Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Thessalonians
English → Javanese | Term-by-Term Translation Requirements
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all three chapters of 2 Thessalonians. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSED (baseline) and must be applied exactly as recorded there — no re-derivation permitted. Terms newly introduced by this curriculum are marked NEW and are proposed here for adoption into the shared translation memory going forward.
Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly.
Section A — Core Passage Terms (2 Thessalonians 2:1-12)
| # | English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | coming (of Christ) | παρουσία (parousia) | rawuhipun (Gusti Yesus) | NEW | High | The Day of the Lord | teka (ngoko, too plain) | Krama-inggil arrival verb; must always pair with Gusti Yesus. |
| 2 | being gathered together | ἐπισυναγωγή (episynagōgē) | pangimpuning para pitados dhateng Gusti | NEW | Medium | The Day of the Lord | ngumpul ing pasamuwan (too generic, reads as ordinary church gathering) | Eschatological ingathering, distinct from pasamuwan. |
| 3 | the Day of the Lord | ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου (hē hēmera tou kyriou) | Dinten Rawuhipun Gusti / Dinten Gusti | NEW | Critical | The Day of the Lord | any phrase resembling petungan dina / primbon calendrical reckoning | Must never be assimilated into Javanese day-divination (primbon) tradition; mandatory translator note on unknowable divine timing. |
| 4 | a spirit (false utterance) | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | roh (lowercase, generic) | NEW | High | The Day of the Lord | Roh Suci (forbidden — reserved for Holy Spirit) | Must never be capitalized/conflated with Roh Suci; this is a false or human utterance. |
| 5 | rebellion / apostasy | ἀποστασία (apostasia) | pambalelo ing pitados | NEW | High | The Man of Lawlessness | murtad (imports Islamic apostasy-law framework) | Corporate, eschatological falling-away from Christian faith specifically. |
| 6 | the man of lawlessness | ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας (ho anthrōpos tēs anomias) | Tiyang Duraka | NEW | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | wayang “evil king” archetype; generic “wong ala” | Fixed title; anomia ≠ Mosaic nomos/Toret; keep lexically separate from Romans’ angger-anggering Toret. |
| 7 | is revealed / unveiled | ἀποκαλύπτω (apokalyphthē) | kawiyak / kababar | NEW | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | wahyu (FORBIDDEN — new forbidden-substitution instance) | Extends baseline’s existing wahyu prohibition; especially tempting here given ruler-like figure being “revealed.” |
| 8 | son of destruction / perdition | ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας (ho huios tēs apōleias) | Putraning Kabinasan | NEW | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Deliberate inversion of baseline’s Putrané Gusti Allah; keep kabinasan distinct from karisakan (olethros, 1:9). |
| 9 | temple (of God) | ναός (naos) | padaleman suci | NEW | High | The Man of Lawlessness | punden (forbidden — spirit-shrine) | God’s exclusive dwelling being usurped; self-deification act. |
| 10 | object of worship | σέβασμα (sebasma) | samubarang ingkang dipun sembah | NEW | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | pepundhen (cognate risk with punden) | — |
| 11 | that which restrains (neuter) | τὸ κατέχον (to katechon) | ingkang nahan | NEW | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | any specific identification (Roman state, angelic power stated as fact) | Must preserve textual ambiguity; do not resolve interpretively. |
| 12 | he who restrains (masculine) | ὁ κατέχων (ho katechōn) | ingkang nahan (flagged dual form) | NEW | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Neuter/masculine shift (2:6 vs 2:7) not morphologically markable in Javanese; requires exegetical translator note. |
| 13 | mystery of lawlessness | τὸ μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας (to mystērion tēs anomias) | wewadi kadurakan | NEW | High | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Risk of collision with kejawen/kebatinan esoteric secret-teaching tradition; mandatory clarifying note. |
| 14 | is at work / operative | ἐνεργέω (energeitai) | sampun makarya | NEW | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Same verb root recurs at 2:11 (energeian planēs); keep consistent. |
| 15 | the lawless one | ὁ ἄνομος (ho anomos) | Ingkang Duraka | NEW | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Short form of Tiyang Duraka (#6). |
| 16 | bring to nothing / abolish | καταργέω (katargēsei) | nyirnakaken | NEW | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Christ’s effortless victory by word alone; avoid pusaka/keris-potency imagery. |
| 17 | appearance of his coming | ἡ ἐπιφάνεια τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ | pratandhaning rawuhipun / kamulyaning rawuhipun | NEW | Medium | The Day of the Lord | — | Combines #1 with baseline kamulyan. |
| 18 | Satan | ὁ Σατανᾶς (ho Satanas) | Iblis | NEW | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | dhemit, lelembut (forbidden folk-spirit categories) | Shared vocabulary with Islamic tradition; doctrinally compatible, low syncretism risk here. |
| 19 | power (counterfeit) | δύναμις (dynamis) | panguwaos (plain, no honorific) / panguwaos palsu | NEW | High | The Man of Lawlessness | panguwaosipun Gusti Allah (must NOT be used for Satan’s power) | Register must clearly subordinate this counterfeit power beneath God’s true power. |
