Core Glossary

Core Glossary — 1 Peter (English → French)

This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Terms marked [REUSE] carry over the exact baseline French rendering and risk tier without modification. All other terms are new entries proposed for this curriculum, using the same risk framework (Critical/High/Medium/Low) and requiring the same review routing (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).

Core Passage Terms (1 Peter 1:3–9)

#	Term (English)	Greek / Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Citations	Notes / Collision Risk
1	Blessed	εὐλογητός / eulogētos	béni	Low	Living Hope	1:3	Stable liturgical French.
2	Mercy	ἔλεος / eleos	miséricorde	Medium	Living Hope	1:3	New term; Catholic “Divine Miséricorde” devotional overlay to watch.
3	Born again / new birth	ἀναγεννάω / anagennēsas	nous a fait naître de nouveau	High	Living Hope	1:3, 1:23	Avoid noun “régénération” (Catholic baptismal-regeneration collision) and avoid subculture shorthand “né de nouveau.”
4	Living hope	ἐλπὶς ζῶσα / elpis zōsa	espérance vivante	High	Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:3	Must use “espérance,” never “espoir.” Anchor of the “living” motif.
5	Resurrection	ἀνάστασις / anastasis	résurrection [REUSE]	Medium	Living Hope / Resurrection of Christ	1:3, 1:21, 3:21	Per baseline: guard against metaphorical/secular flattening.
6	Inheritance	κληρονομία / klēronomia	héritage	Medium	Living Hope	1:4	Risk of notarial/financial reading; gloss recommended.
7	Imperishable	ἄφθαρτος / aphthartos	impérissable	Low-Medium	Living Hope	1:4, 1:23, 3:4	Consistent across all three occurrences.
8	Undefiled	ἀμίαντος / amiantos	sans souillure	High	Living Hope	1:4	FORBIDDEN: never “immaculé” (Immaculée Conception collision).
9	Unfading	ἀμάραντος / amarantos	qui ne se flétrit pas	Low	Living Hope	1:4	Cf. 5:4 ἀμαράντινος (unfading crown), keep visually related.
10	Guarded / kept	φρουρέω, τηρέω / phroureō, tēreō	gardés / réservés	Low	Living Hope	1:4-5	Military-guard nuance is a translator’s note only.
11	Power of God	δύναμις θεοῦ / dynamis theou	puissance de Dieu [REUSE]	Medium	Power of God for Salvation	1:5	—
12	Faith	πίστις / pistis	foi [REUSE]	Medium	Faith	1:5, 1:7-9, 1:21, 5:9	Personal trust, not “la religion.”
13	Salvation	σωτηρία / sōtēria	salut [REUSE]	Medium	Salvation	1:5, 1:9-10, 3:21	Note 1 Peter’s future/eschatological emphasis.
14	Revelation	ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis	révélation	High	Living Hope	1:5, 1:7, 1:13, 4:13	FORBIDDEN: never “Apocalypse” (catastrophist popular meaning).
15	Last time	καιρὸς ἔσχατος	le temps de la fin	Low	Living Hope	1:5	—
16	Rejoice / exult	ἀγαλλιάω / agalliaō	exulter / se réjouir vivement	Low	Living Hope	1:6, 1:8, 4:13	—
17	Trial(s)	πειρασμός / peirasmos	épreuves	Medium	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	1:6, 4:12	Distinguish from “tentation” (enticement-to-sin sense).
18	Tested genuineness	δοκίμιον / dokimion	l’authenticité éprouvée	Medium	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	1:7	Metallurgical metaphor; descriptive phrase required.
19	Tested (by fire)	δοκιμάζω / dokimazō	éprouvé (par le feu)	Low	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	1:7	—
20	Praise / Glory / Honor	ἔπαινος, δόξα, τιμή	louange, gloire, honneur	Low-Medium	Living Hope	1:7	δόξα = gloire [REUSE].
21	Love	ἀγαπάω / agapaō	aimer / amour	Medium	Living Hope	1:8, 1:22, 4:8	No baseline entry; guard against romantic “amour” drift.
22	Inexpressible joy	χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος	joie inexprimable	Low	Living Hope	1:8	—
23	Filled with glory	δεδοξασμένη / dedoxasmenē	remplie de gloire	Low	Living Hope	1:8	Shares gloire root.
24	Outcome / goal	τέλος / telos	l’aboutissement / le but	Low-Medium	Living Hope	1:9, 4:7, 4:17	Avoid “fin” alone (termination sense).
25	Soul	ψυχή / psychē	âme	Medium	Living Hope	1:9, 2:11, 2:25, 3:20, 4:19	Clarify whole-person referent, not dualist “soul apart from body.”

Chapter 1 (remainder) Terms

#	Term (English)	Greek / Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Citations	Notes / Collision Risk
26	Elect exiles / Dispersion	ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς	élus, étrangers de passage de la Dispersion	High	Divine Calling / Election	1:1-2	Sensitive re: French Jewish community and baseline’s Israël note.
27	Foreknowledge	πρόγνωσις / prognōsis	prescience (de Dieu)	High	Election	1:2	Same fault line as baseline’s “élection” (Jansenist-adjacent debate).
28	Sanctification of the Spirit	ἁγιασμὸς πνεύματος	sanctification de l’Esprit [REUSE]	Medium	Sanctification	1:2	—
29	Sprinkling of blood	ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος	aspersion du sang	Medium	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	1:2	Needs OT covenant-ratification framing.
30	Conduct / way of life	ἀναστροφή / anastrophē	conduite	High	Holiness in Conduct	1:15, 1:18, 2:12, 3:1, 3:2, 3:16	Recurring Petrine keyword; render identically every time.
31	Redeemed / ransomed	λυτρόω / lytroō	racheté	Medium	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	1:18	Costly-ransom sense, distinct from generic “sauvé.”
32	Lamb without blemish/spot	ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος	agneau sans défaut et sans tache	Critical	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	1:19	”Sans tache,” never “immaculé.”
33	Purified (souls)	ἁγνίζω / hagnizō	purifier (ses âmes)	Medium	Holiness in Conduct	1:22	—
34	Brotherly love	φιλαδελφία / philadelphia	amour fraternel	Medium	Christian Fellowship	1:22	Distinct from baseline’s “communion fraternelle” (koinōnia).
35	Imperishable seed	σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος	semence impérissable	Low	Living Hope	1:23	Part of the “living” motif cluster.
36	Living word of God	λόγος ζῶν θεοῦ	parole vivante de Dieu	Medium	Inspiration of Scripture	1:23	Keep “vivant/vivante” consistent across motif.

