Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Luke (Full Book) — English → Malayalam
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the core passage (Luke 4:16-21) and all 24 chapters of Luke. Terms marked [BASELINE REUSE] are already fixed in the Romans-derived translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json and MUST be reused exactly; they are listed here for full-book traceability only, not for renegotiation. New terms (not present in the Romans baseline) are proposed here for addition to translation memory, with a risk tier assigned on the same Critical/High/Medium/Low scale used throughout this pipeline.
Legend: BR = Baseline Reuse (Romans package); NEW = new term proposed for this Luke curriculum’s translation memory.
A. Christology & Messianic Titles
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | യേശു | Yeshu | Critical | BR | throughout | |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός | ക്രിസ്തു | Kristu | Critical | BR | 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 22-24 | |
| Lord | κύριος | കര്ത്താവ് | karthavu | Critical | BR | throughout | |
| Son of God | υἱὸς Θεοῦ | ദൈവപുത്രന് | daivaputhran | Critical | BR | 1, 3, 4, 8, 22 | |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | മനുഷ്യപുത്രന് | manushyaputhran | Critical | NEW | 5, 9, 12, 17-19, 21-22, 24 | Daniel 7 authority-claim; distinct from, not synonymous with, ദൈവപുത്രന്. |
| Savior | σωτήρ | രക്ഷകന് | rakshakan | High | NEW | 2 | Built on baseline രക്ഷ root; guard against മോക്ഷ-framework drift. |
| Anointed / Anoint | χρίω | അഭിഷേകം ചെയ്യുക / അഭിഷിക്തന് | abhishekam cheyyuka | High | NEW | 4 (core passage) | Shares vocabulary with Hindu temple ritual അഭിഷേകം; legitimate Christian usage exists but source/purpose must stay explicit. |
| The Christ of God | Χριστὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ | ദൈവത്തിന്റെ ക്രിസ്തു | daivathinte kristu | Critical | NEW (compound of BR terms) | 9 | Peter’s confession. |
B. God, Holy Spirit, and Divine Action
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | ദൈവം | daivam | Critical | BR | throughout | |
| Father | πατήρ | പിതാവ് | pithavu | Critical | BR | 1, 2, 6, 10-12, 15, 22-24 | |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit of the Lord | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα Κυρίου | പരിശുദ്ധാത്മാവ് / കര്ത്താവിന്റെ ആത്മാവ് | parishudhathmavu | Critical | BR | 1, 3, 4 (core passage), 11, 12, 24 | Central to “Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History” doctrine. |
| Glory | δόξα | മഹത്വം | mahatvam | Medium | BR | 2, 9 | |
| Mercy | ἔλεος | കരുണ | karuna | Medium | NEW | 1, 6 | Distinct MAL term from κρις χάρις=കൃപ; watch bhakti/general-ethics collision. |
| Finger of God | δάκτυλος Θεοῦ | ദൈവത്തിന്റെ വിരല് | daivathinte viral | Low-Medium | NEW | 11 | Idiom for divine power. |
| Devil | διάβολος | പിശാച് | pisach | Medium | NEW | 4 | Personal singular adversary; distinguish from ഭൂതം. |
| Demon | δαιμόνιον | ഭൂതം | bhootham | High | NEW | 4, 8, 9, 11 | Kerala folk-spirit collision (theyyam/possession-ritual traditions); must present as personal evil being under Christ’s authority. |
| Unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | അശുദ്ധാത്മാവ് | ashudhathmavu | High | NEW | 4, 8-9, 11 | Structurally resembles പരിശുദ്ധാത്മാവ്; disambiguate carefully. |
C. Salvation, Repentance, and Forgiveness
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salvation | σωτηρία | രക്ഷ | raksha | High | BR | 1, 2, 4 (core passage), 19 | |
| Repentance | μετάνοια | മാനസാന്തരം | manasantharam | High | NEW | 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 24 | Inward reorientation, not external ritual penance. |
| Forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | പാപമോചനം | papamochanam | High | NEW | 1, 3, 4 (core passage), 24 | |
| Release/Liberty (captives) | ἄφεσις | വിടുതല് | vidutal | High | NEW | 4 (core passage) | Same Greek root as forgiveness of sins — wordplay largely lost in Malayalam; flag with translator note wherever ἄφεσις recurs. |
| Redemption | λύτρωσις | വീണ്ടെടുപ്പ് | veendeduppu | High | NEW | 1, 2, 21, 24 | Preserve “ransom/price paid” nuance; new atonement-adjacent term. |
| Justification / Justified | δικαιόω / δικαίωσις | നീതീകരണം / നീതീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടു | neetheekaranam | Critical | BR | 18 | Tax collector’s forensic declaration of righteousness. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | പാപം | papam | High | BR | throughout | |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | പാപി / പാപികള് | papi/papikal | Medium | NEW | 5, 7, 15, 18 | Retain moral seriousness while showing Christ’s initiative of welcome. |
| Lost | ἀπολωλός | നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട | nashtappetta | Medium | NEW | 15, 19 | Seeking/finding motif; ties Repentance and Compassion doctrines. |
| Baptism | βάπτισμα | സ്നാനം | snanam | Medium | NEW | 3 | John’s preparatory rite; distinguish from later Christian baptism. |
D. Kingdom of God, Prophecy, and Eschatology
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ | ദൈവരാജ്യം | daivarajyam | Medium(-High in Luke) | BR | 4, 9, 12-14, 17-19, 21, 22 | Present/future tension acute in Luke 17:20-21; territorial-kingdom bias in Malayalam register needs teaching-note mitigation. |
| Prophet | προφήτης | പ്രവാചകന് | pravachakan | Low | BR | 1, 4 (core passage), 7, 9, 16, 20, 24 | |
| Prophecy / fulfilled | προφητεία / πληρόω | പ്രവചനം / നിവൃത്തിയായി | pravachanam / nivrithiyayi | Low-Medium | BR | 4 (core passage), 24 | |
