Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Titus 1–3 (English → Javanese)
Source language: English (from Koine Greek)
Destination language: Javanese
Curriculum: Titus
Companion document: analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md
Baseline authority: Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json — every term marked [BASELINE] below reuses the recorded rendering exactly and is not renegotiated. New terms are proposed here for Phase 2 translation-memory ingestion, following the same risk-tier framework as doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Risk tiers (identical definitions to the baseline): Critical = mistranslation destroys essential doctrine, mandatory theologian review every occurrence. High = significant theological confusion/syncretism risk, mandatory theologian review. Medium = reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning, native speaker review recommended. Low = minor imprecision risk, automated review sufficient.
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Titus Occurrences)
| Term (EN) | Greek | Javanese (baseline) | Risk | Titus Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace | χάρις (charis) | sih-rahmat | Critical | 1:4; 2:11; 3:7, 15 | Never kasekten/wahyu/utang budi. Central to “Salvation by Grace not Works.” |
| Faith | πίστις (pistis) | pitados | Medium | 1:1, 4, 13; 2:2, 10; 3:15 | Object of faith (God/Christ) must stay explicit. |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | kabeneran | High | 3:5 | ”Not by works done in righteousness” — forensic, not performative. |
| Justification | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah | Critical | 3:7 | Compound phrase required; declared, not made, righteous. |
| Salvation (verb: saved) | σῴζω (sōzō) | (verb form of) kaslametan | Critical | 3:5 | Mandatory translator note distinguishing from slametan ritual meal — this verse is a prime teaching occasion. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | utusan | Medium | 1:1 | Never rasul. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | Roh Suci | Critical | 3:5 | Never dhemit/lelembut. Agent of washing and renewal. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | katentreman | Medium | 1:4 | Standard Pauline greeting pair with grace. |
| Father | πατήρ (patēr) | Rama | High | 1:4 | Never Leluhur. |
| God | θεός (theos) | Gusti Allah | Critical | Throughout (1:1–3:15) | Never bare Gusti. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | Gusti Yesus | Critical | 1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6 | Never Nabi Isa. |
| Christ | Χριστός (Christos) | Kristus | Critical | 1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6 | Paired consistently with Gusti Yesus. |
| Election | ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ (eklektōn theou) | pepilihanipun Gusti Allah | High | 1:1 | Never wahyu. |
| Sin (verb) | ἁμαρτάνω (hamartanō) | (verb form of) dosa | High | 3:11 | Moral transgression against personal God, not ritual impurity. |
| Law | νόμος (nomos) | angger-anggering Toret | Medium | 3:9 | ”Quarrels about the law.” |
| Church (household imagery) | οἶκος θεοῦ (context of 1:7, cf. ekklēsia baseline) | pasamuwan | Medium | 1:7 (contextual) | Ekklēsia itself does not occur in Titus; oikonomos theou (God’s household-steward) is the closest structural parallel. |
| Glory | δόξα (doxa) | kamulyan | High | 2:13 | Never wahyu/kasekten. |
| David / Israel / Gentiles | — | — | — | Not present in Titus | No occurrences; noted for completeness. |
| Exhort | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | pitutur | Low | 2:15 | Encouragement sense active here. |
| Obedience (root) | πειθαρχέω (peitharcheō) | mbangun-turut (root shared with obedience_of_faith) | Medium | 3:1 | Reuses baseline pambangun-turut root. |
Section 2 — New Terms Established for Titus (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Javanese Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Titus Occurrences | Alternatives Rejected | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior (title) | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Juru Slamet | Critical | Salvation by Grace not Works; Deity of Christ | 1:3, 4; 2:10, 13; 3:4, 6 | — | Built on the established kaslametan root; inherits identical slametan-ritual collision risk. Applied to both Father and Son — a hallmark of Titus’s high Christology. Every occurrence requires the same translator note as kaslametan. |
| Great God and Savior (title) | ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | Gusti Allah ingkang agung saha Juru Slamet kita, Gusti Yesus Kristus | Critical | Deity of Christ | 2:13 | Two-referent rendering (splitting God and Savior into separate persons) | Grammar (Granville Sharp construction) requires a single-referent Javanese rendering identifying Jesus Christ himself as “the great God.” Flagged for mandatory theologian review. |
| Appearing / Epiphany | ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια (epiphainō / epiphaneia) | ngatingal (verb); pangatingalan (noun) | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Deity of Christ | 2:11, 13; 3:4 | wahyu-derived vocabulary | Must never evoke the Javanese wahyu (transferable mystical mandate-light); this is Christ’s own historical, personal appearing (past, at incarnation; future, at return). |