Chapter 2 Terms

#	Term (English)	Greek / Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Citations	Notes / Collision Risk
37	Living stone	λίθος ζῶν	pierre vivante	High	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:4-5	Anchor of the “living” motif; Christological + ecclesiological.
38	Cornerstone	ἀκρογωνιαῖος	pierre angulaire	Low	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:6	Stable French idiom.
39	Stone of stumbling	λίθος προσκόμματος	pierre d’achoppement	Low	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:8	Stable French idiom.
40	Spiritual house	οἶκος πνευματικός	maison spirituelle	Medium	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:5	Distinguish from institutional Église [REUSE concept].
41	Holy priesthood	ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον	sacerdoce saint	Critical	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:5	”Sacerdoce” = ordained Catholic clergy in ordinary French; flashpoint.
42	Royal priesthood	βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα	sacerdoce royal	Critical	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:9	Doctrine-title phrase; requires explanatory teaching note.
43	Chosen race/people	γένος ἐκλεκτόν	peuple élu	High	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:9	Avoid “race” (fraught in contemporary French); echoes Israël sensitivity.
44	Holy nation	ἔθνος ἅγιον	nation sainte	Medium	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:9	Avoid civic-nationalist over-reading.
45	People for [God’s] possession	λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν	un peuple que Dieu s’est acquis	Medium	Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:9	Echoes λυτρόω (redemption by price).
46	Submit / be subject	ὑποτάσσω / hypotassō	se soumettre	High	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:5, 5:5	Culturally live term (post-#MeToo French discourse); always frame as voluntary, Christ-modeled.
47	Suffer	πάσχω / paschō	souffrir	Medium	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	2:19-20, 2:23, 3:14, 3:17, 4:1, 4:15-16, 4:19, 5:10	Central verb across the letter.
48	Suffered for [you]	πάσχω ὑπέρ	a souffert pour vous	Critical	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:21	Preserve substitutionary ὑπέρ sense.
49	Bore [sins]…on the tree	ἀναφέρω…ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον	il a porté…sur le bois	Critical	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:24	Retain “le bois,” per established French Bible convention for ξύλον.
50	Wound / stripes	μώλωψ / mōlōps	blessures / meurtrissures	Medium	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:24	—
51	Healed	ἰάομαι / iaomai	guéris	Medium	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:24	Clarify spiritual, not prosperity-gospel physical, healing.
52	Shepherd and Overseer of souls	ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν	le berger et le gardien de vos âmes	High	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:25	Never “évêque” (anachronistic office collision).

Chapter 3 Terms

#	Term (English)	Greek / Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Citations	Notes / Collision Risk
53	Gentle and quiet spirit	πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα	un esprit doux et paisible	Medium	Submission to Authority	3:4	Frame alongside 3:7-9’s mutual calls, not in isolation.
54	Fellow heir of grace of life	συγκληρονόμος χάριτος ζωῆς	cohéritier(ère) de la grâce de vie	Low	Christian Identity in Christ	3:7	Reinforces equal standing before God.
55	Humble-minded / humility	ταπεινόφρων / ταπεινοφροσύνη	humble d’esprit / humilité	Medium	Elders and Humility	3:8, 5:5	Anchor term, fuller treatment ch.5.
56	Suffering for righteousness’ sake	πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην	souffrir pour la justice	High	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	3:14	”Justice” risks a social-justice-activism misreading; gloss recommended.
57	Sanctify the Lord Christ	ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν	sanctifiez le Seigneur, le Christ	High	Lordship of Christ	3:15	”Sanctifiez” = “revere as holy,” not “make holy” — avoid category error.
58	Once for sins, righteous for unrighteous	ἅπαξ…δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων	une fois pour toutes…lui juste pour des injustes	Critical	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	3:18	Doctrinally sound; brief catechetical note vs. Mass-repetition confusion advised.
59	Put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit	θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι	mis à mort quant à la chair, rendu vivant quant à l’Esprit	Critical	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	3:18	Preserve interpretive ambiguity of πνεύματι; do not resolve via translation.
60	Proclaimed to spirits in prison	πνεύμασιν ἐν φυλακῇ ἐκήρυξεν	il est allé proclamer aux esprits en prison	Critical	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	3:19-20	Avoid “âmes aux enfers” (imports French Creed/limbo tradition prematurely).
61	Baptism now saves (antitype)	ἀντίτυπον βάπτισμα σῴζει	le baptême…vous sauve aussi	Critical	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits / Salvation	3:21	Always include Peter’s qualifying clause in the same translated unit.
62	Appeal of a good conscience	συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα	une demande / un engagement d’une bonne conscience	High	Salvation	3:21	Rare, disputed term; do not overstate translation certainty.
63	Right hand of God	δεξιὰ θεοῦ	la droite de Dieu	Low	Lordship of Christ	3:22	Stable idiom.

Chapter 4 Terms

#	Term (English)	Greek / Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Citations	Notes / Collision Risk
64	Fellowship in Christ’s sufferings	κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς παθήμασιν	participer aux souffrances du Christ	High	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	4:13	Avoid “communier” (unintended Eucharistic overtone).
65	Gospel preached to the dead	νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη	l’Évangile a été annoncé même aux morts	Critical	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	4:6	Companion to 3:19; avoid purgatoire/second-chance overreading.
66	Christian	Χριστιανός	chrétien	Low	Christian Identity in Christ	4:16	Stable in French, secular and religious usage aligned.
67	Gift (singular)	χάρισμα / charisma	un don	Medium	Spiritual Gifts	4:10	Keep visibly linked to baseline plural “dons spirituels” [REUSE concept].
68	Steward	οἰκονόμος / oikonomos	intendant	Medium	Spiritual Gifts	4:10	Avoid “économe” (monastic-office collision).
69	Fiery trial	πύρωσις / pyrōsis	épreuve de feu	Low	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	4:12	—
70	Faithful Creator	πιστὸς κτίστης	Créateur fidèle	Low	Providence	4:19	Only NT use of κτίστης for God.

Chapter 5 Terms

#	Term (English)	Greek / Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine Link	Citations	Notes / Collision Risk
71	Elder	πρεσβύτερος / presbyteros	ancien	High	Elders and Humility	5:1, 5:5	Established Reformed French term; unfamiliar/clergy-mapped for Catholic readers.
72	Fellow elder	συμπρεσβύτερος	moi aussi, ancien comme eux	Medium	Elders and Humility	5:1	Reinforces collegial self-presentation.
73	Shepherd (verb) / flock	ποιμαίνω / ποίμνιον	paître / le troupeau	Medium	Elders and Humility	5:2	Keep linked to “chief Shepherd” title.
74	Exercise oversight	ἐπισκοπέω / episkopeō	exercer la surveillance / veiller sur	Critical	Elders and Humility	5:2	Never “épiscopat”/“évêque” (anachronistic office collision).
75	Not domineering	κατακυριεύω / katakyrieuō	dominer sur	Medium	Elders and Humility	5:3	Deliberate negative contrast with Christ’s exclusive Lordship.
76	Chief Shepherd	ἀρχιποίμην / archipoimēn	le souverain Berger	Medium	Elders and Humility	5:4	Unique Christological title; keep distinct from human “ancien.”
77	Crown of glory	στέφανος τῆς δόξης	la couronne de gloire	Low	Elders and Humility	5:4	στέφανος = victor’s/festal wreath, not royal diadem.
78	Clothe yourselves with humility	ἐγκομβόομαι ταπεινοφροσύνην	revêtez-vous d’humilité	Medium	Elders and Humility	5:5	Servant’s-apron image largely lost in French; translator’s note recommended.
79	Proud / humble	ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός	orgueilleux / humble	Low	Elders and Humility	5:5	Reinforces grâce-apart-from-merit.
80	Adversary, devil	ἀντίδικος / διάβολος	l’adversaire / le diable	Low	Christlike Endurance	5:8	—
81	Brotherhood	ἀδελφότης / adelphotēs	la communauté des frères et sœurs	Medium	Christian Fellowship	5:9	Avoid bare “fraternité” (secular Republican-motto dilution).
82	Dominion	κράτος / kratos	la domination	Low-Medium	Providence	5:11	Keep distinct from δύναμις θεοῦ / puissance de Dieu [REUSE].
83	Babylon (symbolic)	Βαβυλών	Babylone	Low	—	5:13	Coded reference to Rome; historical note only.
84	Kiss of love	φίλημα ἀγάπης	le baiser d’amour fraternel	Low	Christian Fellowship	5:14	Cultural-custom note, not a rendering difficulty.

Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in 1 Peter (for reference)

Term	French Rendering	Risk	Key 1 Peter Citations
Grace	grâce	High	1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12
Faith	foi	Medium	1:5, 1:7-9, 1:21, 5:9
Salvation	salut	Medium	1:5, 1:9-10, 3:21
Resurrection	résurrection	Medium	1:3, 1:21, 3:21
Lord	Seigneur	High	1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 2:13, 3:15
Holy	saint	Medium	1:15-16, 2:5, 2:9, 3:5
Sanctification	sanctification	Medium	1:2
Church (conceptual, not lexical in 1 Peter)	Église	High	(background concept, 2:9-10, 5:2)
Election	élection (root ἐκλεκτός)	High	1:1, 2:9, 5:13
Glory	gloire	Medium	1:7-8, 1:21, 2:12, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10
God	Dieu	Medium	throughout
Jesus / Christ	Jésus / Christ	Low/Critical	throughout
Holy Spirit	Esprit Saint	Medium	1:2, 1:12
Father	Père	Medium	1:2-3, 1:17
Spiritual gifts	dons spirituels	Medium	4:10 (cf. singular χάρισμα above)
Sin	péché	Medium	2:22, 2:24, 4:1, 4:8
Gentiles/nations	païens	Medium	2:12
Prophet(s)	prophète(s)	Low	1:10-12

Critical Risk Terms

Lamb Without Blemish

Approved rendering: agneau sans défaut et sans tache
Transliteration: amnos amōmos kai aspilos (ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος)
Doctrine: Redemption through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: agneau immaculé (FORBIDDEN)
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Christology

The unblemished Passover/sacrificial lamb requirement (Exodus 12, Leviticus) applied to Christ as the perfect substitutionary sacrifice (1:19). Must retain both qualifiers precisely. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘immaculé’ for either qualifier — this is the unanimous choice of every mainstream French Bible translation surveyed (LSG, S21, TOB, BJ, BDS all converge on ‘sans défaut et sans tache’); enforce, do not innovate.

Holy Priesthood

Approved rendering: sacerdoce saint
Transliteration: hierateuma hagion (ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: peuple de prêtres (loses OT Exodus 19:6 echo)
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον
Category: Church

The corporate priestly identity of all believers, offering spiritual sacrifices through Christ (2:5). ‘Sacerdoce’ overwhelmingly denotes the ordained Catholic ministerial priesthood in ordinary French; Vatican II’s ‘sacerdoce commun des fidèles’ (Lumen Gentium §10) gives Catholic readers a theological home for the phrase, but Protestant/evangelical readers will hear this as the Reformation doctrine of the priesthood of all believers displacing ordained clergy. Retain literally; mandatory human theologian review and explanatory teaching note at every occurrence.

Royal Priesthood

Approved rendering: sacerdoce royal
Transliteration: basileion hierateuma (βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: peuple de prêtres
Original: βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church

The corporate priestly and royal identity of the church, echoing Exodus 19:6 LXX; this is the curriculum’s own doctrine-title phrase. Same collision as ‘sacerdoce saint’, intensified. Requires an explanatory teaching note distinguishing Peter’s corporate, all-believer sense from both the Catholic ordained ministerial priesthood and any individualist ‘no church needed’ over-reading.

Suffered For You

Approved rendering: a souffert pour vous
Transliteration: paschō hyper (πάσχω ὑπέρ)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: a souffert avec vous (loses substitution)
Original: πάσχω ὑπέρ
Category: Christology

Christ’s suffering on behalf of and in the place of believers (2:21), the anchor for Christ’s substitutionary suffering. Preserve the ὑπέρ sense of ‘on behalf of, in the place of’, not merely ‘in solidarity with’.

Bore Sins On Tree

Approved rendering: il a porté…sur le bois
Transliteration: anapherō…epi to xylon (ἀναφέρω…ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: …sur la croix (loses Isaianic resonance)
Original: ἀναφέρω…ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον
Category: Christology

Christ himself bore believers’ sins in his body on the tree, echoing Isaiah 53 (2:24). Retain ‘le bois’, never paraphrase as ‘la croix’, per established French Bible-translation convention preserving the deliberate OT/Isaianic resonance.

Once For Sins Righteous For Unrighteous

Approved rendering: une fois pour toutes…lui juste, pour des injustes
Transliteration: hapax peri hamartiōn epathen…dikaios hyper adikōn (ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν…δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν… δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων
Category: Christology

Christ’s once-for-all substitutionary suffering, the righteous for the unrighteous (3:18), the letter’s clearest statement of vicarious atonement. ‘Une fois pour toutes’ does not itself conflict with Catholic Eucharistic theology (which affirms Christ’s sacrifice as historically unrepeatable and the Mass as a non-repeated re-presentation), but a brief clarifying catechetical note is advisable to prevent an implicit anti-Mass polemic reading.

Put To Death Flesh Made Alive Spirit

Approved rendering: mis à mort quant à la chair, mais rendu vivant quant à l’Esprit
Transliteration: thanatōtheis men sarki, zōopoiētheis de pneumati (θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι)
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: mis à mort…rendu vivant quant à son Esprit (resolves ambiguity, forbidden)
Original: θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι
Category: Christology

The disputed statement that Christ was put to death in the flesh but made alive in/by the spirit (3:18). The referent of πνεύματι (Christ’s own spirit vs. the Holy Spirit) is genuinely disputed among orthodox interpreters; do not add a possessive ‘son Esprit’ or resolve via capitalization. Also the exact verse exploited by the Traduction du Monde Nouveau (Jehovah’s Witnesses) to argue for a non-bodily resurrection; ground bodily resurrection via 1:3 and 1:21 in teaching notes, never by altering this verse’s grammar. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.

Proclaimed To Spirits In Prison

Approved rendering: il est allé proclamer aux esprits en prison
Transliteration: pneumasin en phylakē…poreutheis ekēryxen (πνεύμασιν ἐν φυλακῇ…πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν)
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: âmes aux enfers (FORBIDDEN)
Original: πνεύμασιν ἐν φυλακῇ…πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν
Category: Christology

Christ’s proclamation to the spirits in prison, disobedient in the days of Noah (3:19-20). The French Apostles’ Creed clause ‘est descendu aux enfers’ and the traditional Catholic ‘limbes des Patriarches’ doctrine have historically fused this passage into a specific post-mortem narrative the Greek does not require. Render literally as ‘esprits en prison’, never ‘âmes aux enfers’; do not resolve the disputed referent or timing through translation. Also the primary LDS collision point (posthumous evangelization / proxy baptism doctrine); teaching notes must explicitly foreclose that reading. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.

Baptism Now Saves

Approved rendering: le baptême…vous sauve aussi
Transliteration: antitypos baptisma…sōzei (ἀντίτυπος βάπτισμα…σῴζει)
Doctrine: Baptism and Salvation
Original: ἀντίτυπος βάπτισμα…σῴζει
Category: Salvation

Baptism, as the antitype of the flood, now saves, immediately qualified as not a removal of bodily dirt but an appeal for a good conscience toward God (3:21). Catholic sacramental theology reads this instrumentally (ex opere operato); Baptist/Reformed traditions read it through Peter’s own qualifying clause as a symbolic pledge. Always include the full qualifying clause (‘non comme…mais comme…’) in the same translated sentence/segmentation unit — never truncate the verse at ‘vous sauve’. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.

