Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Chronicles (English → French)
Curriculum: 2 Chronicles
Core passage: 2 Chronicles 7:11–22
Destination language: French
Baseline authority: translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json (Romans Language Package, French). Terms marked [BASELINE REUSE] below carry the exact recorded French rendering from the baseline and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked [NEW] are introduced by this curriculum and should be added to translation_memory.json at the recorded risk tier before Phase 2 translation begins.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) · High (human theologian review) · Medium (native speaker review) · Low (automated review).
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (English) | Hebrew/Greek behind it here | French rendering | Risk | 2 Chronicles occurrences (representative) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | Dieu | Medium | throughout | Baseline reuse. |
| glory | כָּבוֹד (kavod) / δόξα | gloire | High | 5:13-14; 7:1-3; 9:? (Solomon’s splendor) | Baseline reuse; distinguish divine presence-glory (ch. 5, 7) from derivative human royal splendor (ch. 9) — see 07_semantic_analysis.md ch. 9. |
| holy | קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh) / ἅγιος | saint | Medium | 5:5; 29:5; 35:3 | Baseline reuse. |
| covenant | בְּרִית (berit) / διαθήκη | alliance | Medium/High | 5:2, 7; 6:14; 7:18; 13:5; 15:12; 21:7; 23:1, 3, 16; 29:10; 34:31 | Baseline reuse; Davidic covenant continuity thread (7:18; 21:7). |
| law | תּוֹרָה (torah) / νόμος | la Loi (capitalized when Mosaic referent) | High | 6:16; 17:9; 31:3-4, 21; 34:14-19, 30-31; 35:26 | Baseline reuse; keep capitalized “Loi” for Torah, lowercase “loi” for any civil-law sense. |
| sin | חֵטְא (chet) / ἁμαρτία | péché | Medium | 6:22-39 (repeated); 7:14; 28:13; 29:23-24; 33:19 | Baseline reuse. |
| prophet | נָבִיא (navi) / προφήτης | prophète | Low | 9:29; 12:5, 15; 15:8; 18:5-27; 20:37; 21:12; 24:19; 25:15-16; 28:9; 29:25; 32:20, 32; 34:22; 36:12, 16 | Baseline reuse. |
| prophecy | נְבוּאָה / προφητεία | prophétie | Low | 9:29; 15:8; 32:32 | Baseline reuse. |
| David | דָּוִד | David | Low | throughout | Baseline reuse; standard proper name. |
| Israel | יִשְׂרָאֵל | Israël | Medium | throughout | Baseline reuse; keep referent historical/covenantal, not the modern nation-state. |
| kingdom of God (contrast term) | — (contrast only; see “kingdom,” Table 2) | Royaume de Dieu | Medium | (used only contrastively; 2 Chr’s own vocabulary is “mamlakhah,” Table 2) | Baseline reuse reserved for the eschatological/NT referent; do not use for the divided earthly kingdom of chs. 10-36. |
| peace | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) / εἰρήνη | paix | Low | 14:1, 5-6; 15:5; 20:30 | Baseline reuse. |
| salvation | יְשׁוּעָה (yeshu’ah) / σωτηρία | salut | Medium/High | 20:17 | Baseline reuse; do not substitute “délivrance” (rejected in baseline) or “victoire.” |
| seed of David / Davidic descent | זֶרַע דָּוִד | descendance de David | Medium | 7:18 (throne promise); 13:5, 8; 21:7; 23:3 | Baseline reuse; feeds the doctrine “Davidic Covenant” also present in baseline’s risk registry. |
| fear (of the LORD, cf. baseline “obedience of faith” register of reverence) | יִרְאָה | crainte | Medium | 19:7, 9 | Not a baseline lexical entry per se, but reuses baseline’s principle of clarifying reverential (not terror-based) sense, as with “saint”/“holy.” |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by 2 Chronicles (add to translation_memory.json)
| # | Term (English gloss) | Hebrew (transliteration) | Category | Doctrine link | Risk | French rendering | Rejected alternatives | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD / YHWH (Tetragrammaton) | יהוה (YHWH) | God | Temple Worship and God’s Presence; all doctrines | High | l’Éternel | ”Seigneur” (bare, unqualified); “Yahvé”; “le SEIGNEUR” (small caps) | Baseline fixed “Seigneur” for κύριος/Christ’s exclusive NT Lordship (High/Critical risk, Rom 10:9). 2 Chronicles uses YHWH >500 times; rendering it “Seigneur” would visually and doctrinally blur Israel’s covenant-name God with the Christological title reserved elsewhere in the curriculum. Segond-tradition “l’Éternel” preserves this distinction; note TOB’s “le SEIGNEUR” as an acceptable ecumenical variant for reviewer awareness only. |
| 2 | humble oneself | כָּנַע (Niphal, kana’) | Repentance | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance; Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | s’humilier | ”être humilié” (too passive) | The book’s central hinge term (7:14; 12:6-7, 12; 30:11; 32:26; 33:12, 19, 23; 34:27; 36:12). French “s’humilier” risks a passive (“be humiliated by another”) reading rather than the intended voluntary, self-initiated reflexive posture; syntax must make agency unmistakable in every occurrence. Must render identically at every occurrence for thematic traceability. |
| 3 | turn/repent (from evil ways) | שׁוּב (shuv) | Repentance | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | High | se détourner (de leurs mauvaises voies) | “se convertir" | "Se convertir” carries Catholic sacramental-confession connotations (a formal conversion event mediated by the sacrament of reconciliation) not present in this unmediated, corporate-national turning. Also note shuv is used with the opposite valence at 7:19 (“turn away” from God) — disambiguate direction explicitly in both cases. |
| 4 | forgive | סָלַח (salach) | Repentance/Salvation | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | High | pardonner | — (no lexical alternative rejected, but framing must be controlled) | Direct, un-mediated divine forgiveness upon national repentance (7:14; 30:18-20), with no priestly/sacramental mediator named in the text — parallels baseline’s Critical Trent-vs-Reformation tension on “grace”/“justification.” Theologian review required. |
| 5 | heal (the land) | רָפָא (rapha) | Restoration | Hope of Restoration; Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | Medium | guérir (leur pays) | — | Must be read as national/covenantal restoration (agriculture, security, national well-being), not literal medical healing; distinguish from the individual-healing sense at 32:24 (Hezekiah’s illness). |
| 6 | unfaithfulness / trespass (against the covenant) | מָעַל (ma’al) | Sin/Covenant | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; The Exile as Covenant Consequence | High | infidélité (à l’alliance) / être infidèle | bare “péché” (too generic) | The Chronicler’s technical term for covenant-trust violation (12:2; 26:16; 28:19, 22; 33:19; 36:14), distinct in force from ordinary “sin” (חֵטְא); must not be flattened to generic “péché,” which loses the covenant-breach nuance central to this doctrine. |
| 7 | forsake | עָזַב (azav) | Sin/Covenant | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; The Exile as Covenant Consequence | High | abandonner | ”négliger” (too weak) | Chronicles’ most frequent covenant-infidelity verb (12:1, 5; 13:11; 15:2; 21:10; 24:18, 20, 24; 28:6; 29:6; 34:25; 36:22 [answer verse]); must carry covenant-betrayal weight. |
| 8 | seek the LORD | דָּרַשׁ אֶת־יהוה (darash et-YHWH) | Faith | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | Medium/High | chercher l’Éternel | ”consulter,” “rechercher” (as variants — reject for consistency) | Chronicles’ defining refrain for faithful kingship (14:4; 15:2, 4, 12-13; 16:12; 17:4; 20:4; 22:9; 26:5; 31:21; 34:3). Render identically at every occurrence so the theme is traceable across the whole book. |