| Regeneration / New Birth | παλιγγενεσία (palingenesia) | kalairan enggal | CRITICAL | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 3:5 | titisan, reinkarnasi, lair maneh minangka titisan | Same severity class as baseline’s Resurrection entry. NEVER use titisan or reinkarnasi. Must always be paired explicitly with “dening Roh Suci” (by the Holy Spirit) and taught as a single, once-for-all, non-cyclical inward transformation. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| Renewal | ἀνακαίνωσις (anakainōsis) | pambaharuan | High | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit; Sanctification | 3:5 | — | Paired with kalairan enggal; the Spirit’s ongoing renewing work following the decisive new birth. Distinct from but related to baseline pensucen. |
| Washing | λουτρόν (loutron) | pambasuh | High | Regeneration by the Holy Spirit | 3:5 | siraman, kungkum | Avoids siraman (Javanese pre-wedding purification bath) and kungkum (kejawen ritual immersion); points to baptism’s signifying washing, not a repeatable ritual bath believed to confer purity by its own power. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | kawelasan | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:5 | — | Distinct from but complementary to sih-rahmat (grace); mercy answers helplessness, grace answers unworthiness. Teach both together. |
| Godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | kabektèn (dhateng Gusti Allah) | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 1:1; (family term underlying 2:12’s εὐσεβῶς) | mursid | Bekti is ordinary Javanese devotion owed to parents/rulers; must always be anchored explicitly “to God” and never rendered with mursid (Sufi spiritual-master term). |
| Ungodliness | ἀσέβεια (asebeia) | duraka (dhateng Gusti Allah) | High | Universal Human Accountability (cf. baseline) | 2:12 | — | Duraka vividly conveys rebellion against a rightful lord (wayang usage); must be taught as a universal condition, not a villain-only trope. |
| Training / Disciplining (grace’s work) | παιδεύω (paideuō) | panggulawentah | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:12 | tapa, tirakat-framed self-discipline | Must be taught as grace’s own active, relational, parental-style formation of the believer — never self-achieved ascetic discipline toward kasampurnan. |
| Self-control / Sober-mindedness | σώφρων / σωφροσύνη / ἐγκρατής (sōphrōn / sōphrosynē / enkratēs) | pangendhaling dhiri | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Qualifications for Elders | 1:8; 2:2, 4, 5, 6, 12 | — | Spirit-enabled restraint in ordinary life, not ascetic mortification aimed at mystical perfection. |
| Knowledge of the Truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας (epignōsis alētheias) | kawruh saestu bab kayekten | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:1 | ngèlmu-framed esoteric knowledge | Must be anchored to publicly revealed, apostolic gospel content, never a privately transmitted mystical/kejawen kawruh. |
| Truth | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | kayekten | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works; Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:1, 14 | — | Same esoteric-knowledge caution as epignōsis above. |
| Sound / Healthy Doctrine | διδασκαλία (τῇ) ὑγιαινούσῃ (didaskalia hygiainousa) | piwulang ingkang saras | High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:9, 13; 2:1, 2, 8 | — | Preserve Paul’s health metaphor (saras = healthy) consistently across all five occurrences; do not flatten to generic “correct teaching.” |
| Elder | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | pinituwa | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:5 | — | Natural Javanese village-elder term; must be taught as a defined congregational office with biblical qualifications, not mere seniority. |
| Overseer / Bishop | ἐπίσκοπος (episkopos) | pengawas pasamuwan | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:7 | — | Functionally identical to presbyteros in Titus; translator note required establishing synonymy, not rank distinction. |
| Steward (of God’s household) | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | juru tata griyanipun Gusti Allah | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:7 | — | Accountable management on God’s behalf, not self-serving estate control. |
| Blameless / Above Reproach | ἀνέγκλητος (anenklētos) | tanpa cacad | Low | Qualifications for Elders | 1:6, 7 | — | Standard elder-qualification phrase. |
| Husband of One Wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ (mias gynaikos anēr) | kakung ingkang setya dhateng garwa setunggal | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:6 | — | Cultural note required re: historic priyayi polygamy practice being pointedly excluded for church leadership. |
| Holy / Devout (personal character) | ὅσιος (hosios) | utami | Medium | Qualifications for Elders | 1:8 | mursid | Deliberately distinct word from suci (hagios) to avoid overload; avoids Sufi-associated mursid. |
| Good Works | καλὰ/ἀγαθὰ ἔργα (kala/agatha erga) | pandamelan sae | Medium-High | Sound Doctrine and Good Works; Salvation by Grace not Works | 1:16; 2:7, 14; 3:1, 5, 8, 14 | — | The letter’s dominant recurring theme (7 occurrences). Must always be taught as grace’s fruit, never its ground — the central “faith vs. works” balance of the whole letter. |
| Submission (to husbands/masters/authorities) | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | sumuyud | High | Submission to Authority | 2:5, 9; 3:1 | — | Drawn from Javanese court-submission protocol; must be taught as voluntary, gospel-adorning conduct, never coerced feudal subjugation. |