| Scripture | γραφή | തിരുവെഴുത്ത് | thiruvezhuthu | Low | NEW | 4 (core passage), 24 | |
| Today (salvation-signature) | σήμερον | ഇന്ന് | innu | High (thematic) | NEW | 2, 4 (core passage), 19, 23 | Cross-document consistency required across all four occurrences. |
| Acceptable year of the Lord | ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός | കര്ത്താവിന്റെ പ്രസാദവര്ഷം | karthavinte prasadavarsham | Medium | NEW | 4 (core passage) | Jubilee (Lev 25) background-knowledge gap, not a collision risk. |
| Tribulation | θλῖψις | കഷ്ടത | kashtatha | Medium | NEW | 21 | |
| Watchfulness | γρηγορέω | ജാഗരൂകത | jagarookatha | Medium | NEW | 12, 21 | Eschatological alertness. |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | ഉയിര്ത്തെഴുന്നേല്പ്പ് | uyirthezhunnelppu | Critical | BR | 20, 24 | NEVER പുനര്ജന്മം. |
| Hades | ᾅδης | പാതാളം | pathalam | High | NEW | 16 | Hindu cosmology collision (patala loka); temporary holding-place, not mythological underworld. |
| Paradise | παράδεισος | പറുദീസ | paradeesa | High | NEW | 23 | Immediate blessed fellowship with Christ, not merit-attained heavenly realm. |
| Ascension | ἀνελήμφθη | സ്വര്ഗ്ഗാരോഹണം | swargarohanam | High | NEW | 24 | Svarga-loka collision; permanent unique event, not temporary merit-based heaven-sojourn. |
| New covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | പുതിയ ഉടമ്പടി | puthiya udampadi | Critical | NEW (BR modifier) | 22 | Elevated above baseline covenant’s Medium tier due to Eucharistic/atonement centrality. |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | ഉടമ്പടി | udampadi | Medium | BR | 1 |
E. Poor, Marginalized, and Table Fellowship
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | πτωχός | ദരിദ്രര് / ദരിദ്രന്മാര് | dharidranmar | Medium-High | NEW | 4 (core passage), 6, 14, 16, 18-19, 21 | Guard against over-spiritualizing; Luke’s sense is concretely economic/social. |
| Captives | αἰχμάλωτος | ബദ്ധരായവര് / തടവുകാര് | baddharayavar | High | NEW | 4 (core passage) | Retain holistic (social + spiritual) scope. |
| Oppressed/bruised | τεθραυσμένος (θραύω) | പീഡിതര് / തകര്ന്നവര് | peedithar | Medium | NEW | 4 (core passage) | |
| Blind / recovery of sight | τυφλός / ἀνάβλεψις | അന്ധര് / കാഴ്ച വീണ്ടും ലഭിക്കല് | andhar | Low | NEW | 4 (core passage), 18 | |
| Blessed | μακάριος | ഭാഗ്യവാന്മാര് / ധന്യര് | bhagyavanmar/dhanyar | High | NEW | 6 | ഭാഗ്യം risks “luck” reading; ധന്യര് safer default. |
| Woe | οὐαί | അയ്യോ / കഷ്ടം | aiyyo | Low | NEW | 6 | |
| Tax collector | τελώνης | ചുങ്കക്കാരന് | chungakkaran | Low-Medium | NEW | 5, 7, 15, 18-19 | Social-exclusion parallel worth teaching. |
| Widow | χήρα | വിധവ | vidhava | Low-Medium | NEW | 2, 4, 7, 18, 21 | |
| Leper / leprosy | λεπρός / λέπρα | കുഷ്ഠരോഗി / കുഷ്ഠം | kushtarogi/kushtam | Medium | NEW | 5, 17 | Social-stigma sensitivity, not doctrinal collision. |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης | ശമര്യന് | samaryan | Medium | NEW | 9-10, 17 | Ethnic-religious outsider group; core to “all nations/all people” doctrine. |
| Neighbor | πλησίον | അയല്ക്കാരന് | ayalkkaran | Medium | NEW | 10 | Boundary-crossing redefinition (Good Samaritan). |
| Banquet / dinner | δεῖπνον | വിരുന്ന് / അത്താഴം | virunnu | Medium | NEW | 14 | |
| Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι | മനസ്സലിവ് തോന്നുക / കരുണ | manassalivu thonnuka | Medium | NEW | 7, 10, 15 | Keep tied to Christ’s/the father’s own person, not abstract virtue. |
| Merciful | οἰκτίρμων | കരുണയുള്ളവന് | karunayullavan | Medium | NEW | 6 | Same κρις-collision class as ἔλεος/σπλαγχνίζομαι. |
| Gentiles/nations | ἔθνη | ജനതകള് | janathakal | High | BR | (implicit, e.g. ch. 2, 24) | NEVER ജാതികള്. |
F. Discipleship, Faith, and Prayer
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faith | πίστις | വിശ്വാസം | vishwasam | Medium | BR | 5, 7-8, 17-18 | |
| Disciple | μαθητής | ശിഷ്യന് | shishyan | Medium | NEW | 5-6, 9-10, 14, 19, 22-24 | Guru-shishya vocabulary overlap; clarify covenantal allegiance to the living Lord. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | അപ്പോസ്തലന് | appostalan | Low | BR | 6, 9 | |
| Cross (take up) | σταυρός | കുരിശ് | kurishu | High | NEW | 9, 14, 23 | Trivialization risk (jewelry/decorative use). |
| Deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | സ്വയം ത്യജിക്കുക | swayam thyajikkuka | Medium | NEW | 9 | Distinguish from sannyasa/renunciation withdrawal. |
| Follow | ἀκολουθέω | അനുഗമിക്കുക / പിന്തുടരുക | anugamikkuka | Low-Medium | NEW | 5, 9, 18 | |
| Prayer | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | പ്രാര്ത്ഥന / പ്രാര്ത്ഥിക്കുക | prarthana | Medium | NEW | 1, 3, 5-6, 9, 11, 18, 22 | Model: direct filial address; distinguish from saints-intercession devotional emphasis (internal-tradition note, not correction). |
| House of prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς | പ്രാര്ത്ഥനാഭവനം | prarthanabhavanam | Low | NEW | 19 | |
| Fasting | νηστεία | ഉപവാസം | upavasam | Low | NEW | 5, 18 | |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | നിത്യജീവന് | nithyajeevan | High | NEW | 10, 18 | Distinguish from moksha/mukti-style cyclical liberation. |
| Watch / stumbling block | γρηγορέω / σκάνδαλον | ജാഗരൂകത / ഇടര്ച്ച | jagarookatha/idarcha | Medium/Low-Medium | NEW | 12, 17, 21 | |
| Humble / exalt | ταπεινόω / ὑψόω | താഴ്ത്തുക / ഉയര്ത്തുക | thazhthuka/uyarthuka | Medium | NEW | 1, 18 | Magnificat reversal echoed. |
| Witness | μάρτυς | സാക്ഷി | sakshi | Medium | NEW | 24 | Mission-continuity term into Acts. |
