Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Philemon (Destination Language: Javanese)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological and socially significant term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Philemon. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSED and carry forward their recorded rendering and risk tier exactly, without modification. Terms newly surfaced by Philemon are marked NEW and are proposed here for eventual registration in the shared translation memory.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision; automated review sufficient.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline (Romans) Translation Memory
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Javanese Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Status | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace | χάρις (charis) | sih-rahmat | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Critical | REUSED | Never kasekten, wahyu, utang budi. Philemon 1:3, 25. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | katentreman | (greeting formula) | Medium | REUSED | Philemon 1:3. |
| God | θεός (theos) | Gusti Allah | — | Critical | REUSED | Never shortened to bare Gusti. Philemon 1:3, 4. |
| Father | πατήρ (patēr) | Rama | Adoption into God’s Family | High | REUSED | Philemon 1:3. |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Gusti | Lordship of Christ | High | REUSED | Philemon 1:3, 16, 20, 25; exclusive supreme Lordship, not feudal address. |
| Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteō) | pamuji sukur | Thanksgiving | Low | REUSED | Philemon 1:4. |
| Faith | πίστις (pistis) | pitados | Faith | Medium | REUSED | Philemon 1:5; object of faith (the Lord Jesus) specified. |
| Saints/Holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | suci / para suci | Sainthood | High/Medium | REUSED | Philemon 1:5, 7; not a venerated ascetic elite. |
| Fellowship | κοινωνία (koinōnia) | patunggilan | Christian Fellowship | Low | REUSED | Philemon 1:6. |
| Church | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia) | pasamuwan | Church as God’s People | Medium | REUSED | Philemon 1:2; house-church: pasamuwan ing griyanipun. |
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | Injil | Gospel | Medium | REUSED | Philemon 1:13. |
| Obedience (root) | ὑπακοή (hypakoē) | pambangun-turut | Grace-Motivated Obedience / Obedience of Faith | High | REUSED (root) | Philemon 1:21; obedience as fruit of grace/love, not compulsion or debt. |
B. New Terms Surfaced by Philemon (Proposed for Registration)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Javanese Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Status | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slave / Bondservant | δοῦλος (doulos) | batur | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Critical | NEW | Never render with kawula — the word is embedded in the forbidden mystical phrase manunggaling kawula gusti (human-Divine fusion), and using it for literal chattel slavery would import a mystical status-merging concept into a passage about real social transformation into brotherhood. Also avoid any rendering that imports priyayi/wong cilik status marking. Human theologian review required for every occurrence (vv. 16 ×2). |
| Brother | ἀδελφός (adelphos) | sedherek | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | High | NEW | Javanese register/address terms are status-sensitive; risk of unconsciously retaining social hierarchy markers for a slave-turned-brother. Register must match what would be used for any free, high-status believer. Occurrences: vv. 1, 2, 7, 16, 20. |
| Voluntary / Free Will | ἑκούσιος (hekousios) | kanthi lila | Grace-Motivated Obedience | High | NEW | Doctrinal hinge distinguishing grace-free action from utang budi-style obligated repayment; any rendering leaning toward social-debt language collapses the term into the forbidden grace-substitution logic. Philemon 1:14. |
| Owe / Debt | ὀφείλω (opheilō) | utang | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another / Forgiveness and Reconciliation | High | NEW | The one context in this curriculum where ordinary commercial-debt language is doctrinally correct (a real, repayable, transferable debt) — must be explicitly taught as contrastive to grace’s non-repayable nature (sih-rahmat ≠ utang budi), not merged with it. Philemon 1:18, 19 (×2). |
| Compulsion / Necessity | ἀνάγκη (anagkē) | kapeksa | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Medium | NEW | Contrast term to ἑκούσιος/kanthi lila; must remain sharply distinct in translation. Philemon 1:14. |
| Love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | katresnan | Christian Brotherhood / Grace-Motivated Obedience | Medium | NEW | Governing motive-word of the letter; must convey covenantal self-giving love, not mere sentiment or feudal loyalty. Philemon 1:5, 9. |