| Rulers and Authorities | ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι (archai kai exousiai) | para panguwasa | Medium | Submission to Authority | 3:1 | — | Human, delegated authority; kept distinct from God’s own panguwaosipun. |
| Adorn the Doctrine | κοσμέω τὴν διδασκαλίαν (kosmeō tēn didaskalian) | ngrenggani piwulang | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 2:10 | — | Good conduct displays, but does not complete, saving doctrine — must not contradict 3:5’s “not by works.” |
| Hope | ἐλπίς (elpis) | pangarep-arep | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Salvation by Grace not Works | 1:2; 2:13; 3:7 | — | Must convey certain, promise-grounded expectation, not a wish against uncertain fate (pesthi). |
| Eternal Life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | gesang langgeng | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 1:2; 3:7 | — | Endless personal, bodily, relational life with God — not cyclical rebirth or impersonal absorption. |
| Heir / Heirs | κληρονόμος (klēronomos) | ahli waris | Medium | Salvation by Grace not Works (cf. baseline Adoption) | 3:7 | — | Full, permanent, grace-granted inheritance status, exceeding ordinary contestable Javanese customary inheritance. |
| Trustworthy Saying | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (pistos ho logos) | Pitados saestu pangandika punika | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 3:8 | — | Fixed Pastoral-Epistles formula; keep consistent phrasing for future related curricula. |
| Foolish Controversies | μωραὶ ζητήσεις (mōrai zētēseis) | pitakonan tanpa guna | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:9 | — | Distinguish from legitimate sound-doctrine instruction. |
| Divisive / Factious Person | αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος (hairetikos anthrōpos) | tiyang ingkang damel pepalang | Medium | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 3:10 | bidah | Avoids the Islamic-loanword bidah (unlawful religious innovation), keeping focus on relational/congregational division per Paul’s actual context. |
| Bondservant / Servant | δοῦλος (doulos) | abdi | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living (Paul’s self-designation); Submission to Authority (slaves, 2:9) | 1:1; 2:9, 10 | — | Total devotion to God (1:1) vs. literal social institution (2:9-10) — two distinct applications requiring separate teaching notes; never framed as endorsing slavery as an ideal. |
| Master (of household/slaves) | δεσπότης (despotēs) | bendara | Medium | Submission to Authority | 2:9 | — | Kept distinct from Gusti (reserved for Christ’s exclusive Lordship). |
| Conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | kalbu | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:15 | — | Shared Javanese Muslim/Christian vocabulary; anchor to accountability before the personal God of Scripture. |
| Jewish Myths / Fables | Ἰουδαϊκοὶ μῦθοι (Ioudaikoi mythoi) | dongeng-dongeng Yahudi | Low | Avoiding Divisive Controversies | 1:14 | — | Descriptive, low collision risk. |
| Ceremonial/Moral Purity (“pure”) | καθαρός (katharos) | resik | Medium | Sound Doctrine and Good Works | 1:15 | — | Kept distinct from suci (hagios) to avoid overload; addresses a ritual food-purity dispute resolved by inward moral purity. |
| Godly / Righteously / Self-controlled-ly (adverb triad) | εὐσεβῶς, δικαίως, σωφρόνως | kanthi bekti dhateng Gusti Allah, kanthi bener, kanthi ngendhaleni dhiri | High | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:12 | — | Compound risk; each root carries its own entry above. |
| Redeem / Ransom | λυτρόω (lytroō) | mbébasaken | High | Salvation by Grace not Works | 2:14 | — | Costly, personal, once-for-all deliverance; not periodic ritual protection. |
| A People for God’s Own Possession | λαὸς περιούσιος (laos periousios) | bangsa kagunganipun Gusti Allah piyambak | Medium | Church as God’s People (cf. baseline) | 2:14 | — | Relational, elect covenant identity, not ethnic/caste privilege. |
| Love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | katresnan | Medium | Grace That Trains for Godly Living | 2:2, 4 (implied via φιλ- compounds) | — | Must retain self-giving, covenantal sense beyond mere affection (asih). |
| Kindness / Love for Mankind | χρηστότης / φιλανθρωπία (chrēstotēs / philanthrōpia) | kabecikan / katresnanipun dhateng manungsa | Low | Salvation by Grace not Works | 3:4 | — | Source-attributes of the same saving grace named in 2:11. |
Section 3 — Chapter Coverage Confirmation
| Chapter | Coverage Status |
|---|---|
| Titus 1 (1:1–16) | Full term-by-term analysis in 07_semantic_analysis.md Part A; contributes 20+ new terms (elder qualifications, sound doctrine, godliness/ungodliness, knowledge of truth, Savior title, etc.) |
| Titus 2:1–10 | Full term-by-term analysis in Part B; contributes household-code and submission vocabulary, adorn-the-doctrine term |
| Titus 2:11–3:8 (CORE PASSAGE) | Full verse-by-verse analysis in Part C; contributes the curriculum’s highest-risk terms (Savior, appearing, regeneration, washing, renewal, mercy, great-God-and-Savior title) |
| Titus 3:9–15 | Full term-by-term analysis in Part D; contributes divisive-controversies vocabulary and closing material; proper names in 3:12-13 noted as low-risk, no new doctrinal terms |
No chapter or verse range of Titus is silently omitted. Every chapter contributes at minimum one load-bearing term to this glossary, with the core passage (2:11–3:8) carrying the highest concentration of Critical-risk terms, consistent with its role as the doctrinal center of the curriculum.