| 20 | false signs and wonders | σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους | tandha-tandha elok ingkang goroh | NEW | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | — | Distinguish from sēmeion as authentication mark (3:17). |
| 21 | wicked deception | ἡ ἀπάτη τῆς ἀδικίας (hē apatē tēs adikias) | pangapusan ing kadurakan | NEW | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | — | adikia is direct antonym of baseline kabeneran. |
| 22 | those who are perishing | οἱ ἀπολλύμενοι (hoi apollymenoi) | tiyang ingkang nuju risak | NEW | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | — | Ongoing, present-tense trajectory, not yet final. |
| 23 | love (of the truth) | ἀγάπη (agapē) | katresnan | NEW | Medium | (general — cross-doctrinal) | asmara (romantic love, inappropriate) | Established Javanese Christian usage; distinguish from romantic love by context. |
| 24 | truth | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | kayektosan | NEW | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | kabeneran (reserved for righteousness/forensic standing) | Must be kept lexically distinct from kabeneran despite shared moral weight in English. |
| 25 | to be saved | σῴζω (sōthēnai) | supados kaslametaken | REUSED (baseline) | Critical | Salvation | — | Reuses kaslametan exactly; mandatory slametan-ritual distinguishing note applies. |
| 26 | strong delusion / working of error | ἡ ἐνέργεια τῆς πλάνης (energeian planēs) | kesasaran ingkang dipun paringaken dening Gusti Allah | NEW | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | pesthi (impersonal fate — forbidden framing) | Judicial act of God, not neutral fate; keep distinct from apatē (#21). |
| 27 | believe the lie | πιστεῦσαι τῷ ψεύδει (pisteusai tō pseudei) | pracaya marang goroh | NEW | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | pitados (register forbidden — reserved for saving faith only) | Deliberate register downgrade to ngoko pracaya to avoid dignifying false belief. |
| 28 | be condemned / judged | κρίνω (krithōsin) | supados sami kapatrapan paukuman | NEW | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | — | Judicial-negative counterpart to baseline’s kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah. |
| 29 | took pleasure in unrighteousness | εὐδοκέω…τῇ ἀδικίᾳ (eudokēsantes tē adikia) | condhong sarta remen dhateng piala | NEW | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | — | Emphasizes willful moral culpability. |
Section B — Chapter 1 Terms (2 Thessalonians 1:1-12)
| # | English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | grace / peace | χάρις / εἰρήνη | sih-rahmat / katentreman | REUSED (baseline) | Critical / Medium | Grace / Peace with God | — | Applied exactly as in Romans package. |
| 31 | faith | πίστις (pistis) | pitados | REUSED (baseline) | Medium | Faith | — | Applied exactly. |
| 32 | love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | katresnan | NEW (see #23) | Medium | (general) | — | First occurrence in book at 1:3. |
| 33 | steadfastness / perseverance | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | kateguhan | NEW | Critical | Perseverance under Persecution | nrimo ing pandum (passive fatalism, forbidden); sabar (too passive/generic) | Central term for a whole named doctrine; active, hope-fueled endurance, not resignation. Recurs at 3:5. |
| 34 | affliction | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | kasangsaran | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | — | Standard term, low ambiguity. |
| 35 | God’s righteous judgment | ἡ δικαία κρίσις τοῦ θεοῦ | pangadilanipun Gusti Allah ingkang leres/adil | NEW | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | — | Adil shared positively with Islamic vocabulary of divine justice. |
| 36 | vengeance / retribution | ἐκδίκησις (ekdikēsis) | piwales ingkang adil | NEW | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | santet/tenung-style human sorcery-revenge (forbidden association) | Exclusively God’s judicial act, never a model for human revenge. |
| 37 | eternal destruction | ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος (olethros aiōnios) | karisakan ingkang langgeng | NEW | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | pesthi (impersonal, reversible fate) | Final, everlasting, unrepeatable; kept distinct from kabinasan (#8). |
| 38 | away from the presence of the Lord | ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ κυρίου | tinilar saking ngarsanipun Gusti | NEW | Medium | God’s Righteous Judgment | — | Ngarsa (royal-presence honorific) is a positive cultural resonance point. |
| 39 | glorified in | ἐνδοξάζομαι (endoxasthēnai) | kamulyakaken | REUSED (baseline root) | Low | (general) | — | Reuses kamulyan. |
| 40 | calling | κλῆσις (klēsis) | katimbalanipun Gusti Allah | REUSED (baseline) | High | Divine Calling | — | Applied exactly. |
| 41 | power (of God, for believers’ good works) | δύναμις θεοῦ (dynamis) | panguwaosipun Gusti Allah | REUSED (baseline) | Critical | Power of God for Salvation | kasekten (forbidden) | Same baseline term applies to empowerment for good works here. |
| 42 | kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Kratoning Gusti Allah | REUSED (baseline) | Medium | Kingdom Mission | — | Applied exactly. |
| 43 | gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | Injil | REUSED (baseline) | Medium | Gospel | — | “Obey the gospel” (1:8) reuses baseline obedience vocabulary. |
Section C — Chapter 2 Remainder Terms (2 Thessalonians 2:13-17)
| # | English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 | chose (election) | αἱρέομαι (heilato) | Gusti Allah sampun milih | REUSED (baseline concept) | High | Effectual Calling | wahyu (forbidden) | Reuses pepilihanipun Gusti Allah framework. |