| Inward Affection / Heart | σπλάγχνα (splanchna) | manah | Forgiveness and Reconciliation / Christian Brotherhood | Medium | NEW | Recurring motif (vv. 7, 12, 20); must be rendered identically at every occurrence to preserve the letter’s rhetorical unity. |
| Prisoner (of Christ) | δέσμιος (desmios) | tiyang kabanda | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | NEW | Literal Roman imprisonment for the gospel, not metaphorical/ascetic bondage. Philemon 1:1, 9, 10, 13. |
| Appeal / Entreat | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | panyuwunan | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | NEW | Per baseline’s context-sensitive rule (entreaty vs. encouragement); must retain entreaty register, not command register. Philemon 1:9, 10. |
| Command (contrast term) | ἐπιτάσσω (epitassō) | dhawuh | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | NEW | Deliberately renounced authority-mode; carries palace/court command connotations useful for marking what Paul sets aside. Philemon 1:8. |
| Charge to Account | ἐλλογάω (ellogaō) | cathet ing tanggunganku | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | NEW | Anticipates imputation language; connect to but do not conflate with the baseline’s Critical-risk “imputed righteousness” doctrine. Philemon 1:18. |
| Confident / Trusting (of a person) | πείθω, πεποιθώς (peithō) | kumandel | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Medium | NEW | Deliberately distinct word from pitados (faith in Christ) to avoid conflating interpersonal confidence with saving faith. Philemon 1:21. |
| Child (spiritual) | τέκνον (teknon) | putra | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | NEW | Spiritual, not biological, fathering; keep consistent with adoption/sonship register already established in the baseline. Philemon 1:10. |
| Partner | κοινωνός (koinōnos) | mitra | Christian Brotherhood / Intercession and Appeal | Medium | NEW | Person-term distinguished from patunggilan (κοινωνία, the abstract state of fellowship). Philemon 1:17. |
| Separated (providentially) | χωρίζω (chōrizō) | pisah | (Providence, cf. baseline) | Medium | NEW | Providential framing must be preserved in teaching notes so as not to read as impersonal fate (pesthi). Philemon 1:15. |
| Eternal / Permanent | αἰώνιος (aiōnios) | langgeng | (recurring across future curricula) | Medium | NEW | First occurrence in this Language Package; flag for consistent future use across eschatological doctrine. Philemon 1:15. |
| Granted / Given Freely | χαρίζομαι (charizomai) | kaparingaken | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Medium | NEW | Shares root with χάρις/sih-rahmat; Javanese cannot preserve the wordplay — flag the loss in teaching notes. Philemon 1:22. |
| In the Flesh (social sense) | σάρξ (sarx) | daging | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Medium | NEW | Social/relational sense here, not the moral “flesh vs. Spirit” sense; requires a disambiguating note. Philemon 1:16. |
| Serve / Minister | διακονέω (diakoneō) | ngladosi | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | NEW | Distinguish freely-rendered gospel service from compelled slave labor (δοῦλος). Philemon 1:13. |
| Old Man / Ambassador (textual variant) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής (presbytēs / presbeutēs) | tiyang sepuh / utusan | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | NEW | Manuscript variant; if utusan is chosen, must be distinguished from the baseline’s “apostle” sense. Requires translator note on textual choice. Philemon 1:9. |
| Wrong / Do Injustice | ἀδικέω (adikeō) | damel kasalahan | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | NEW | Must preserve that a real wrong occurred; no euphemistic softening. Philemon 1:18. |
| Repay | ἀποτίνω (apotinō) | mbayar | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | NEW | Literal repayment; parallels utang (ὀφείλω) contrastive note. Philemon 1:19. |
| Consent | γνώμη (gnōmē) | keparengipun | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Medium | NEW | Philemon 1:14. |
| Full Knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις (epignōsis) | pangertosan | (general) | Medium | NEW | Philemon 1:6. |
| Comfort/Encouragement | παράκλησις (paraklēsis) | panglipur | Mutual Edification (cf. baseline) | Low-Medium | NEW | Philemon 1:7. |
| Human Spirit (non-divine referent) | πνεῦμα (pneuma), “your spirit” | roh kita / rohipun panjenengan | — | Medium | NEW | Must visually/registrally differ from Roh Suci (Holy Spirit). Philemon 1:25. |
| Fellow Captive | συναιχμάλωτος (synaichmalōtos) | kanca tetawanan | — | Low-Medium | NEW | Philemon 1:23. |
| Fellow Worker | συνεργός (synergos) | mitra sakaryo | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:1, 24. |