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json as new entries before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. All Critical and High risk new terms introduced here (Juru Slamet, kalairan enggal, ngatingal/pangatingalan, panggulawentah, kabektèn, sumuyud, piwulang ingkang saras, pandamelan sae, pambasuh, gesang langgeng, kawruh saestu bab kayekten) require mandatory theologian review before final approval, per the escalation rules already established in the baseline AI Translation Requirements document.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (translation unchanged). Titus occurrences: 1:4; 2:11; 3:7, 15. Never kasekten, wahyu, or utang budi. In Titus, grace is additionally said to ‘train’ believers (see panggulawentah) and to be the explicit alternative to works-based salvation (3:5).
Salvation
Approved rendering: kaslametan
Transliteration: kaslametan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: karahayon
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:5 (verb form ‘sampun ngluwari kita’ / ‘has saved us’) is a prime teaching occasion since the verse explicitly contrasts this salvation with repeated human religious performance (‘not by works… but according to his mercy he saved us’). Mandatory translator note distinguishing Christ’s once-for-all rescue from the slametan ritual meal required at every occurrence.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:5 — the direct grammatical agent of both the washing and the renewal, underscoring that regeneration is entirely the Spirit’s sovereign, personal work, never an impersonal outpoured substance. Never dhemit or lelembut.
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout Titus 1:1-3:15, including applied directly to Christ in the Granville Sharp construction of 2:13. Never shorten to bare Gusti.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6. Never Nabi Isa, the Islamic prophetic framing.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: wungu saka pati
Transliteration: wungu saka pati
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: titisan, reinkarnasi
Inherited from Romans package. Not lexically present in Titus but required as a paired teaching reference for eternal_life (gesang langgeng, 1:2; 3:7) and as the doctrinal precedent guarding regeneration (kalairan enggal, 3:5) against titisan/reinkarnasi collision. Never titisan or reinkarnasi.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Transliteration: Gusti Allah dados manungsa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: manunggaling kawula gusti
Inherited from Romans package. Not lexically present in Titus but required as background teaching for the appearing-of-grace language (ngatingal/pangatingalan, 2:11) and for guarding the great-God-and-Savior title (2:13) against being read as a mystical fusion rather than a historical, once-for-all event. Never manunggaling kawula gusti.
Savior Title
Approved rendering: Juru Slamet
Transliteration: Juru Slamet
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works; Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term. Sōtēr, applied to both the Father (1:3; 2:10; 3:4) and Christ (1:4; 2:13; 3:6) — a hallmark of Titus’s high Christology. Built directly on the established kaslametan root and inherits the identical slametan-ritual collision risk. Every occurrence requires the same translator note as kaslametan. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Great God And Savior Title
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah ingkang agung saha Juru Slamet kita, Gusti Yesus Kristus
Transliteration: Gusti Allah ingkang agung saha Juru Slamet kita, Gusti Yesus Kristus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: two-referent rendering separating God and Savior into two persons
Original: ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term. Ho megas theos kai sōtēr hēmōn Iēsous Christos, Titus 2:13. Granville Sharp construction requiring a single-referent Javanese rendering identifying Jesus Christ himself as ‘the great God.’ Mandatory theologian review; verbatim consistency required across all documents.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Kristus
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term. Christos, consistently paired with Gusti Yesus (1:1, 4; 2:13; 3:6) as the proper-name compound Gusti Yesus Kristus. Distinct from Sang Mesias (baseline title-form for messianic-fulfillment emphasis). Never Nabi Isa framing.
