Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Javanese)
A. Reused Baseline Terms (from Romans translation_memory.json — enforce exactly, no deviation)
| Term | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Mark Chapters Cited |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Gusti Allah | Critical | Deity of Christ / God | 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 |
| Jesus | Gusti Yesus | Critical | Lordship of Christ | all chapters |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Suci | Critical | Sanctification | 1, 3, 12, 13 |
| Lord | Gusti | Critical/High | Lordship of Christ | 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12 |
| Son of God | Putrané Gusti Allah | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 1, 3, 5, 15 |
| gospel | Injil | Medium/High | Gospel | 1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16 |
| Messiah/Christ | Sang Mesias | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 |
| kingdom of God | Kratoning Gusti Allah | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 |
| faith | pitados | Medium/High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 |
| sin | dosa | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1, 2, 3, 14 |
| glory | kamulyan | High | Deity of Christ / Suffering Servant and Son of God | 8, 9, 10, 13 |
| covenant | prajanjian | High | Davidic Covenant / New Covenant | 1, 11, 14 |
| David | Dawud | Medium/Low | Davidic Covenant | 2, 10, 11, 12 |
| apostle | utusan | Medium | Apostleship | 3, 6 |
| election/chosen | pepilihanipun Gusti Allah (para pinilihipun Gusti Allah) | High | Effectual Calling | 13 |
| Father | Rama | High | Adoption into God’s Family | 8, 11, 13, 14 |
| Abba | Abba | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | 14 |
| resurrection | wungu saka pati | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 |
| power of God | panguwaosipun Gusti Allah | Critical | Power of God for Salvation | (reused conceptually where divine power is at stake — see new term “panguwaos” below for delegated/personal authority in Mark) |
| grace | sih-rahmat | Critical | Grace | 10 (contextual — cf. ransom given freely, not earned) |
| holy | suci | High | Sanctification / Sainthood | 1, 6, 8 |
B. New Terms Introduced by Mark (proposed for addition to translation memory)
| # | Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters Cited | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | roh reged | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 | dhemit, lelembut, setan (bare) | NEVER use dhemit or lelembut — the Javanese folk-spirit categories that are placated/avoided rather than authoritatively expelled. Roh reged (parallel construction to Roh Suci) preserves a personal, morally-opposed spiritual being under Christ’s total command. |
| 2 | authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | panguwaos | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 2, 3, 11, 13 | kasekten | Distinguish from panguwaosipun Gusti Allah (God’s saving power, baseline Critical) and from ordinary human/political rank; Jesus’ authority is personal, delegated-yet-divine, exercised in healing, exorcism, forgiveness, and teaching. |
| 3 | heal | θεραπεύω / ἰάομαι | therapeuō / iaomai | nyarasaken | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | (folk-healing framing to be avoided) | Must be anchored to Christ’s own authoritative word/touch, not assimilated to dhukun (folk healer/diviner) mediation, spells, or herbal-spiritual remedies. |
| 4 | Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | Putraning Manungsa | Critical | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / The Messianic Secret | 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 | (generic “manungsa” alone; merging with Putrané Gusti Allah) | Fuses full humanity with Daniel 7 divine authority; must remain distinct from Putrané Gusti Allah (eternal divine Sonship) even though both are true of Christ. Central to the Messianic Secret doctrine — Jesus’ preferred, deliberately veiling self-title. |
| 5 | ransom | λύτρον | lytron | tetebasan | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10 | utang budi framing; kasekten framing | Christ’s death is a price PAID by him for the many, not a debt the many owe in return (opposite direction from utang budi). Built on nebus (redeem a pawned item) as a helpful cultural analogue, guarded by a mandatory teaching note. |
| 6 | slave/bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | batur | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | kawula | NEVER use kawula — it invokes the kawula-gusti relational cosmology underlying the already-forbidden manunggaling kawula gusti (Incarnation). Batur preserves low social status without that mystical resonance. |
| 7 | servant (one who serves) | διάκονος | diakonos | juru lados (verb: ngladosi) | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9, 10 | abdi (dalem)-status framing | Must not be read as aspiring to the prestigious court-servant role of abdi dalem; biblical servanthood is voluntary self-lowering, the opposite of status-seeking. |
| 8 | rule over / lord it over | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | mrentah kanthi sewenang-wenang | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | (any rendering using “Gusti” root) | Must NOT use the Gusti root for these domineering worldly rulers; that title is exclusively reserved for Christ’s supreme Lordship. |
| 9 | exercise authority over (abusively) | κατεξουσιάζω | katexousiazō | ngesahaken panguwaos kanthi sewenang-wenang | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | — | The corrupted, self-serving counterpart to legitimate panguwaos (#2) and to God’s own panguwaosipun Gusti Allah. |
