Galatians 3:16, 3:29. HIGH RISK: does not formally distinguish singular from plural as Paul’s grammatical argument requires. Mandatory translator note explaining the singular/plural distinction is invisible in Javanese; surrounding teaching material must supply it explicitly.
Covenant Cannot Be Annulled
Approved rendering: prajanjian mboten saged kasuwak
Transliteration: prajanjian mboten saged kasuwak
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: διαθήκην… οὐδεὶς ἀθετεῖ
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:15, 3:17. The legal irrevocability of a ratified covenant: the later Mosaic law cannot cancel the earlier Abrahamic promise-covenant.
Brahala
Approved rendering: brahala
Transliteration: brahala
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: θεοί φύσει μὴ ὄντες
Category: Idolatry
Galatians 4:8, 5:20. Beings that by nature are not gods; directly relevant to persistent kejawen and folk-religious practice, must be taught as naming actual objects of misplaced worship.
Observe Days Months Seasons Years
Approved rendering: ngèngeti dinten-dinten, wulan, mangsa, saha taun ingkang dipun anggep suci
Transliteration: ngèngeti dinten-dinten, wulan, mangsa, saha taun ingkang dipun anggep suci
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἡμέρας… καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς
Category: Law
Galatians 4:10. Ritual calendar-keeping adopted as though it secures favor with God; collides with Javanese ritual-calendrical practice (petungan, the primbon almanac tradition); teaching note should draw the parallel explicitly.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: pasangan pangawulan
Transliteration: pasangan pangawulan
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: any phrase pairing kawula directly with gusti
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
Galatians 5:1. Caution: kawula is the first element of the forbidden kejawen phrase manunggaling kawula gusti; pangawulan used alone (without gusti adjacent in the same clause) is doctrinally safe, but no future coinage may construct a phrase pairing kawula directly with gusti in this context.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: pitados ingkang makarya lantaran katresnan
Transliteration: pitados ingkang makarya lantaran katresnan
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
Galatians 5:6, 5:13-14. Must be taught carefully alongside 2:16 so learners do not conclude that love, rather than faith, justifies; love is faith’s necessary expression, not a co-ground.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: daging
Transliteration: daging
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Rejected alternatives: kadagingan in neutral contexts
Original: σάρξ (neutral sense)
Category: Anthropology
Galatians 2:20; 4:13-14, 4:23, 4:29. Ordinary physical/bodily existence, distinct from the moral ‘sinful nature’ sense. Never render kadagingan here, which would wrongly moralize ordinary embodied existence. Context-check required at every occurrence.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: pakaryan-pakaryaning kadagingan
Transliteration: pakaryan-pakaryaning kadagingan
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Anthropology
Galatians 5:19-21. Built on the moral-sense kadagingan; the plural ‘works’ versus singular ‘fruit’ contrast with fruit_of_the_spirit must be preserved.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: panyembahing brahala
Transliteration: panyembahing brahala
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
Galatians 5:20. Listed alongside sorcery in the works-of-the-flesh catalogue; must be taught as directly relevant to persistent kejawen/folk-religious practice, not merely an ancient Greco-Roman vice.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: wohing Roh Suci
Transliteration: wohing Roh Suci
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Pneumatology
Galatians 5:22-23. Grammatical singular ‘fruit’ (organic, unified) contrasted with plural ‘works’ of the flesh; preserve this contrast in teaching material even though Javanese may naturally list the nine qualities as a set.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: mlampah miturut Roh
Transliteration: mlampah miturut Roh
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε
Category: Pneumatology
Galatians 5:16, 5:25. The short form ‘Roh’ must always resolve to Roh Suci, never a generic ‘spirit’ category or the forbidden dhemit/lelembut folk-spirit terms.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: angger-anggering Gusti Kristus
Transliteration: angger-anggering Gusti Kristus
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: bare angger-anggering Toret
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:2. Must be kept clearly distinct from angger-anggering Toret (the Mosaic Law just relativized throughout the letter); reusing bare Mosaic-law vocabulary would wrongly suggest Paul is reinstating Torah-observance. Explicit teaching note required.
Boast In The Cross
Approved rendering: mongkog namung ing salibipun Gusti Kristus
Transliteration: mongkog namung ing salibipun Gusti Kristus
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχᾶσθαι εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ
Category: Christian Identity
Galatians 6:14. Javanese humility ideals (andhap asor) generally discourage self-boasting; teaching should clarify this is exclusive, worship-oriented glorying in Christ’s accomplishment, not ordinary self-boasting.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: Israelipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Israelipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
Galatians 6:16. Disputed referent (church vs. ethnic/believing Israel); must be explicitly flagged for human theologian review and not resolved silently through word choice.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar kabungahan
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Galatians, Injil is the battleground of the whole letter (1:6-9, 2:5, 2:14): shared vocabulary with Javanese Muslim usage, so content must stay anchored to the one, exclusive, unalterable proclamation Paul defends against ‘a different gospel,’ never a generic term tolerant of variant forms.