| 9 | rely on / trust in (a foreign power vs. God) | שָׁעַן / נִשְׁעַן (sha’an) | Faith | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | s’appuyer sur / se confier en | — | Distinguishes covenant trust-allegiance (Asa ch. 16, Ahaz ch. 28, contrasted with Hezekiah ch. 32) from mere pragmatic strategy; keep the spiritual-allegiance force. |
| 10 | Passover | פֶּסַח (Pesach) | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence; Hope of Restoration | High | la Pâque (never “Pâques”) | “Pâques” | French orthographic trap: “la Pâque” (no final s) = Jewish Passover; “Pâques” (with s) = Christian Easter. A single letter changes the referent. Mandatory validation check at every occurrence (30:1-27; 35:1-19). |
| 11 | burnt offering (wholly consumed sacrifice) | עוֹלָה (olah) | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Critical | sacrifice entièrement consumé / offrande brûlée tout entière | ”holocauste” (explicitly rejected) | The traditional Bible-French rendering “holocauste” is now overwhelmingly associated in contemporary French with the Shoah. Using it for the Levitical burnt offering risks serious confusion or distress, especially given France’s Jewish community and WWII history. Forbidden substitution; flag every occurrence (2:4; 4:6; 7:1, 7; 8:12-13; 13:11; 23:18; 29:7, 18, 24, 27-29, 32-35; 30:15; 31:2-3; 35:12, 14, 16) for mandatory theologian + native-speaker review. |
| 12 | tithe | מַעְשֵׂר (ma’aser) | Worship | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | High | dîme | — | French-specific historical collision: “la dîme” evokes the compulsory ecclesiastical tax of the Ancien Régime, abolished in the 1789 Revolution and associated with feudal clerical privilege/anti-clerical grievance — connotations foreign to the biblical voluntary covenant-support concept. Gloss required in teaching contexts (31:5-6, 12). |
| 13 | anointed one (royal, Davidic office) | מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach) | Kingship | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; (background to Messianic Promise) | High | l’oint | ”le Messie” | Must not be conflated with baseline’s Critical “Messie” (Χριστός, the fulfilled Christ). This is the recurring OT royal-office term for the reigning Davidic king (6:42; 23 [Joash’s anointing]); note the typological trajectory toward the ultimate Davidic king without collapsing the two referents. |
| 14 | exile / captivity | גָּלוּת / שְׁבִי (galut / shevi) | Judgment | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | High | exil / captivité | — | Modern French “exil” carries connotations of political refuge/voluntary displacement that can soften the covenant-judgment force intended (36:17-21); frame explicitly as divine judgment per 7:19-22, not a neutral relocation. |
| 15 | sabbath(s) of the land | שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ (shabbetoteha) | Restoration | The Exile as Covenant Consequence; Hope of Restoration | Medium | ses sabbats (le repos sabbatique du pays) | — | Links exile duration to Leviticus 26’s land-sabbath covenant theology (36:21); clarify the land-sabbatical-year referent, distinct from the weekly Sabbath; positive resonance with France’s Jewish community may aid comprehension. |
| 16 | God stirred [Cyrus’s] spirit | הֵעִיר…רוּחַ (he’ir…ruach) | Providence | Hope of Restoration | Medium/High | l’Éternel réveilla l’esprit de [Cyrus] | — | Reinforces baseline’s providence caution (deist-abstraction risk); this is personal divine governance, including over a pagan king’s will, not an impersonal historical process. |
| 17 | called by my name (national covenant-identity formula) | נִקְרָא־שְׁמִי עֲלֵיהֶם | Covenant Identity | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | High | [peuple] sur lequel mon nom est invoqué | — | Corporate/national referent (7:14); must not be collapsed into baseline’s individual “appelé” (effectual calling to salvation) without qualification. |
| 18 | the Name (of the LORD, dwelling-presence theology) | שֵׁם (shem) | Presence | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Medium | le nom (de l’Éternel) | — | Not a bare label — represents God’s covenantal self-commitment to localized presence (2:4; 6:5-9; 7:16); needs teaching-note support so “nom” is not read as merely nominal. |
| 19 | eyes and heart (there perpetually) | עֵינַי וְלִבִּי | Presence | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Medium | mes yeux et mon cœur (y seront à jamais) | — | Guards against deist-abstraction misreading (7:16); personal, affectionate, ongoing divine engagement, not a mechanical designation. |
| 20 | high place | בָּמָה (bamah) | Worship/Idolatry | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | haut lieu | — | Neutral/legitimate at 1:3 (Gibeon, pre-temple); becomes the standard term for illegitimate rival worship sites from ch. 14 onward — gloss the semantic shift for students. |
| 21 | Asherah / sacred pillars | אֲשֵׁרָה / מַצֵּבָה | Idolatry | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | Ashéra / stèles (sacrées) | generic “idole” | Retain as named technical terms (not generic “idole”) so recurrence across reform narratives (14, 17, 31, 33, 34) is traceable. |
| 22 | glory (human/royal, derivative sense) | כָּבוֹד (kavod, applied to Solomon) | Kingship | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | gloire | — | Same French word as divine presence-glory (Table 1); teaching notes must distinguish “la gloire de l’Éternel” (God’s own presence) from “la gloire de Salomon” (derivative royal splendor, ch. 9) to prevent equating human magnificence with divine glory. |
| 23 | seer | חֹזֶה / רֹאֶה (chozeh / ro’eh) | Prophetic Office | Inspiration/Prophetic ministry (background) | High | prophète (voyant explicitly avoided) — gloss as “prophète-voyant” only with strong contextual framing, or simply “prophète" | "voyant” (used alone) | Traditional French Bible usage renders Hebrew ro’eh/chozeh as “voyant,” but the baseline explicitly rejected “voyant” for translating “prophet” generally because of its fortune-teller/occult connotation. To keep the curriculum internally consistent and protect against that same drift risk, do not use bare “voyant” for these OT seer-titles (9:29; 12:15 [Iddo]; 19:2 [Hanani]; 29:25 [Gad]; 33:19; 35:15); prefer “prophète” or a compound gloss under theologian review. |
| 24 | statutes and judgments/ordinances | חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים | Law/Covenant | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | décrets et lois / statuts et ordonnances | — | Subset vocabulary within “la Loi” (Table 1); keep visibly connected to the capitalized Torah-referent, not civic “loi.” |
| 25 | walk before (the LORD) | הָלַךְ לְפָנֵי | Kingship/Covenant | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | marcher devant (moi/l’Éternel) | “obéir” (too flat) | Whole-life covenant-faithfulness idiom setting David as the standard for measuring all subsequent kings (7:17). |
| 26 | kingdom (earthly, divided, Davidic-dynastic) | מַמְלָכָה (mamlakhah) | Kingship | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | royaume | — | Must be kept visibly distinct from baseline’s “Royaume de Dieu” (God’s undivided eschatological reign); this is the divisible, historical earthly kingdom (chs. 10-36). |
