Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Haggai — English → French
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning both chapters of Haggai. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [REUSED] and their French rendering is not altered. New terms required for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the appropriate risk tier, pending Phase 2 sign-off.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonconventions) - Status: REUSED (baseline term, rendering enforced exactly) / NEW (curriculum-specific, proposed rendering)
Master Glossary Table
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek | French Rendering | Risk | Status | Doctrine(s) | Key Passages | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (YHWH) | יְהוָה (YHWH) | κύριος | le SEIGNEUR (small caps) | Critical | NEW | Presence and Spirit of God | 1:1,2,3,5,7,8,9,12,13; 2:1,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,17,20,21,23 (throughout) | Must be orthographically distinguished from “Seigneur” (Adonai/NT Christ-title, baseline term lord). Three-way French tradition split (Segond “l’Éternel” / Jérusalem “Yahvé” / TOB “le SEIGNEUR”); this curriculum adopts TOB convention for baseline register consistency. |
| 2 | LORD of hosts | יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת (YHWH tseva’ot) | κύριος παντοκράτωρ | le SEIGNEUR des armées | Critical | NEW | Presence and Spirit of God | 1:2,5,7,9,14; 2:4,6,7,8,9,11,23 | Compounds risk #1; keep rendering fixed across every occurrence — do not alternate with Segond/Jérusalem forms mid-document. |
| 3 | word of the LORD | דְּבַר־יְהוָה | λόγος κυρίου | la parole du SEIGNEUR | High | NEW | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:1,3; 2:1,10,20 | Introduces all four oracles; risk is inherited from #1, phrase itself stable. |
| 4 | prophet | נָבִיא (navi) | προφήτης | prophète | Low | REUSED | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:1,3,12; 2:1,10,20 | Baseline bible_term_registry.json term reused exactly. |
| 5 | governor | פֶּחָה (peḥah) | ἄρχων (varies) | gouverneur | Low-Medium | NEW | — | 1:1,14; 2:2,21 | Persian imperial provincial title; brief historical note recommended for teaching. |
| 6 | high priest | הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל | ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας | grand prêtre | High | NEW | Priesthood typology | 1:1,12,14; 2:2,4 | Catholic ordained-clergy association risk; frame as OT type fulfilled in Christ’s priesthood (Hebrews) in teaching notes. |
| 7 | house (temple) | בַּיִת (bayit) | οἶκος | maison (du SEIGNEUR) | Medium | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 1:2,4,8,9(x2); 2:3,7,9,18 | Distinguish from heikhal/“temple” (#8); central term of the “Self-Interest” doctrine’s private-house/God’s-house contrast. |
| 8 | temple (grander term) | הֵיכָל (heikhal) | ναός | temple | Low-Medium | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:15,18 | Connotes palace-grandeur; related to but distinct from #7. |
| 9 | ceiled/paneled houses | בָּתִּים סְפֻנִים | οἴκοις κεδρίνοις | maisons lambrissées | Medium | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 1:4 | Wealth/comfort marker; risk is loss of connotation for modern readers. |
| 10 | house lying waste / drought (wordplay) | חָרֵב / חֹרֶב (ḥarev / ḥoreb) | ἐξηρημωμένος / ξηρασία | en ruine / sécheresse | Medium | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest; Obedience and Blessing | 1:4,9,11 | Deliberate Hebrew pun (same root) unreproducible in French; footnote recommended. |
| 11 | Consider your ways | שִׂימוּ לְבַבְכֶם עַל־דַּרְכֵיכֶם | θέσθε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν… | Prenez à cœur vos voies | Medium | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 1:5,7 (cf. 2:15,18 shorter form) | Heart-level self-examination idiom, not casual reconsideration; rejected: “Pensez-y” (too weak). |
| 12 | bag with holes | צְרוֹר נָקוּב | βαλλάντιον διατετρημένον | une bourse trouée | Low | NEW | Obedience and Blessing (inverse) | 1:6 | Deuteronomic covenant-curse catalogue imagery. |
| 13 | take pleasure in / be pleased | רָצָה (ratsah) | εὐδοκέω | j’y prendrai plaisir / agréer | Low-Medium | NEW | Obedience and Blessing | 1:8 | Covenant-acceptance/sacrifice-acceptance language. |