G. Passion, Table Rites, and Resurrection Narrative
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body / blood (Eucharistic) | σῶμα / αἷμα | ശരീരം / രക്തം | shareeram/raktham | Critical | NEW | 22 | Render literally/ecumenically; do not resolve denominational sacramental debate in-text. |
| Betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι | ഒറ്റിക്കൊടുക്കുക | ottikkoduka | Medium | NEW | 22 | |
| Crucify | σταυρόω | ക്രൂശിക്കുക | krooshikkuka | Critical | NEW | 23 | |
| Breaking of bread | κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου | അപ്പം നുറുക്കല് | appam nurukkal | Medium | NEW | 24 | Links table-fellowship and Eucharistic motifs. |
| Cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | മൂലക്കല്ല് | moolakkallu | Low | NEW | 20 |
H. Cultural and Social Terms (Historical / Institutional)
| English Term | Greek | Malayalam | Transliteration | Risk | Status | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synagogue | συναγωγή | സിനഗോഗ് | sinagog | Medium | NEW | 4 (core passage), 6, 13 | Avoid പള്ളി (generic cross-religious ambiguity in Kerala usage). |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | ശബ്ബത്ത് | sabbath | Low | NEW | 4 (core passage), 6, 13-14 | |
| Centurion | ἑκατοντάρχης | ശതാധിപന് | shathadhipan | Low | NEW | 7 | |
| Caesar | Καῖσαρ | കൈസര് | kaisar | Low-Medium | NEW | 20 | Civil-vs-divine allegiance teaching point. |
| Mammon | μαμωνᾶς | മാമോന് | mamon | Low | NEW | 16 | |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | അധികാരം | adhikaram | Medium | NEW | 4, 5, 9 | |
| Genealogy | γενεαλογία | വംശാവലി | vamshavali | Low | NEW | 3 | |
| Angel | ἄγγελος | ദൂതന് | dhoothan | Low | NEW | 1-2, 24 | Avoid ദേവന്. |
I. Proper Names (Established Malayalam Bible Forms)
| English | Malayalam | Transliteration | Status | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isaiah | യെശയ്യാവ് | Yeshayavu | BR | 4 (core passage), 3 |
| David | ദാവീദ് | Daveed | BR | 1-3, 18, 20 |
| Israel | യിസ്രായേല് | Yisrayel | BR | 1-2, 24 |
| Abraham | അബ്രാഹാം | Abraham | BR | 1, 3, 13, 16, 19-20 |
| Jerusalem | യെരൂശലേം | Yerushalem | NEW | 2, 9, 13, 18-19, 21, 24 |
| Galilee | ഗലീലാ | Galila | NEW | 1-5, 8, 17, 23 |
| Nazareth | നസറെത്ത് | Nazareth | NEW | 1-2, 4 (core passage) |
| Zechariah | സഖറിയാവ് | Sakhariyavu | NEW | 1 |
| Elizabeth | എലിസബെത്ത് | Elisabeth | NEW | 1 |
| Mary | മറിയ | Mariya | NEW | 1-2 |
| Simeon | ശിമ്യോന് | Shimyon | NEW | 2 |
| Anna | അന്ന | Anna | NEW | 2 |
| Herod | ഹെരോദാവ് | Herodavu | NEW | 1, 3, 9, 13, 23 |
| Pilate | പീലാത്തോസ് | Peelathos | NEW | 3, 13, 20, 23 |
Cross-Document Consistency Flags (for Phase 2)
The following require verbatim-identical rendering across every Phase 2 document, per the pattern already established in the Romans package for 1:16-17 / 8:28 / 10:9-10:
- Luke 4:18-19 (Isaiah citation, core passage) — the anointing/gospel-to-the-poor/liberty-to-captives/acceptable-year cluster.
- The σήμερον salvation-signature: Luke 2:11, 4:21, 19:9, 23:43.
- Luke 19:10 (“to seek and to save the lost”) as the Gospel’s mission thesis statement.
- Luke 22:19-20 (institution of the Lord’s Supper / new covenant) — ecumenical, denomination-neutral register mandatory.
Summary Risk Counts (New Luke Terms Only, Excluding Baseline Reuse)
| Risk Tier | Count (approx.) |
|---|---|
| Critical | 6 |
| High | 17 |
| Medium | 31 |
| Low | 22 |
This glossary is the Step 1 input to the forthcoming Luke doctrine_risk_registry.json update and translation_memory.json additions in subsequent Phase 1 steps.
Critical Risk Terms
Justification
Approved rendering: നീതീകരണം
Transliteration: neetheekaranam
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ക്ഷമ ലഭിക്കല്
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Enacted narratively in the Pharisee and tax collector parable (Luke 18:14, ‘went down to his house justified’); must not be reduced to mere social approval.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ക്രിസ്തു
Transliteration: kristu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Peter’s confession ‘the Christ of God’ (Luke 9:20) and the risen Christ’s own claim (24:26,46). മിശിഹാ remains a legitimate liturgical alternative, not used in this curriculum’s Bible-study register.
Jesus
Approved rendering: യേശു
Transliteration: yeshu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) The standard Satyavedapustakam form used ecumenically across all Malayalam Christian traditions; ഈശോ remains a legitimate Syriac-liturgical heritage alternative, not used in this curriculum’s register.
God
Approved rendering: ദൈവം
Transliteration: daivam
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ഭഗവാന്
Original: θεός
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) Comparatively neutral, shared word across Malayalam’s religious communities; still avoid ഭഗവാന്, which carries a specifically Hindu-devotional register.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: പരിശുദ്ധാത്മാവ്
Transliteration: parishudhathmavu
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ബ്രഹ്മം, പരമാത്മാവ്
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα Κυρίου
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) Active in Luke’s infancy narratives (1:15,35,41,67), Jesus’ baptism (3:22), temptation and Nazareth sermon (4:1,14,18), and promised at 11:13 and 24:49. The construction κύριος + πνεῦμα (‘Spirit of the Lord,’ 4:18) refers to this same Person, rendered കര്ത്താവിന്റെ ആത്മാവ് with a standing translator note anchoring it to പരിശുദ്ധാത്മാവ്.