| Fellow Soldier | συστρατιώτης (systratiōtēs) | kanca prajurit | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:2. |
| Boldness/Confidence | παρρησία (parrēsia) | kekendelan | Intercession and Appeal | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:8. |
| What is Fitting | τὸ ἀνῆκον (to anēkon) | ingkang patut | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:8. |
| Beloved | ἀγαπητός (agapētos) | kinasih | Christian Brotherhood | Medium | NEW | Philemon 1:1, 16. |
| Beget (spiritually) | γεννάω (gennaō) | nglairaken | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | NEW | Figurative use requires clarifying note. Philemon 1:10. |
| Bonds/Chains | δεσμός (desmos) | bandan | — | Low-Medium | NEW | Same word-family as tiyang kabanda (δέσμιος). Philemon 1:10, 13. |
| Useless / Useful | ἄχρηστος / εὔχρηστος (achrēstos / euchrēstos) | tanpa gina / migunani | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Low | NEW | Wordplay on the name Onesimus lost in Javanese; flag in teaching notes. Philemon 1:11. |
| Send Back | ἀναπέμπω (anapempō) | ngutus wangsul | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:12. |
| Wish/Desire | βούλομαι (boulomai) | kepengin | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:13. |
| Keep/Retain | κατέχω (katechō) | nahan | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:13. |
| Good Deed | ἀγαθόν (agathon) | kabecikan | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:6, 14. |
| Have Back Fully | ἀπέχω (apechō) | nampani wangsul | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:15. |
| Receive/Welcome | προσλαμβάνω (proslambanō) | tampanana | Christian Brotherhood | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:17. |
| Benefit/Have Joy Of | ὀνίναμαι (oninamai) | pikantuk kabegjan | — | Low | NEW | Wordplay on Onesimus’s name lost in Javanese; flag in teaching notes. Philemon 1:20. |
| Give Rest/Refresh | ἀναπαύω (anapauō) | paring katentreman dhateng | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | NEW | Philemon 1:7, 20; keep parallel with σπλάγχνα rendering. |
| Hospitality/Lodging | ξενία (xenia) | pamondhokan | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:22. |
| Hope | ἐλπίζω (elpizō) | ngarep-arep | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:22. |
| Greet | ἀσπάζομαι (aspazomai) | ngaturaken salam | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:23. |
| Joy | χαρά (chara) | kabungahan | — | Low | NEW | Philemon 1:7. |
C. Proper Names (Transliterated, per Established Convention)
| English | Javanese Rendering | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Philemon | Filemon | Established Indonesian-archipelago Bible form. |
| Onesimus | Onesimus | Retain transliteration; name-meaning wordplay (vv. 11, 20) explained via teaching note, not in-text translation. |
| Apphia | Apfia | Established form. |
| Archippus | Arkhipus | Established form. |
| Paul | Paulus | Reused from baseline transliteration standards. |
| Timothy | Timotius | Established Indonesian-archipelago Bible form. |
| Epaphras | Epafras | Established form. |
| Mark | Markus | Established form. |
| Aristarchus | Aristarkhus | Established form. |
| Demas | Demas | Established form. |
| Luke | Lukas | Established form. |
D. Risk Summary for This Book
| Risk Tier | Count of Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 4 (χάρις, θεός reused; δοῦλος new; + πνεῦμα-adjacent Holy Spirit not directly recurring in Philemon but governed by baseline) | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 8 (πατήρ, κύριος, ἅγιος/para suci, ὑπακοή reused; ἀδελφός, ἑκούσιος, ὀφείλω new; plus σπλάγχνα-adjacent doctrinal load) | Human theologian review |
| Medium | ~24 | Native speaker review recommended; several flagged for theologian awareness (γεννάω, χωρίζω, χαρίζομαι) |
| Low | ~20 | Automated review sufficient |
Note on Critical/High grounding: Every Critical and High designation above traces to a specific, named collision documented in the baseline or newly identified in this book: kawula-gusti mystical fusion (δοῦλος), Javanese status-register sensitivity in address terms (ἀδελφός), the utang budi forbidden-grace-substitution logic (ἑκούσιος, ὀφείλω), and the already-Critical/High baseline terms reused verbatim (χάρις, θεός, πατήρ, κύριος, ἅγιος, ὑπακοή). No risk tier in this glossary is assigned without a specific, grounded cultural or doctrinal rationale.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: sih-rahmat
Transliteration: sih-rahmat
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kasekten, wahyu, utang budi
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never kasekten, wahyu, or utang budi. Opens and closes Philemon (1:3, 1:25) and reappears in the grace-rooted verb charizomai (kaparingaken, 1:22), framing the entire letter within a grace, not a debt-repayment, logic.