| 45 | sanctification of the Spirit | ἁγιασμὸς πνεύματος | pensucen dening Roh Suci | REUSED (baseline) | High | Sanctification | — | Applied exactly. |
| 46 | belief in the truth | πίστις ἀληθείας | pitados dhateng kayektosan | NEW (compound) | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | pitados dhateng goroh (register violation) | Positive counterpart to #27; register consistency mandatory. |
| 47 | obtaining of glory | περιποίησις δόξης | pikantuking kamulyan | NEW (compound) | Medium | (general) | — | Reuses kamulyan. |
| 48 | stand firm and hold to the traditions | στήκετε καὶ κρατεῖτε τὰς παραδόσεις | ngadeg kanthi teguh saha ngesteni piwulang tinampa | NEW | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | — | See full paradosis entry, #52. |
| 49 | eternal comfort | παράκλησις αἰωνία (paraklēsis) | panglipur | NEW | Medium | (general — pastoral encouragement) | — | Grounded in God’s electing love, not mere emotional soothing. |
| 50 | good hope | ἐλπὶς ἀγαθή (elpis) | pangajap-ajap | NEW | High | (general — assurance) | pesthi-adjacent fatalistic hoping (forbidden framing) | Confident expectation grounded in God’s promise, not wishful uncertainty. |
Section D — Chapter 3 Terms (2 Thessalonians 3:1-18)
| # | English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Javanese Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | the evil one | ὁ πονηρός (ho ponēros) | Ingkang Awon / Iblis | NEW | High | The Man of Lawlessness (spiritual opposition) | sing ala (too vague/impersonal) | Same referent as ho Satanas (#18); keep personal, singular, adversarial identity. |
| 52 | tradition(s) | παράδοσις (paradosis) | piwulang tinampa | NEW | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | tradisi (too generic/loanword-vague); adat (FORBIDDEN — conflates apostolic teaching with ancestral customary/ritual practice) | Single most culturally hazardous new term in this curriculum; mandatory translator note every occurrence. |
| 53 | the Lord is faithful | πιστὸς ὁ κύριος (pistos) | Gusti punika setya | NEW | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions / Assurance | pitados (reserved for human faith-response) | God’s own attribute of faithfulness, distinct from human trust. |
| 54 | establish and guard | στηρίζω καὶ φυλάσσω | netepaken lan njagi | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | — | Reinforces God’s active role sustaining kateguhan (#33). |
| 55 | disorderly / undisciplined | ἀτάκτως (ataktōs) | tanpa tata | NEW | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions (practical discipline) | — | Military “breaking ranks” background image worth teaching. |
| 56 | busybodies | περιεργαζομένους (periergazomenous) | cawe-cawe ing prakawis tiyang sanes | NEW | Low-Medium | (general — church discipline) | — | Preserves Greek ergazomai/periergazomai wordplay for teaching. |
| 57 | the Lord of peace | ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰρήνης | Gustinipun Katentreman | REUSED (baseline compound) | Low | Peace with God | — | Combines baseline Gusti + katentreman. |
| 58 | the sign (authentication mark) | σημεῖον (sēmeion) | tandha tangan / pratandha | NEW | Low | (general) | tandha elok (reserved for miraculous sense, #20) | Same Greek word, distinct sense from 2:9; keep separate Javanese terms. |
| 59 | grace (closing benediction) | ἡ χάρις | sih-rahmat | REUSED (baseline) | Critical | Grace | — | Applied exactly. |
Section E — Cross-Book Consistency Requirements
The following terms recur across chapters and require identical Javanese rendering at every occurrence throughout Phase 2 translation:
| Term | All Occurrences | Fixed Javanese Rendering |
|---|---|---|
| Perseverance / steadfastness (hypomonē) | 1:4; 3:5 | kateguhan |
| Lawlessness family (anomia) | 2:3, 7, 8 | kadurakan / Tiyang Duraka / Ingkang Duraka |
| Destruction family (kept distinct) | olethros (1:9); apōleia (2:3) | karisakan (olethros) vs. kabinasan (apōleia) |
| Truth (alētheia) | 2:10, 12, 13 | kayektosan — never kabeneran |
| Delusion/deception family (kept distinct) | apatē (2:10); planē (2:11) | pangapusan (apatē) vs. kesasaran (planē) |
| Tradition (paradosis) | 2:15; 3:6 | piwulang tinampa — never adat or bare tradisi |
| Restrainer (katechon/katechōn) | 2:6, 7 | ingkang nahan (flag neuter/masculine ambiguity) |
| Faith register split | pistis/pitados (true faith) vs. pisteusai tō pseudei (believe the lie) | pitados (krama, reserved) vs. pracaya (ngoko, negative use only) |
Section F — New Forbidden Substitutions Introduced by This Curriculum
In addition to the baseline’s existing forbidden list, the following are now forbidden for 2 Thessalonians translation and must be added to Phase 2 validation rules:
- wahyu — forbidden for apokalyphthē (“is revealed,” 2:3, 2:6, 2:8) in addition to its existing baseline prohibitions (calling, glory, power, election). The temptation is acute here because a ruler-like end-times figure being “revealed” directly overlaps wahyu’s normal cultural domain of a mystical mandate legitimizing a throne-claim.
- adat — forbidden for paradosis (“tradition,” 2:15; 3:6). Must never be used, as it would conflate apostolic doctrinal instruction with inherited ancestral customary/ritual practice.
- murtad — forbidden for apostasia (“rebellion,” 2:3). Must not import the Islamic legal-social apostasy framework.
- pesthi / nrimo ing pandum — forbidden for hypomonē (“perseverance,” 1:4; 3:5) and elpis (“hope,” 2:16), consistent with their existing baseline prohibition for Providence.