| 27 | ark of the covenant | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Medium | l’arche de l’alliance | — | French “arche” also evokes Noah’s ark colloquially; context disambiguates but flag for summary/teaching text written without surrounding context. |
| 28 | cloud (of glory/presence) | עָנָן (anan) | Presence | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Medium | la nuée | — | Theophanic sign of divine presence (5:13-14), not a literal meteorological event. |
| 29 | consecrate / cleanse | קִדֵּשׁ / טָהֵר | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence; Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | consacrer / purifier | — | “Consacrer” carries mild Catholic sacramental-consecration overtone (the Eucharistic host); context (a building/objects, not a species) mitigates, but flag for teaching-note clarity (7:16; 29:5, 15-19). |
| 30 | uncleanness / impurity | טֻמְאָה | Worship | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | impureté | — | Ritual-cultic fitness-for-worship sense (ch. 29), the direct antithesis of “saint” (Table 1); not a generic hygienic/moral term. |
| 31 | pass [children] through the fire (child sacrifice) | הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ | Idolatry | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium/High | faire passer par le feu | vague “faire du mal” | Must retain the specific, horrifying Molech-style child-sacrifice referent (28:3) for the doctrinal weight of Ahaz’s apostasy to register. |
| 32 | leprosy | צָרַעַת (tsara’at) | Purity | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Low | lèpre | — | Ritual-impurity/access disqualification sense (ch. 26), distinct from the modern clinical disease category. |
| 33 | incense | קְטֹרֶת (qetoret) | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Medium | encens | — | Priest-restricted offering; Uzziah’s unauthorized use (ch. 26) raises the who-may-approach-God boundary theme. |
| 34 | fire from heaven | אֵש מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Low | le feu descendit du ciel | — | Divine ratification sign at the temple’s dedication (7:1). |
| 35 | Feast of Tabernacles/Booths | חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת | Worship | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Low | la fête des Tentes (des Tabernacles) | — | Pilgrim festival celebrated at the temple’s dedication (7:8-10); establishes festival vocabulary reused for Passover (chs. 30, 35). |
| 36 | cherubim | כְּרוּבִים | Temple Architecture | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Low | chérubins | — | Guardian throne-imagery furnishings (ch. 3). |
| 37 | veil | פָּרֹכֶת | Temple Architecture | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Low/Medium | voile | — | Marks graded-access boundary before the Most Holy Place (ch. 3); avoid anachronistic NT typological importation into OT teaching without explicit cross-reference framing. |
| 38 | Most Holy Place / Holy of Holies | קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים / דְּבִיר | Temple Architecture | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Medium | le lieu très saint / le Saint des Saints | — | Minor overlap with Catholic devotional register (“Saint des Saints,” Eucharistic reservation); architectural context mitigates. |
| 39 | wisdom | חָכְמָה | Kingship | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Low | sagesse | — | God-given governing discernment (ch. 1), standard by which later royal folly is measured. |
| 40 | rebel/revolt | מָרַד | Kingship | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Low | se révolter | — | Political rebellion framed within providential judgment-through-history (ch. 10). |
| 41 | book of the Law | סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה | Law/Reform | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | le livre de la Loi | — | Public teaching (ch. 17) and later dramatic rediscovery (ch. 34) of the same Mosaic law-scroll; keep “Loi” capitalized per Table 1 convention. |
| 42 | decree (of Cyrus) | — (Persian royal edict formula) | Restoration | Hope of Restoration | Low | édit / décret | — | Legal instrument enacting the promised return (36:22-23); ends the book on open, forward-looking hope. |
Table 3 — Consistency Rules Specific to This Curriculum
| Rule | Rationale |
|---|---|
| Render יהוה (YHWH) as “l’Éternel” everywhere in 2 Chronicles content; reserve “Seigneur” for the baseline’s κύριος/Christological usage elsewhere in the wider curriculum. | Prevents visual/doctrinal blending of the OT covenant Name with the NT exclusive-Lordship confession (Rom 10:9). |
| Render כָּנַע (“humble oneself”) as “s’humilier” identically at every occurrence (7:14; 12:6-7, 12; 30:11; 32:26; 33:12, 19, 23; 34:27; 36:12). | This is the single most theologically load-bearing recurring term in the book; inconsistent rendering would obscure the doctrine of Conditional Blessing and National Repentance for students tracking it across chapters. |
| Never render עוֹלָה (“burnt offering”) as “holocauste.” Use “sacrifice entièrement consumé” or equivalent. | Avoids collision with the Shoah in contemporary French cultural memory — Critical risk, France-specific. |
| Never render פֶּסַח (“Passover”) as “Pâques.” Always “la Pâque.” | Orthographic trap between the Jewish feast (no final s) and Christian Easter (with s) — High risk, France-specific. |
| Never render שׁוּב (“repent/turn”) as “se convertir” in national-repentance contexts (7:14; 30:6). Use “se détourner de… / revenir à…” | Avoids importing Catholic sacramental-confession mechanics into an unmediated, corporate covenant-turning text. |
| Distinguish מָשִׁיחַ (royal “l’oint”) from baseline’s “Messie” (Χριστός) at every occurrence. | Prevents collapsing the recurring OT dynastic-anointing office into the unique, fulfilled, Critical-risk Christological title. |
| Distinguish divine glory (“la gloire de l’Éternel,” chs. 5, 7) from derivative royal glory (“la gloire de Salomon,” ch. 9) with explicit teaching notes wherever both appear in the same lesson. | Prevents equating human magnificence with the baseline’s High-risk “gloire” (divine presence-glory) term. |
| Flag every occurrence of bare רוּחַ (“spirit”) for context-check: Holy Spirit (baseline “Esprit Saint,” capitalized) vs. human disposition vs. a deceiving/lying spirit (ch. 18) vs. a pagan king’s own will (ch. 36). | Prevents conflating categories that must remain doctrinally distinct per baseline’s Critical “holy_spirit” entry. |
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans Language Package. All Table 1 entries are locked exactly as recorded in translation_memory.json. All Table 2 entries should be added to translation_memory.json at the stated risk tier before Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Chronicles begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Elohim
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
CRITICAL, book-specific tracking discipline (new term, extends baseline ‘god’ without altering it): 2 Chronicles alternates constantly, often within the same verse (e.g., 6:4, 6:14), between אֱלֹהִים (Elohim, generic ‘God’) and יהוה (YHWH, the covenant proper Name). Translators must track which Hebrew word underlies each occurrence so that ‘Dieu’ is never used as a silent substitute for the proper Name, which this curriculum reserves exclusively for ‘l’Éternel’ (see ‘yhwh’ below). Losing this distinction would blur the book’s central covenant-name theology (7:14, ‘my people… l’Éternel’; 7:22, ‘ils abandonnèrent l’Éternel, le Dieu de leurs pères’).