God
Approved rendering: Gusti Allah
Transliteration: Gusti Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Gusti (alone)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never shorten to bare Gusti. Philemon 1:3, 4.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Suci
Transliteration: Roh Suci
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: dhemit, lelembut
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in Philemon’s text, but retained in this file as the mandatory contrast term for 1:25’s ‘your spirit’ (rohipun panjenengan), which refers to the human, not divine, spirit. Register and phrasing at 1:25 must visibly differ from Roh Suci so the two referents are never conflated.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Gusti Yesus
Transliteration: Gusti Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never Nabi Isa. Philemon 1:3, 5, 25, and throughout in compound form with Kristus.
Slave
Approved rendering: batur
Transliteration: batur
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Rejected alternatives: kawula
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Slavery and Transformation
CRITICAL: Never render doulos as kawula. Kawula is the ordinary Javanese word for a ruler’s subject and is the first element of manunggaling kawula gusti, the kejawen mystical teaching (already forbidden in the baseline for incarnation) describing the human self merging indistinguishably with the Divine. Applying kawula to Onesimus’s literal chattel slavery would import mystical status-merging into a passage about real social transformation into brotherhood. Batur is a socially neutral household-servant term without kejawen mystical freight or explicit priyayi/wong cilik status marking. Every occurrence (Philemon 1:16 x2) requires mandatory human theologian review and an accompanying teaching note distinguishing real social transformation from mystical status-merging.
High Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: Rama
Transliteration: Rama
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Leluhur
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:3. Never substitute Leluhur (venerated ancestral forebear).
Lord
Approved rendering: Gusti
Transliteration: Gusti
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ndara
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:3, 16, 20, 25. Philemon 1:16’s ‘both in the flesh and in the Lord’ pairing sits a human social-master relationship and Christ’s exclusive Lordship in the same verse; context must sharply distinguish the two so Gusti is never read as mere keraton-style deference toward Philemon himself.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: pambangun-turut kang metu saka pitados
Transliteration: pambangun-turut kang metu saka pitados
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Inherited from Romans package (full compound form). Retained here as the doctrinal parent of the shorter root pambangun-turut used in Philemon 1:21 (see new term ‘obedience’ below); the two must be taught as the same logic applied to an interpersonal, not directly salvific, context.
Providence
Approved rendering: pepesthenipun Gusti Allah kang kebak katresnan
Transliteration: pepesthenipun Gusti Allah kang kebak katresnan
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: pesthi, nrimo ing pandum
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:15: Paul’s tentative ‘perhaps for this reason he was separated’ frames what was likely a slave’s flight within God’s personal, loving governance. Must not be read as bare impersonal fate (pesthi) or the passive nrimo ing pandum ethic of accepting one’s lot.
Brother
Approved rendering: sedherek
Transliteration: sedherek
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀδελφός
Category: Social Ethics
Javanese kinship/address terms are highly register-sensitive to relative social status. Sedherek and its surrounding pronoun/honorific register must be identical for Onesimus (post-1:16) to what would be used for any free, high-status believer. This is a structural, not merely lexical, risk: Javanese grammar itself supplies an easy channel for smuggling status back in via pronoun choice even where sedherek is used correctly. Occurrences: 1:1, 2, 7, 16, 20.