- panguwaosipun Gusti Allah — forbidden for Satan’s counterfeit dynamis (2:9); this honorific compound is reserved exclusively for God’s own power.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
CRITICAL: Never use kasekten, wahyu, or utang budi. Sih-rahmat must be taught as favor given with no debt incurred and nothing to repay. Inherited from Romans package; applies identically at the letter’s opening greeting (2 Thessalonians 1:2) and closing benediction (3:18).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kasekten
CRITICAL: Never use kasekten. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 1:11 (empowering believers’ good works). NEW FENCING RULE: this exact honorific compound must NEVER be applied to Satan’s counterfeit dynamis (2:9) — see the new term counterfeit_power, which uses plain panguwaos instead.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
CRITICAL: Never use Nabi Isa. Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 2 Thessalonians (1:1, 1:7, 1:12, 2:1, 2:14) and paired mandatorily with the new term parousia (rawuhipun Gusti Yesus).
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
CRITICAL: Never shorten to bare Gusti. Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 2 Thessalonians; the man of lawlessness’s blasphemy in 2:4 is precisely that he ‘proclaims himself to be’ this exclusive referent.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
CRITICAL: Never use dhemit or lelembut. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 2:13 (pensucen dening Roh Suci). NEW FENCING RULE: must be kept sharply, mandatorily distinct from the new term false_spirit (lowercase generic roh, 2:2) — conflating the two would attribute a Satanic deception to the Holy Spirit.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Dinten Rawuhipun Gusti / Dinten Gusti
Transliteration: Dinten Rawuhipun Gusti
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: any phrase resembling petungan dina / primbon calendrical reckoning, a bare ‘Dinten Gusti’ used alone without the fuller compound
Original: ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Must never be assimilated into Javanese petungan dina/primbon day-divination tradition. Mandatory translator note at every occurrence: this Day is fixed solely by God’s sovereign timing, unknowable and uncalculatable by any human system — precisely the point Paul corrects in 2 Thessalonians 2:2, where a false claim asserted the Day had already come.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: Tiyang Duraka
Transliteration: Tiyang Duraka
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: wayang ‘evil king’ archetype, generic ‘wong ala’
Original: ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Fixed title for the eschatological figure of 2 Thessalonians 2:3-9. Duraka (rebel/betrayer of rightful, God-given authority) carries strong native moral weight without importing a folk legend. Anomia here must NEVER be rendered with angger-anggering Toret (Mosaic Law, baseline) since this is a broader moral category, not Torah-transgression. Must not be assimilated into a cyclical wayang villain trope; this is a real, singular, linear historical figure.
Revealed
Approved rendering: kawiyak / kababar
Transliteration: kawiyak
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: wahyu (FORBIDDEN — new forbidden-substitution instance for this curriculum, in addition to the baseline’s existing prohibitions for calling, glory, election, power of God)
CRITICAL NEW TERM AND NEW FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION. Used for apokalyphthē, the man of lawlessness’s unveiling (2 Thessalonians 2:3, 6, 8). The pull toward wahyu is unusually strong here because a ruler-like figure ‘being revealed’ sits exactly inside wahyu’s normal cultural domain (a mystical mandate-light legitimizing a throne-claim). This must be documented in Phase 2 tooling as a fourth prohibited-domain activation for wahyu.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: Putraning Kabinasan
Transliteration: Putraning Kabinasan
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Deliberately mirrors the syntax of the baseline’s Putrané Gusti Allah (Son of God) to preserve Paul’s rhetorical inversion (2 Thessalonians 2:3). Kabinasan is kept lexically distinct from karisakan (used for olethros, 1:9) so two related-but-distinct Greek destruction-words remain traceable in Javanese.
Restrainer
Approved rendering: ingkang nahan
Transliteration: ingkang nahan
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: any specific identification (Roman state, angelic power, guardian spirit) stated as settled fact, kasekten as a restraining potency
CRITICAL NEW TERM covering both to katechon (neuter, 2 Thessalonians 2:6) and ho katechōn (masculine, 2:7). Kept grammatically neutral/impersonal to match the Greek’s own deliberate ambiguity. Must NOT be identified with any specific Javanese unseen-power concept. Javanese cannot morphologically mark the neuter-to-masculine shift; a mandatory translator note must flag both occurrences for exegetical awareness rather than silently resolving the ambiguity.
Lawless One
Approved rendering: Ingkang Duraka
Transliteration: Ingkang Duraka
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
NEW TERM. Short form of Tiyang Duraka (man_of_lawlessness), used once the figure is unveiled (2 Thessalonians 2:8). Must be kept lexically consistent throughout.
Strong Delusion
Approved rendering: kesasaran ingkang dipun paringaken dening Gusti Allah
Transliteration: kesasaran
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: pesthi (FORBIDDEN — impersonal fate), a wandering curse from an offended ancestral spirit
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Hē energeia tēs planēs (2 Thessalonians 2:11). Must be explicitly taught as a deliberate, righteous, judicial act of a personal God against those who first rejected the truth — never neutral fate. Kept lexically distinct from wicked_deception (apatē/pangapusan): apatē is the active deceiving; planē is the resulting delusion God judicially confirms.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: kateguhan
Transliteration: kateguhan
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: nrimo ing pandum (FORBIDDEN — passive fatalistic acceptance, already rejected in the baseline for Providence), sabar (too passive/generic; risks reading as static tolerance rather than active resistance)
CRITICAL NEW TERM, wholly absent from the Romans baseline. Hypomonē (2 Thessalonians 1:4; 3:5). Must be taught as active, hope-fueled endurance sustained by God himself (3:3, 5) and modeled on Christ’s own steadfastness (3:5), never passive resignation to fate. Candidate for intake into any future unified cross-curriculum glossary.