Father
Approved rendering: പിതാവ്
Transliteration: pithavu
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) God as personal Father, addressed by Jesus in prayer (Luke 10:21-22; 11:2; 22:42; 23:34,46). NOTE: Luke 11:2 contains plain πάτερ, not the Aramaic Abba; do not import അബ്ബാ into that verse.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ഉയിര്ത്തെഴുന്നേല്പ്പ്
Transliteration: uyirthezhunnelppu
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: പുനര്ജന്മം
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Debated with the Sadducees (Luke 20:27-40) and enacted in Christ’s own rising (24:1-7,34,46). NEVER പുനര്ജന്മം.
Lord
Approved rendering: കര്ത്താവ്
Transliteration: karthavu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) The angel’s announcement ‘a Savior… who is Christ the Lord’ (Luke 2:11) and Jesus’ claim of authority over the Sabbath (6:5). Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship throughout.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ദൈവപുത്രന്
Transliteration: daivaputhran
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ദേവപുത്രന്
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Announced by Gabriel (1:32,35), tested by Satan (4:3,9), confessed by demons (4:41), declared at the baptism (3:22) and Transfiguration (9:35). NEVER ദേവപുത്രന്.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: മാംസധാരണം
Transliteration: mamsadharanam
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: അവതാരം
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relevant to Luke’s virgin-birth narrative (1:31-35) and ‘the Word became flesh’ background for 2:7. NEVER അവതാരം.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: മനുഷ്യപുത്രന്
Transliteration: manushyaputhran
Doctrine: Sonship — Son of Man Christology
Rejected alternatives: മനുഷ്യന് (generic ‘a human being’, loses the Daniel 7 authority-claim), treating as a synonym for ദൈവപുത്രന്
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Jesus’ characteristic self-designation drawing on Daniel 7:13-14; used across 5:24; 9:22,26,44,58; 12:8-10; 18:31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7. Distinct from, not synonymous with, ദൈവപുത്രന് — Luke deploys both deliberately.
Christ Of God
Approved rendering: ദൈവത്തിന്റെ ക്രിസ്തു
Transliteration: daivathinte kristu
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment and Anointing
Original: Χριστὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Peter’s confession at Caesarea Philippi (Luke 9:20). Compound of baseline ക്രിസ്തു with ദൈവം; inherits the full Critical messianic-promise risk tier.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: പുതിയ ഉടമ്പടി
Transliteration: puthiya udampadi
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
The new covenant inaugurated in Christ’s blood at the institution of the Lord’s Supper (22:20). Elevated above the baseline ഉടമ്പടി’s Medium tier due to direct atonement/Eucharistic significance; requires human theologian review at every occurrence.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: ശരീരം / രക്തം
Transliteration: shareeram/raktham
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Salvation
Christ’s body and blood, given and poured out ‘for you’ (22:19-20). Denomination-sensitive across Malayalam traditions; render literally and ecumenically — do NOT interpretively resolve the memorial-vs-real-presence question in the translation itself.
Crucify
Approved rendering: ക്രൂശിക്കുക
Transliteration: krooshikkuka
Doctrine: Atoning Death of Christ
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Salvation
The historical, atoning death of Christ (23:33). Established Malayalam Christian term; must retain full weight of a real, historical, bodily death, not symbolic or merely exemplary suffering.
Chosen One
Approved rendering: തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടവന്
Transliteration: thiranjedukkappettavan
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: fatalistic വിധി-style destiny framing
The divine voice at the Transfiguration: ‘This is my Son, my Chosen One’ (9:35), echoed at 23:35. Must be read as the Father’s unique, sovereign designation of the eternal Son, not popular Malayalam fatalism idiom.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: സുവിശേഷം
Transliteration: suvisesham
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) In Luke, always confirm the specified recipients (e.g. ‘the poor,’ 4:18; 7:22) are not dropped when the verb form εὐαγγελίζομαι is rendered.
Grace
Approved rendering: കൃപ
Transliteration: krupa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: പുണ്യം
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Used of favor shown to Mary (1:30), resting on the child Jesus (2:40), and on his teaching (4:22); must not drift toward bhakti-devotion framing where favor is earned by devotee merit.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: നീതി
Transliteration: neethi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ധര്മ്മം
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) NEVER ധര്മ്മം. Used of John’s parents’ righteous walk (Luke 1:75).
Salvation
Approved rendering: രക്ഷ
Transliteration: raksha
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: മോക്ഷം, മുക്തി
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Luke 19:9’s present-tense ‘today salvation has come to this house’ is part of the σήμερον salvation-signature requiring cross-document consistency with 2:11, 4:21, 23:43.
Sin
Approved rendering: പാപം
Transliteration: papam
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
(Inherited from Romans package.) The condition from which repentance and forgiveness (Luke 3:3; 24:47) provide deliverance.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ജനതകള്
Transliteration: janathakal
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ജാതികള്
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
(Inherited from Romans package.) NEVER ജാതികള് (reads as ‘castes’). Luke 2:32 (‘light for revelation to the ജനതകള്’), 21:24, 24:47 (mission ‘to all nations’).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ദാവീദിന്റെ വംശത്തില്
Transliteration: daveedinte vamshathil
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relevant to Luke 1:32 (Gabriel’s announcement), 2:4,11 (birth at Bethlehem, David’s city), 3:31 (genealogy).
Holy
Approved rendering: പരിശുദ്ധ
Transliteration: parishudha
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ശുദ്ധം
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relevant background for compounds such as പരിശുദ്ധാത്മാവ് and for Luke’s holiness vocabulary generally (e.g. 1:70 ‘holy prophets’).
Savior
Approved rendering: രക്ഷകന്
Transliteration: rakshakan
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: മോക്ഷദാതാവ്, മുക്തിദാതാവ്
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
The angelic announcement ‘a Savior has been born to you’ (Luke 2:11). Built on the safe രക്ഷ root; guard against AI drift toward a moksha-framework rendering.