Regeneration
Approved rendering: kalairan enggal
Transliteration: kalairan enggal
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: titisan, reinkarnasi, lair maneh minangka titisan
Original: παλιγγενεσία
Category: Salvation
New term. Palingenesia, Titus 3:5. Same severity class as the baseline’s Resurrection entry. NEVER render with titisan or reinkarnasi, or any phrase implying a soul migrating into a new body or life-cycle. Always paired explicitly with ‘dening Roh Suci.’ Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kabeneran
Transliteration: kabeneran
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:5 explicitly denies righteousness is attainable ‘by works done by us’ — a key negation clause requiring mandatory theologian review.
Justification
Approved rendering: kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah
Transliteration: kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:7 ties this forensic declaration directly to the regeneration/renewal language of 3:5; regeneration (inward renewal) and justification (forensic declaration) are complementary, not identical, works of grace, both received ‘by his grace.‘
Father
Approved rendering: Rama
Transliteration: Rama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Leluhur
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:4. Never Leluhur (venerated ancestral forebear).
Election
Approved rendering: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:1, ‘according to the faith of God’s elect.’ Never wahyu, the impersonal mystical mandate-light believed to legitimize a Javanese ruler’s claim to authority.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: cemer
Inherited from Romans package. Root noun; see also new verb-form entry sin_verb (damel dosa) for Titus 3:11. Must remain anchored to moral transgression against a personal God, not ritual impurity.
Glory
Approved rendering: kamulyan
Transliteration: kamulyan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: wahyu, kasekten
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 2:13, ‘the glory of our great God and Savior.’ Never wahyu or kasekten.
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Inherited from Romans package. Embedded within the compound Gusti Yesus throughout Titus and within the great-God-and-Savior title of 2:13. Never used bare for a mere human superior in doctrinal contexts; ordinary address for a feudal lord in secular contexts must be kept distinct from Christ’s exclusive Lordship.
Appearing Epiphany
Approved rendering: ngatingal (verb); pangatingalan (noun)
Transliteration: ngatingal; pangatingalan
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Deity of Christ (Great God and Savior)
Rejected alternatives: wahyu-derived vocabulary
Original: ἐπιφαίνω / ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term. Epiphainō/epiphaneia, Titus 2:11 (grace’s historical appearing), 2:13 (Christ’s future glorious appearing), 3:4 (God’s kindness appearing). Must never evoke the Javanese wahyu (transferable mystical mandate-light).
Renewal
Approved rendering: pambaharuan
Transliteration: pambaharuan
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Original: ἀνακαίνωσις
Category: Salvation
New term. Anakainōsis, Titus 3:5. A distinct Greek word from palingenesia, the Spirit’s ongoing renewing work following the decisive new birth. Distinct from but connected to baseline pensucen (sanctification); teach as sequential, not identical.
Washing
Approved rendering: pambasuh
Transliteration: pambasuh
Doctrine: Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: siraman, kungkum
Original: λουτρόν
Category: Salvation
New term. Loutron, Titus 3:5. Built from the plain verb wasuh, never siraman (pre-wedding purification bath) or kungkum (kejawen ritual immersion). Points to baptism’s signifying washing, not a repeatable ritual bath believed to confer purity by its own power.
Redeem
Approved rendering: mbébasaken
Transliteration: mbébasaken
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works; Church as God’s Own People
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
New term. Lytroō, Titus 2:14 — Christ’s self-giving to free believers from lawlessness. Costly, personal, once-for-all deliverance; not periodic ritual protection or an impersonal fate being lifted.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: gesang langgeng
Transliteration: gesang langgeng
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term. Zōē aiōnios, Titus 1:2; 3:7. Endless personal, bodily, relational life with God after resurrection, not impersonal absorption or cyclical rebirth. Pair consistently with baseline wungu saka pati teaching.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kabektèn (dhateng Gusti Allah)
Transliteration: kabektèn
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: mursid
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
New term. Eusebeia, Titus 1:1 (and underlying 2:12’s adverb). Must always be anchored explicitly ‘dhateng Gusti Allah’; never mursid.
Ungodliness
Approved rendering: duraka (dhateng Gusti Allah)
Transliteration: duraka
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: ἀσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
New term. Asebeia, Titus 2:12. Must be taught as a universal human condition, not merely a dramatic wayang villain trope.
Training Disciplining
Approved rendering: panggulawentah
Transliteration: panggulawentah
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: tapa, tirakat-framed self-discipline
Original: παιδεύω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Paideuō, Titus 2:12 — grace itself trains believers toward godly living. Grace, not the believer’s own ascetic effort, is the trainer; never tapa/tirakat toward kasampurnan.