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: karisakan ingkang langgeng
Transliteration: karisakan ingkang langgeng
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: pesthi (impersonal, reversible fate)
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Olethros aiōnios (2 Thessalonians 1:9), final and unrepeatable, never confused with impersonal fate or cyclical misfortune reversible through ritual means (e.g., a slametan). Kept lexically distinct from Putraning Kabinasan’s kabinasan (apōleia, 2:3) so two related-but-different Greek destruction-terms remain traceable.
Tradition
Approved rendering: piwulang tinampa
Transliteration: piwulang tinampa
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: adat (FORBIDDEN — conflates apostolic doctrinal teaching with ancestral customary/ritual practice, including slametan, ancestor veneration, and village ritual calendars), tradisi (too generic/loanword-vague)
CRITICAL NEW TERM. The single most culturally hazardous new term in this curriculum. Paradosis (2 Thessalonians 2:15; 3:6), authoritative apostolic teaching handed down from Paul, oral and written. Piwulang tinampa (received teaching) deliberately avoids both adat and bare tradisi. Mandatory translator note required at every occurrence: these are specific apostolic teachings received from Paul, not inherited village custom or kejawen ethical tradition.
High Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kabeneran
Transliteration: kabeneran
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: kasampurnan
Never use kasampurnan. Kabeneran = right standing before God granted by faith. Inherited from Romans package. NEW FENCING RULE for this curriculum: must be kept lexically distinct from the new term truth (kayektosan, alētheia), introduced at 2 Thessalonians 2:10, 12, 13 — righteousness is forensic standing, truth is a content believed and loved; do not collapse the two.
Holy
Approved rendering: suci
Transliteration: suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: kramat
Set apart for God and morally pure; kramat carries sacred-potency-of-a-shrine connotations. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the compound temple_of_god rendering (padaleman suci, 2 Thessalonians 2:4) and para suci (saints).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pensucen
Transliteration: pensucen
Doctrine: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, distinct from ritual purification. Inherited from Romans package. Combined with Roh Suci at 2 Thessalonians 2:13 as pensucen dening Roh Suci, one of the twin grounds (with belief_in_the_truth) of assurance answering the false Day-of-the-Lord claims.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: cemer
Moral transgression against a personal God, not ritual impurity. Inherited from Romans package. NEW DISTINCTION for this curriculum: dosa (ordinary sin) must be kept conceptually distinct from the new term lawlessness/kadurakan family — kadurakan names the specific, climactic end-times embodiment of rebellion in the man of lawlessness, a narrower and more intense category than general dosa.
Glory
Approved rendering: kamulyan
Transliteration: kamulyan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: wahyu, kasekten
God’s own inherent radiance and honor, never wahyu or kasekten. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 1:9, 10, 12 and 2:14 (obtaining_of_glory).
Election
Approved rendering: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: pepilihanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
God’s sovereign personal choice, never wahyu. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 2:13 (‘God chose you’), directly grounding believers’ assurance against the fear-inducing false claims of 2:1-2.
Calling
Approved rendering: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Transliteration: katimbalanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Personal summons, never the impersonal wahyu. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 1:11 (‘worthy of his calling’).
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Every occurrence needs context establishing exclusive, supreme Lordship, not feudal deference language. Inherited from Romans package. Applied throughout 2 Thessalonians to both God the Father and Christ; underlies the titles Dinten Rawuhipun Gusti (Day of the Lord), Gustinipun Katentreman (Lord of peace, 3:16), and ngarsanipun Gusti (the Lord’s presence, 1:9).
Father
Approved rendering: Rama
Transliteration: Rama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Leluhur
God as personal, relational Father, never Leluhur (venerated ancestral forebear). Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the greeting ‘God our Father’ (2 Thessalonians 1:1-2).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: pambangun-turut kang metu saka pitados
Transliteration: pambangun-turut kang metu saka pitados
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Obedience flowing from faith, not ritual compliance. Inherited from Romans package. Connects to ‘those who do not obey the gospel’ (2 Thessalonians 1:8) and ‘if anyone does not obey what we say in this letter’ (3:14).
Parousia
Approved rendering: rawuhipun (Gusti Yesus)
Transliteration: rawuhipun
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: teka (ngoko, too plain)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. The awaited, visible, official royal arrival of Christ (2 Thessalonians 2:1, 8, 9). Krama-inggil arrival verb chosen to match the honorific register already established for Gusti. Must always be paired explicitly with Gusti Yesus so it is never read as a generic ‘arrival’ or ‘presence.‘
False Spirit
Approved rendering: roh
Transliteration: roh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: Roh Suci (FORBIDDEN in this sense — reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit)
NEW TERM. A purported false prophetic utterance falsely claiming the Day of the Lord has come (2 Thessalonians 2:2). Must always render lowercase, generic roh, never capitalized or conflated with Roh Suci. Mandatory translator note required every occurrence distinguishing this false/human-originated claim from the Holy Spirit.