Anointed Anoint
Approved rendering: അഭിഷേകം ചെയ്യുക
Transliteration: abhishekam cheyyuka
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment and Anointing
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
Luke 4:18 (Isaiah 61:1 citation): ‘the Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me.’ അഭിഷേകം is also Kerala’s standard term for the Hindu temple ritual of pouring substances over a deity’s image; a legitimate, non-forbidden Christian term, but every occurrence must keep the grammatical subject explicitly ‘the Spirit of the Lord,’ not a devotee/priest performing a ritual upon an image. Mandatory translator note at first occurrence.
Demon
Approved rendering: ഭൂതം
Transliteration: bhootham
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Evil
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: God
Cast out repeatedly across 4:33-36,41; 8:26-39; 9:1; 10:17-20; 11:14-22. ഭൂതം carries strong folk-religious connotations in Kerala tied to ghosts and ancestral/nature spirits addressed in folk-ritual traditions such as theyyam, which have their own ritual specialists independent of the church. Teaching notes must present these as personal evil beings fully subject to Christ’s unique authority, not folk-spirits requiring folk-ritual remedy.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: അശുദ്ധാത്മാവ്
Transliteration: ashudhathmavu
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Evil
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: God
Used interchangeably with δαιμόνιον across the same exorcism narratives. Structurally resembles പരിശുദ്ധാത്മാവ് (Holy Spirit); the qualifying അശുദ്ധ- prefix must always be clearly, visibly retained to avoid visual/aural conflation, especially since both terms co-occur in Luke 4.
Repentance
Approved rendering: മാനസാന്തരം
Transliteration: manasantharam
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
John’s entire ministry (3:3,8) and the joy of heaven over one sinner who repents (15:7,10). Must convey genuine inward transformation of mind/allegiance, not a single act of external ritual regret or penance-performance.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: പാപമോചനം
Transliteration: papamochanam
Doctrine: Jubilee Liberty and the Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
Zechariah’s prophecy over John (1:77), John’s baptism (3:3), and the risen Christ’s commission (24:47). Shares the Greek root ἄφεσις with ‘release’ proclaimed to captives at 4:18; a translator note explaining this single-root wordplay is required wherever ἄφεσις recurs.
Release Liberty
Approved rendering: വിടുതല്
Transliteration: vidutal
Doctrine: Jubilee Liberty and the Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation
Release/manumission from captivity or debt, the Jubilee sense of ἄφεσις (Leviticus 25:10 LXX) proclaimed at Luke 4:18. Must not be narrowed to either purely literal imprisonment or purely spiritual bondage; retain the holistic social-and-spiritual scope.
Redemption
Approved rendering: വീണ്ടെടുപ്പ്
Transliteration: veendeduppu
Doctrine: Jubilee Liberty and the Forgiveness of Sins
Original: λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
Simeon and Anna’s expectation (1:68; 2:38), echoed at 21:28 (‘your redemption draws near’) and 24:21. New atonement-adjacent term absent from the Romans baseline; must preserve the ransom/price-paid nuance and never be used interchangeably with വിടുതല്. Verbatim consistency required across all four occurrences.
Today Signature
Approved rendering: ഇന്ന്
Transliteration: innu
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment and Anointing
Original: σήμερον
Category: Eschatology
Luke’s recurring theological signature word for the present-tense arrival of eschatological salvation: ‘today a Savior is born’ (2:11); ‘today this Scripture is fulfilled’ (4:21); ‘today salvation has come’ (19:9); ‘today you will be with me in paradise’ (23:43). Grammatically simple but thematically High: verbatim consistency across all four occurrences is mandatory and flagged for cross-document review.
Hades
Approved rendering: പാതാളം
Transliteration: pathalam
Doctrine: Divine Reversal and God’s Preferential Concern for the Lowly
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
The rich man’s torment (16:23). പാതാളം is also a term in Hindu triloka cosmology for a subterranean nether-world realm; teaching notes must clarify this is a temporary holding-place of the dead awaiting resurrection and judgment, not a mythological subterranean realm of that cosmological system.
Paradise
Approved rendering: പറുദീസ
Transliteration: paradeesa
Doctrine: Atoning Death of Christ
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
Jesus’ promise to the criminal on the cross (23:43); another instance of the σήμερον salvation-signature. Must be clarified as immediate, personal, blessed fellowship with Christ after death, not a merit-attained heavenly realm reached through accumulated good deeds.
Ascension
Approved rendering: സ്വര്ഗ്ഗാരോഹണം
Transliteration: swargarohanam
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Original: ἀνελήμφθη
Category: Eschatology
Christ’s bodily ascension into heaven (24:50-53). സ്വര്ഗ്ഗം (‘heaven’) is shared vocabulary with Hindu cosmology’s svarga-loka, a heavenly realm attained temporarily through merit and eventually left through further rebirth. Teaching notes must make explicit that Christ’s ascension is a unique, permanent, bodily enthronement, not a temporary merit-based heavenly sojourn.
Poor
Approved rendering: ദരിദ്രന്മാര്
Transliteration: dharidranmar
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Church
Named as the primary addressees of the gospel (4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:19-31). Chief danger is over-spiritualizing AI drift toward a purely metaphorical ‘poor in spirit’ reading (Matthew’s wording, not Luke’s); Luke’s πτωχός is deliberately concrete and economic.
Captives
Approved rendering: ബദ്ധരായവര്
Transliteration: baddharayavar
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτος
Category: Church
Those bound in exile, debt-slavery, or literal imprisonment, and by extension those bound by sin, sickness, or social exclusion (4:18). Must not be narrowed to either purely literal imprisonment or purely spiritual bondage.
Blessed
Approved rendering: ധന്യര്
Transliteration: dhanyar
Doctrine: Divine Reversal and God’s Preferential Concern for the Lowly
Rejected alternatives: ഭാഗ്യവാന്മാര് as unqualified default (risks a ‘luck/fortune’ reading of ഭാഗ്യം)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Church
God’s decisive favor pronounced on the poor, hungry, weeping, and persecuted (6:20-22). ധന്യര് is the preferred default; if ഭാഗ്യവാന് is ever used stylistically, a mandatory translator note must anchor the sense to God’s sovereign favor, not fortune.