Voluntary
Approved rendering: kanthi lila
Transliteration: kanthi lila
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἑκούσιος
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
The doctrinal hinge of Philemon 1:14 (hekousion, contrasted with anagkē/kapeksa). The same logic forbidding grace as utang budi (a reciprocal social debt of gratitude Javanese ethics obligates a person to repay) requires that Philemon’s action be unmistakably free and uncompelled. Any rendering or gloss implying Philemon acts to discharge an obligation to Paul collapses the term into the forbidden utang budi dynamic. Must always be taught in explicit contrast with kapeksa and anchored back to sih-rahmat as its source. Flag for human theologian review.
Owe Debt
Approved rendering: utang
Transliteration: utang
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ὀφείλω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Philemon 1:18, 19 (x2). The one context in this curriculum where the ordinary commercial-debt sense of utang is doctrinally correct and necessary: a real, quantifiable, transferable debt Paul personally absorbs. Teachers must explicitly contrast this correct use of utang with the forbidden utang budi framing of grace (see ‘grace’ and ‘voluntary’ entries above); confusing the two in either direction creates serious doctrinal confusion. Flag for human theologian review with a mandatory contrastive note.
Obedience
Approved rendering: pambangun-turut
Transliteration: pambangun-turut
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Philemon 1:21 (hypakoē). Root reused from the baseline’s obedience_of_faith compound but used here of Philemon’s expected obedience to Paul’s loving appeal, not directly of saving faith. Must be read as fruit of the same kanthi lila (voluntary) logic established in 1:14, never as compliance owed out of social debt (utang budi) or fear of a superior’s dhawuh. Flag for human theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar kabungahan
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Kabar kabungahan (news of joy) remains too generic. Philemon 1:13: Onesimus’s potential service to Paul is service rendered ‘for the gospel’ — gospel ministry, not household labor.
Faith
Approved rendering: pitados
Transliteration: pitados (krama); pracaya (ngoko)
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:5 explicitly specifies the object as ‘toward the Lord Jesus,’ satisfying the baseline’s requirement that faith’s object be recoverable from context. Kept deliberately distinct from kumandel (confident_trusting), which describes Paul’s interpersonal confidence in Philemon, 1:21.
Saints
Approved rendering: para suci
Transliteration: para suci
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:5, 1:7. Ordinary believers refreshed by Philemon’s love, not a venerated ascetic elite comparable to the Wali Songo, whose tombs are visited for blessing.
Church
Approved rendering: pasamuwan
Transliteration: pasamuwan
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: punden
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:2 names a full ekklēsia meeting in a household: pasamuwan ing griyanipun. Must not be read as a private social gathering or a village ritual community organized around a punden shrine.
Peace
Approved rendering: katentreman
Transliteration: katentreman
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:3, part of the standard apostolic greeting formula.
Intercession
Approved rendering: pandonga tetulung tumrap wong liya
Transliteration: pandonga tetulung tumrap wong liya
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: nyuwun berkah ing kuburan
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:4 (Paul’s thanksgiving prayers for Philemon) and 1:22 (Paul’s hope to be restored ‘through your prayers’). Must be kept distinct from the new term ‘appeal’ (panyuwunan), which names Paul’s interpersonal entreaty to Philemon, not prayer addressed to God.
Compulsion
Approved rendering: kapeksa
Transliteration: kapeksa
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀνάγκη
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Philemon 1:14 (anagkē). The named negative pole, contrasted with kanthi lila (voluntary). Must remain sharply distinct from its counterpart so the free/compelled contrast is never blurred.
Love
Approved rendering: katresnan
Transliteration: katresnan
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:5, 9 (agapē). The governing motive-word of the letter. Must convey covenantal, self-giving love and Christian obligation, not mere affectionate sentiment or feudal loyalty toward a social superior.
Inward Affection
Approved rendering: manah
Transliteration: manah
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: σπλάγχνα
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:7, 12, 20 (splanchna). A recurring, load-bearing image; must be rendered identically at every occurrence so the reader recognizes the letter’s rhetorical unity. Manah lacks the Greek image’s visceral ‘gut-level compassion’ force; supplement with a teaching note rather than an obscure anatomical alternative.