Apostasy
Approved rendering: pambalelo ing pitados
Transliteration: pambalelo ing pitados
Doctrine: Apostasy and the Mystery of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: murtad (FORBIDDEN — imports the Islamic legal-social apostasy-from-Islam framework)
NEW TERM. A specific, climactic, corporate end-times departure from the Christian faith preceding the man of lawlessness’s unveiling (2 Thessalonians 2:3). Must not import murtad’s severe social-legal consequence from the surrounding Islamic-majority context.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: padaleman suci
Transliteration: padaleman suci
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: punden (FORBIDDEN — spirit-veneration shrine site)
NEW TERM. God’s exclusive dwelling place, blasphemously usurped by the man of lawlessness (2 Thessalonians 2:4). Must not use any mosque-specific or village-shrine vocabulary; preserves the sense of self-deification, not mere trespass.
Mystery Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: wewadi kadurakan
Transliteration: wewadi kadurakan
Doctrine: Apostasy and the Mystery of Lawlessness
NEW TERM. The hidden, presently-operative principle of end-times rebellion already active (2 Thessalonians 2:7). Wewadi independently carries kebatinan/kejawen esoteric-secret-knowledge resonance; mandatory translator note required clarifying this is God’s own disclosed scriptural category, not initiate-only mystical teaching.
Counterfeit Power
Approved rendering: panguwaos / panguwaos palsu
Transliteration: panguwaos palsu
Doctrine: Satan’s Counterfeit Power and Deceptive Signs
Rejected alternatives: panguwaosipun Gusti Allah (FORBIDDEN — the honorific compound reserved exclusively for God’s own power)
NEW TERM AND NEW FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION. Satan’s dynamis (2 Thessalonians 2:9) must never borrow the baseline’s honorific power_of_god compound. Use plain panguwaos or panguwaos palsu, explicitly and consistently subordinated beneath God’s true, incomparably greater power in translator notes.
Wicked Deception
Approved rendering: pangapusan ing kadurakan
Transliteration: pangapusan ing kadurakan
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
NEW TERM. Hē apatē tēs adikias (2 Thessalonians 2:10). Adikia is the direct antonym of the baseline’s kabeneran (righteousness), a contrast deliberately kept visible. Kept lexically distinct from strong_delusion (kesasaran): apatē is the active deceiving done to the perishing; planē is the resulting judicial delusion God confirms.
Truth
Approved rendering: kayektosan
Transliteration: kayektosan
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: kabeneran (FORBIDDEN in this sense — reserved for righteousness/forensic standing)
NEW TERM (not present in Romans baseline). Alētheia (2 Thessalonians 2:10, 12, 13). Must be kept lexically distinct from kabeneran despite both carrying moral weight in English; conflating them would blur forensic righteousness (a legal status) with truth (a content to be believed and loved). Load-bearing new distinction for this curriculum.
Believe The Lie
Approved rendering: pracaya marang goroh
Transliteration: pracaya marang goroh
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: pitados marang goroh (FORBIDDEN — register violation; would dignify a damnable falsehood with the register reserved for saving faith)
NEW TERM AND NEW REGISTER RULE. Pisteusai tō pseudei (2 Thessalonians 2:11). Deliberately uses the ngoko register pracaya, never the krama pitados, keeping pitados untouched throughout the whole curriculum as reserved for true, saving faith in Christ. Positive counterpart: belief_in_the_truth (pitados dhateng kayektosan, 2:13).
Condemned
Approved rendering: supados sami kapatrapan paukuman
Transliteration: kapatrapan paukuman
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
NEW TERM. Krithōsin (2 Thessalonians 2:12), the final eschatological verdict of condemnation. Kept as a clear judicial-negative counterpart to the baseline’s justification language (kaanggep bener dening Gusti Allah), never blurred with a neutral sense of ‘evaluated.‘
Righteous Judgment
Approved rendering: pangadilanipun Gusti Allah ingkang leres/adil
Transliteration: pangadilanipun Gusti Allah
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
NEW TERM. Hē dikaia krisis tou theou (2 Thessalonians 1:5). Adil is widely shared, positive vocabulary across Javanese Muslim and Christian usage for divine justice. Still High risk because the doctrine requires audiences to understand this justice as certain and future, not already fully visible in present suffering.
Vengeance
Approved rendering: piwales ingkang adil
Transliteration: piwales ingkang adil
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: santet/tenung-style human sorcery-revenge logic (FORBIDDEN association)
NEW TERM. Ekdikēsis (2 Thessalonians 1:8), judicial vindication God himself executes, explicitly not a believer’s own prerogative. Mandatory translator note: exclusively God’s judicial action, never validating or resembling folk-magical revenge practices.
Belief In The Truth
Approved rendering: pitados dhateng kayektosan
Transliteration: pitados dhateng kayektosan
Doctrine: Assurance through Election and Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pitados dhateng goroh (register violation)
NEW COMPOUND TERM. Pistis alētheias (2 Thessalonians 2:13), combining baseline pitados with the new term truth. Deliberate positive counterpart to believe_the_lie (2:11); reviewers must recognize this contrast pair, including the register distinction.
Stand Firm And Hold Fast
Approved rendering: ngadeg kanthi teguh saha ngesteni (piwulang tinampa)
Transliteration: ngadeg kanthi teguh saha ngesteni
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
NEW TERM. Stēkete kai krateite (2 Thessalonians 2:15; functionally 3:6). Reuses the kateguhan root established for perseverance, deliberately reinforcing the thematic link between doctrinal firmness and endurance under persecution.