| 14 | glory | כָּבוֹד (kavod) | δόξα | gloire | High (curriculum-specific; baseline: Medium) | REUSED | Coming Glory of the Temple; Deity of Christ (NT trajectory) | 1:8; 2:3,7,9 | Elevated risk here vs. baseline because it names one of the four core curriculum doctrines; NT fulfillment trajectory (John 1:14; Hebrews) must be taught, not imported into the OT translation itself. |
| 15 | I did blow upon it | נָפַחְתִּי בוֹ | ἐξεφύσησα | j’ai soufflé dessus | Low-Medium | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 1:9 | Retain divine agency; avoid passive-sounding French idiom. |
| 16 | drought | חֹרֶב (ḥoreb) | ξηρασία | sécheresse | Medium | NEW | Obedience and Blessing (inverse) | 1:11 | See #10 wordplay note. |
| 17 | labor of the hands | יְגִיעַ כַּפָּיִם | κόποι τῶν χειρῶν | le travail / labeur de leurs mains | Low | NEW | Obedience and Blessing | 1:11 | — |
| 18 | remnant | שְׁאָר (she’ar) | κατάλοιπος | le reste | Medium | NEW | Divine Calling (adjacent) | 1:12,14; 2:2 | Resonant with Romans 9-11 remnant theology already implicit in baseline israel/election doctrines. |
| 19 | obeyed the voice | שָׁמְעוּ בְּקוֹל | ὑπήκουσαν τῆς φωνῆς | obéirent à la voix | Low-Medium | NEW | Obedience and Blessing | 1:12 | Ties to baseline doctrine obedience_of_faith. |
| 20 | feared (before the LORD) | יָרְאוּ (yare’u) | ἐφοβήθη | craindre / la crainte (du SEIGNEUR) | Medium | NEW | Obedience and Blessing | 1:12 | Reverential awe, not literal fright. |
| 21 | I am with you (presence formula) | אֲנִי אִתְּכֶם | ἐγὼ μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν | je suis avec vous | Medium-High | NEW | Presence and Spirit of God | 1:13; 2:4 | Central to core doctrine; theologically continuous with Immanuel/Great Commission promises. |
| 22 | stirred up (spirit) | הֵעִיר אֶת־רוּחַ | ἐξήγειρεν τὸ πνεῦμα | réveilla l’esprit de | Medium | NEW | Presence and Spirit of God; Providence (adjacent) | 1:14 | Divine causation activating human obedience; connects to baseline providence doctrine. |
| 23 | spirit (human disposition) | רוּחַ (ruach) | πνεῦμα | l’esprit de (minuscule) | Medium | NEW | — | 1:14 | Contrast carefully with #24 (divine Spirit, capitalized). |
| 24 | my Spirit (divine presence) | רוּחִי (ruchi) | τὸ πνεῦμά μου | mon Esprit (majuscule) | Medium-High | NEW | Presence and Spirit of God | 2:5 | Conceptually continuous with baseline holy_spirit (Esprit Saint) without overclaiming full NT Trinitarian articulation in the OT clause itself. |
| 25 | the LORD’s messenger | מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה | ἄγγελος κυρίου | le messager du SEIGNEUR | Medium | NEW | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:13 | Must render “messager,” never “ange,” re: Haggai’s human office. |
| 26 | work (on the house) | מְלָאכָה (melakhah) | ἔργον | l’ouvrage / le travail | Low | NEW | Obedience and Blessing | 1:14 | — |
| 27 | be strong | חֲזַק (chazaq) | ἴσχυε | sois fort / fortifiez-vous | Medium | NEW | Obedience and Blessing; Presence of God | 2:4 | Covenantal courage formula (cf. Joshua 1). |
| 28 | shake (heavens/earth/nations) | רָעַשׁ (ra’ash) | σείω | ébranler | Medium-High | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:6,7,21 | Cosmic-eschatological force (cf. Hebrews 12:26-27), not mere political instability. |
| 29 | desire of all nations | חֶמְדַּת כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם | τὰ ἐκλεκτὰ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν | les trésors de toutes les nations | Critical | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:7 | Contested clause; rejected primary alternative: “le désiré des nations” (messianic-personal reading, grammatically strained but historically influential). Requires theologian briefing. |
| 30 | silver/gold are mine | לִי הַכֶּסֶף וְלִי הַזָּהָב | ἐμὸν τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ τὸ χρυσίον | l’argent est à moi, l’or est à moi | Low-Medium | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:8 | Divine ownership/sovereignty over resources. |
| 31 | peace | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | εἰρήνη | paix | Low | REUSED | Peace with God (adjacent) | 2:9 | Baseline term reused exactly. |