Sound Healthy Doctrine
Approved rendering: piwulang ingkang saras
Transliteration: piwulang ingkang saras
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: διδασκαλία (τῇ) ὑγιαινούσῃ
Category: Faith
New term. Didaskalia (tē) hygiainousē, Titus 1:9, 13; 2:1, 2, 8. Preserve Paul’s health metaphor (saras) consistently across all five occurrences.
Truth
Approved rendering: kayekten
Transliteration: kayekten
Doctrine: Inspiration and Knowledge of Truth
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Faith
New term. Alētheia, Titus 1:1, 14. Anchored to publicly revealed apostolic content, never a privately transmitted mystical/kejawen kawruh.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: kawruh saestu bab kayekten
Transliteration: kawruh saestu bab kayekten
Doctrine: Inspiration and Knowledge of Truth
Rejected alternatives: ngèlmu-framed esoteric knowledge
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Faith
New term. Epignōsis alētheias, Titus 1:1. Risk of drifting toward ngèlmu, the esoteric guru-murid-transmitted kejawen knowledge tradition; must anchor to public, apostolic, revealed content.
Good Works
Approved rendering: pandamelan sae
Transliteration: pandamelan sae
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works; Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: καλὰ / ἀγαθὰ ἔργα
Category: Sanctification
New term. Kala/agatha erga, Titus 1:16; 2:7, 14; 3:1, 5, 8, 14 — the letter’s most repeated theme (seven occurrences). Must never be mistaken for a meritorious contribution to salvation, echoing the baseline’s caution about utang budi; always the fruit of grace, never its ground.
Submission
Approved rendering: sumuyud
Transliteration: sumuyud
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Hypotassō, Titus 2:5 (wives), 2:9 (slaves), 3:1 (civil rulers). Must be taught as freely chosen, gospel-adorning conduct, never coerced feudal subjugation.
Sin Verb
Approved rendering: damel dosa
Transliteration: damel dosa
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: ἁμαρτάνω
Category: Sin
New term. Hamartanō, Titus 3:11. Verb form of baseline dosa; must remain anchored to moral transgression against a personal God, not ritual impurity.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Titus occurrences: 1:1, 4, 13; 2:2, 10; 3:15. Object of faith (God/Christ) must remain explicit in context.
Apostle
Approved rendering: utusan
Transliteration: utusan
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: rasul
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:1. Never rasul, the Islamic term reserved for the line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad.
Peace
Approved rendering: katentreman
Transliteration: katentreman
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 1:4, standard Pauline grace/peace greeting pair.
Law
Approved rendering: angger-anggering Toret
Transliteration: angger-anggering Toret
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: hukum agami
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 3:9, ‘quarrels about the law.’ Never hukum agami (generic religious law), which is too broad and non-specific to the Mosaic covenant context.
Church
Approved rendering: pasamuwan
Transliteration: pasamuwan
Doctrine: Church as God’s Own People
Rejected alternatives: punden
Inherited from Romans package. Reused structurally in Titus 1:7 (God’s household, cf. steward/overseer vocabulary) since ekklēsia itself does not occur in Titus. Never punden.
Manifest
Approved rendering: ngatingalaken
Transliteration: ngatingalaken
Doctrine: Inspiration and Knowledge of Truth
Original: φανερόω
Category: God
New term. Phaneroō, Titus 1:3 — God’s word disclosed openly through preaching at his own appointed time. Keep visibly distinct from ngatingal/pangatingalan (epiphaneia, Christ’s personal appearing, 2:11, 13; 3:4) so the historical unveiling of the message is not flattened into the same vocabulary as Christ’s personal appearing.
Command Charge
Approved rendering: dhawuh
Transliteration: dhawuh
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἐπιταγή
Category: God
New term. Epitagē, Titus 1:3 (God’s command) and 2:15 (Paul’s apostolic charge to Titus). Context must distinguish God’s unique, absolute right to command from ordinary feudal command.
Mercy
Approved rendering: kawelasan
Transliteration: kawelasan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
New term. Eleos, Titus 3:5. Taught alongside but distinct from sih-rahmat (grace): mercy answers human misery/helplessness, grace answers human unworthiness. Never merge the two terms.
Heir
Approved rendering: ahli waris
Transliteration: ahli waris
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
New term. Klēronomos, Titus 3:7. Connects to the baseline Adoption doctrine; full, permanent, grace-granted inheritance status exceeding ordinary contestable Javanese customary inheritance.
Hope
Approved rendering: pangarep-arep
Transliteration: pangarep-arep
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
New term. Elpis, Titus 1:2; 2:13; 3:7. Must convey certain, promise-grounded expectation, not a wish against an uncertain fate (pesthi).