| 10 | cross | σταυρός | stauros | kajeng salib | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8, 10, 15 | tapa/tirakat framing | Must not be assimilated to Javanese ascetic self-mortification aimed at spiritual attainment (kasampurnan); the cross is a unique, historical, necessary atoning event, and disciples’ “cross”-bearing is costly obedience modeled on it, not a self-generated ascetic path. |
| 11 | cup (of suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | tuwunging kasangsaran | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 10, 14 | (literal drinking-vessel rendering alone) | Preserves the OT metaphor of an appointed portion of divine judgment/suffering (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17), not merely an ordinary vessel. |
| 12 | baptism (metaphorical, of suffering) | βάπτισμα | baptisma | baptis (contextualized: “kabaptis ing kasangsaran”) | High | The Necessity of the Cross / Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1, 10 | — | Every occurrence must be checked for sense: literal water-rite (ch.1) vs. metaphorical suffering (ch.10); requires a distinguishing translator note. |
| 13 | life/soul (given up) | ψυχή | psychē | nyawa | High | The Ransom for Many | 10 | — | Must not be heard within kejawen nyawa/roh/sukma cosmology as a detachable life-force; Christ gives his whole personal self, once, in his historical death. |
| 14 | for/in place of (substitution) | ἀντί | anti | kanggo nggenteni | Critical | The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross | 10 | kanggo (alone, general-benefit sense) | Must preserve strict substitution (“in place of”), not merely general benefit (“for the sake of”). |
| 15 | many (scope of the ransom) | πολλῶν | pollōn | tumrap kang kathah | High | The Ransom for Many | 10 | sedaya tiyang (all people); a narrowly restricted remnant | Preserve the source’s own scope — “many,” neither silently expanded to “all” nor narrowed to “a few” — with a note on the Isaiah 53 background for reviewers. |
| 16 | repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | mratobat | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1, 6 | — | Decisive turning toward God, not generic regret; distinguished from Islamic tobat’s differing mediatorial framework by explicit anchoring to Christ. |
| 17 | kingdom at hand (nearness) | ἤγγικεν | ēngiken | wis cedhak | Medium/High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1 | — | Preserves already/not-yet tension; neither purely future nor fully consummated present. |
| 18 | parable | παραβολή | parabolē | pasemon | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4, 12 | — | Anchor to the specific in-breaking Kingdom taught, not absorbed into generic wayang-style moral-tale genre. |
| 19 | fear | φόβος / φοβέομαι | phobos / phobeomai | ajrih | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4, 5, 6, 9, 16 | — | Consistently juxtaposed against pitados (faith) as Mark’s own deliberate rhetorical pairing; resolved at the resurrection (ch.16). |
| 20 | rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | ndukani | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10 | — | Same verb rendering across wind, demons, and Peter — preserve consistency so Mark’s own parallel is visible. |
| 21 | blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον | blasphēmia eis to Pneuma to Hagion | panyenyamah marang Roh Suci | Critical | The Messianic Secret / Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 3 | — | Retain unique severity of attributing Spirit-empowered exorcism to Satan; requires careful pastoral framing. |
| 22 | tradition of men vs. commandment of God | παράδοσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων / ἐντολή τοῦ θεοῦ | paradosis tōn anthrōpōn / entolē tou theou | adat-tata-carane manungsa / pepakenipun Gusti Allah | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (contextual: authority contrast) | 7 | — | Adat carries strong social authority in Javanese culture; framing must be respectful, not a blanket dismissal of custom. |
| 23 | disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | sakabat | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1–16 (pervasive) | murid (generic) | Distinguished from a generic guru-murid mystical-lineage relationship already flagged in the Romans baseline; sakabat is committed, costly discipleship to Christ specifically. |
| 24 | deny oneself / follow | ἀπαρνέομαι / ἀκολουθέω | aparneomai / akoloutheō | nyingkur awake dhewe / ndherek | High | The Necessity of the Cross / Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8 | — | Object of “following” must always be recoverable as Christ specifically. |
| 25 | Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | Putrane Dawud | High | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 10 | — | Public messianic confession invoking the Davidic Covenant doctrine; not a mere honorific. |
| 26 | cornerstone/rejected stone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | watu pojok | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 12 | — | Reversal imagery: rejection followed by vindication; ties Cross and Resurrection doctrines together. |
| 27 | love (greatest commandment) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | tresna / katresnan | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (contextual) | 12 | — | Whole-hearted covenantal devotion, not ordinary affection nor the reciprocal-debt logic of utang budi. |
| 28 | watch/be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | tansah waspada / tumemen | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 13 | — | Confident readiness, not anxious fear, while awaiting the Son of Man’s return. |
| 29 | blood of the covenant | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | haima tēs diathēkēs | rah prajanjian | Critical | The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross | 14 | — | Ties Last Supper directly to atonement theology; retain sacrificial, covenant-sealing sense (Exod 24:8; Jer 31:31). |