Gospel Preached To The Dead

Approved rendering: l’Évangile a été annoncé même aux morts
Transliteration: nekrois euēngelisthē (νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη)
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη
Category: Eschatology

The statement that the gospel was preached even to the dead, so that they might live according to God in the spirit (4:6). Companion passage to 3:19, subject to the same interpretive spread. Direct collision risk with French Catholic purgatoire theology and popular posthumous-opportunity notions, and the primary LDS proof-text (with 1 Corinthians 15:29) for vicarious baptism for the dead. Render literally without smoothing toward either a ‘second chance’ or a dismissive reading; teaching notes must explicitly foreclose the LDS soteriological conclusion.

Exercise Oversight

Approved rendering: exercer la surveillance / veiller sur
Transliteration: episkopeō (ἐπισκοπέω)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: épiscopat / évêque (FORBIDDEN — anachronistic office)
Original: ἐπισκοπέω
Category: Church

The elder’s function of exercising watchful oversight over the flock (5:2), same root as 2:25’s ἐπίσκοπος. Must never be rendered with any form of ‘épiscopat’ or ‘évêque’ vocabulary, which would wrongly imply the later, formalized monarchical-bishop office rather than the local congregational elder’s function Peter describes.

High Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Same word used by Catholic and Protestant traditions, but the theology differs: Catholic catechesis ties grâce to sacramental mediation (‘état de grâce’ via confession); Reformed/Segond tradition insists on grâce apart from any ecclesial mediation. Must render as wholly unmerited, per Romans’ contrast with works. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12 — 5:5’s citation of Proverbs 3:34 (‘God gives grace to the humble’) must preserve the apart-from-merit sense.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture

‘Justice de Dieu’ must be read as God’s saving, gift-status righteousness, not human moral virtue. Secular French ‘justice’ primarily denotes the legal system, which risks a purely juridical, retributive reading if not clarified. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 2:24, 3:14, 3:18 — 3:14’s ‘souffrir pour la justice’ additionally risks a contemporary social-justice-activism misreading; see the dedicated new term ‘suffering_for_righteousness_sake’ below.

Saints

Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood

HIGH RISK: ‘les saints’ overwhelmingly evokes canonized saints venerated as intercessors, not the corporate believer sense. Must add a clarifying gloss (‘tous les croyants’) in teaching contexts. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Applies with particular force in 1 Peter given the letter’s repeated corporate holiness calls (1:15-16, 2:5, 2:9).

Lord

Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

‘Seigneur’ carries feudal-historical resonance in French, risking a distant, archaic-title reading rather than a living confession of exclusive Lordship. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 2:13, 3:15, 3:22. At 3:15 (‘sanctifiez le Seigneur, le Christ’) the surrounding verb must be read as ‘revere as holy’, not ‘make holy’.

Church

Approved rendering: Église
Transliteration: Église
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Original: ἐκκλησία (conceptual; term not lexically present, but the referent is the gathered community of 2:9-10, 5:2)
Category: Church

Capitalized ‘l’Église’ strongly denotes the institutional Catholic Church in ordinary usage. Must clarify the body-of-Christ sense distinct from the institution or building. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] 1 Peter never uses the lexical term ἐκκλησία itself; the referent (2:9-10, 5:2) is the local, gathered flock under its elders — care is needed not to import the institutional ‘l’Église’ sense onto this conceptual background.

Election

Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή (root)
Category: Salvation

HIGH RISK, distinctly French: ‘élection’ is the everyday word for political/democratic elections. Background: the Jansenist controversy within French Catholicism itself debated grace and predestination. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:1 (‘elect exiles’), 2:9 (‘a chosen people’), 5:13 — every occurrence requires the same contextual framing as the Romans baseline’s election passages.

Born Again

Approved rendering: nous a fait naître de nouveau
Transliteration: anagennaō (ἀναγεννάω)
Doctrine: New Birth and Regeneration
Rejected alternatives: régénération (bare noun), né(e) de nouveau (bare noun)
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation

God’s sovereign, monergistic act producing new spiritual life (1:3, 1:23), the ground of the living hope. FORBIDDEN: the bare noun ‘régénération’ collapses this into the Catholic catechetical category of baptismal regeneration (CEC §1213); the noun-form evangelical subculture badge ‘né(e) de nouveau’ imports an American-import in-group connotation. Always render as a verb phrase with God as subject.

Living Hope

Approved rendering: espérance vivante
Transliteration: elpis zōsa (ἐλπὶς ζῶσα)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: espoir vivant
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Eschatology

Confident, life-imparting expectation grounded in Christ’s resurrection (1:3), the doctrine-title concept of the core passage. Must use ‘espérance’, the settled theological-virtue term; never ‘espoir’, ordinary uncertain wishing. Anchor of the letter’s deliberate ‘living’ motif (cf. parole vivante 1:23, pierre vivante 2:4-5) — keep ‘vivant/vivante’ visibly consistent across all three occurrences.

Undefiled

Approved rendering: sans souillure
Transliteration: amiantos (ἀμίαντος)
Doctrine: Inheritance and Future Glory
Rejected alternatives: immaculé (FORBIDDEN)
Original: ἀμίαντος
Category: Eschatology

Untouched by defilement, describing the heavenly inheritance (1:4). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘immaculé’, which in French Catholic devotional culture is bound exclusively to the Marian dogma of the Immaculée Conception, an unrelated doctrine that must not be imported into this text about believers’ inheritance.

Revelation

Approved rendering: révélation
Transliteration: apokalypsis / apokalyptō (ἀποκάλυψις / ἀποκαλύπτω)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: Apocalypse (FORBIDDEN)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις / ἀποκαλύπτω
Category: Eschatology

The last-day unveiling of salvation and glory already secured (1:5, 7, 13; 4:13). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘Apocalypse’, which in ordinary French evokes catastrophic end-of-the-world cataclysm and would misdirect readers toward disaster imagery rather than the hopeful unveiling 1 Peter intends.

Elect Exiles Dispersion

Approved rendering: élus, étrangers de passage de la Dispersion
Transliteration: eklektois parepidēmois diasporas (ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς)
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Original: ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς
Category: Church

The letter’s opening self-description of believers as God’s chosen people, temporarily resident aliens scattered like the historic Jewish Dispersion (1:1; cf. 2:11). Given France’s significant Jewish community and the baseline’s existing Israël sensitivity note, this metaphorical extension to Gentile believers must be footnoted as a deliberate Petrine metaphor, not a claim of ethnic replacement.

Foreknowledge

Approved rendering: prescience (de Dieu)
Transliteration: prognōsis (πρόγνωσις)
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: Salvation

God the Father’s prior, purposive knowledge and choice underlying believers’ election (1:2). Sits on the same fault line as ‘élection’ (the historic Jansenist controversy in French Catholicism); route with identical High-risk handling.

Conduct

Approved rendering: conduite
Transliteration: anastrophē (ἀναστροφή)
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: comportement, manière de vivre, vie
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification

One’s whole observable pattern of behavior, a recurring Petrine keyword (1:15, 18; 2:12; 3:1, 2, 16). Must be rendered identically at every occurrence so learners recognize the deliberate repetition; a shifting translation would obscure this structural feature.

Living Stone

Approved rendering: pierre vivante
Transliteration: lithos zōn (λίθος ζῶν)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Church

Christ as a living stone, rejected by men but chosen by God (2:4), and derivatively believers as living stones built into a spiritual house (2:5). Continues the ‘living’ motif and must remain visibly connected in French to ‘espérance vivante’ (1:3) and ‘parole vivante’ (1:23).