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: sacrifice entièrement consumé
Transliteration: olah
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: holocauste
Original: עוֹלָה (LXX ὁλοκαύτωμα)
Category: Worship
CRITICAL, France-specific: the traditional Bible-French rendering ‘holocauste’ is now overwhelmingly associated with the Shoah in contemporary French cultural memory. Forbidden substitution. Use ‘sacrifice entièrement consumé’ or ‘offrande brûlée tout entière’ at every occurrence (2:4; 4:6; 7:1, 7; 8:12-13; 13:11; 23:18; 29:7, 18, 24, 27-29, 32-35; 30:15; 31:2-3; 35:12, 14, 16). Mandatory theologian and native-speaker review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: תּוֹרָה (LXX νόμος)
Category: Covenant
Capitalize as ‘la Loi’ for Torah/Mosaic law to distinguish from civil ‘loi’. Catholic natural-law theology (loi naturelle, Thomistic) carries different theological freight than a Reformed law-gospel emphasis; keep the referent narrowly Mosaic in this curriculum. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the rendering of תּוֹרָה (torah), publicly taught (ch. 17) and dramatically rediscovered (ch. 34); see the new term ‘book_of_the_law’ in Section B.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Romans 10:9 ‘Jésus est Seigneur.’ ‘Seigneur’ carries feudal-historical resonance risking a distant, archaic-title reading rather than a living confession of exclusive Lordship. [Inherited from Romans package.] In 2 Chronicles this term is deliberately RESERVED for the baseline’s New Testament Christological usage and must NEVER be used, bare and unqualified, to render יהוה (YHWH); see the mandatory methodological rule under the new term ‘yhwh’ in Section B.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
HIGH RISK, distinctly French: ‘élection’ is the everyday word for political/democratic elections, risking a reading of God’s choice as competitive or merit-based. [Inherited from Romans package.] In 2 Chronicles this baseline term (of persons) is used only contrastively; the book’s own analogous logic of sovereign, non-meritorious choice is applied to a place (the temple site, 7:12, 16) via בָּחַר (‘choisir’) — see the doctrine ‘Divine Choice of the Temple / Sovereign Election of Worship Site’ in assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json. Do not conflate the sovereign-choice-of-a-place logic with this baseline’s person-directed ‘élection’ controversy without an explicit teaching note distinguishing the two referents.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: l’Éternel
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: Seigneur (bare, unqualified), Yahvé, le SEIGNEUR (small caps)
Original: יהוה
Category: God
HIGH RISK, methodological, highest-frequency term in the curriculum (500+ occurrences in this book alone): the baseline reserves ‘Seigneur’ for κύριος as the New Testament confession of Christ’s exclusive Lordship (Romans 10:9). Rendering YHWH as ‘Seigneur’ in 2 Chronicles would visually and doctrinally blur Israel’s covenant Name with that reserved Christological title. This curriculum adopts the established Segond-tradition rendering ‘l’Éternel’ for YHWH throughout, keeping ‘Seigneur’ exclusively for the baseline’s Christological usage elsewhere in the wider curriculum. Every occurrence must render ‘l’Éternel’; never bare ‘Seigneur’ or transliterated ‘Yahvé’. Note TOB’s ‘le SEIGNEUR’ (small caps) as an acceptable ecumenical variant for reviewer awareness only, not for use in this curriculum’s output.
Humble Oneself
Approved rendering: s’humilier
Transliteration: kana’ (yikkana)
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: être humilié
Original: כָּנַע (Niphal; LXX ταπεινωθῇ/ἐταπεινώθη)
Category: Repentance
The single most theologically load-bearing recurring term in the book (7:14; 12:6-7, 12; 30:11; 32:26; 33:12, 19, 23; 34:27; 36:12). French ‘s’humilier’ risks a passive (‘be humiliated by another’) rather than the intended voluntary, self-initiated reflexive posture; surrounding syntax must make agency unmistakable in every occurrence. Must render identically at every occurrence for thematic traceability across the whole book.
Turn Repent
Approved rendering: se détourner (de leurs mauvaises voies) / se détourner (de moi)
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: se convertir
Original: שׁוּב (LXX ἀποστρέφω, both valences)
Category: Repentance
The same Hebrew root שׁוּב serves both a positive valence (turn back to God, 7:14) and a negative valence (turn away from God, 7:19). ‘Se convertir’ carries Catholic sacramental-confession connotations foreign to this unmediated, corporate national turning and must not be used. Supply explicit directional objects in French in both valences so the two senses are never confused.
Forgive
Approved rendering: pardonner
Transliteration: salach
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Original: סָלַח (LXX ἵλεως ἔσομαι)
Category: Salvation
Direct, unmediated divine forgiveness upon national repentance (7:14; 30:18-20), with no priestly or sacramental mediator named in the text — parallels the baseline’s Critical Trent-versus-Reformation tension on grace/justification. Theologian review required wherever this verse is taught doctrinally.