| 30 | body (Last Supper) | σῶμα | sōma | sarira / badan | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 14 | — | Requires theologian review per receiving church’s Eucharistic theology; avoid both crude literalism and empty symbolism. |
| 31 | betrayed/handed over | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | diulungaken | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 14 | — | Same verb spans Judas’s treachery and the Father’s/Son’s own purposive plan; preserve both registers. |
| 32 | King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | Ratuning tiyang Yahudi | High | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 15 | — | Preserve dramatic irony: a mocking title that is, in fact, profoundly true. |
| 33 | forsaken | ἐγκαταλείπω | egkataleipō | ditilar | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 15 | — | Full weight of the cry of dereliction (Ps 22:1); real experience of abandonment while bearing sin. |
| 34 | torn (temple curtain) | σχίζω | schizō | suwek | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 15 | — | Signals opened access to God through Christ’s death. |
| 35 | ”I am” (theophanic echo) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | Iki Aku, aja wedi | Critical | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 6, 14 | — | Preserve surface reassurance and leave room for deeper Exodus 3:14 echo via teaching notes; do not flatten to casual “it’s just me.” |
| 36 | raising the dead (resuscitation, not resurrection) | ἐγείρω | egeirō | nguripaken maneh | High | (contrast term for) Resurrection of Christ | 5 | wungu saka pati (reserved term) | Must remain visibly distinct from wungu saka pati, reserved exclusively for Christ’s own unique, once-for-all bodily resurrection. |
| 37 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | gesang langgeng | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 10 | — | Distinguish from psychē/nyawa (#13, the life given up in death); zōē aiōnios is the future unending life secured through Christ. |
| 38 | elect/chosen (contextual expansion) | ἐκλεκτοί | eklektoi | para pinilihipun Gusti Allah | High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological) | 13 | wahyu | Consistent with the baseline’s Election entry; God’s sovereign, personal choosing, not impersonal fate. |
| 39 | to give (voluntarily) | δίδωμι | didōmi | masrahaken | High | The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross | 10, 14 | — | A voluntary, purposive offering, not a forced loss; essential to the Necessity of the Cross doctrine. |
| 40 | prepared (by God) | ἑτοιμάζω | hetoimazō | kacawisaken | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 10 | pesthi (bare impersonal fate) | Personal, purposive divine preparation, consistent with the baseline Providence entry’s rejection of impersonal fate. |
C. Risk Summary for Mark-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 10 | Human theologian review — every occurrence |
| High | 16 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 13 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 1 (legion, noted in semantic analysis, not tabled above as non-doctrinal) | Automated review |
Total new terms proposed for translation memory: 40 Total baseline terms reused without modification: 18
All new terms in Section B must be added to an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json, and their doctrine entries added to doctrine_risk_registry.json, before Phase 2 segment translation of Mark begins. Risk tiers and review routing follow the definitions already established in the Romans baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json exactly — no new risk categories are introduced.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never shorten to bare Gusti. In Mark this compound anchors the book’s opening claim (1:1) and every subsequent divine-identity confrontation (2:7; 14:61-64; 15:39).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never use Nabi Isa. Applies to every occurrence across all sixteen chapters of Mark, including healing, exorcism, and passion narratives.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never use dhemit or lelembut. Mark’s frequent contrast between Roh Suci and the new term roh reged (unclean spirit) makes this distinction especially load-bearing across chs. 1, 3, and 13.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Putrané Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Putrané Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Declared at 1:11, 9:7, confessed by demons (3:11, 5:7) and climactically by the centurion (15:39). Must remain visibly distinct from the new term Putraning Manungsa (Son of Man).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Sang Mesias
Transliteration: Sang Mesias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Satrio Piningit
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never Satrio Piningit. Confessed by Peter (8:29), asked by the high priest (14:61), mocked at the cross (15:32); Mark’s Messianic Secret means this title is confessed correctly but with incomplete understanding until the cross clarifies its shape.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never kasekten. Reserved for God’s own inherent, personal power; must be kept conceptually distinct from the new Markan term panguwaos (delegated/exercised authority Jesus himself wields in ministry).
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaslametan
Transliteration: kaslametan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: karahayon
Original: σῴζω / σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk INTENSIFIED for Mark. Occurs in physically concrete rescue contexts (5:23,34; 6:56; 8:35; 10:26,52; 13:13) that sit unusually close to slametan’s own this-worldly protective concerns. Every Critical-risk occurrence, especially 8:35, 10:26, and 13:13, requires the mandatory translator note distinguishing Christ’s one-time rescue from the repeated protective slametan ritual meal.