| 32 | law / instruction (priestly ruling) | תּוֹרָה (torah) | νόμος | loi | Medium-High | REUSED (narrower sense flagged) | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 2:11 | Baseline reserves “loi/la Loi” for Mosaic Law generally; here a narrower priestly-ruling sense — flag distinction in teaching notes. |
| 33 | priest | כֹּהֵן (kohen) | ἱερεύς | prêtre | High | NEW | Priesthood typology | 2:11,12,13 | See #6; recurring Catholic-clergy association risk. |
| 34 | holy | קֹדֶשׁ (qodesh) | ἅγιον | saint | High | REUSED | Sanctification (adjacent) | 2:12 | Baseline term reused; here illustrates non-transmission of holiness by mere contact — do not generalize into a statement about grace’s mechanism. |
| 35 | unclean | טָמֵא (tame) | ἀκάθαρτος | impur | High | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 2:13,14 | Illustrates contamination of worship by persistent disobedience. |
| 36 | nation (ironic self-reference) | גּוֹי (goy) | ἔθνος | nation | Medium | NEW | God’s House vs Self-Interest | 2:14 | Deliberate rhetorical shock (Israel called by the term normally reserved for outsiders); distinguish from ordinary sense (#37). |
| 37 | nations (gentile, ordinary sense) | גּוֹיִם (goyim) | ἔθνη | nations / païens (context-dependent) | Medium | REUSED | Unity of Jews and Gentiles (adjacent) | 2:7,22 | Baseline caution against pejorative drift of “païens” applies; prefer “les nations” in eschatological-military contexts. |
| 38 | blasting, mildew, hail | שִׁדָּפוֹן, יֵרָקוֹן, בָּרָד | ἀνεμοφθορία, ἴκτερος, χάλαζα | la rouille, la nielle et la grêle | Low | NEW | Obedience and Blessing (inverse) | 2:17 | Deuteronomic covenant-curse agricultural terms. |
| 39 | foundation… laid | יֻסַּד (yusad) | ἐθεμελιώθη | poser les fondations / fut fondé | Low-Medium | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:18 | Historical turning point marker. |
| 40 | bless / blessing | בָּרַךְ (barakh) | εὐλογέω | bénir / bénédiction | Medium | NEW | Obedience and Blessing | 2:19 | Not in Romans baseline (only grace/thanksgiving present); establish this rendering as fixed for the curriculum going forward. |
| 41 | overthrow the throne of kingdoms | הָפַכְתִּי כִּסֵּא מַמְלָכוֹת | καταστρέψω θρόνους | je renverserai le trône des royaumes | Medium | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:22 | Eschatological “Day of the LORD” judgment pattern. |
| 42 | in that day | בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא | ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ | en ce jour-là | Medium | NEW | Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:23 | Technical prophetic-eschatological marker, not an ordinary time reference. |
| 43 | signet | חוֹתָם (chotam) | σφραγίς | sceau | High | NEW | Davidic Covenant (adjacent); Coming Glory of the Temple | 2:23 | Reverses Jehoiachin’s signet-curse (Jer 22:24); Davidic-messianic typological trajectory to Christ (Matt 1:12-13). |
| 44 | chosen | בָּחַרְתִּי (bacharti) | ἐξελεξάμην | choisi | Medium | NEW (verb form of baseline noun) | Effectual Calling (adjacent) | 2:23 | Verb form of baseline election/“élection”; less culturally charged than the noun but same underlying doctrine. |
| 45 | servant | עֶבֶד (eved) | δοῦλος / παῖς | serviteur | Medium | NEW | Davidic Covenant (adjacent) | 2:23 | Royal-messianic servant motif. |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 | LORD (YHWH), LORD of hosts, desire of all nations |
| High | 8 | word of the LORD, high priest, glory, priest, holy, unclean, signet, (curriculum-elevated glory counted once above) |
| Medium/Medium-High | 24 | Majority of remaining new terms |
| Low/Low-Medium | 10 | Economic imagery, historical markers, stable reused terms |
| Total terms catalogued | 45 | Spanning both chapters of Haggai in full |
| Reused from baseline exactly | 6 | prophète, gloire (elevated risk noted), paix, loi (narrower sense flagged), saint, païens/nations |
| New terms proposed for translation memory | 39 | Pending Phase 2 confirmation and version increment |