People For Gods Possession
Approved rendering: bangsa kagunganipun Gusti Allah piyambak
Transliteration: bangsa kagunganipun Gusti Allah piyambak
Doctrine: Church as God’s Own People
Original: λαὸς περιούσιος
Category: Church
New term. Laos periousios, Titus 2:14, echoing Exodus 19:5. Relational, elect covenant identity, not ethnic or priyayi/wong cilik caste-based privilege.
Servant Bondservant
Approved rendering: abdi
Transliteration: abdi
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living; Submission to Authority
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
New term. Doulos. Two distinct applications requiring separate teaching notes: Paul’s total devotion to God (1:1) vs. literal household slaves (2:9-10), the latter never framed as endorsing slavery as an ideal.
Master Of Household
Approved rendering: bendara
Transliteration: bendara
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Church
New term. Despotēs, Titus 2:9. Kept distinct from baseline Gusti, reserved exclusively for Christ’s divine Lordship.
Elder
Approved rendering: pinituwa
Transliteration: pinituwa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
New term. Presbyteros, Titus 1:5. Must be taught as a defined congregational office with the biblical qualifications of 1:6-9, not mere honorary seniority status.
Overseer Bishop
Approved rendering: pengawas pasamuwan
Transliteration: pengawas pasamuwan
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
New term. Episkopos, Titus 1:7, used interchangeably with presbyteros for the same office. Requires a translator note establishing synonymy, not rank distinction.
Steward
Approved rendering: juru tata griyanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: juru tata griyanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
New term. Oikonomos, Titus 1:7. Accountable service on God’s behalf, distinguished from a self-serving estate manager.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: kakung ingkang setya dhateng garwa setunggal
Transliteration: kakung ingkang setya dhateng garwa setunggal
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ
Category: Church
New term. Mias gynaikos anēr, Titus 1:6. Requires a cultural note that this excludes historic Javanese priyayi polygamy practice for church leadership as a deliberate, countercultural standard.
Self Control
Approved rendering: pangendhaling dhiri
Transliteration: pangendhaling dhiri
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders; Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Rejected alternatives: tapa, tirakat-framed self-discipline
Original: σώφρων / σωφροσύνη / ἐγκρατής
Category: Sanctification
New term. Sōphrōn/sōphrosynē/enkratēs, Titus 1:8; 2:2, 4, 5, 6, 12. Spirit-enabled restraint in ordinary life, not ascetic mortification toward kasampurnan.
Holy Devout Character
Approved rendering: utami
Transliteration: utami
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Rejected alternatives: mursid
Original: ὅσιος
Category: Sanctification
New term. Hosios, Titus 1:8. Deliberately distinct from baseline suci (hagios) to preserve nuance; never mursid, the Sufi spiritual-master term.
Purity Katharos
Approved rendering: resik
Transliteration: resik
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: καθαρός
Category: Sanctification
New term. Katharos, Titus 1:15. Kept distinct from baseline suci; a ritual food-purity dispute resolved by pointing to inward moral purity.
Cleanse
Approved rendering: nyucèkaken
Transliteration: nyucèkaken
Doctrine: Church as God’s Own People
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Katharizō, Titus 2:14 — Christ’s cleansing work, the ground of the church’s identity as his own people. Connects to baseline pensucen (sanctification).
Conscience
Approved rendering: kalbu
Transliteration: kalbu
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sanctification
New term. Syneidēsis, Titus 1:15. Shared vocabulary across Javanese Muslim and Christian usage; anchor to a faculty answerable to the personal God of Scripture.
Trustworthy Saying
Approved rendering: Pitados saestu pangandika punika
Transliteration: Pitados saestu pangandika punika
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Faith
New term. Pistos ho logos, Titus 3:8. A fixed Pastoral-Epistles formula; flag for native speaker review to confirm natural yet recognizably formulaic Javanese phrasing.
Adorn The Doctrine
Approved rendering: ngrenggani piwulang
Transliteration: ngrenggani piwulang
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: κοσμέω τὴν διδασκαλίαν
Category: Sanctification
New term. Kosmeō tēn didaskalian, Titus 2:10. Good conduct displays, but never completes, saving doctrine — must not contradict 3:5’s ‘not by works.‘
Obedience To Authority
Approved rendering: mbangun-turut
Transliteration: mbangun-turut
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: πειθαρχέω
Category: Sanctification
New term. Peitharcheō, Titus 3:1. Reuses the baseline pambangun-turut root; civil obedience taught as gospel witness and conscience, not blind compliance.