Unfaithfulness Maal
Approved rendering: infidélité (à l’alliance) / être infidèle
Transliteration: ma’al
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: péché (bare, too generic)
The Chronicler’s technical covenant-trust-violation term, distinct from ordinary sin (חֵטְא): Rehoboam (12:2), Uzziah (26:16), Ahaz (28:19, 22), Manasseh (33:19), the final generation before exile (36:14). Must not be flattened to bare ‘péché’, which loses the breach-of-trust nuance central to Faithful and Unfaithful Kings and The Exile as Covenant Consequence.
Forsake
Approved rendering: abandonner
Transliteration: azav
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: négliger
Original: עָזַב (LXX ἐγκαταλείπω)
Category: Sin
Chronicles’ most frequent covenant-infidelity verb (12:1, 5; 13:11; 15:2; 21:10; 24:18, 20, 24; 28:6; 29:6; 34:25; 36:22 — the book’s climactic verdict verse). ‘Négliger’ is too weak; must carry covenant-betrayal weight.
Seek The Lord
Approved rendering: chercher l’Éternel
Transliteration: darash et-YHWH
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: consulter, rechercher
Original: דָּרַשׁ אֶת־יהוה
Category: Faith
Chronicles’ defining refrain for faithful kingship (14:4; 15:2, 4, 12-13; 16:12; 17:4; 20:4; 22:9; 26:5; 31:21; 34:3). Must render identically at every occurrence — never vary with synonyms — so the theme is traceable for students across the whole book.
Passover
Approved rendering: la Pâque
Transliteration: Pesach
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: Pâques
Original: פֶּסַח (LXX Πάσχα)
Category: Worship
France-specific orthographic trap: ‘la Pâque’ (no final ‘s’) = the Jewish Passover; ‘Pâques’ (with a final ‘s’) = the Christian feast of Easter. A single letter changes the referent entirely. Mandatory validation check at every occurrence (7:8-10; 30:1-27; 35:1-19).
Tithe
Approved rendering: dîme
Transliteration: ma’aser
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: מַעְשֵׂר
Category: Worship
France-specific historical collision: ‘la dîme’ evokes the compulsory ecclesiastical tax of the Ancien Régime, abolished in the 1789 Revolution and associated with feudal clerical privilege/anti-clerical grievance — connotations foreign to the biblical voluntary covenant-support concept (ch. 31). Mandatory clarifying gloss required in teaching contexts.
Anointed One
Approved rendering: l’oint
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: le Messie
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Kingship
The recurring Old Testament royal-office term for the reigning Davidic king (6:42; ch. 23, Joash’s anointing). Must not be conflated with the baseline’s Critical-risk capitalized ‘Messie’ (the fulfilled Christ). Render as lowercase ‘l’oint’; a typological cross-reference note is appropriate but the two terms must remain visibly distinct.
Exile
Approved rendering: exil / captivité
Transliteration: galut / shevi
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: déportation
Original: גָּלוּת / שְׁבִי
Category: Judgment
Direct historical fulfillment of 7:20’s ‘pluck them up by the roots’ (36:17-21). Modern French ‘exil’ carries connotations of political refuge/voluntary displacement that can soften the covenant-judgment force; frame explicitly as divine judgment per 7:19-22. ‘Déportation’ is explicitly FORBIDDEN as a strengthening synonym — see the new term ‘deportation_caution’ for the France-specific WWII-memory reason.
Called By My Name
Approved rendering: [peuple] sur lequel mon nom est invoqué
Transliteration: ammi asher niqra shemi aleihem
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Original: עַמִּי אֲשֶׁר נִקְרָא־שְׁמִי עֲלֵיהֶם
Category: Covenant
The corporate covenant-identity formula (7:14): the nation marked as belonging to God by his own Name resting on it. Must not be collapsed into the baseline’s individual ‘appelé’ (effectual calling to salvation, Romans 8:28-30) without explicit qualification; the referent is Israel’s national covenant identity, a distinct sense.
Royal Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: kavod (applied to Solomon)
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: כָּבוֹד (applied to Solomon, ch. 9)
Category: Kingship
The derivative royal splendor and magnificence of a faithful king (ch. 9, Solomon’s wealth), understood as a reflection of divine blessing, not God’s own presence-glory. Same French word as the inherited baseline ‘glory’ entry and the new ‘glory_of_the_lord_temple’ entry; teaching notes must distinguish ‘la gloire de l’Éternel’ from ‘la gloire de Salomon’ every time both appear in the same lesson.
Glory Of The Lord Temple
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: kavod (LXX doxa), temple manifestation
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
The visible, phenomenal cloud-and-fire manifestation of God’s presence filling the temple (5:13-14; 7:1-3). This is an even more concrete referent than the inherited baseline ‘glory’ entry’s Medium-risk register; the risk here is elevated to High because secular ‘gloire’ (military/celebrity triumph) more easily flattens a described physical theophany into metaphorical grandeur than it does an abstract theological claim. Keep distinct from ‘royal_glory’ (Solomon’s derivative splendor, ch. 9).
Seer
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: chozeh / ro’eh
Doctrine: Prophetic Warning and Accountability
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: חֹזֶה / רֹאֶה
Category: Prophetic Office
OT titles for prophetic figures attached to a specific king’s court (Iddo, 12:15; Hanani, 19:2; Gad, 29:25). Traditional French Bible usage renders these ‘voyant’, but the baseline explicitly rejects ‘voyant’ for ‘prophet’ generally due to its fortune-teller/occult connotation; this curriculum extends that same discipline to these titles. Prefer ‘prophète’ or a carefully framed compound gloss under theologian review.
Pass Through The Fire
Approved rendering: faire passer par le feu
Transliteration: he’evir ba’esh
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Betrayal
Rejected alternatives: faire du mal (vague euphemism)
Original: הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ
Category: Idolatry
Molech-style child sacrifice, the moral nadir among the book’s apostasy narratives (28:3, Ahaz; 33:6, Manasseh). Must not be softened into a vague expression of general harm; the specific, horrifying ritual-sacrifice referent must remain clear for the doctrinal weight of the apostasy to register.