Coverage confirmation: All load-bearing terms from Haggai 1:1–2:23 are represented above; no chapter or oracular unit was found to contribute zero new vocabulary. The single largest structural risk for this curriculum is the divine-name rendering (#1–2), which recurs in nearly every verse and must be resolved and fixed in translation_memory.json before any Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
Inherited from Romans package. Used only in teaching-note bridges connecting Haggai 2:23’s signet oracle and Davidic restoration to Christ’s fulfillment (Matthew 1:12-13); never inserted into the OT translation of Haggai itself.
Lord Yhwh
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: le SEIGNEUR
Doctrine: The Divine Name (YHWH) and God’s Sovereign Identity
Rejected alternatives: l’Éternel (Segond register), Yahvé (Bible de Jérusalem, opaque to unchurched readers), Seigneur, regular case (would collapse into the NT Christ-title)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW. Small caps mandatory wherever typography permits. Occurs dozens of times throughout Haggai (1:1,2,3,5,7,8,9,12,13; 2:1,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,17,20,21,23). Must never visually merge with baseline ‘Seigneur’ (regular case, Christ’s NT confessional title, Romans 10:9). This is the single highest-priority typographic enforcement rule in the entire curriculum.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR des armées
Transliteration: le SEIGNEUR des armées
Doctrine: The Divine Name (YHWH) and God’s Sovereign Identity
Rejected alternatives: l’Éternel des armées (Segond, wrong register for this curriculum), Yahvé Sabaot (Bible de Jérusalem, transliterates rather than translates, opaque)
Original: יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
NEW. Compounds the divine-name risk above. Recurs as the book’s near-constant oracular refrain (1:2,5,7,9,14; 2:4,6,7,8,9,11,23). Fix this rendering across every occurrence; never alternate mid-document.
Desire Of Nations
Approved rendering: les trésors de toutes les nations
Transliteration: les trésors de toutes les nations
Doctrine: The Coming Glory of the Temple
Rejected alternatives: le désiré des nations (grammatically strained singular-personal messianic reading, historically influential in English devotional tradition but rejected as the primary French rendering), celui que désirent toutes les nations
Original: חֶמְדַּת כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Haggai 2:7. CRITICAL: the Hebrew construct is grammatically plural/material (‘the desirable/precious things of all the nations’), not the KJV-derived singular-sounding personal-messianic reading. Mandatory theologian briefing wherever this clause is taught, so the correct grammatical rendering is not mistaken for a doctrinal downgrade. A textually secure NT typological point (Christ as fulfillment of the temple’s glory, John 1:14/Hebrews) can still be taught without requiring this specific clause to carry that freight.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace / Obedience and Blessing
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Inherited from Romans package. Applied in this curriculum as a safeguard against Haggai 2:19’s obedience-blessing causal claim (‘from this day I will bless you’) being read as a Catholic merit-framework or a prosperity-gospel transactional formula; blessing must remain grace-enabled covenant response, not merit purchasing favor.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification / Priesthood and Ritual Purity Typology
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: קֹדֶשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. In Haggai 2:12, this term illustrates the ASYMMETRY of contagion (holiness does not transmit by mere contact, unlike uncleanness at 2:13-14) — must not be taught as a general statement about how grace or holiness spreads, which reverses the baseline’s typical positive-sanctification emphasis.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Inherited from Romans package EXACTLY, regular case. CRITICAL FENCE: this rendering is reserved exclusively for the NT confessional title of Christ. It must NEVER be used to render YHWH in Haggai; see ‘lord_yhwh’ below, which is orthographically distinct (small caps ‘le SEIGNEUR’). Any segment where this distinction is not visually explicit must be flagged.