Rulers And Authorities
Approved rendering: para panguwasa
Transliteration: para panguwasa
Doctrine: Submission to Authority
Original: ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐξουσίαι
Category: Sanctification
New term. Archai kai exousiai, Titus 3:1. Kept distinct from baseline panguwaosipun Gusti Allah; civil submission is provisional and delegated, not divine in itself.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: katresnan
Transliteration: katresnan
Doctrine: Grace That Trains for Godly Living
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
New term. Agapē, Titus 2:2. Must be distinguished from mere affection or family loyalty (asih), retaining its full self-giving, covenantal sense.
Foolish Controversies
Approved rendering: pitakonan tanpa guna
Transliteration: pitakonan tanpa guna
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: μωραὶ ζητήσεις
Category: Faith
New term. Mōrai zētēseis, Titus 3:9. Distinguish from legitimate doctrinal teaching and correction.
Divisive Person
Approved rendering: tiyang ingkang damel pepalang
Transliteration: tiyang ingkang damel pepalang
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Rejected alternatives: bidah
Original: αἱρετικὸς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Church
New term. Hairetikos anthrōpos, Titus 3:10. Deliberately avoids the Arabic-Islamic loanword bidah (unlawful religious innovation); keeps focus on relational/congregational division.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: pitutur
Transliteration: pitutur
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Inherited from Romans package. Titus 2:15, encouragement sense active; paired there with nyenèni (rebuke).
Gospel Proclamation
Approved rendering: pekabaran
Transliteration: pekabaran
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: κήρυγμα
Category: Faith
New term. Kērygma, Titus 1:3. Builds on the baseline pekabaran Injil root but names the act of proclamation itself. Keep distinct from phaneroō (ngatingalaken) used in the same verse.
Promise
Approved rendering: prasetya
Transliteration: prasetya
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ἐπαγγέλλομαι
Category: Covenant
New term. Epangellomai, Titus 1:2 — God’s formal, personal pledge made before time began. Keep distinct from but related to baseline prajanjian (covenant).
God Who Does Not Lie
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah ingkang boten nate goroh
Transliteration: Gusti Allah ingkang boten nate goroh
Doctrine: Hope of Eternal Life
Original: ἀψευδὴς θεός
Category: God
New term. Apseudēs theos, Titus 1:2. Plain, direct rendering reinforcing, against wahyu-style conditional legitimacy, that God’s word never needs renewal or reissue.
Kindness
Approved rendering: kabecikan
Transliteration: kabecikan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: χρηστότης
Category: God
New term. Chrēstotēs, Titus 3:4. A source-attribute of the same saving grace named in 2:11.
Love For Mankind
Approved rendering: katresnanipun dhateng manungsa
Transliteration: katresnanipun dhateng manungsa
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace not Works
Original: φιλανθρωπία
Category: God
New term. Philanthrōpia, Titus 3:4. Pairs with kindness as a further source-attribute of the grace named in 2:11.
Blameless
Approved rendering: tanpa cacad
Transliteration: tanpa cacad
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church
New term. Anenklētos, Titus 1:6-7. Standard elder-qualification phrase.
Jewish Myths
Approved rendering: dongeng-dongeng Yahudi
Transliteration: dongeng-dongeng Yahudi
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
Original: Ἰουδαϊκοὶ μῦθοι
Category: Faith
New term. Ioudaikoi mythoi, Titus 1:14. Descriptive, low collision risk.
Rebuke Reprove
Approved rendering: nyenèni
Transliteration: nyenèni
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine and Good Works
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Faith
New term. Elenchō, Titus 1:9, 13; 2:15. A required pastoral function alongside exhortation.
Titus Proper Name
Approved rendering: Titus
Transliteration: Titus
Doctrine: Apostleship
New term. Proper name of the letter’s recipient, Paul’s ‘true child in a common faith’ (1:4). Established archipelago Bible transliteration form.
Crete Proper Name
Approved rendering: Kréta
Transliteration: Kréta
Doctrine: Qualifications for Elders
New term. Titus 1:5, 12. Proper place name; established transliteration form.
Artemas Proper Name
Approved rendering: Artemas
Transliteration: Artemas
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
New term. Titus 3:12. Proper name; no doctrinal load, travel-logistics context.
Tychicus Proper Name
Approved rendering: Tikhikus
Transliteration: Tikhikus
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
New term. Titus 3:12. Proper name; established archipelago Bible transliteration form.
Zenas Proper Name
Approved rendering: Zenas
Transliteration: Zenas
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
New term. Titus 3:13. Proper name, described as ‘the lawyer’ (nomikos); no doctrinal weight.
Apollos Proper Name
Approved rendering: Apolos
Transliteration: Apolos
Doctrine: Avoiding Divisive Controversies
New term. Titus 3:13. Proper name; established archipelago Bible transliteration form.
Referenced passages