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith must always be specified as Christ, especially where paired against ‘works of the law’ as its explicit opposite (2:16, 3:2-5).
Apostle
Approved rendering: utusan
Transliteration: utusan
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: rasul
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never rasul. Galatians 1:1 makes Paul’s apostleship (not from men but through Jesus Christ) programmatic for the whole letter.
Saints
Approved rendering: para suci
Transliteration: para suci
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually present as the identity of all who belong to the ‘household of faith’ (6:10); never a venerated elite comparable to the Wali Songo.
Adoption
Approved rendering: pengangkatan dadi putra
Transliteration: pengangkatan dadi putra
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, verbatim required for consistency with Romans 8:15. Galatians 4:5 is the near-parallel text; teach as full and permanent, not provisional.
Peace
Approved rendering: katentreman
Transliteration: katentreman
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the salutation (1:3), the fruit-of-the-Spirit list (5:22), and the closing benediction (6:16).
Church
Approved rendering: pasamuwan
Transliteration: pasamuwan
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: punden
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in 1:2 and 1:22; never punden, a village shrine associated with a guardian spirit.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in 5:21 (works of the flesh exclude one from inheriting it); distinguish from an earthly keraton.
Law
Approved rendering: angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: hukum agami
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive throughout Galatians 2-5; must stay sharply distinct from the new term ‘law of Christ’ (6:2) and must not be conflated with a generic Sharia-style religious-legal framework.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa liya
Transliteration: bangsa liya
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Antioch conflict (2:11-14) and 3:8-9.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the disputed benediction phrase ‘Israel of God’ (6:16); see israel_of_god entry for the referent-ambiguity flag.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, verbatim required for consistency with Romans 8:15. Galatians 4:6 is the near-identical parallel text.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Kristus
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
New entry, established Indonesian-archipelago Bible proper-name convention (not previously a standalone Romans TM entry). Used constantly throughout Galatians in the compounds Gusti Yesus Kristus and Gusti Kristus. Kept distinct from Sang Mesias (the OT Messianic-promise category term) and from Gusti Yesus (the personal name); Kristus is the title component and must always appear attached to Gusti/Gusti Yesus in divine reference, never standing alone as a bare human title.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: jaman donya ingkang awon samenika
Transliteration: jaman donya ingkang awon samenika
Doctrine: Grace
Original: τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ
Category: Eschatology
Galatians 1:4. Christ’s death rescues believers out of the current fallen world-order, within Paul’s apocalyptic two-age framework. Note possible, non-identical cultural resonance with the Javanese zaman edan (‘age of madness’) moral-decline motif; teach as a decisive one-time redemptive-historical turn, never a repeating cycle.
Ancestral Traditions
Approved rendering: tata-cara leluhur
Transliteration: tata-cara leluhur
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: αἱ πατρικαί μου παραδόσεις
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:13-14. Historical description of Paul’s pre-Christian zeal, not endorsement or condemnation of Javanese ancestral custom/adat generally, which carries strong live cultural reverence.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: sedherek palsu
Transliteration: sedherek palsu
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
Galatians 2:4. Infiltrators posing as genuine believers who sought to reimpose law-observance on Gentile converts.
Judaize
Approved rendering: kapeksa urip kados tiyang Yahudi
Transliteration: kapeksa urip kados tiyang Yahudi
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἰουδαΐζειν
Category: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:14. Peter’s withdrawal at Antioch implicitly pressured Gentiles to Judaize; risk of losing the specific social-pressure nuance if shortened.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: tiyang ingkang nerak angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: tiyang ingkang nerak angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:18. Reverting to law-keeping as the ground of righteousness after renouncing it for Christ itself constitutes transgression; risk of losing Paul’s build/tear-down metaphor without surrounding context.
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: berkahipun Abraham
Transliteration: berkahipun Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:14. Berkah is a widely understood loanword; must be anchored to the specific covenant promise, not generalized good fortune.
Promise
Approved rendering: janjinipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: janjinipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: conflating with prajanjian
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:14-18, 3:29, 4:28. Kept distinct from the heavier baseline term prajanjian (covenant, the formal binding relationship); janji names the specific pledged content within that relationship.
Mediator
Approved rendering: juru pantara
Transliteration: juru pantara
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:19-20. Moses as intermediary implies two parties, contrasting with the promise given directly and unilaterally by God.
Guardian
Approved rendering: pamomong
Transliteration: pamomong
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
Galatians 3:24-25 (paidagogos). Apt cultural equivalent to the traditional Javanese child-guide role; must explicitly state the role is now finished, since a pamomong’s role ending is not automatically assumed in Javanese usage.
Imprisoned Under Sin
Approved rendering: kinunjara wonten ing sangandhaping dosa
Transliteration: kinunjara wonten ing sangandhaping dosa
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: συνέκλεισεν… ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν
Category: Sin
Galatians 3:22-23. Must read as confinement under a personal God’s verdict, not an impersonal fate (pesthi).