Cross
Approved rendering: കുരിശ്
Transliteration: kurishu
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: σταυρός
Category: Salvation
‘Take up his cross daily and follow me’ (9:23; 14:27) and Christ’s own execution (23:26-33). The cross is an extremely common decorative/jewelry and architectural symbol across Kerala culture regardless of religious commitment; teaching notes must anchor it to 9:23’s ongoing, daily, costly sense against trivialization.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: നിത്യജീവന്
Transliteration: nithyajeevan
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: മോക്ഷം, മുക്തി
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
The lawyer’s question (10:25) and the rich young ruler’s question (18:18-30). Must not be conflated with moksha/mukti-style liberation from a cycle of rebirth; this is bodily resurrection life in ongoing personal fellowship with the living God.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: വിശ്വാസം
Transliteration: vishwasam
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ഭക്തി
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
(Inherited from Romans package.) Preserve Luke’s dual healing/salvation sense across occurrences (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ദൈവരാജ്യം
Transliteration: daivarajyam
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
(Inherited from Romans package.) Malayalam രാജ്യം carries a stronger territorial/political-state connotation than Greek βασιλεία; Luke 17:20-21’s ‘in your midst’ claim requires an explicit teaching note against a purely territorial/future-only reading. Elevated to High at the doctrine level in this curriculum’s doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Law
Approved rendering: ന്യായപ്രമാണം
Transliteration: nyayapramanam
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ധര്മ്മം
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) Jesus’ family observes it fully in the infancy narrative (2:22-27); its interpretation is debated at 10:26, 16:16-17.
Glory
Approved rendering: മഹത്വം
Transliteration: mahatvam
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) The angelic proclamation ‘Glory to God in the highest’ (Luke 2:14) and the Transfiguration (9:32).
Covenant
Approved rendering: ഉടമ്പടി
Transliteration: udampadi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: കരാര്
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) God’s covenant remembered in the Magnificat and Benedictus (Luke 1:72) as sworn to Abraham.
Intercession
Approved rendering: മധ്യസ്ഥത
Transliteration: madhyasthatha
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
(Inherited from Romans package.) Note for reviewers: Kerala’s Catholic and Orthodox traditions’ devotional practice of seeking intercession through Mary and the saints is an internal denominational-emphasis difference to teach alongside Luke’s own direct-prayer emphasis (11:1-13), not a doctrinal correction.
Mission
Approved rendering: സുവിശേഷപ്രവര്ത്തനം
Transliteration: suvisesha pravarthanam
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relevant to the sending of the Twelve (9:1-6), the Seventy-two (10:1-12), and the Great Commission-adjacent commissioning (24:46-49).
Abba
Approved rendering: അബ്ബാ
Transliteration: abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
(Inherited from Romans package.) CAUTION FOR LUKE: the Aramaic അബ്ബാ does not occur in Luke’s Greek text (Luke 11:2 has plain πάτερ, ‘Father’); reserve this transliteration strictly for passages that actually contain the Aramaic elsewhere in the wider canon, and do not insert it into the Lukan Lord’s Prayer.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ദൈവത്തിന്റെ ശക്തി
Transliteration: daivathinte shakthi
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Frequent in Luke as δύναμις (1:35; 4:14,36; 5:17; 6:19; 8:46; 9:1; 24:49), directly relevant to The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History doctrine.
Mercy
Approved rendering: കരുണ
Transliteration: karuna
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
God’s compassionate covenant mercy; the Magnificat and Benedictus’s central theme (1:50,54,58,72,78) and the command ‘Be merciful’ (6:36). Distinct Malayalam word from baseline കൃപ (χάρις/grace); keep the source explicitly God’s covenant faithfulness, not generic karuna-ethics.
Devil
Approved rendering: പിശാച്
Transliteration: pisach
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Evil
Original: διάβολος
Category: God
The personal, singular evil adversary who tempts Jesus in the wilderness (4:2-13). Distinguish clearly from ഭൂതം (a class of spiritual beings) — this is the singular personal adversary.
Sinner
Approved rendering: പാപി
Transliteration: papi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Jesus’ table companions (5:30; 7:34,37; 15:1-2; 18:13; 19:7). Must not be softened into merely ‘irreligious/non-observant’; retain real moral seriousness while showing Jesus’ initiative of welcome.
Lost
Approved rendering: നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട
Transliteration: nashtappetta
Doctrine: Seeking and Saving the Lost
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
Shared theme of the three parables of Luke 15 and the mission statement of Luke 19:10. Ties Repentance and Compassion doctrines together via God’s initiative in seeking.
Baptism
Approved rendering: സ്നാനം
Transliteration: snanam
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Salvation
John’s preparatory rite of repentance (3:3). Flag the distinction between John’s preparatory baptism and later Trinitarian Christian baptism for teaching notes.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: കര്ത്താവിന്റെ പ്രസാദവര്ഷം
Transliteration: karthavinte prasadavarsham
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment and Anointing
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Eschatology
Luke 4:19, naming an entire era of God’s decisive favor inaugurated in Christ, echoing the Levitical Jubilee. Risk is a background-knowledge gap (Leviticus 25), not a competing-religion collision; a Jubilee-explanation teaching note is required.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: കഷ്ടത
Transliteration: kashtatha
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
Eschatological suffering and distress preceding the Son of Man’s coming (21:23).
Watchfulness
Approved rendering: ജാഗരൂകത
Transliteration: jagarookatha
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
Eschatological vigilance and readiness for the master’s/Son of Man’s return (12:37-40; 21:36). Convey active, hope-filled expectancy, not fatalistic dread.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: പീഡിതര്
Transliteration: peedithar
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένος (θραύω)
Category: Church
The crushed, downtrodden, and oppressed (4:18), echoing Isaiah’s ‘brokenhearted.’ Must retain the holistic social-and-spiritual scope of oppression Jesus announces relief from.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: ചുങ്കക്കാരന്
Transliteration: chungakkaran
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Church
Levi/Matthew’s call (5:27), Zacchaeus (19:1-10), the tax collector’s prayer (18:9-14). Established Malayalam Bible term; draw the parallel to socially excluded groups in the Kerala context.