Prisoner
Approved rendering: tiyang kabanda
Transliteration: tiyang kabanda
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: δέσμιος
Category: Imprisonment and Bonds
Philemon 1:1, 9, 10, 13 (desmios). Must be anchored as literal Roman imprisonment for gospel proclamation, not a metaphor for spiritual bondage or ascetic self-binding.
Appeal
Approved rendering: panyuwunan
Transliteration: panyuwunan
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:9, 10 (parakaleō). Per the baseline’s context-sensitive rule distinguishing panyuwunan (entreaty) from pitutur (encouragement), this instance must retain the entreaty register. Must not be rendered with vocabulary too closely tied to a subject petitioning a social superior for a favor, which would recast Paul’s love-grounded appeal as ordinary keraton deference. Kept distinct from the baseline’s ‘intercession’ (prayer to God).
Command
Approved rendering: dhawuh
Transliteration: dhawuh
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: ἐπιτάσσω
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:8 (epitassō). Names the authority Paul explicitly declines to use. Dhawuh carries palace/keraton command connotations, useful for marking the very top-down authority mode Paul renounces, but surrounding text must make clear he is renouncing it entirely, not merely softening it into polite phrasing. Must never bleed into the rendering of panyuwunan or pambangun-turut elsewhere in the letter.
Charge To Account
Approved rendering: cathet ing tanggunganku
Transliteration: cathet ing tanggunganku
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἐλλογάω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Philemon 1:18 (ellogaō). A ledger term anticipating imputation language. A teaching note connecting this accounting image to the baseline’s Critical-risk imputed_righteousness doctrine (kabeneran kang kaanggep saking Gusti Allah) is recommended, but the two must not be conflated — Paul settles a literal debt for Onesimus here, not his eternal salvation.
Confident Trusting
Approved rendering: kumandel
Transliteration: kumandel
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: πεποιθώς (πείθω)
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Philemon 1:21 (pepoithōs/peithō). Deliberately a different Javanese word than pitados (faith in Christ), preventing readers from conflating Paul’s interpersonal confidence in Philemon’s character with saving faith.
Spiritual Child
Approved rendering: putra
Transliteration: putra
Doctrine: Spiritual Fatherhood and New Birth in Christ
Original: τέκνον
Category: Family and New Birth
Philemon 1:10 (teknon). Must be clearly marked as spiritual, not biological, parentage, consistent with how the baseline handles spiritual sonship/adoption language.
Beget Spiritually
Approved rendering: nglairaken
Transliteration: nglairaken
Doctrine: Spiritual Fatherhood and New Birth in Christ
Original: γεννάω
Category: Family and New Birth
Philemon 1:10 (gennaō). Describes Onesimus’s conversion under Paul’s ministry while imprisoned. Needs a translator note that this is a figure for evangelistic fruit, not literal or ancestral (leluhur-adjacent) begetting.
Partner
Approved rendering: mitra
Transliteration: mitra
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: κοινωνός
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:17 (koinōnos). Kept intentionally distinct from patunggilan (koinōnia, the abstract state of fellowship) to preserve the person/state distinction. Paul asks Philemon to receive Onesimus exactly as he would receive Paul himself.
Separated Providentially
Approved rendering: pisah
Transliteration: pisah
Doctrine: Providence
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Providence
Philemon 1:15 (chōrizō). The providential framing (tacha, ‘perhaps,’ plus the purpose clause) must be preserved in surrounding teaching material so the passive verb is not read as bare impersonal fate (pesthi).
Eternal Permanent
Approved rendering: langgeng
Transliteration: langgeng
Doctrine: General (flagged for future eschatological curricula)
Original: αἰώνιος
Category: Time and Eschatology
Philemon 1:15 (aiōnios), first occurrence of langgeng in this Language Package. Here of the now-permanent restored relationship between Philemon and Onesimus, not primarily eschatological life. Flagged for consistent future use once eschatology curricula are added.
Granted Freely
Approved rendering: kaparingaken
Transliteration: kaparingaken
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Philemon 1:22 (charizomai). Shares its root with charis/sih-rahmat; Javanese has no cognate preserving the Greek wordplay. Paul’s own hoped-for release is described with grace-language, reinforcing that the whole letter operates within a grace framework; flag the lost wordplay in teaching notes.