Chosen Race People

Approved rendering: peuple élu
Transliteration: genos eklekton (γένος ἐκλεκτόν)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: race élue (FORBIDDEN)
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν
Category: Church

The church’s corporate election as a chosen people, echoing Israel’s OT election language (2:9). Modern French ‘race’ carries fraught 19th-20th century associations and was removed from Article 1 of the French Constitution in 2018; ‘peuple élu’ avoids the collision while preserving the corporate-election sense, clarified as the church’s derivative, not replacing, share in Israel’s election language.

Submit

Approved rendering: se soumettre
Transliteration: hypotassō (ὑποτάσσω)
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Suffering

Voluntary ordering of oneself under another’s authority: civil authorities (2:13), servants to masters (2:18), wives to husbands (3:1, 5), younger to elders (5:5). Contemporary French public discourse (post-#MeToo debates on ‘soumission’, laïque suspicion of religiously grounded hierarchy) makes this vocabulary culturally live; never present standalone — always co-present with Christ’s own suffering-submission pattern (2:21-25) and 3:7’s reciprocal honor.

Shepherd Overseer Of Souls

Approved rendering: le berger et le gardien de vos âmes
Transliteration: poimēn kai episkopos tōn psychōn (ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: évêque (FORBIDDEN — anachronistic office)
Original: ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν
Category: Christology

Christ’s title as Shepherd and Guardian of believers’ souls, to whom they have now returned (2:25). ἐπίσκοπος is the same root that becomes ‘évêque’ in later French ecclesiastical vocabulary; rendering it as ‘évêque’ here would be anachronistic and confusing. Use ‘gardien’ or ‘surveillant’, never ‘évêque’; same caution recurs at 5:2.

Suffering For Righteousness Sake

Approved rendering: souffrir pour la justice
Transliteration: paschein dia dikaiosynēn (πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην)
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην
Category: Suffering

Suffering because one lives rightly before God, blessed rather than feared (3:14). Compounds the baseline’s own High-risk ‘justice’ entry: ‘souffrir pour la justice’ risks being heard through the live contemporary activist register of ‘lutter pour la justice [sociale]’ rather than suffering for righteous conduct before God. A clarifying gloss is required wherever the phrase stands without surrounding context.

Sanctify The Lord Christ

Approved rendering: sanctifiez le Seigneur, le Christ
Transliteration: hagiasate Kyrion ton Christon (ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν
Category: Christology

The call to set apart Christ as Lord in reverence within one’s heart (3:15). ‘Sanctifiez’ here means ‘revere/set apart as holy in your reverence’, not ‘make holy’ — clarify to avoid a category error applying the doctrine of sanctification (appropriate to believers) to Christ himself.

Appeal Of Good Conscience

Approved rendering: une demande / un engagement (d’une bonne conscience)
Transliteration: syneidēseōs agathēs eperōtēma (συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα)
Doctrine: Baptism and Salvation
Original: συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα
Category: Salvation

The rare, disputed term ἐπερώτημα describing baptism as a request, pledge, or appeal to God for a good conscience (3:21). Lexically rare (only NT occurrence) and disputed between ‘appeal/request directed to God’ and ‘pledge/undertaking made to God’; retain the dual gloss rather than forcing a single settled French rendering.

Participation In Christs Sufferings

Approved rendering: participer aux souffrances du Christ
Transliteration: koinōneite tois tou Christou pathēmasin (κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν)
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: communier aux souffrances du Christ (unintended Eucharistic overtone)
Original: κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν
Category: Suffering

Sharing/participating in Christ’s sufferings, cause for rejoicing rather than surprise (4:13). κοινωνέω relates to the baseline’s ‘communion fraternelle’ root; ‘communier’ is heard first as receiving Communion at Mass in French, so ‘participer’ is required in the base text; a teaching note may deliberately draw out the Eucharistic resonance for catechesis if desired.

Elder

Approved rendering: ancien
Transliteration: presbyteros (πρεσβύτερος)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church

An office of recognized spiritual oversight in the local congregation, exhorted to shepherd God’s flock (5:1, 5). ‘Ancien’ is the established French Reformed/Protestant ecclesial term (le conseil des anciens) but has no equivalent lay office in Catholic parish structure (which defaults to prêtre/curé/évêque), risking unfamiliarity or unconscious clergy-mapping for Catholic-background readers. A brief clarifying note on the NT house-church eldership pattern is recommended.

Medium Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

In secular French, ‘la foi’ can drift toward generic religiosity or ‘la religion’ as an institutional label. Must specify personal trust in Christ, not adherence to a religious system. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:5, 1:7-9, 1:21, 5:9 — ties explicitly to unseen trust in the risen Christ.

Salvation

Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation

Stable shared term. Chief risk is Catholic sacramental-economy framing versus Protestant faith-alone framing. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:5, 1:9-10, 3:21 — note 1 Peter’s emphatically future/eschatological emphasis (‘ready to be revealed’, 1:5) alongside Romans’ more presently-realized justification emphasis, so readers do not assume salvation in 1 Peter is purely a past, completed event.

Called

Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité

Context-sensitive; ‘invité’ is too weak (mere invitation, not divine initiative). [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:15 (‘he who called you is holy’), 2:9, 2:21, 3:9, 5:10.

Calling

Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)

Use ‘appel’ for the general believer’s calling; reserve ‘vocation’ with caution given its Catholic clergy/religious-life connotation. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to the general calling doctrine underlying 1 Peter’s election language (1:1-2, 2:9, 5:13).

Holy

Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Set apart for God and morally pure; ‘pur’ alone loses the set-apart sense. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:15-16 (citing Leviticus), 2:5, 2:9, 3:5.

Sanctification

Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification

The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy; ‘purification’ risks a ritual-cleansing reading. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:2, named as one of the three elements of election alongside foreknowledge and obedience.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology

The real risk is secular naturalism flattening ‘résurrection’ into a metaphor rather than a historical, bodily event. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:3, 1:21, 3:21 — the objective ground of the ‘living hope’ and of baptism’s meaning.

Spiritual Gifts

Approved rendering: dons spirituels
Transliteration: dons spirituels
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: talents
Original: χαρίσματα (general category; singular χάρισμα used in 4:10)
Category: Church

Charismatic Catholic renewal and cessationist-leaning traditions read gifts language differently; keep the phrase Spirit-attributed, not natural-talent language. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 4:10-11 as the general category underlying the individual χάρισμα of 4:10; see the new term ‘gift_singular’ below.

Fellowship

Approved rendering: communion fraternelle
Transliteration: communion fraternelle
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: communion (bare)

Bare ‘communion’ is heard first as receiving the Eucharist; qualify with ‘fraternelle’ to convey koinonia/shared life rather than the sacrament. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Distinct from 1 Peter’s own φιλαδελφία term (‘amour fraternel’, see new term ‘brotherly_love’); ‘communion fraternelle’ names the shared-life category, not the affection itself. Also relevant to 4:13’s κοινωνέω, where ‘communier’ must be avoided in favor of ‘participer’.

Sin

Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Colloquial French uses ‘péché’ loosely for minor indulgence (‘péché mignon’), which can trivialize the weight of culpable rebellion against God. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 2:22, 2:24, 4:1, 4:8 — the trivialization risk is especially relevant at 2:24 and 4:1, where the weight of sin-bearing must not be softened.

Gentiles

Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church

‘Païens’ carries a pejorative connotation stronger than the neutral original sense. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 2:12, describing non-believing peoples among whom believers live as sojourners; consider ‘les non-croyants/les nations’ where the missional framing benefits from a less pejorative term.