Hope
Approved rendering: pangajap-ajap
Transliteration: pangajap-ajap
Doctrine: Eternal Comfort and Good Hope
Rejected alternatives: pesthi-adjacent fatalistic hoping (FORBIDDEN framing)
NEW TERM (not present in Romans baseline). Elpis agathē (2 Thessalonians 2:16). Must be clearly distinguished from fatalistic ‘hoping against fate,’ touching the same pesthi/nrimo ing pandum collision zone flagged for perseverance; biblical hope is confident expectation grounded in God’s own promise.
Evil One
Approved rendering: Ingkang Awon / Iblis
Transliteration: Ingkang Awon
Doctrine: Satan’s Counterfeit Power and Deceptive Signs
Rejected alternatives: sing ala (too vague/impersonal)
NEW TERM. Ho ponēros (2 Thessalonians 3:3), the same personal figure named ho Satanas (2:9, see satan). Must not be rendered with a vague generic phrase that would strip the passage of its personal, singular adversary.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar kabungahan
Established term shared across Indonesian-archipelago Christian usage. Kabar kabungahan (news of joy) is too generic and loses the specific, unique proclamation of salvation through Christ. Inherited from Romans package; applies identically in 2 Thessalonians 1:8 (‘obey the gospel’) and connects to the mission language of 3:1 (‘the word of the Lord’).
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faith
Object of faith must always be specified as Christ. Use the krama register pitados in devotional and doctrinal contexts. Inherited from Romans package. NEW REGISTER RULE for this curriculum: pitados is reserved EXCLUSIVELY for true saving faith throughout 2 Thessalonians (e.g., 1:3-4, 11; 2:13’s ‘belief in the truth’); the ngoko register pracaya is used only for the negative counterfeit act of ‘believing the lie’ (2:11) — see the new term believe_the_lie. Never let a reviewer ‘correct’ pracaya back to pitados in that verse.
Saints
Approved rendering: para suci
Transliteration: para suci
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Wali names the venerated Wali Songo, whose graves remain popular pilgrimage sites. Para suci = every believer set apart in Christ. Inherited from Romans package; underlies the letter’s addressees at 2 Thessalonians 1:1 (via pasamuwan) and the general sainthood-of-all-believers assumption throughout.
Peace
Approved rendering: katentreman
Transliteration: katentreman
Doctrine: Peace with God
Relational peace with God, not inner calm from spiritual discipline. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 1:2 and as the title ‘the Lord of peace’ at 3:16 (Gustinipun Katentreman).
Church
Approved rendering: pasamuwan
Transliteration: pasamuwan
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: punden
The gathered people of God; never punden (spirit-veneration shrine). Inherited from Romans package. The letter is addressed to the pasamuwan (2 Thessalonians 1:1) and church-order instructions occupy chapter 3.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Kratoning Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Distinguished from an actual earthly keraton. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 1:5, the kingdom for which believers are being made worthy through suffering.
Mission
Approved rendering: pekabaran Injil
Transliteration: pekabaran Injil
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Proclamation of the gospel. Inherited from Romans package. Connects to 2 Thessalonians 3:1’s prayer request that ‘the word of the Lord may speed ahead and be honored.‘
Gathered Together
Approved rendering: pangimpuning para pitados dhateng Gusti
Transliteration: pangimpuning para pitados dhateng Gusti
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: ngumpul ing pasamuwan (too generic, reads as ordinary church attendance)
NEW TERM. The eschatological ingathering of believers to Christ at his return (2 Thessalonians 2:1). Kept distinct from pasamuwan (ordinary congregation).
Object Of Worship
Approved rendering: samubarang ingkang dipun sembah
Transliteration: samubarang ingkang dipun sembah
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: pepundhen (cognate risk with the forbidden punden)
NEW TERM. Sebasma, anything venerated or worshipped, which the man of lawlessness exalts himself above (2 Thessalonians 2:4). Descriptive phrase preferred over any pepundhen-adjacent noun.
At Work
Approved rendering: sampun makarya
Transliteration: sampun makarya
Doctrine: Apostasy and the Mystery of Lawlessness
NEW TERM. Energeō, ‘is already operative/active,’ used of the mystery of lawlessness (2 Thessalonians 2:7) and again of the working of delusion (2:11, strong_delusion). Same Javanese verb family must be kept consistent across both occurrences to preserve the wordplay.
Bring To Nothing
Approved rendering: nyirnakaken
Transliteration: nyirnakaken
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
NEW TERM. Katargeō, Christ’s effortless annihilation of the lawless one by the breath of his mouth (2 Thessalonians 2:8). Must avoid any resonance with pusaka/keris-potency imagery (empowered heirloom weapons); Christ’s victory is sovereign, effortless divine power by spoken word alone.
Appearing Of His Coming
Approved rendering: pratandhaning rawuhipun / kamulyaning rawuhipun
Transliteration: pratandhaning rawuhipun
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
NEW TERM. Epiphaneia tēs parousias autou, the glorious manifestation of Christ’s coming (2 Thessalonians 2:8). Combines the new term parousia (rawuhipun) with the baseline’s kamulyan (glory) for lexical consistency.