In The Flesh
Approved rendering: daging
Transliteration: daging
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: σάρξ
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:16 (sarx). Here the social/relational sense (‘in worldly/human terms’), contrasted with ‘in the Lord,’ not the moral flesh-vs-Spirit sense used elsewhere in Pauline theology. Requires a disambiguating note, since daging is already established Romans-baseline-adjacent vocabulary for the moral sense and readers moving between curricula risk importing the wrong frame.
Serve Minister
Approved rendering: ngladosi
Transliteration: ngladosi
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: διακονέω
Category: Slavery and Transformation
Philemon 1:13 (diakoneō). Onesimus’s potential service to Paul ‘on your behalf’ reframes servanthood as freely-rendered gospel ministry. Distinguish in teaching notes from the compelled service implied by doulos/batur.
Old Man Ambassador
Approved rendering: tiyang sepuh / utusan
Transliteration: tiyang sepuh / utusan
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:9 (presbytēs / presbeutēs, a well-known one-letter manuscript variant). Requires an explicit translator note disclosing the textual choice. If utusan (envoy) is chosen, it must be clearly distinguished from utusan’s established baseline use for the doctrinal office of apostleship.
Wrong Do Injustice
Approved rendering: damel kasalahan
Transliteration: damel kasalahan
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀδικέω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Philemon 1:18 (adikeō). Acknowledges real wrongdoing (likely flight and/or theft). Must preserve that a real wrong occurred; a euphemistic softening toward generic social-harmony language (rukun) would undercut the force of the reconciliation doctrine.
Repay
Approved rendering: mbayar
Transliteration: mbayar
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀποτίνω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Philemon 1:19 (apotinō). Real, literal repayment; parallels the utang (ophēilō) contrastive note and should be taught alongside that distinction from utang budi.
Consent
Approved rendering: keparengipun
Transliteration: keparengipun
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: γνώμη
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Philemon 1:14 (gnōmē). Paul will not act ‘without your consent,’ setting up the voluntary/compulsion contrast that follows.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: pangertosan
Transliteration: pangertosan
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Faith
Philemon 1:6 (epignōsis), ‘full knowledge of every good thing.’ A note distinguishing this deeper, experiential knowing from mere informational knowledge is useful but not doctrinally critical.
Human Spirit
Approved rendering: rohipun panjenengan
Transliteration: rohipun panjenengan
Doctrine: Human Spirit Distinct from the Holy Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: Human Nature
Philemon 1:25 (pneuma, ‘your spirit’). Refers to the human, not divine, spirit of the recipients. Register and phrasing must visibly differ from Roh Suci so readers never conflate the two referents.
Beloved
Approved rendering: kinasih
Transliteration: kinasih
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:1, 16 (agapētos). Used of both free believers and of Onesimus after his status change, reinforcing the brotherhood doctrine.
Give Rest Refresh
Approved rendering: paring katentreman dhateng
Transliteration: paring katentreman dhateng
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀναπαύω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Philemon 1:7, 20 (anapauō). Keep terminologically parallel at both occurrences.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: patunggilan
Transliteration: patunggilan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: kekancan
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:6, ‘the fellowship of your faith.’ Kept distinct from koinōnos (mitra), the person-term used of Onesimus’s status in 1:17.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: pamuji sukur
Transliteration: pamuji sukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Philemon 1:4, 1:7 (kabungahan, joy, is a related but distinct term).
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Kristus
Doctrine: Christology (general)
Not a standalone entry in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json, but established as a transliteration standard in the baseline’s 12_ai_translation_requirements.md (‘Christ = Kristus’). Registered here explicitly because Philemon uses ‘Christ Jesus’ and ‘in Christ’ with unusually high frequency for a single chapter (1:1, 6, 8, 9, 20, 23, 25). Always paired correctly with Gusti Yesus per established convention; never rendered as a generic honorific separate from the proper name.
Exhort
Approved rendering: pitutur
Transliteration: pitutur
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Retained here for contrast only: Philemon’s parakaleō is rendered panyuwunan (entreaty), never pitutur (encouragement/building-up), per the baseline’s own context-sensitive rule. Not itself used as a rendering anywhere in Philemon.