Glory

Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God

God’s radiant honor and presence; secular ‘gloire’ risks a triumphalist, self-achieved reading. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] 1 Peter’s dense concentration of δόξα language (1:7-8, 21; 2:12; 4:11, 13-14; 5:1, 4, 10) makes consistency across occurrences especially important for the letter’s suffering-then-glory structure.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Original: δύναμις Θεοῦ
Category: God

‘Puissance’ conveys sovereign capability; ‘force’ is too generic/physical. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:5 (guarding believers unto salvation). Must be kept lexically distinct from the separate Greek term κράτος (‘dominion’, 5:11, see new term ‘dominion’); do not merge the two into one French word.

Messiah

Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology

The Anointed One fulfilling OT promise, not one figure among several. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Practical note for 1 Peter: Χριστός in this letter functions primarily as part of the fixed name ‘Jésus-Christ’ or as ‘le Christ’ rather than as a stand-alone title; use ‘le Christ’/‘Christ’ in running text per established French Bible-translation convention (‘Jésus-Christ’, not ‘Jésus Messie’), and reserve ‘Messie’ for explicit messianic-title contexts.

Providence

Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard

18th-century Enlightenment deism used ‘la Providence’ for an impersonal benevolent order; must render as personal, purposive care. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant background doctrine for 1 Peter 1:5, 4:19, 5:11 (see the new terms ‘faithful_creator’ and ‘dominion’).

God

Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God

Secularization risk: ‘Dieu’ is used as a casual interjection and can be treated as an abstract deist concept. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Addressed as Father (1:3) and named as faithful Creator (4:19) throughout 1 Peter.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Segond tradition uses ‘Saint-Esprit’; ecumenical/modern translations prefer ‘Esprit Saint’. Keep consistent within this curriculum. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:2 (the sanctifying agent of election) and 1:12. Distinct from the disputed, non-capitalized ‘esprit’ in 3:18-19, which must be handled per the new term ‘put_to_death_flesh_made_alive_spirit’ below — do not capitalize there in a way that forecloses the interpretive ambiguity.

Father

Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

God as personal Father; no competing deity-name risk in French. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:2-3 (the opening doxology) and 1:17 (the impartial Judge of all people’s deeds).

Covenant

Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat

Relational covenant bond, more than a legal contract. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant background for the OT sacrificial/covenant-ratification imagery underlying 1 Peter 1:2’s ‘sprinkling of blood’ (see new term ‘sprinkling_of_blood’) and 1:19’s Passover-lamb typology.

Mercy

Approved rendering: miséricorde
Transliteration: eleos (ἔλεος)
Doctrine: Divine Mercy
Rejected alternatives: pitié, compassion (too weak)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation

God’s covenant compassion toward the undeserving, the motive-cause of new birth (1:3) and of the church’s formation as a people (2:10). Carries a strong contemporary Catholic devotional overlay (culte de la Divine Miséricorde, Sœur Faustine, Dimanche de la Miséricorde) that could redirect the reader toward that devotional movement rather than God’s covenant character; keep the referent explicitly tied to new birth and the making of a people, not the devotion.

Inheritance

Approved rendering: héritage
Transliteration: klēronomia (κληρονομία)
Doctrine: Inheritance and Future Glory
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Eschatology

The believer’s certain future possession, secured by God, not earned (1:4). Ordinary French ‘héritage’ is dominated by the notarial/financial sense (droits de succession), risking a transactional, this-worldly reading; a clarifying gloss (‘l’héritage que Dieu vous réserve’) is recommended in teaching contexts.

Imperishable

Approved rendering: impérissable
Transliteration: aphthartos (ἄφθαρτος)
Doctrine: Inheritance and Future Glory
Original: ἄφθαρτος
Category: Eschatology

Immune to decay/corruption, describing the inheritance (1:4), the imperishable seed of the new birth (1:23), and inner beauty (3:4). Must be rendered identically at all three occurrences to preserve the recurring motif.

Trial

Approved rendering: épreuves
Transliteration: peirasmos (πειρασμός)
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: tentations (sin-enticement sense)
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Suffering

External testing circumstances proving the genuineness of faith (1:6), distinguished from the sin-enticement sense of the same Greek root elsewhere in the NT. Must be rendered ‘épreuves’; reserve ‘tentations’ for the Lord’s-Prayer-anchored enticement-to-sin sense.

Tested Genuineness

Approved rendering: l’authenticité éprouvée (de votre foi)
Transliteration: dokimion (δοκίμιον)
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Suffering

The metallurgically-derived tested and proven genuineness of faith, more precious than gold refined by fire (1:7). No single French noun captures the assay nuance; the descriptive phrase is the permanent rendering, not a placeholder.

Love

Approved rendering: aimer / amour
Transliteration: agapaō / agapē (ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη)
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Brotherly Love
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Faith

Self-giving devotion to the unseen, risen Christ (1:8) and among believers (1:22; 4:8). French ‘amour’ carries strong secular-romantic connotations that could obscure the self-giving, worship-adjacent sense intended; keep the object (Christ, or fellow believers) explicit in context.

Outcome Goal

Approved rendering: l’aboutissement / le but
Transliteration: telos (τέλος)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: fin (termination sense)
Original: τέλος
Category: Eschatology

The purposeful intended result of faith, namely the salvation of souls (1:9); reused for ‘the end of all things’ (4:7) and the outcome of the gospel for the disobedient (4:17). French ‘fin’ alone risks the ‘termination/cessation’ sense.

Soul

Approved rendering: âme
Transliteration: psychē (ψυχή)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ψυχή
Category: Eschatology

The whole inner person/life, its ultimate deliverance the goal of faith (1:9; also 2:11, 2:25, 3:20, 4:19). French ‘âme’ can carry Cartesian dualist or purely poetic overtones; clarify the referent as the whole person’s salvation, consistent with 1 Peter’s bodily-resurrection framework, not a soul distinct from a body destined for its own resurrection. Also guard against Jehovah’s Witness soul-annihilationist readings that flatten ‘âme’ toward mere ‘person/breathing creature’.

Sprinkling Of Blood

Approved rendering: aspersion du sang (de Jésus-Christ)
Transliteration: rhantismos haimatos Iēsou Christou (ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ)
Doctrine: Redemption through Christ’s Blood
Original: ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology

The OT sacrificial and covenant-ratification image (Exodus 24, Leviticus, Hebrews 9) applied to Christ’s blood, one of the three elements of election alongside foreknowledge and sanctification (1:2). Requires explanatory OT framing for a low-OT-literacy readership.

Redeemed

Approved rendering: racheté
Transliteration: lytroō (λυτρόω)
Doctrine: Redemption through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: sauvé (too generic)
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation

Liberation through a costly payment, a commercial/manumission image applied to deliverance from a futile inherited way of life (1:18). Keep the costly-ransom sense distinct from generic ‘sauvé’.

Purified

Approved rendering: purifier (ses âmes)
Transliteration: hagnizō (ἁγνίζω)
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἁγνίζω
Category: Sanctification

Moral purification of one’s souls through obedience to the truth, producing brotherly love (1:22). Keep a moral/relational sense, not a bare ritual-cleansing reading.

Brotherly Love

Approved rendering: amour fraternel
Transliteration: philadelphia (φιλαδελφία)
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Brotherly Love
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church

Sincere affection among believers flowing from purified souls (1:22). Distinct from the baseline’s ‘communion fraternelle’ (κοινωνία, the shared-life category); φιλαδελφία is the affection itself — keep the two terms distinguishable.