Baptized Into Christ
Approved rendering: kabaptis wonten ing Gusti Kristus / ngagem Gusti Kristus
Transliteration: kabaptis wonten ing Gusti Kristus / ngagem Gusti Kristus
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: ἐβαπτίσθητε… Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε
Category: Christian Identity
Galatians 3:27. Union with Christ symbolized in baptism, clothing metaphor for new identity; risk the metaphor is read as merely ceremonial rather than identity-constituting.
Heirs According To Promise
Approved rendering: ahli waris miturut janjinipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: ahli waris miturut janjinipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: κληρονόμοι κατ᾽ ἐπαγγελίαν
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:29. Inheritance-right grounded in promise, not law-keeping or ethnic descent; standard legal-inheritance term with no significant syncretism risk.
Guardians And Managers
Approved rendering: pamomong saha pangayoming bandha
Transliteration: pamomong saha pangayoming bandha
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἐπίτροποι καὶ οἰκονόμοι
Category: Law
Galatians 4:2. Legal/household oversight roles for a minor heir, concretizing the guardian/paidagogos concept.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: sampun jangkep wektunipun
Transliteration: sampun jangkep wektunipun
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Providence
Galatians 4:4. God’s providential timing of the incarnation; extends the Romans baseline Providence doctrine.
Allegory
Approved rendering: pralambang
Transliteration: pralambang
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Hermeneutics
Galatians 4:24. Paul’s own interpretive method applied to Hagar/Sarah; flag as a specific apostolic hermeneutical technique, not a license for unconstrained allegorization elsewhere.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: Yerusalem ing dhuwur
Transliteration: Yerusalem ing dhuwur
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Eschatology
Galatians 4:26. Purely heavenly, eschatological referent; must not be confused with earthly holy-city pilgrimage significance.
Offense Of The Cross
Approved rendering: sandhungan salibipun Gusti Kristus
Transliteration: sandhungan salibipun Gusti Kristus
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Christology
Galatians 5:11. The cross’s scandal that salvation comes through a crucified Messiah, not law-achievement; moderate risk of losing the ‘stumbling-block’ force if rendered too generically.
Love Fruit
Approved rendering: katresnan
Transliteration: katresnan
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Pneumatology
Galatians 5:22. Head virtue of the fruit-list and of the whole ‘faith working through love’ doctrine; standalone entry distinct from the baseline providence-context phrase ‘kebak katresnan.‘
Gentleness
Approved rendering: andhap asor
Transliteration: andhap asor
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Pneumatology
Galatians 5:23, 6:1. Deeply established Javanese social-hierarchy virtue (deference owed to a social superior); teaching must clarify this is Spirit-produced strength-under-restraint toward all people regardless of rank, the opposite direction of flow from ordinary cultural usage.
Self Control
Approved rendering: kabisan ngendhaleni dhiri
Transliteration: kabisan ngendhaleni dhiri
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Pneumatology
Galatians 5:23. Final, capstone fruit-list item; teach as Spirit-produced, not self-willed ascetic discipline.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: nyanggi momotanipun tiyang sanès
Transliteration: nyanggi momotanipun tiyang sanès
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:2. Must be distinguished from the different Greek word used for ‘each will bear his own load’ two verses later (see each_bears_own_load).
Each Bears Own Load
Approved rendering: piyambak-piyambak badhe nyanggi momotanipun piyambak
Transliteration: piyambak-piyambak badhe nyanggi momotanipun piyambak
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: reusing the identical phrase from bear_one_anothers_burdens without a note
Original: τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:5. Personal accountability, a different Greek word (phortion) from the communal baros in 6:2; translator note required distinguishing the two so Paul’s deliberate two-word contrast is not flattened.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: brayat pitados
Transliteration: brayat pitados
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
Galatians 6:10. Javanese social life is structured heavily around extended-family obligation; teaching should clarify this household is constituted by shared faith, without requiring abandonment of legitimate biological family care.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: tandha-tandhaning Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: tandha-tandhaning Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 6:17. Paul’s physical scars from persecution; distinguish from devotional stigmata-veneration and from unrelated tattoo/scarification (tato) associations.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: patunggilan
Transliteration: patunggilan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: kekancan
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in 2:9 (‘the right hand of fellowship’).
Pillars
Approved rendering: cagak-cagaking pasamuwan
Transliteration: cagak-cagaking pasamuwan
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
Galatians 2:6-9. Metaphor for the reputed, foundational apostolic leaders (James, Cephas, John); transparent architectural metaphor, low collision risk.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: lamis
Transliteration: lamis
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Law and Grace
Galatians 2:13. Inconsistency between profession and practice, as in Peter’s table-withdrawal at Antioch.
Leaven
Approved rendering: ragi
Transliteration: ragi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ζύμη
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:9. Metaphor for a small corrupting influence spreading through the whole; familiar cooking metaphor, transparent in Javanese.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: sinten ingkang nyebar, badhe ngundhuh ugi
Transliteration: sinten ingkang nyebar, badhe ngundhuh ugi
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρῃ… θερίσει
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:7-8. Agrarian metaphor for certain moral consequence; culturally transparent in agrarian Javanese society.
Referenced passages