Boldness Confidence
Approved rendering: kekendelan
Transliteration: kekendelan
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: παρρησία
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:8 (parrēsia). Names the apostolic authority Paul sets aside in favor of appeal.
What Is Fitting
Approved rendering: ingkang patut
Transliteration: ingkang patut
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: τὸ ἀνῆκον
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:8 (to anēkon). What Paul could demand as apostolically ‘proper,’ also set aside in favor of appeal.
Bonds Chains
Approved rendering: bandan
Transliteration: bandan
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: δεσμός
Category: Imprisonment and Bonds
Philemon 1:10, 13 (desmos). Same word-family as tiyang kabanda (desmios); keep terminologically unified.
Useless Useful
Approved rendering: tanpa gina / migunani
Transliteration: tanpa gina / migunani
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἄχρηστος / εὔχρηστος
Category: Slavery and Transformation
Philemon 1:11 (achrēstos / euchrēstos). The wordplay with the name Onesimus (‘useful’) is lost in Javanese and should be surfaced explicitly in teaching notes.
Send Back
Approved rendering: ngutus wangsul
Transliteration: ngutus wangsul
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἀναπέμπω
Category: Slavery and Transformation
Philemon 1:12 (anapempō), of Paul returning Onesimus to Philemon.
Wish Desire
Approved rendering: kepengin
Transliteration: kepengin
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: βούλομαι
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:13 (boulomai), Paul’s wish to keep Onesimus with him.
Keep Retain
Approved rendering: nahan
Transliteration: nahan
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: κατέχω
Category: Intercession and Appeal
Philemon 1:13 (katechō).
Good Deed
Approved rendering: kabecikan
Transliteration: kabecikan
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀγαθόν
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Philemon 1:6, 14 (agathon).
Have Back Fully
Approved rendering: nampani wangsul
Transliteration: nampani wangsul
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἀπέχω
Category: Slavery and Transformation
Philemon 1:15 (apechō), of Philemon receiving Onesimus back permanently.
Receive Welcome
Approved rendering: tampanana
Transliteration: tampanana
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: προσλαμβάνω
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:17 (proslambanō), Paul’s imperative that Philemon welcome Onesimus as he would welcome Paul himself.
Benefit Wordplay
Approved rendering: pikantuk kabegjan
Transliteration: pikantuk kabegjan
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ὀνίναμαι
Category: Slavery and Transformation
Philemon 1:20 (oninamai); direct wordplay on the name Onesimus, lost in Javanese and best surfaced in teaching notes as the letter’s rhetorical climax.
Hospitality Lodging
Approved rendering: pamondhokan
Transliteration: pamondhokan
Doctrine: Christian Hospitality
Original: ξενία
Category: Hospitality
Philemon 1:22 (xenia), Paul’s request that Philemon prepare him lodging.
Hope
Approved rendering: ngarep-arep
Transliteration: ngarep-arep
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἐλπίζω
Category: Hospitality
Philemon 1:22 (elpizō).
Greet
Approved rendering: ngaturaken salam
Transliteration: ngaturaken salam
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἀσπάζομαι
Category: Church
Philemon 1:23 (aspazomai).
Joy
Approved rendering: kabungahan
Transliteration: kabungahan
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: χαρά
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:7 (chara), occasioned by Philemon’s love for the saints.
Comfort Encouragement
Approved rendering: panglipur
Transliteration: panglipur
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Social Ethics
Philemon 1:7 (paraklēsis).
Fellow Captive
Approved rendering: kanca tetawanan
Transliteration: kanca tetawanan
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: συναιχμάλωτος
Category: Imprisonment and Bonds
Philemon 1:23 (synaichmalōtos), of Epaphras. Echoes the desmios/desmos word-family; keep visually and semantically connected.
Fellow Worker
Approved rendering: mitra sakaryo
Transliteration: mitra sakaryo
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: συνεργός
Category: Church
Philemon 1:1, 24 (synergos).
Fellow Soldier
Approved rendering: kanca prajurit
Transliteration: kanca prajurit
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: συστρατιώτης
Category: Church
Philemon 1:2 (systratiōtēs), of Archippus; metaphorical.
Referenced passages