Living Word Of God

Approved rendering: la parole vivante (et permanente) de Dieu
Transliteration: logos zōn kai menōn theou (λόγος ζῶν καὶ μένων Θεοῦ)
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λόγος ζῶν καὶ μένων Θεοῦ
Category: Covenant

The living and abiding word of God through which believers are born again (1:23-25). Part of Peter’s deliberate ‘living’ motif (living hope, living word, living stone); ensure ‘vivant/vivante’ is used consistently for ζῶν across all three occurrences.

Spiritual House

Approved rendering: maison spirituelle
Transliteration: oikos pneumatikos (οἶκος πνευματικός)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church

The corporate body of believers, built as living stones into a spiritual house (2:5). Risk of conflation with the institutional ‘Église’; clarify this is the corporate body as a living temple, not a physical or institutional building.

Holy Nation

Approved rendering: nation sainte
Transliteration: ethnos hagion (ἔθνος ἅγιον)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Church

The church’s corporate holy-nation identity, echoing Exodus 19:6 (2:9). Avoid political/nationalist over-reading; this is a spiritual, not civic-national, category.

Peculiar People Possession

Approved rendering: un peuple que Dieu s’est acquis
Transliteration: laos eis peripoiēsin (λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church

A people specially acquired for God’s own possession (2:9). Keep the sense of God’s own costly acquisition (echoing λυτρόω, chapter 1) rather than passive belonging.

Suffer

Approved rendering: souffrir
Transliteration: paschō (πάσχω)
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πάσχω
Category: Suffering

The central verb of undergoing hardship for doing right, used of both Christ and believers throughout the letter (2:19-20, 23; 3:14, 17; 4:1, 15-16, 19; 5:10). Keep consistent across every occurrence.

Wounds

Approved rendering: blessures / meurtrissures
Transliteration: mōlōps (μώλωψ)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: μώλωψ
Category: Christology

The wounds/welts from Christ’s beating, by which believers have been healed, echoing Isaiah 53:5 (2:24).

Healed

Approved rendering: guéris
Transliteration: iaomai (ἰάομαι)
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἰάομαι
Category: Christology

Healing from sin’s dominion accomplished through Christ’s wounds, echoing Isaiah 53:5 (2:24). Clarify the referent is spiritual healing from sin’s dominion, not a warrant for physical-healing/prosperity-gospel claims live in French charismatic circles (Renouveau charismatique).

Gentle Quiet Spirit

Approved rendering: un esprit doux et paisible
Transliteration: praü kai hēsychion pneuma (πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα)
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification

The gentle and quiet inner disposition Peter commends, particularly to wives, as precious before God (3:4). Requires teaching-context sensitivity given contemporary French debates on gendered submission language; must not be taught as passivity-as-virtue in isolation from 3:7-9’s parallel calls to husbands and to all believers.

Humility

Approved rendering: humble d’esprit / humilité
Transliteration: tapeinophrōn / tapeinophrosynē (ταπεινόφρων / ταπεινοφροσύνη)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ταπεινόφρων / ταπεινοφροσύνη
Category: Sanctification

Humble-mindedness commended to all believers (3:8) and specifically to younger members toward elders (5:5). Anchor term for the Elders and Humility doctrine; must be rendered consistently across 3:8 and 5:5.

Gift Singular

Approved rendering: un don
Transliteration: charisma (χάρισμα)
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church

The individual gift each believer has received from God’s varied grace, to be used in serving others (4:10). Related to but distinct from the baseline’s plural ‘dons spirituels’ (general category); keep ‘don’ (singular) visibly connected to that plural term.

Steward

Approved rendering: intendant
Transliteration: oikonomos (οἰκονόμος)
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Rejected alternatives: économe (FORBIDDEN — monastic/institutional-office collision)
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church

A household manager entrusted with resources not his own, applied to believers as stewards of God’s varied grace (4:10). Avoid ‘économe’, which carries a specific French monastic/institutional-office connotation (the économe of a monastery or school).

Fellow Elder

Approved rendering: moi aussi, ancien comme eux
Transliteration: sympresbyteros (συμπρεσβύτερος)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: συμπρεσβύτερος
Category: Church

Peter’s self-description as a fellow elder alongside those he addresses (5:1). Reinforces Peter’s collegial, non-hierarchical self-presentation.

Shepherd Flock

Approved rendering: paître / le troupeau
Transliteration: poimainō / poimnion (ποιμαίνω / ποίμνιον)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμαίνω / ποίμνιον
Category: Church

The pastoral shepherding image applied to elders’ care of God’s flock (5:2). Keep visually connected to Christ’s own title ‘chief Shepherd’.

Not Domineering

Approved rendering: dominer sur
Transliteration: katakyrieuō (κατακυριεύω)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Church

The negative prohibition against elders lording it over those in their charge (5:3), sharing the κύριος root with ‘Seigneur’. The contrast with Christ’s own exclusive Lordship should be preserved in teaching notes.

Chief Shepherd

Approved rendering: le souverain Berger
Transliteration: archipoimēn (ἀρχιποίμην)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: berger en chef
Original: ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Christology

Christ’s unique title as chief Shepherd, who will reward faithful elders (5:4). Keep visually distinguished in French from the human ‘ancien’/shepherd-elders it addresses, preserving the accountability structure.

Clothe With Humility

Approved rendering: revêtez-vous d’humilité
Transliteration: enkomboomai tapeinophrosynēn (ἐγκομβόομαι ταπεινοφροσύνην)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἐγκομβόομαι ταπεινοφροσύνην
Category: Sanctification

The vivid image of tying on humility like a slave’s work-apron (5:5). The specific ‘servant’s apron’ image is largely lost in a generic French ‘revêtir’; a translator’s note preserving the vivid servant-garment picture is recommended for teaching use.

Brotherhood

Approved rendering: la communauté des frères et sœurs
Transliteration: adelphotēs (ἀδελφότης)
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Brotherly Love
Rejected alternatives: fraternité (bare, secular Republican-motto dilution)
Original: ἀδελφότης
Category: Church

The worldwide community of believers experiencing the same kinds of suffering (5:9). Bare ‘fraternité’ risks dilution toward the secular French Republican motto (‘Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité’) rather than specifically Christian solidarity.

Dominion

Approved rendering: la domination
Transliteration: kratos (κράτος)
Doctrine: Providence and the Faithful Creator
Rejected alternatives: puissance (would merge with δύναμις)
Original: κράτος
Category: God

God’s dominion/might, ascribed to him forever in the closing doxology (5:11), a distinct Greek root from δύναμις. Recommend ‘domination’ rather than reusing ‘puissance’, to keep κράτος lexically distinct from the already-established ‘puissance de Dieu’ (δύναμις).

Low Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζω
Category: Salvation

Shared, stable term across Catholic and Protestant French Bibles (Segond, TOB, Bible de Jérusalem). Low risk; ‘bonne nouvelle’ is acceptable as a plain-language gloss but not a substitute in doctrinal text. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:12, 1:25, 4:6, 4:17 — keep ‘Évangile’ stable across both ordinary proclamation and the disputed 4:6 ‘preached to the dead’ passage.

Apostle

Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship

Stable, shared term across all French Bible traditions. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:1, Peter’s self-designation.

Peace

Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation

Relational peace with God, not merely psychological calm. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 5:14, the closing benediction.

Prophet

Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant

God’s spokesperson; avoid ‘voyant’ (fortune-teller connotation). [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:10-12, the prophets who searched and inquired about the salvation to come.

Prophecy

Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία (implied; cf. προεμαρτύρατο, 1:11)
Category: Covenant

God-inspired declaration, not astrological prediction. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 1:11-12, testified beforehand by the Spirit of Christ in the prophets.