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never kasekten, wahyu, or utang budi. Though the noun charis is not itself frequent in Mark, the ransom (10:45) and Christ’s whole self-giving mission embody this same unearned, non-repayable grace-logic.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: roh reged
Transliteration: roh reged
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut, setan (bare, unqualified)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Never dhemit or lelembut — the Javanese folk-spirit categories typically placated or avoided rather than authoritatively expelled. Built in deliberate parallel construction to Roh Suci, presenting these beings as personal, morally opposed, and wholly subject to Christ’s command (1:23-26,34,39; 3:11,22-30; 5:1-20; 6:13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Putraning Manungsa
Transliteration: Putraning Manungsa
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: manungsa (bare, generic), merging with Putrané Gusti Allah
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Fuses Daniel 7’s heavenly-dominion figure with genuine veiled humanity (2:10,28; 8:31; 9:31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:62). Must remain visibly distinct from Putrané Gusti Allah, which names a distinct though related truth; central to the Messianic Secret.
Ransom
Approved rendering: tetebasan
Transliteration: tetebasan
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: utang budi framing, kasekten framing
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM, the theological center of Mark 10:45. Built on nebus (redeem a pawned item) as a helpful cultural analogue, but must be guarded against assimilation into utang budi (reciprocal social debt — the obligation runs the OPPOSITE direction, Christ pays FOR the many) and against kasekten (magical transaction). Echoes Isaiah 53. Mandatory teaching note at every occurrence.
Slave Bondservant
Approved rendering: batur
Transliteration: batur
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: kawula
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW CRITICAL TERM (Mark 10:44). NEVER use kawula — it invokes the kawula-gusti relational cosmology underlying the already-forbidden manunggaling kawula gusti (Incarnation, Romans baseline). Batur preserves genuinely low social status without that mystical-union resonance.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: juru lados (verb: ngladosi)
Transliteration: juru lados
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: abdi (dalem)-status framing
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
NEW CRITICAL TERM (Mark 9:35; 10:43,45). Javanese court culture’s abdi dalem (palace servant) role confers prestige and proximity to the king; diakonos must NOT be read as aspiring to that status — it names voluntary self-lowering, the opposite of status-seeking. Mandatory translator note distinguishing the two at every occurrence.
Cross
Approved rendering: kajeng salib
Transliteration: kajeng salib
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: tapa/tirakat framing
Original: σταυρός
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM (8:34; 10:38-39; 15:21-37). Must not be assimilated to Javanese ascetic self-mortification (tapa, tirakat) aimed at kasampurnan (mystical perfection); Christ’s cross is a unique, historical, necessary atoning event, and disciples’ own cross-bearing is costly obedience modeled on it, not a self-generated ascetic path.
For In Place Of
Approved rendering: kanggo nggenteni
Transliteration: kanggo nggenteni
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: kanggo (alone, general-benefit sense)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM (Mark 10:45). Must preserve strict substitution (‘instead of’), not merely general benefit (‘for the sake of’); Javanese kanggo alone covers both senses without disambiguation.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: panyenyamah marang Roh Suci
Transliteration: panyenyamah marang Roh Suci
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: Sin
NEW CRITICAL TERM (Mark 3:28-30). This unforgivable sin (attributing Christ’s Spirit-empowered exorcisms to Satan) must retain unique, non-repeatable severity; because Roh Suci and roh reged share a deliberately parallel construction, ensure this warning is not misread as disrespecting any being in the wider unseen-world taxonomy.
Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: rah prajanjian
Transliteration: rah prajanjian
Doctrine: The New Covenant: Blood and Body
Original: τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW CRITICAL TERM (Mark 14:24). Ties the Last Supper directly to the ransom/atonement theology of 10:45, echoing Exodus 24:8 and Jeremiah 31:31; must retain sacrificial, covenant-sealing sense, not a merely symbolic remembrance.
Body Last Supper
Approved rendering: sarira kula / badan kula
Transliteration: sarira kula / badan kula
Doctrine: The New Covenant: Blood and Body
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM (Mark 14:22). Requires theologian review per the receiving church’s Eucharistic theology; avoid both crude literalism and an over-hasty ‘just a symbol’ reduction. Badan leans ordinary/physical, sarira leans elevated/reverent — the choice itself carries doctrinal weight and must be confirmed with church leadership before scale translation.