Church
Approved rendering: Église
Transliteration: Église
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Inherited from Romans package. FENCING RULE for this curriculum: ‘Église’ must NEVER be substituted for ‘maison (du SEIGNEUR)’ or ‘temple’ when translating Haggai’s OT Jerusalem-temple references. The referent is the pre-Christian Second Temple, not the NT ekklēsia.
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (Mosaic Law, general sense). See ‘law_torah_ruling’ below for Haggai 2:11’s narrower priestly-case-ruling sense, which must be flagged distinct from this general referent.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: The Coming Glory of the Temple
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; rendering unchanged, but RISK ELEVATED to High for this curriculum (baseline Romans risk: Medium) because ‘gloire’ names one of Haggai’s four core doctrines (1:8; 2:3,7,9). NT fulfillment trajectory (John 1:14; Hebrews) must be taught in commentary layers only, never imported into the OT clause itself. Secular French usage (‘la gloire médiatique’, military glory) risks a triumphalist, self-achieved misreading.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obéissance de la foi
Transliteration: obéissance de la foi
Doctrine: Obedience and Blessing
Rejected alternatives: devoir religieux
Inherited from Romans package. Ties to Haggai 1:12’s ‘obeyed the voice’ (see ‘obeyed_the_voice’ below): obedience flowing from reverent trust in the prophetic word, not merit-earning compliance or a Tridentine ‘faith formed by love’ condition.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Election and God’s Sovereign Choice
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Inherited from Romans package. Contrast with the new verb-form entry ‘chosen’/‘choisi’ (Haggai 2:23) below, which is less culturally charged than this noun (which collides with French political-election usage) but carries the same underlying doctrine: sovereign, gracious divine choice, not a competitive or merit-based selection.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: la parole du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: la parole du SEIGNEUR
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority
Rejected alternatives: la parole du Seigneur (regular case — forbidden)
Original: דְּבַר־יְהוָה
Category: Covenant
NEW. Introduces all four of Haggai’s oracles (1:1,3; 2:1,10,20). Risk is entirely inherited from the YHWH-naming decision above; the phrase’s grammatical form is otherwise stable.
High Priest
Approved rendering: grand prêtre
Transliteration: grand prêtre
Doctrine: Priesthood and Ritual Purity Typology
Original: הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל
Category: Church
NEW. Joshua’s office (1:1,12,14; 2:2,4). Contemporary French ‘prêtre’ carries strong Catholic ordained-clergy associations; must be framed in teaching notes as an OT cultic office, typologically fulfilled in Christ’s unique priesthood (Hebrews), not a template for the contemporary ordained priesthood.
I Am With You
Approved rendering: je suis avec vous
Transliteration: je suis avec vous
Doctrine: The Presence and Spirit of God with His People
Original: אֲנִי אִתְּכֶם
Category: God
NEW. Haggai 1:13; 2:4. The presence formula — personal, active divine accompaniment, not abstract general benevolence. Theologically continuous with Immanuel (Matt 1:23) and the Great Commission promise (Matt 28:20); this NT bridge belongs in teaching notes only, never overclaimed in the OT translation itself.
My Spirit Divine
Approved rendering: mon Esprit
Transliteration: mon Esprit
Doctrine: The Presence and Spirit of God with His People
Original: רוּחִי
Category: God
NEW. Haggai 2:5. MUST be capitalized (majuscule) — the divine referent. Sharply distinguish from lowercase ‘l’esprit de’ (spirit_human, 1:14). Conceptually continuous with baseline holy_spirit (‘Esprit Saint’) without overclaiming full NT Trinitarian articulation in this OT clause; the bridge belongs in teaching notes only.