Jesus

Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Stable across all French traditions; no live alternative-name controversy. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] The proper name of the Son of God, consistently paired with Χριστός across 1 Peter.

Exhort

Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification

Context-sensitive: use ‘supplier’ for beseeching; ‘exhorter/encourager’ for building up. [Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly.] Relevant to 1 Peter 5:1, 12, where Peter frames his letter as exhortation to the elders and the wider church.

Unfading

Approved rendering: qui ne se flétrit pas
Transliteration: amarantos (ἀμάραντος)
Doctrine: Inheritance and Future Glory
Rejected alternatives: inaltérable
Original: ἀμάραντος
Category: Eschatology

Permanent, never withering (1:4); related ἀμαράντινος describes the elders’ unfading crown (5:4). Keep visibly related to that later occurrence for readers to perceive the shared image.

Guarded Kept

Approved rendering: gardés / réservés
Transliteration: phroureō / tēreō (φρουρέω / τηρέω)
Doctrine: Assurance and Perseverance
Original: φρουρέω / τηρέω
Category: Eschatology

Protective custody: the inheritance is kept in heaven (τηρέω, 1:4) and believers are guarded by God’s power (φρουρέω, 1:5). The military garrison-duty nuance of φρουρέω is a translator’s-note enrichment only.

Last Time

Approved rendering: le temps de la fin
Transliteration: kairos eschatos (καιρὸς ἔσχατος)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: καιρὸς ἔσχατος
Category: Eschatology

The appointed eschatological moment of salvation’s unveiling (1:5).

Rejoice Exult

Approved rendering: exulter / se réjouir vivement
Transliteration: agalliaō (ἀγαλλιάω)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: se réjouir (too weak)
Original: ἀγαλλιάω
Category: Faith

Intensive, exultant rejoicing appropriate to a certain future inheritance, even amid trial (1:6, 8; 4:13).

Tested By Fire

Approved rendering: éprouvé (par le feu)
Transliteration: dokimazō (δοκιμάζω)
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκιμάζω
Category: Suffering

To refine and prove genuine through testing, as gold through fire (1:7).

Praise

Approved rendering: louange
Transliteration: epainos (ἔπαινος)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔπαινος
Category: Eschatology

Commendation received at Christ’s revelation, alongside glory and honor, for tested faith (1:7).

Honor

Approved rendering: honneur
Transliteration: timē (τιμή)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: τιμή
Category: Eschatology

Esteem accompanying tested faith’s outcome (1:7); reappears as ἔντιμος (2:7) and in husbands honoring wives (3:7). Stable across occurrences.

Inexpressible Joy

Approved rendering: joie inexprimable
Transliteration: chara aneklalētos (χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος
Category: Faith

Joy that cannot be put into words, glorified, accompanying love for the unseen Christ (1:8).

Filled With Glory

Approved rendering: remplie de gloire
Transliteration: dedoxasmenē (δεδοξασμένη)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: δεδοξασμένη
Category: God

Perfect-passive participle describing the joy that accompanies faith in Christ as already glorified (1:8). Shares the δόξα/gloire root; keep visibly connected.

Imperishable Seed

Approved rendering: semence impérissable
Transliteration: spora aphthartos (σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος)
Doctrine: New Birth and Regeneration
Original: σπορὰ ἄφθαρτος
Category: Salvation

The imperishable seed of the word of God, agent of the new birth (1:23). Part of the letter’s deliberate ‘living’ motif cluster; keep ‘impérissable’ consistent with its other occurrences.

Cornerstone

Approved rendering: pierre angulaire
Transliteration: akrogōniaios (ἀκρογωνιαῖος)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: ἀκρογωνιαῖος
Category: Christology

The chosen and precious cornerstone/capstone laid by God, i.e., Christ (2:6). Stable French idiom, also used secularly, doctrinally appropriate here.

Stone Of Stumbling

Approved rendering: pierre d’achoppement
Transliteration: lithos proskommatos (λίθος προσκόμματος)
Doctrine: Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος προσκόμματος
Category: Christology

The stone over which the disobedient stumble, i.e., Christ rejected (2:8). Established French idiom.

Fellow Heir Grace Of Life

Approved rendering: cohéritier(ère) de la grâce de vie
Transliteration: sygklēronomos charitos zōēs (συγκληρονόμος χάριτος ζωῆς)
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Suffering
Original: συγκληρονόμος χάριτος ζωῆς
Category: Church

Wives as equal heirs with their husbands of the grace of life (3:7). Reinforces equal standing before God (echoing κληρονομία, 1:4, and χάρις).

Right Hand Of God

Approved rendering: la droite de Dieu
Transliteration: dexia theou (δεξιὰ Θεοῦ)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: δεξιὰ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology

The position of exaltation and authority Christ now holds, having gone into heaven (3:22). Stable idiom of exaltation/authority across French Bible traditions.

Christian

Approved rendering: chrétien
Transliteration: Christianos (Χριστιανός)
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Suffering
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Church

The believer’s identity label if suffering as such, a term of reproach not to bring shame (4:16). Fully stable, secular and religious French usage aligned.

Fiery Trial

Approved rendering: épreuve de feu
Transliteration: pyrōsis (πύρωσις)
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πύρωσις
Category: Suffering

The fiery ordeal of persecution testing believers (4:12), not to be regarded as something strange. Links back to 1:7’s metallurgical dokimion image.

Faithful Creator

Approved rendering: Créateur fidèle
Transliteration: pistos ktistēs (πιστὸς κτίστης)
Doctrine: Providence and the Faithful Creator
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God

God as faithful Creator, to whom suffering believers entrust their souls while doing good (4:19), the only NT use of κτίστης for God.

Crown Of Glory

Approved rendering: la couronne de gloire
Transliteration: stephanos tēs doxēs (στέφανος τῆς δόξης)
Doctrine: Assurance and Perseverance
Original: στέφανος τῆς δόξης
Category: Eschatology

The unfading victor’s/festal wreath awarded to faithful elders by the chief Shepherd (5:4). στέφανος denotes a victor’s or festal wreath, not a royal diadem (διάδημα); French ‘couronne’ does not force a royal-only reading.

Proud Humble

Approved rendering: orgueilleux / humble
Transliteration: hyperēphanos / tapeinos (ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός)
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ὑπερήφανος / ταπεινός
Category: Sanctification

Contrast of the proud and the humble, citing Proverbs 3:34: God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (5:5). Reinforces the baseline’s grace-apart-from-merit emphasis.

Adversary Devil

Approved rendering: l’adversaire / le diable
Transliteration: antidikos / diabolos (ἀντίδικος / διάβολος)
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἀντίδικος / διάβολος
Category: Suffering

The devil described as a roaring lion seeking to devour believers (5:8). Framing must maintain the letter’s call to active, alert resistance rather than passive fatalism.

Babylon

Approved rendering: Babylone
Transliteration: Babylōn (Βαβυλών)
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Brotherly Love
Original: Βαβυλών
Category: Church

A coded reference to Rome, the place of writing (5:13). Flag for reviewers only as a historical/symbolic identification note, not a translation difficulty.

Kiss Of Love

Approved rendering: le baiser d’amour fraternel
Transliteration: philēma agapēs (φίλημα ἀγάπης)
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Brotherly Love
Original: φίλημα ἀγάπης
Category: Church

The culturally-specific ‘holy kiss’ greeting closing the letter (5:14; cf. Romans 16:16). Requires a brief cultural note (ancient Mediterranean greeting custom, not a romantic gesture) but no rendering difficulty.

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