Satan
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: Iblis
Doctrine: Satan’s Counterfeit Power and Deceptive Signs
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut (FORBIDDEN — folk-spirit categories)
NEW TERM. Ho Satanas (2 Thessalonians 2:9), also ho ponēros/‘the evil one’ (3:3, see evil_one). Iblis is widely shared, low-syncretism-risk vocabulary across Javanese Muslim and Christian usage naming a compatible referent (unlike Nabi Isa). Mandatory note: a specific, personal fallen being, never a folk-spirit category.
False Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: tandha-tandha elok ingkang goroh
Transliteration: tandha-tandha elok ingkang goroh
Doctrine: Satan’s Counterfeit Power and Deceptive Signs
NEW TERM. Sēmeia kai terata pseudous, real but deceptive miraculous displays empowered by Satan (2 Thessalonians 2:9). Must be distinguished from true-miracle language and from sēmeion as an authentication mark (see authentication_mark, 3:17) — distinct Javanese words required for each sense.
Those Who Are Perishing
Approved rendering: tiyang ingkang nuju risak
Transliteration: tiyang ingkang nuju risak
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
NEW TERM. Hoi apollymenoi (2 Thessalonians 2:10), sharing the root of apōleia (2:3, son_of_destruction). Preserves the ongoing, present-tense trajectory sense, not yet finally sealed.
Love
Approved rendering: katresnan
Transliteration: katresnan
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: asmara (romantic love, never appropriate for theological agapē)
NEW TERM (not present in Romans baseline). Agapē, selfless willed love. Already the standard, established term in published Javanese Scripture and liturgy for divine/selfless love. Context must always specify divine, self-giving love where doctrinally significant (2 Thessalonians 1:3; 2:10; 3:5).
Pleasure In Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: condhong sarta remen dhateng piala
Transliteration: condhong sarta remen dhateng piala
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
NEW TERM. Eudokēsantes tē adikia (2 Thessalonians 2:12), emphasizing willful moral culpability — active delight in wrongdoing, not mere failure to notice truth. Reuses the adikia-family term piala established at wicked_deception (2:10).
Affliction
Approved rendering: kasangsaran
Transliteration: kasangsaran
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
NEW TERM. Thlipsis (2 Thessalonians 1:4, 6, 7), the real, ongoing persecution suffered by the Thessalonian church. Standard term, low ambiguity.
Away From The Lords Presence
Approved rendering: tinilar saking ngarsanipun Gusti
Transliteration: ngarsanipun Gusti
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
NEW TERM. Apo prosōpou tou kyriou (2 Thessalonians 1:9). Ngarsa (court-honorific for the presence of a ruler) is a rare case of positive cultural resonance, reinforcing rather than undercutting Christ’s supreme Lordship.
Obtaining Of Glory
Approved rendering: pikantuking kamulyan
Transliteration: pikantuking kamulyan
Doctrine: Assurance through Election and Sanctification
NEW COMPOUND TERM. Peripoiēsin doxēs (2 Thessalonians 2:14), the purpose for which believers were called. Reuses baseline kamulyan (glory).
Comfort
Approved rendering: panglipur
Transliteration: panglipur
Doctrine: Eternal Comfort and Good Hope
NEW TERM (not present in Romans baseline). Paraklēsis aiōnia (2 Thessalonians 2:16). Must be distinguished from mere emotional soothing; grounded in God’s prior electing love and grace (2:13, 16).
Lords Faithfulness
Approved rendering: setya
Transliteration: setya
Doctrine: God’s Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: pitados (FORBIDDEN in this sense — reserved for the human act of trusting)
NEW TERM (not present in Romans baseline). Pistos ho kyrios (2 Thessalonians 3:3), God’s own attribute of reliability. Must be kept lexically distinct from pitados so God’s own character is never confused with the human response of faith toward him.
Establish And Guard
Approved rendering: netepaken lan njagi
Transliteration: netepaken lan njagi
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
NEW TERM. Stērixei kai phylaxei (2 Thessalonians 3:3), the Lord’s active work establishing and guarding believers from the evil one. Reinforces that perseverance (kateguhan) is God’s own sustaining work, not believers’ willpower alone.
Disorderly
Approved rendering: tanpa tata
Transliteration: tanpa tata
Doctrine: Church Order and Discipline
NEW TERM. Ataktōs (2 Thessalonians 3:6, 7, 11), originally a military ‘breaking ranks’ term. Low intrinsic doctrinal risk; the military background image is worth preserving in teaching notes even where not carried into the translated text.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pamuji sukur
Transliteration: pamuji sukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Standard term; no significant doctrinal risk. Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 2 Thessalonians 1:3.
Busybodies
Approved rendering: cawe-cawe ing prakawis tiyang sanes
Transliteration: cawe-cawe ing prakawis tiyang sanes
Doctrine: Church Order and Discipline
NEW TERM. Periergazomenous (2 Thessalonians 3:11), wordplay with ergazomai (‘to work’). Natural idiomatic Javanese phrase; preserve the Greek working/meddling wordplay for teaching purposes even though the pun itself is not reproducible in Javanese.
Authentication Mark
Approved rendering: tandha tangan / pratandha
Transliteration: tandha tangan
Doctrine: Church Order and Discipline
Rejected alternatives: tandha elok (reserved for the miraculous-sign sense, false_signs_and_wonders)
NEW TERM. Sēmeion (2 Thessalonians 3:17), Paul’s handwriting as an authenticating mark distinguishing genuine letters from forgeries — the same Greek word as the ‘false signs’ of 2:9 but in a wholly non-miraculous sense. Distinct Javanese words required for each sense.
Referenced passages