I Am Theophany
Approved rendering: Iki Aku, aja wedi
Transliteration: Iki Aku, aja wedi
Doctrine: The Theophanic “I Am”
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL TERM (6:50; 14:62). Echoes the divine Name of Exodus 3:14 against OT divine prerogatives (Job 9:8; Ps 107:29). Must preserve surface reassurance while leaving room, via teaching notes, for the deeper theophanic resonance; never flatten to a casual ‘it’s just me.‘
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Especially load-bearing at Mark 12:35-37, where Jesus himself argues from Psalm 110 that David’s ‘Lord’ exceeds mere Davidic descent.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority to Forgive Sins
Rejected alternatives: cemer
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the paralytic healing (2:5-10) and the ransom mission (10:45; 14:24); must stay anchored to personal moral offense before God, not generic ritual impurity.
Glory
Approved rendering: kamulyan
Transliteration: kamulyan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: wahyu, kasekten
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. James and John’s misguided ambition (10:37) must not be heard as endorsing a keraton court-seating image of honor; also at the Transfiguration (9:2-8) and the Son of Man’s coming (8:38; 13:26).
Covenant
Approved rendering: prajanjian
Transliteration: prajanjian
Doctrine: The New Covenant: Blood and Body
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Converges directly with the new compound term rah prajanjian (blood of the covenant) at the Last Supper (14:24), which carries the fuller sacrificial weight the bare term alone cannot.
Election
Approved rendering: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Election of the Chosen in Tribulation
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Expanded in Mark 13 to the plural ‘chosen ones’ via the new term elect_chosen (para pinilihipun Gusti Allah); never wahyu.
Father
Approved rendering: Rama
Transliteration: Rama
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Leluhur
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never Leluhur. Especially load-bearing at Gethsemane (14:36) and Jesus’ teaching on prayer (11:25) and unique knowledge (13:32).
Holy
Approved rendering: suci
Transliteration: suci
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Rejected alternatives: kramat
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Narratively significant at 1:24 where the unclean spirit itself confesses Jesus as ‘the Holy One of God’; must retain suci’s moral/relational sense, never kramat (shrine/object sacred potency).
Authority
Approved rendering: panguwaos
Transliteration: panguwaos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles and Authority
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM spanning the entire book (1:22,27; 2:10; 3:15; 6:7; 11:28-33). Must be distinguished both from panguwaosipun Gusti Allah (God’s own reserved saving power) and from ordinary human/political rank; never appears without an explicit personal subject exercising it.
Heal
Approved rendering: nyarasaken
Transliteration: nyarasaken
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Original: θεραπεύω / ἰάομαι
Category: Miracles and Authority
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Must be anchored to Christ’s own authoritative word or touch (1:34; 2:1-12; 3:10; 5:21-43; 6:5,56; 7:31-37; 8:22-26; 10:46-52), never assimilated to dhukun (folk healer/diviner) mediation, spells, or herbal-spiritual remedies.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: mrentah kanthi sewenang-wenang
Transliteration: mrentah kanthi sewenang-wenang
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: any rendering using the Gusti root
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Ethics
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 10:42). Built on kyrios/Gusti in Greek, but must NEVER use the Gusti root in Javanese, since that title is reserved exclusively for Christ’s supreme Lordship; using it here would blur the very contrast Mark draws.
Exercise Authority Abusively
Approved rendering: ngesahaken panguwaos kanthi sewenang-wenang
Transliteration: ngesahaken panguwaos kanthi sewenang-wenang
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Ethics
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 10:42). The corrupted, self-serving counterpart to legitimate panguwaos and to panguwaosipun Gusti Allah; must be rendered so the contrast with both is visible.
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: tuwunging kasangsaran
Transliteration: tuwunging kasangsaran
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: bare literal drinking-vessel rendering
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (10:38-39; 14:36). Preserves the OT metaphor of an appointed portion of divine judgment/suffering (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17); a bare vessel word carries no built-in metaphorical freight in Javanese.
Baptism Metaphorical
Approved rendering: baptis (contextualized: kabaptis ing kasangsaran)
Transliteration: baptis
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Literal water-rite sense established in ch. 1; metaphorical suffering sense at 10:38-39. Every occurrence must be checked for sense with a translator note distinguishing the two so the metaphor is not flattened into literal water-rite language.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: nyawa
Transliteration: nyawa
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (8:35-37; 10:45). Javanese kejawen cosmology distinguishes nyawa (life-force), roh (spirit), and sukma (soul/essence, sometimes believed transferable — cf. the forbidden titisan concept). Mandatory teaching note anchoring nyawa to Christ’s personal, once-for-all self-offering, not a transferable life-essence.
Many Scope
Approved rendering: tumrap kang kathah
Transliteration: tumrap kang kathah
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: sedaya tiyang (all people), a narrowly restricted remnant
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (10:45; 14:24). Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12. Must not be silently expanded to ‘all’ nor narrowed to ‘a few’; standing prohibition against silent substitution of sedaya tiyang, with a note flagging the Isaiah 53 background for reviewers.