Shake
Approved rendering: ébranler
Transliteration: ébranler
Doctrine: The Day of the LORD and Eschatological Shaking
Original: רָעַשׁ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Haggai 2:6, 7, 21. Must retain cosmic-eschatological force (cited in Hebrews 12:26-27 as pointing to a final unshakeable kingdom), not read as mere political instability. France’s own revolutionary political vocabulary (‘renverser un trône/un régime’) creates a specific flattening risk toward ordinary geopolitical commentary.
Law Torah Ruling
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi
Doctrine: Priesthood and Ritual Purity Typology
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
NEW (narrower sense of the inherited baseline ‘law’ entry). Haggai 2:11: a specific priestly case-ruling sought by the prophet, NOT the whole Pentateuchal corpus. Must be flagged explicitly distinct from the baseline’s general Mosaic-Law referent so readers do not assume the entire legal corpus is under discussion when a single ritual-purity ruling is meant.
Priest
Approved rendering: prêtre
Transliteration: prêtre
Doctrine: Priesthood and Ritual Purity Typology
Original: כֹּהֵן
Category: Church
NEW. Haggai 2:11, 12, 13. Same Catholic ordained-clergy association risk as ‘high_priest’ above; frame as an OT cultic office typologically fulfilled in Christ (Hebrews), never a template for the contemporary ordained priesthood.
Unclean
Approved rendering: impur
Transliteration: impur
Doctrine: Priesthood and Ritual Purity Typology
Original: טָמֵא
Category: Sin
NEW. Haggai 2:13, 14. By contrast with ‘holy’ (non-transmissible), uncleanness DOES transmit by contact — the illustration’s punch line applied to the people themselves. Must be taught as an illustration of the defiling effect of persistent disobedience on worship, not a treatise on the ongoing ritual-purity law’s validity today.
Signet
Approved rendering: sceau
Transliteration: sceau
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Restoration and Messianic Hope
Original: חוֹתָם
Category: Christology
NEW. Haggai 2:23. Reverses the curse pronounced on Jehoiachin as a discarded signet ring (Jeremiah 22:24); a Davidic-line restoration with messianic-typological trajectory (Zerubbabel’s line leads to Jesus per Matthew 1:12-13). Rendering or teaching this as merely decorative/administrative loses the book’s climactic point entirely; must always be paired with the Jeremiah 22:24 cross-reference in teaching material.
Medium Risk Terms
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Inherited from Romans package. Background doctrine for Haggai’s priesthood/purity typology; not itself a lexeme occurring in the Haggai text but required in teaching-note commentary.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission / The Day of the LORD and Eschatological Shaking
Inherited from Romans package. Used in teaching-note bridges to Hebrews 12:26-27’s citation of Haggai 2:6 as pointing toward a final, unshakeable kingdom.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Inherited from Romans package. In this curriculum, prefer ‘les nations’ over ‘païens’ in Haggai’s eschatological-military contexts (2:7, 2:22); see ‘nations_gentile’ below.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Restoration and Messianic Hope
Inherited from Romans package. Used only in teaching-note bridges to Haggai 2:23’s signet/Davidic-restoration oracle; never inserted into the OT translation of Haggai itself.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Restoration and Messianic Hope
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Haggai 2:23’s reversal of Jehoiachin’s signet-curse (Jeremiah 22:24) as a Davidic-covenant restoration statement.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Divine Causation and Providence in Human Response
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Inherited from Romans package. Ties to the new entry ‘stirred_up_spirit’ (Haggai 1:14): the same French Enlightenment-deist risk of an impersonal, benevolent-order reading flagged in the baseline applies equally to this new causative verb.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: The Identity of Israel Among the Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Haggai’s post-exilic remnant of Judah; France’s significant Jewish community and contemporary Israel-related political sensitivity require the same historical/theological-only referent discipline flagged in the baseline.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Divine Sovereignty over Creation and Resources
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout commentary/teaching layers surrounding Haggai; must never be substituted for, or confused with, ‘le SEIGNEUR’ (YHWH) in the translated Haggai text itself.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: The Presence and Spirit of God with His People
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually continuous with, but must not be conflated within the OT translation itself with, the new entry ‘my_spirit_divine’ (‘mon Esprit’, Haggai 2:5). The Exodus-to-post-exilic-to-NT presence continuity belongs in teaching notes, not in the translated clause.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Restoration and Messianic Hope
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Directly relevant background for Zerubbabel’s Davidic lineage underlying the signet oracle (Haggai 2:23).