Leper
Approved rendering: കുഷ്ഠരോഗി
Transliteration: kushtarogi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: λεπρός / λέπρα
Category: Church
A person with a stigmatizing skin disease requiring social/ritual exclusion (5:12-14; 17:11-19). Social-stigma sensitivity, not a doctrinal collision.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: ശമര്യന്
Transliteration: samaryan
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Church
Member of the mixed-ancestry, rival-worship community despised by many first-century Jews (9:52-56; 10:25-37; 17:16). Requires a historical/cultural background note (Jewish-Samaritan mutual hostility).
Neighbor
Approved rendering: അയല്ക്കാരന്
Transliteration: ayalkkaran
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: πλησίον
Category: Church
‘Neighbor’ in the ethical-legal sense of Leviticus 19:18, radically redefined across ethnic/religious hostility lines in the Good Samaritan parable (10:29-37); must not be reduced to ‘person who lives next door.‘
Banquet
Approved rendering: വിരുന്ന്
Transliteration: virunnu
Doctrine: Table Fellowship and Social Boundary-Crossing
Original: δεῖπνον
Category: Church
The Great Banquet parable and instructions on banquet seating (14:7-24). Must be taught alongside the specific command to invite ‘the poor, crippled, lame, and blind’ (14:13,21), with particular resonance given Kerala’s own history of caste-linked restrictions on shared eating.
Compassion
Approved rendering: മനസ്സലിവ് തോന്നുക
Transliteration: manassalivu thonnuka
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: God
Luke’s key word for embodied, active compassion (7:13; 10:33; 15:20). Same collision class as ἔλεος/οἰκτίρμων; keep tied explicitly to Christ’s/the father’s own person and action, not an abstract detached virtue.
Merciful
Approved rendering: കരുണയുള്ളവന്
Transliteration: karunayullavan
Doctrine: Divine Reversal and God’s Preferential Concern for the Lowly
Original: οἰκτίρμων
Category: God
‘Be merciful, as your Father is merciful’ (6:36). Keep God’s own character as the explicit model, same collision class as ἔλεος/σπλαγχνίζομαι.
Disciple
Approved rendering: ശിഷ്യന്
Transliteration: shishyan
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Church
Foundational to Luke’s discipleship material (5:1-11; 9:57-62; 14:25-33). ശിഷ്യന് is also the ordinary word for any Hindu guru-śiṣya student-teacher relationship; teaching notes must clarify Christian discipleship is covenantal allegiance to the living, risen Lord personally, not initiation into a teaching lineage.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: സ്വയം ത്യജിക്കുക
Transliteration: swayam thyajikkuka
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Church
Renouncing self-interest/self-rule, paired with taking up the cross (9:23). Surface resemblance to Hindu/Buddhist renunciation ideals (sannyasa, vairagya); this is self-denial for following Christ within ongoing worldly engagement, not monastic withdrawal.
Prayer
Approved rendering: പ്രാര്ത്ഥന
Transliteration: prarthana
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
The Lord’s Prayer (11:1-4) and Jesus’ own frequent withdrawals to pray (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:28-29; 22:39-46). Present as direct, filial address to the Father; Catholic/Orthodox saints-intercession devotion is an internal-tradition emphasis difference to teach, not correct.
Humble Exalt
Approved rendering: താഴ്ത്തുക / ഉയര്ത്തുക
Transliteration: thazhthuka/uyarthuka
Doctrine: Divine Reversal and God’s Preferential Concern for the Lowly
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Church
The reversal principle (14:11; 18:14), echoing the Magnificat’s reversal theme (1:52).
Witness
Approved rendering: സാക്ഷി
Transliteration: sakshi
Doctrine: Mission and Witness to the Nations
Original: μάρτυς
Category: Church
‘You are witnesses of these things’ (24:48), commissioning for future mission. Later semantic development toward ‘martyr’ not yet activated in Luke but worth flagging for Acts continuity.
Betray
Approved rendering: ഒറ്റിക്കൊടുക്കുക
Transliteration: ottikkoduka
Doctrine: Atoning Death of Christ
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Salvation
Judas’s betrayal (22:4,21-22,48).
Breaking Of Bread
Approved rendering: അപ്പം നുറുക്കല്
Transliteration: appam nurukkal
Doctrine: Breaking of Bread and Recognition of the Risen Christ
Original: κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου
Category: Church
The shared meal-gesture by which the disciples recognize the risen Christ (24:30-35), echoing the Last Supper. Draw the connection explicitly without over-resolving into a formal sacramental claim.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: സിനഗോഗ്
Transliteration: sinagog
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment and Anointing
Rejected alternatives: പള്ളി (generic cross-religious term in Kerala usage for mosque, church, and synagogue-type buildings alike, risking blurred first-century Jewish setting)
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Culture
The site of Jesus’ Nazareth sermon (4:16,20) and continued teaching ministry (4:33,44; 6:6; 13:10). Transliteration already standard in modern Malayalam Bible printings.
Authority
Approved rendering: അധികാരം
Transliteration: adhikaram
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Evil
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
Jesus teaches and casts out spirits ‘with authority,’ distinct from the scribes (4:32,36; 5:24; 9:1). Ensure divine/messianic authority is not flattened to ordinary institutional/political authority.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: അപ്പോസ്തലന്
Transliteration: appostalan
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ഗുരു
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
(Inherited from Romans package.) Luke 6:13 and 9:1-10, the sending of the Twelve.
Prophet
Approved rendering: പ്രവാചകന്
Transliteration: pravachakan
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ജ്യോത്സ്യന്
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) Isaiah is named as the prophet whose scroll Jesus reads (Luke 4:17); Jesus himself is popularly identified as a prophet (7:16; 24:19).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: പ്രവചനം
Transliteration: pravachanam
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) The whole Isaiah citation of Luke 4:18-19 is declared fulfilled.
David
Approved rendering: ദാവീദ്
Transliteration: daveed
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) Jesus’ Davidic lineage is stressed in the birth narrative (1:32; 2:4,11) and genealogy (3:31).
Israel
Approved rendering: യിസ്രായേല്
Transliteration: yisrayel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) Addressed throughout the infancy narratives (1:54,68; 2:32) and Emmaus dialogue (24:21).