Kingdom At Hand
Approved rendering: wis cedhak
Transliteration: wis cedhak
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἤγγικεν
Category: Kingdom
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 1:15). Carries the already/not-yet tension; must not be rendered as purely future ‘will come’ nor a fully-consummated present.
Deny Self Follow
Approved rendering: nyingkur awake dhewe / ndherek
Transliteration: nyingkur awake dhewe / ndherek
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι / ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 8:34). Ndherek is the established polite verb for accompanying a superior; must be anchored explicitly to following Christ specifically, not left as generic discipleship-to-any-teacher.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Putrane Dawud
Transliteration: Putrane Dawud
Doctrine: Davidic Sonship of the Messiah
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (10:47-48; 11:9-10; 12:35-37). Bartimaeus’s cry is a public messianic confession invoking the Davidic Covenant doctrine, not a mere honorific.
Love Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: tresna / katresnan
Transliteration: tresna / katresnan
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 12:28-34). Whole-hearted covenantal devotion, not ordinary affection, and never the reciprocal-obligation logic of utang budi.
Betrayed Handed Over
Approved rendering: diulungaken
Transliteration: diulungaken
Doctrine: Betrayal and Divine Sovereignty
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (14:10-11,18,21,41-44). Spans both Judas’s treachery and Jesus’ own purposive going ‘as it is written’; this double register (human sin, divine sovereign plan) must not collapse into only one sense.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Ratuning tiyang Yahudi
Transliteration: Ratuning tiyang Yahudi
Doctrine: King of the Jews: The Irony of the Cross
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (15:2,9,12,18,26,32). Used mockingly yet profoundly true; must preserve dramatic irony without overplaying into comedy or underplaying into flat historical detail. Teaching material must ground the ‘true king’ claim in the Davidic covenant, never in the Ratu Adil/Jayabaya folk-messianic tradition (see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md).
Forsaken
Approved rendering: ditilar
Transliteration: ditilar
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction
Original: ἐγκαταλείπω
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1). Must convey the full weight of a real experience of abandonment while bearing sin, not softened into mere sorrow or rhetorical lament.
Raising The Dead Resuscitation
Approved rendering: nguripaken maneh
Transliteration: nguripaken maneh
Doctrine: Resuscitation versus Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: wungu saka pati (reserved term)
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Miracles and Authority
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 5:41-42, Jairus’s daughter). Must remain visibly distinct from wungu saka pati, reserved exclusively for Christ’s own unique, once-for-all bodily resurrection; mandatory translator note enforcing the distinction at every resuscitation narrative.
Elect Chosen
Approved rendering: para pinilihipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: para pinilihipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Election of the Chosen in Tribulation
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM, expanding the baseline election entry (Mark 13:20,22,27). Must retain God’s sovereign, personal choosing, never impersonal fate/wahyu.
Give Voluntarily
Approved rendering: masrahaken
Transliteration: masrahaken
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δίδωμι
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (10:45; 14:22-24). A voluntary, purposive offering, not a forced loss; essential to the Necessity of the Cross doctrine.
Listen To Him
Approved rendering: rungokna Panjenenganipun
Transliteration: rungokna Panjenenganipun
Doctrine: The Transfiguration and Christ’s Glory
Original: ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 9:7). The Father’s command from the cloud, echoing Deuteronomy 18:15; must retain divine authority, not read as simple advice.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: ngapunten dosa
Transliteration: ngapunten dosa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority to Forgive Sins
Original: ἀφίημι / ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sin
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (Mark 2:5-10). The scribes’ objection (‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’) makes this a deity-of-Christ text; must retain the scandal of a claimed divine prerogative, not soften into ordinary interpersonal pardon common in adat-based reconciliation.
Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: Eli, Eli, lama sabakhtani (“Gusti Allah kula, Gusti Allah kula, kenging punapa Paduka nilar kula”)
Transliteration: Eli, Eli, lama sabakhtani
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction
Rejected alternatives: translation-only rendering that drops the Aramaic/Hebrew
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis. Mark 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1. Preserve the raw, foreign-sounding cry before its gloss, matching Mark’s own rhetorical shock effect; carries the same weight as the term ‘forsaken’ (ditilar) and must be treated with equal severity.
Rabbi Guru
Approved rendering: Guru
Transliteration: Guru
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: Rabi (transliteration; would artificially formalize Mark’s own casual, everyday address)
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis. Occurs at Mark 9:5 (Transfiguration), 10:35,51 (‘Rabboni’), 11:21, 14:45 (Judas’s kiss). Guru is Mark’s own natural register and should not be inflated to a loanword, but every Christologically load-bearing occurrence requires a standing teaching note that Jesus is vastly more than a guru within a transmitted, esoteric guru-murid teaching lineage (a risk already flagged in the Romans baseline’s Inspiration of Scripture entry).