Reform Renewal
Approved rendering: réformes religieuses (d’Ézéchias / de Josias) / renouveau du culte
Transliteration: (editorial/doctrinal category, no single Hebrew term)
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Rejected alternatives: la Réforme (capitalized, bare)
France-specific collision: capitalized ‘la Réforme’ is the fixed French historical name for the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, a live confessional identity marker. Using it, even lowercase but unqualified, for Hezekiah’s/Josiah’s temple reforms risks superimposing an anachronistic Protestant-vs-Catholic frame onto an Old Testament narrative for a mixed-confession audience. Always use lowercase, qualified, periphrastic renderings (‘les réformes religieuses d’Ézéchias’, ‘le renouveau du culte sous Josias’) or verb-based phrasing; never the bare capitalized noun. Newly identified in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Restoration Hope
Approved rendering: rétablir / ramener le peuple (verb-based); la restauration du peuple d’Israël (qualified, lowercase, if the noun is unavoidable)
Transliteration: (editorial/doctrinal category, no single Hebrew term)
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: la Restauration (capitalized, bare)
France-specific collision: capitalized ‘la Restauration’ is the fixed French historical name for the 1814-1830 Bourbon monarchical restoration; the bare noun ‘restauration’ also commonly means building/monument/furniture renovation in ordinary French. Either association can distract from or trivialize the covenant-hope referent of 36:21-23. Prefer verb-based renderings (‘Dieu rétablira son peuple’); if the noun must appear as a doctrine-label header, always lowercase and qualify it. Newly identified in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Deportation Caution
Approved rendering: (forbidden-term flag; use ‘exil / captivité’ only — see the ‘exile’ entry above)
Transliteration: n/a
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: déportation
France-specific: ‘déportation’ carries an extremely strong and specific association in contemporary French memory with the WWII deportation of Jews and other victims to Nazi camps. Using it as a stronger synonym for the Babylonian exile (36:17-21) risks the same category of distress/confusion already flagged for ‘holocauste’ (see ‘burnt_offering’). This term is explicitly FORBIDDEN as an exile synonym in this curriculum. Newly identified in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Medium Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Secularization risk: ‘Dieu’ is used as a casual interjection (‘Mon Dieu!’) and, in academic/philosophical French, can be treated as an abstract deist concept rather than the personal, triune God of Scripture. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the standard rendering of אֱלֹהִים (Elohim), the generic divine-name term that alternates constantly with the covenant proper name יהוה (YHWH, see ‘yhwh’ below); see also the new Critical-risk term ‘elohim’ in Section B for the book-specific tracking discipline this alternation requires.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: כָּבוֹד (LXX δόξα)
Category: God
God’s radiant honor and presence. Secular ‘gloire’ (military, celebrity) risks a triumphalist, self-achieved reading rather than God’s own glory. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the baseline sense of כָּבוֹד (kavod); this book’s concrete, phenomenal temple-cloud referent (5:13-14; 7:1-3) carries an elevated risk beyond this baseline Medium tier — see the new High-risk term ‘glory_of_the_lord_temple’ in Section B, and the new term ‘royal_glory’ distinguishing Solomon’s derivative splendor (ch. 9) from God’s own presence-glory.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure; ‘pur’ alone loses the set-apart sense. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the rendering of קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh), applied to the temple, its furnishings, priests, and the assembly (5:5; 29:5; 35:3).
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: בְּרִית (LXX διαθήκη)
Category: Covenant
Relational covenant bond, more than a legal contract; ‘alliance’ also usefully evokes the wedding ring (l’alliance) in French, a helpful relational resonance. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the rendering of בְּרִית (berit), tied repeatedly to the Davidic throne promise (7:18; 21:7; 23:3) and to national covenant-renewal ceremonies (15:12; 23:16; 29:10; 34:31).
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: חֵטְא (LXX ἁμαρτία)
Category: Sin
Secularization risk: colloquial French uses ‘péché’ loosely for minor indulgence (‘péché mignon’ = guilty pleasure), which can trivialize the weight of culpable rebellion against God. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the rendering of the generic חֵטְא (chet); must not be used interchangeably with the book’s technical covenant-breach term מָעַל (ma’al) — see the new term ‘unfaithfulness_maal’ in Section B.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Contemporary Middle East politics and France’s significant Jewish community make it easy to conflate biblical Israel with the modern nation-state; keep the referent historical/theological. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles with an additional book-specific nuance: from ch. 10 onward, ‘Israël’ can denote specifically the northern breakaway kingdom as distinct from Judah; disambiguate by context every occurrence after the schism narrative.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: (contrast term; cf. βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign; distinguish from any political kingdom association. [Inherited from Romans package.] In 2 Chronicles this baseline term is reserved strictly for contrastive/background use; the book’s own vocabulary for the earthly, divisible Davidic kingdom is מַמְלָכָה (mamlakhah) — see the new term ‘earthly_kingdom’ in Section B. Never use ‘Royaume de Dieu’ for the divided kingdom of chs. 10-36.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: יְשׁוּעָה (LXX σωτηρία)
Category: Salvation
Stable shared term. Chief risk is Catholic sacramental-economy framing versus Protestant faith-alone framing. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles at 20:17 (‘stand still, and see the salvation of the LORD’ — יְשׁוּעָה/yeshu’ah), where deliverance is accomplished by God alone without human military effort; must not drift to ‘délivrance’ (rejected) or ‘victoire’ (would wrongly credit human achievement).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Original: זֶרַע דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Modern translations prefer ‘descendance’ to avoid the crude clinical register ‘semence’ now carries. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles at 7:18 (throne promise); 13:5, 8; 21:7; 23:3.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
The Anointed One fulfilling OT promise, not one figure among several. [Inherited from Romans package.] In 2 Chronicles this capitalized, fulfilled Christological title must be kept strictly distinct from the book’s own recurring OT royal-office term מָשִׁיחַ (the reigning Davidic king’s ceremonial anointing); see the new term ‘anointed_one’ (‘l’oint’) in Section B — never let ‘l’oint’ drift toward ‘le Messie’ or toward capitalization.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
18th-century Enlightenment deism used ‘la Providence’ for an impersonal benevolent order; must render as the personal, purposive care of a covenant God. [Inherited from Romans package.] In 2 Chronicles this same deist-flattening risk is directly relevant at 36:22-23, where God personally stirs the spirit of a pagan foreign king (Cyrus) to accomplish the promised restoration; see the new term ‘stirred_spirit’ in Section B.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Catholic devotional practice of ‘intercession des saints’ is a major category in French Catholic piety; must distinguish the Spirit’s/Christ’s unique heavenly intercession from saint or Marian intercession. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles’s temple-centered prayer narratives (6:19-40; 20:5-12; 32:20-24), all depicting direct, unmediated address to God with no named human or angelic intermediary — the same distinction the baseline draws for the New Testament material recurs here in Old Testament, temple-focused form.