Peace
Approved rendering: സമാധാനം
Transliteration: samadhanam
Doctrine: Peace with God
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relevant to Luke 1:79, 2:14, 19:42, 24:36.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: കൃതജ്ഞത
Transliteration: kruthajnatha
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relevant to Luke 2:38, 18:11, 22:17,19, 24:30.
Finger Of God
Approved rendering: ദൈവത്തിന്റെ വിരല്
Transliteration: daivathinte viral
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: δάκτυλος Θεοῦ
Category: God
Idiom for direct divine power/action; exorcisms performed ‘by the finger of God’ as evidence the kingdom has come (Luke 11:20). Ensure it is not read with unintended anthropomorphic literalism.
Scripture
Approved rendering: തിരുവെഴുത്ത്
Transliteration: thiruvezhuthu
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: γραφή
Category: Covenant
The scroll Jesus reads (4:17-21) and the whole Old Testament opened by the risen Christ (24:27,32,45).
Blind
Approved rendering: അന്ധര്
Transliteration: andhar
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τυφλός
Category: Church
Literal blindness (4:18; 18:35-43); by extension, spiritual blindness elsewhere in Luke’s broader narrative.
Woe
Approved rendering: അയ്യോ
Transliteration: aiyyo
Doctrine: Divine Reversal and God’s Preferential Concern for the Lowly
Original: οὐαί
Category: Church
A prophetic lament/warning formula, paired structurally with the Beatitudes (6:24-26).
Widow
Approved rendering: വിധവ
Transliteration: vidhava
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: χήρα
Category: Church
The widow of Nain (7:11-17), the persistent widow (18:1-8), the widow’s offering (21:1-4).
Follow
Approved rendering: അനുഗമിക്കുക
Transliteration: anugamikkuka
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Church
To become and remain a committed follower of Jesus (5:11,27-28; 9:57-62; 18:22,28).
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: പ്രാര്ത്ഥനാഭവനം
Transliteration: prarthanabhavanam
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Faith
The Temple’s intended purpose per Isaiah 56:7, cited at the Temple cleansing (19:46).
Fasting
Approved rendering: ഉപവാസം
Transliteration: upavasam
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: νηστεία
Category: Faith
Contrasted with wedding joy while the bridegroom is present (5:33-35). Shared vocabulary with Hindu and Muslim fasting practice, but functionally neutral.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: ഇടര്ച്ച
Transliteration: idarcha
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: σκάνδαλον
Category: Church
The warning against causing ‘little ones’ to stumble (17:1-2).
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: മൂലക്കല്ല്
Transliteration: moolakkallu
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
The rejected stone that becomes the cornerstone (20:17-18), a Christological reversal motif.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: ശബ്ബത്ത്
Transliteration: sabbath
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: σάββατον
Category: Culture
The setting of Jesus’ Nazareth sermon (4:16) and repeated Sabbath healing controversies (6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6).
Centurion
Approved rendering: ശതാധിപന്
Transliteration: shathadhipan
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ἑκατοντάρχης
Category: Culture
The centurion of exemplary faith (7:1-10) and the centurion at the cross (23:47).
Caesar
Approved rendering: കൈസര്
Transliteration: kaisar
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Culture
‘Render to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s’ (20:25); proper name/title, no meaningful paraphrase.
Mammon
Approved rendering: മാമോന്
Transliteration: mamon
Doctrine: Wealth, Possessions, and Mammon
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Culture
‘You cannot serve God and mammon’ (16:13); established transliteration preserving the personified, quasi-proper-name force.
Genealogy
Approved rendering: വംശാവലി
Transliteration: vamshavali
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Full Humanity of Christ
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Culture
Jesus’ ancestral line traced to Adam (3:23-38), establishing his full humanity and universal (not only Jewish) lineage.
Angel
Approved rendering: ദൂതന്
Transliteration: dhoothan
Doctrine: Angelic Revelation and Annunciation
Rejected alternatives: ദേവന്
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
Gabriel’s annunciations (1:11-38), the angelic announcement to shepherds (2:9-15), and at the tomb (24:4-7,23). Avoid ദേവന് (a deva-linked minor-deity term).
Jerusalem
Approved rendering: യെരൂശലേം
Transliteration: Yerushalem
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Proper Name
The destination of Jesus’ journey (9:51-19:44) and the site of his death, resurrection, and ascension. Established Malayalam Bible proper-name form.
Galilee
Approved rendering: ഗലീലാ
Transliteration: Galila
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Γαλιλαία
Category: Proper Name
The northern region where Jesus grew up and began his public ministry (1:26; 4:14,31).
Nazareth
Approved rendering: നസറെത്ത്
Transliteration: Nazareth
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ναζαρέτ
Category: Proper Name
Jesus’ hometown, site of the core-passage synagogue sermon (4:16).
Herod
Approved rendering: ഹെരോദാവ്
Transliteration: Herodavu
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἡρῴδης
Category: Proper Name
The ruling Herodian tetrarch/king in various Lukan narratives (1:5; 3:1,19-20; 9:7-9; 13:31-32; 23:6-12).
Pilate
Approved rendering: പീലാത്തോസ്
Transliteration: Peelathos
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Πιλᾶτος
Category: Proper Name
The Roman governor who tries and condemns Jesus (23:1-25).
Mary
Approved rendering: മറിയ
Transliteration: Mariya
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: Μαρία / Μαριάμ
Category: Proper Name
The mother of Jesus, recipient of the Annunciation (1:26-56).
Zechariah
Approved rendering: സഖറിയാവ്
Transliteration: Sakhariyavu
Doctrine: Proper Name
Father of John the Baptist, recipient of Gabriel’s annunciation and the Benedictus (Luke 1).
Elizabeth
Approved rendering: എലിസബെത്ത്
Transliteration: Elisabeth
Doctrine: Proper Name
Mother of John the Baptist, filled with the Holy Spirit at Mary’s visit (Luke 1:41).
Simeon
Approved rendering: ശിമ്യോന്
Transliteration: Shimyon
Doctrine: Proper Name
The devout man who blesses the infant Jesus in the Temple, anticipating redemption (Luke 2:25-35).
Anna
Approved rendering: അന്ന
Transliteration: Anna
Doctrine: Proper Name
The prophetess who recognizes the infant Jesus in the Temple (Luke 2:36-38).
Referenced passages