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar kabungahan
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark titles his entire book with this term (1:1), giving it programmatic weight; also at 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Announced at hand (1:15), developed through parables (ch. 4), children (10:14-15), and anticipated at the Last Supper (14:25). Must be kept distinct from an actual earthly keraton.
Law
Approved rendering: angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Tradition of Men versus Commandment of God
Rejected alternatives: hukum agami
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in Sabbath controversies (2:23-28; 3:1-6), divorce teaching (10:2-9), and the greatest-commandment dialogue (12:28-34); Jesus reinterprets the Law’s intent rather than abolishing it.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa liya
Transliteration: bangsa liya
Doctrine: Gentile Inclusion in Christ’s Ministry
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the Syrophoenician woman (7:24-30), the Decapolis mission (5:1-20), and the mission mandate (13:10).
Mission
Approved rendering: pekabaran Injil
Transliteration: pekabaran Injil
Doctrine: Gentile Inclusion in Christ’s Ministry
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Covers the Twelve’s commissioning (3:14; 6:7) and the command that the gospel be preached to all nations (13:10; 16:15).
David
Approved rendering: Dawud
Transliteration: Dawud
Doctrine: Davidic Sonship of the Messiah
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in the bread-of-the-Presence dispute (2:25-26) and the ‘David’s Lord’ argument (12:35-37); underlies the new compound Putrane Dawud.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed in the Shema quotation (12:29, ‘Hear, O Israel’).
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retained as transliteration alongside Rama at Gethsemane (14:36), spoken by Christ himself under the weight of the coming cross.
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Repeatedly commended across Mark’s healing narratives (2:5; 5:34,36; 9:23-24; 10:52) and paired rhetorically against the new term ajrih (fear).
Apostle
Approved rendering: utusan
Transliteration: utusan
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: rasul
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never rasul. The Twelve are named apostoloi at their commissioning (3:14) and sent out in pairs (6:7-13).
Repentance
Approved rendering: mratobat
Transliteration: mratobat
Doctrine: Repentance and the Gospel
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Faith
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (1:4,15; 6:12). Decisive turning toward God, not generic regret; kept distinct from Islamic tobat’s differing mediatorial framework by explicit anchoring to Christ.
Parable
Approved rendering: pasemon
Transliteration: pasemon
Doctrine: Parables and the Hidden/Revealed Kingdom
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (ch. 4; 12:1-12). Must be anchored to the specific in-breaking Kingdom Jesus teaches, not absorbed into the generic wayang/literary wisdom-tale genre.
Fear
Approved rendering: ajrih
Transliteration: ajrih
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (4:40-41; 5:36; 6:50; 9:32; 16:8). Preserves Mark’s deliberate pitados/ajrih rhetorical pairing; where intensified terror is meant (4:41; 16:8), a strengthened phrase (e.g. ‘ajrih banget’) is permitted, flagged for native speaker review, rather than a different root word.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: ndukani
Transliteration: ndukani
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Nature
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Miracles and Authority
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM. Same verb rendering across wind (4:39), demons (1:25; 9:25), and Peter (8:33) must be kept consistent so Mark’s own deliberate parallel is visible.
Tradition Vs Commandment
Approved rendering: adat-tata-carane manungsa / pepakenipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: adat-tata-carane manungsa / pepakenipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Tradition of Men versus Commandment of God
Original: παράδοσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων / ἐντολή τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 7:1-13). Adat carries strong social authority in Javanese life; this contrast requires careful, respectful framing rather than a blanket dismissal of customary practice.
Disciple
Approved rendering: sakabat
Transliteration: sakabat
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: murid (generic)
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM, pervasive throughout Mark. Distinguished from generic murid (student/pupil, including the guru-murid mystical-lineage transmission already flagged in the Romans baseline); sakabat conveys committed, costly discipleship to Christ specifically.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: watu pojok
Transliteration: watu pojok
Doctrine: The Cornerstone: Rejection and Vindication
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 12:10, citing Psalm 118:22). Must retain the reversal imagery — the stone builders rejected becoming the very cornerstone — tying together the Necessity of the Cross and Resurrection doctrines.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: tansah waspada / tumemen
Transliteration: tansah waspada / tumemen
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 13:33-37). Confident, hopeful readiness for the Son of Man’s return, not anxious fear.
Torn Curtain
Approved rendering: suwek
Transliteration: suwek
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σχίζω
Category: Salvation
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 15:38). Signals opened access to God’s presence through Christ’s death; should be noted in teaching material despite modest bare-vocabulary risk.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: gesang langgeng
Transliteration: gesang langgeng
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Kingdom
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 10:17,30). Distinguished from psychē/nyawa (the life Christ gives up in death, 10:45); the two related-but-distinct terms must not be merged.