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
God as personal Father; no competing deity-name risk in French as in Hindi. [Inherited from Romans package.] Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; 2 Chronicles itself does not foreground filial-adoption language, but the term remains available for any teaching notes that bridge to the wider curriculum’s NT material.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Both ‘Saint-Esprit’ (Segond) and ‘Esprit Saint’ (TOB/NBS) refer to the same personal third Person of the Trinity; keep consistent within this curriculum. [Inherited from Romans package.] Critically relevant to 2 Chronicles as a DISAMBIGUATION ANCHOR: this book’s bare רוּחַ (‘esprit’) occurrences (a lying/deceiving spirit, ch. 18; a human king’s own disposition, ch. 36) must never be confused with this capitalized, Trinitarian referent. Every bare ‘esprit’ occurrence must be checked against context before translation.
Heal The Land
Approved rendering: guérir (leur pays)
Transliteration: rapha
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Original: רָפָא אֶת־הָאָרֶץ (LXX ἰάσομαι τὴν γῆν)
Category: Restoration
Corporate/national restoration of a land’s material and covenantal well-being (7:14), tied to the people’s spiritual state; must not be read as literalistic medical healing. Always qualify with ‘(leur) pays’ to force the national referent, and distinguish from the individual physical-healing sense of the same root applied to Hezekiah personally at 32:24.
Seek Gods Face
Approved rendering: chercher ma face
Transliteration: darash/baqash panim
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: rechercher ma présence (acceptable gloss only, not preferred)
Original: דָּרַשׁ פָּנִים (LXX ἐκζητέω τὸ πρόσωπον)
Category: Faith
To actively pursue relational access to God’s own presence, not merely information or a favorable oracle (7:14). Preserve the ‘face’ vocabulary link to its judgment-mirror inversion at 7:20 (‘rejeter de devant ma face’).
Rely On
Approved rendering: s’appuyer sur / se confier en
Transliteration: sha’an
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: שָׁעַן / נִשְׁעַן
Category: Faith
Distinguishes covenant trust-allegiance (Asa ch. 16, Ahaz ch. 28, contrasted with Hezekiah ch. 32) from mere pragmatic political strategy; keep the spiritual-allegiance force, not a purely tactical reading.
Sabbath Of The Land
Approved rendering: ses sabbats (le repos sabbatique du pays)
Transliteration: shabbetoteha
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Original: שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ
Category: Restoration
Links the exile’s fixed duration to Leviticus 26’s land-sabbath covenant theology (36:21). Clarify the land-sabbatical-year referent, distinct from the weekly Sabbath; France’s Jewish community gives ‘sabbat’ positive cultural resonance that can aid comprehension if the specific referent is made clear.
Stirred Spirit
Approved rendering: l’Éternel réveilla l’esprit (de Cyrus)
Transliteration: he’ir…ruach
Doctrine: Providence over the Nations
Original: הֵעִיר…רוּחַ
Category: God
God’s sovereign stirring of a pagan king’s own will/disposition (36:22) to accomplish the promised restoration. Reinforces the baseline’s providence caution against Enlightenment-deist ‘la Providence’ as an impersonal order. Note: bare ‘esprit’ here denotes Cyrus’s own human disposition, NOT the Holy Spirit — apply the disambiguation discipline required at the ‘holy_spirit’ entry above.
The Name
Approved rendering: le nom (de l’Éternel)
Transliteration: shem
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: שֵׁם
Category: God
The divine Name as the mode of God’s localized covenant presence dwelling in the temple (2:4; 6:5-9; 7:16). Not a bare label — represents God’s own covenantal self-commitment to dwell with his people at the temple site; needs teaching-note support.
Eyes And Heart
Approved rendering: mes yeux et mon cœur (y seront à jamais)
Transliteration: einai v’libbi
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: עֵינַי וְלִבִּי
Category: God
God’s ongoing, personal, affectionate engagement with the temple and its worshipers (7:16). Guards against a deist misreading; this is personal covenantal presence, not an abstract or mechanical guarantee.
High Place
Approved rendering: haut lieu
Transliteration: bamah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: בָּמָה
Category: Worship
Neutral/legitimate at 1:3 (Gibeon, pre-temple); becomes the standard term for illegitimate rival worship sites from ch. 14 onward. Requires a gloss on this semantic shift so students do not read every occurrence identically.
Asherah Sacred Pillars
Approved rendering: Ashéra / stèles (sacrées)
Transliteration: asherah / matzevah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Rejected alternatives: idole (generic)
Original: אֲשֵׁרָה / מַצֵּבָה
Category: Idolatry
The named apparatus of Canaanite fertility-cult worship removed in reform narratives (chs. 14, 17, 31, 33, 34). Retain as named/technical terms rather than a generic ‘idole’ so recurrence remains traceable.
Statutes And Judgments
Approved rendering: décrets et lois / statuts et ordonnances
Transliteration: chuqqim umishpatim
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים
Category: Covenant
Subsets of Torah vocabulary (7:17); keep visibly connected to the capitalized Torah-referent ‘la Loi’ rather than the secular civic sense of ‘loi’.
Walk Before The Lord
Approved rendering: marcher devant moi
Transliteration: halach lefanai
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: obéir
Original: הָלַךְ לְפָנַי
Category: Kingship
A whole-life covenant-faithfulness idiom setting David as the standard for measuring every subsequent king (7:17); must not be flattened to mere ‘obéir’.
Earthly Kingdom
Approved rendering: royaume
Transliteration: mamlakhah
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: מַמְלָכָה
Category: Kingdom
The earthly, historical, divisible Davidic kingdom (from ch. 10 onward). Must be kept visibly distinct from the inherited baseline’s ‘Royaume de Dieu’ (God’s undivided eschatological reign); this is a this-worldly, divisible political entity.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: l’arche de l’alliance
Transliteration: aron habrit
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית
Category: Worship
The physical locus of the covenant tablets and mercy-seat presence, transferred into the newly finished temple (ch. 5). French ‘arche’ also evokes Noah’s ark colloquially; context disambiguates, but flag for any summary/teaching text lacking surrounding context.
Cloud Of Glory
Approved rendering: la nuée
Transliteration: anan
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: עָנָן
Category: God
The visible theophanic medium of divine presence filling the temple (5:13-14); must be read as a theophanic sign, not a literal meteorological event.
Consecrate Cleanse
Approved rendering: consacrer / purifier
Transliteration: qiddesh / taher
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: קִדֵּשׁ / טָהֵר
Category: Worship
Hezekiah’s temple-cleansing reform verbs (ch. 29) and the temple’s original dedication (7:16). ‘Consacrer’ carries a mild Catholic sacramental-consecration overtone (the Eucharistic host); the architectural/object context (a building, vessels) mitigates but a clarifying teaching note is advisable.
Uncleanness
Approved rendering: impureté
Transliteration: tum’ah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: טֻמְאָה
Category: Worship
Ritual-cultic unfitness for approaching God, the defiled state of the temple under Ahaz (ch. 29). Direct antithesis of ‘saint’; must carry the ritual-cultic fitness-for-worship sense, not merely a generic hygienic/moral sense.
Incense
Approved rendering: encens
Transliteration: qetoret
Doctrine: Priesthood and Levitical Service
Original: קְטֹרֶת
Category: Worship
An offering restricted to consecrated priests; Uzziah’s unauthorized offering (26:16) triggers his judgment. Positive bridge for Catholic-heritage readers (liturgical incense use), but ensure the restricted-access theological point is not lost.
Veil
Approved rendering: voile
Transliteration: parochet
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: פָּרֹכֶת
Category: Temple Architecture
The curtain marking the graded-access boundary before the Most Holy Place (ch. 3); avoid anachronistic New Testament typological importation (the torn veil) without an explicit cross-reference framing note.
Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: le lieu très saint / le Saint des Saints
Transliteration: qodesh haqqodashim / devir
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים / דְּבִיר
Category: Temple Architecture
The innermost sanctuary, accessible to God alone/the high priest (ch. 3); minor overlap with Catholic devotional register (‘Saint des Saints’, Eucharistic reservation), mitigated by the architectural context.
Book Of The Law
Approved rendering: le livre de la Loi
Transliteration: sefer hatorah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
The Mosaic law-scroll, publicly taught (ch. 17) and dramatically rediscovered, triggering Josiah’s covenant renewal (ch. 34); keep ‘Loi’ capitalized per the inherited baseline Torah-referent convention.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: crainte de l’Éternel
Transliteration: yir’at YHWH
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: יִרְאַת יהוה
Category: Faith
Reverent, worshipful awe grounding right conduct (19:7, 9), here judicial integrity. French ‘crainte’ can default to simple fright; teaching notes should clarify the reverential-awe sense.
House Of Sacrifice
Approved rendering: la maison de l’Éternel / maison de sacrifices
Transliteration: beit zevach / beit YHWH
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: בֵּית זֶבַח / בֵּית־יהוה
Category: Worship
The temple as the designated place of sacrificial worship and God’s dwelling (7:11-12). French ‘sacrifice’ is generically understood as self-denial; ensure the cultic/atoning sense is contextually clear, and keep the concrete-building sense distinct from the baseline’s ‘Église’ (body of Christ).
Regnal Formula
Approved rendering: il fit ce qui est droit aux yeux de l’Éternel / il fit ce qui est mal aux yeux de l’Éternel
Transliteration: asah hayashar/hara be’einei YHWH
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
The recurring editorial verdict formula opening nearly every king’s reign narrative. No compact French Bible-tradition noun exists; this is a fixed clausal rendering that MUST be reproduced identically at every king’s introduction (approx. 20 occurrences across chs. 10-36) so the book’s most visible faithfulness/unfaithfulness pattern remains traceable for students. Newly identified in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Temple Building Anchor
Approved rendering: le temple de Jérusalem / le temple de l’Éternel
Transliteration: n/a (usage rule, not a lexical item)
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: le temple (bare, at first mention in a lesson unit)
Ordinary French religious usage also uses ‘un temple’ for a contemporary French Protestant (Reformed/Lutheran) church building (‘aller au temple’), risking readers picturing a modern meeting-house rather than the ancient Jerusalem sanctuary. Usage rule: the first occurrence of ‘temple’ per lesson/teaching unit must read ‘le temple de Jérusalem’ or ‘le temple de l’Éternel’; subsequent occurrences in the same unit may use bare ‘le temple’ once the referent is anchored. Newly identified in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא (LXX προφήτης)
Category: Prophetic Office
God’s spokesperson; avoid ‘voyant’ (fortune-teller connotation). [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles throughout (9:29; 12:5; 18:5-27; 20:37; 24:19; 29:25; 36:12, 16); see also the new term ‘seer’ in Section B for OT title-specific handling.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Prophetic Office
God-inspired declaration, not astrological prediction. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles at 9:29; 15:8; 32:32.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Kingship
Standard proper name form across all French Bible traditions. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the covenant-faithfulness standard against which every subsequent king is measured (7:17, ‘marcher devant moi… comme David’).
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: שָׁלוֹם (LXX εἰρήνη)
Category: Salvation
In Romans 5:1, relational peace with God through justification, not merely psychological calm. [Inherited from Romans package.] Relevant to 2 Chronicles as the rendering of שָׁלוֹם (shalom, 14:1-6; 15:5; 20:30); note ‘paix’ in French defaults to the negative absence-of-conflict sense and does not automatically carry shalom’s fuller covenantal-flourishing register — supplement with surrounding prosperity/security vocabulary where the Hebrew text intends more than ceasefire.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: lèpre
Transliteration: tsara’at
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Sin
A skin affliction with ritual-impurity and temple-access implications, sent as judgment on Uzziah (ch. 26); distinct from the modern clinical disease category.
Fire From Heaven
Approved rendering: le feu descendit du ciel
Transliteration: esh min hashamayim
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: אֵש מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם
Category: Worship
Divine ratification of the sacrifice at the temple’s dedication (7:1); standard, unambiguous rendering.
Feast Of Tabernacles
Approved rendering: la fête des Tentes (des Tabernacles)
Transliteration: chag hasukkot
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת
Category: Worship
One of Israel’s three pilgrim feasts, celebrated at the temple’s dedication (7:8-10); establishes festival-calendar vocabulary reused at Passover (chs. 30, 35).
Cherubim
Approved rendering: chérubins
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: כְּרוּבִים
Category: Temple Architecture
Guardian throne-attendant figures depicted in the temple furnishings (ch. 3); fully naturalized loanword, standard across all French Bible traditions.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: sagesse
Transliteration: chokmah
Doctrine: Wisdom and Godly Rule
Original: חָכְמָה
Category: Kingship
God-given, not self-achieved, skillful discernment for godly rule (ch. 1); sets the standard by which later kings’ folly is measured.
Rebel Revolt
Approved rendering: se révolter
Transliteration: marad
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: מָרַד
Category: Kingship
Political rebellion, framed by the Chronicler as part of God’s judgment-through-history (ch. 10); standard, unambiguous rendering.
Decree Of Cyrus
Approved rendering: édit / décret
Transliteration: koh amar Koresh
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Original: כֹּה אָמַר כֹּרֶשׁ…
Category: Restoration
The legal instrument enacting the promised return from exile, ending the book on open, forward-looking hope (36:22-23).
Referenced passages