Prepared By God
Approved rendering: kacawisaken
Transliteration: kacawisaken
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: pesthi (bare impersonal fate)
Original: ἑτοιμάζω
Category: God
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 10:40). Personal, purposive divine preparation, consistent with the baseline Providence entry’s rejection of impersonal fate.
Clean Unclean Ritual
Approved rendering: resik / reged sacara agami
Transliteration: resik / reged sacara agami
Doctrine: Ritual Purity Redefined as Moral Condition
Original: καθαρός / κοινός
Category: Sin
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 7:15-23). Must be distinguished from suci (moral/relational holiness); Jesus relocates uncleanness from external ritual categories to internal moral condition.
Corban
Approved rendering: Korban
Transliteration: korban
Doctrine: Tradition of Men versus Commandment of God
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Covenant
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 7:11), transliterated with explanatory gloss. Jesus critiques abuse of a legitimate vow-category to evade a clear command of God.
Transfiguration Change
Approved rendering: kaganti rupane
Transliteration: kaganti rupane
Doctrine: The Transfiguration and Christ’s Glory
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW MEDIUM-RISK TERM (Mark 9:2-8). Must not suggest the wayang motif of a deity briefly taking on altered appearance; this is a momentary unveiling of Christ’s own inherent, permanent divine glory.
Talitha Koum
Approved rendering: Talita, kum (“Nak, tangia”)
Transliteration: Talita, kum
Doctrine: Resuscitation versus Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: translation-only rendering that drops the Aramaic
NEW TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis as previously unregistered. Mark 5:41 preserves Jesus’ own Aramaic words to Jairus’s daughter, followed by his own Greek gloss. Retain the Aramaic transliteration then Mark’s own gloss, mirroring the established Abba/Rama treatment; keep visibly distinct from wungu saka pati (see raising_the_dead_resuscitation).
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: Efata (“Mengaa”)
Transliteration: Efata
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: translation-only rendering that drops the Aramaic
NEW TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis. Mark 7:34 preserves Jesus’ own Aramaic command over the deaf-mute man, followed by his own gloss. Retain transliteration plus gloss.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Transliteration: hosana
Doctrine: Davidic Sonship of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: generic festival greeting
NEW TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis. Mark 11:9-10. Established Indonesian-archipelago transliteration convention; gloss its ‘save now’ sense on first occurrence given proximity to the kaslametan word-family. The crowd’s acclamation is a genuine, if incomplete, messianic recognition, not a generic greeting.
High Priest
Approved rendering: Imam Agung / Imam Besar
Transliteration: Imam Agung / Imam Besar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
NEW TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis. Mark 14:53,60-61,63; 15:1. Retained per established Indonesian-archipelago Bible convention despite the collision with Islamic ‘imam’ (a prayer-leader office with no sacrificial or priestly-mediatorial function); flagged for native speaker review at every occurrence in the trial narrative, since the high priest is given a uniquely antagonistic role that must not be read as commentary on the contemporary Islamic office.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: sinagoge
Transliteration: sinagoge
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Rejected alternatives: pasamuwan (church — anachronistic new-covenant term), masjid (mosque — false-friend substitution)
NEW TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis as absent from the Romans baseline (which has no synagogue narratives). Mark 1:21,23,29,39; 3:1; 6:2; 13:9. Transliterated to prevent false-friend substitution with either pasamuwan or masjid; brief explanatory gloss (‘papan pakumpulaning tiyang Yahudi kanggo ngibadah lan sinau Toret’) recommended at first occurrence (1:21).
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: dhukun
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The crowd’s assessment of Jesus as merely a prophet (6:4, 6:15, 8:28) is itself part of Mark’s Messianic Secret irony; do not confuse with dhukun (folk healer/diviner).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: pameca
Transliteration: pameca
Doctrine: Repentance and the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: primbon
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked at the opening Isaiah/Malachi citation (1:2-3) and at 14:49 (‘that the scriptures might be fulfilled’); distinct from primbon’s cyclical divination pattern.
Legion
Approved rendering: legiun
Transliteration: legiun
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Original: λεγιών
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW LOW-RISK TERM, transliterated (Mark 5:9). Signals overwhelming multiplicity and a politically loaded image of oppressive foreign power, subdued instantly by Christ’s authority.
Golgotha
Approved rendering: Golgota (“panggonan bathok”)
Transliteration: Golgota
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
NEW TERM, identified in linguistic gap analysis. Mark 15:22. Mark supplies the etymological gloss (‘place of a skull’) himself; retain it rather than dropping it.
Referenced passages