House Of The Lord
Approved rendering: maison (du SEIGNEUR)
Transliteration: maison (du SEIGNEUR)
Doctrine: Priorities: God’s House versus Self-Interest
Original: בַּיִת
Category: Temple
NEW. Occurs throughout (1:2,4,8,9x2; 2:3,7,9,18). Distinguish from the grander term ‘temple’ (heikhal, see ‘temple_heikhal’). Central to the private-house/God’s-house contrast that carries the Self-Interest doctrine; must be glossed as God’s relational dwelling-place among his people, not a bare construction project.
Temple Heikhal
Approved rendering: temple
Transliteration: temple
Doctrine: The Coming Glory of the Temple
Original: הֵיכָל
Category: Temple
NEW. Used at the grandeur-focused points of the glory oracle (2:15, 18). Related to but distinct from ‘maison (du SEIGNEUR)’ (bayit); keep the two Hebrew terms fenced apart even though both may loosely gloss as ‘temple’ in English.
Paneled Houses
Approved rendering: maisons lambrissées
Transliteration: maisons lambrissées
Doctrine: Priorities: God’s House versus Self-Interest
Original: בָּתִּים סְפֻנִים
Category: Temple
NEW. Haggai 1:4. Wealth/comfort marker (cedar paneling); the term is literary/archaic register in contemporary French, so a teaching gloss preserving the luxury-comfort connotation is required so the contrast with the ruined temple is not lost.
Lying Waste
Approved rendering: en ruine
Transliteration: en ruine
Doctrine: Priorities: God’s House versus Self-Interest
Rejected alternatives: dévastée (acceptable variant)
Original: חָרֵב
Category: Temple
NEW. Haggai 1:4, 9. Shares its Hebrew root with ‘drought’ (ḥoreb, see ‘drought’ below) — a deliberate wordplay unreproducible in French; recommend a translator’s footnote preserving the pun for teaching purposes.
Consider Your Ways
Approved rendering: Prenez à cœur vos voies
Transliteration: Prenez à cœur vos voies
Doctrine: Priorities: God’s House versus Self-Interest
Rejected alternatives: Pensez-y (too weak), Réfléchissez-y (too weak)
Original: שִׂימוּ לְבַבְכֶם עַל־דַּרְכֵיכֶם
Category: Faith
NEW. Haggai 1:5, 1:7 (shorter form recurs 2:15, 2:18). Heart-level self-examination idiom leading to changed action, not casual reconsideration. Accepted variant: Segond’s ‘Considérez attentivement vos voies.‘
Take Pleasure
Approved rendering: j’y prendrai plaisir
Transliteration: j’y prendrai plaisir
Doctrine: Obedience and Blessing
Original: אֶרְצֶה־בּוֹ
Category: Temple
NEW. Haggai 1:8. Covenant-acceptance/sacrifice-acceptance language (‘je l’agréerai’ is an acceptable variant); obedience to rebuild is met with God’s own delight, not mere permission.
Blow Upon It
Approved rendering: j’ai soufflé dessus
Transliteration: j’ai soufflé dessus
Doctrine: Covenant Curses and Blessings (Deuteronomic Pattern)
Original: נָפַחְתִּי בוֹ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 1:9. Must retain God as the active grammatical subject; avoid a passive-sounding French idiom that could read as impersonal bad luck rather than direct covenant sanction.
Drought
Approved rendering: sécheresse
Transliteration: sécheresse
Doctrine: Covenant Curses and Blessings (Deuteronomic Pattern)
Original: חֹרֶב
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 1:11. Shares its Hebrew root with ‘lying_waste’ (ḥarev/ḥoreb) — see that entry’s wordplay note. Recommend a translator’s footnote at 1:11 since this pun is the literary key binding the first oracle together.
Remnant
Approved rendering: le reste
Transliteration: le reste
Doctrine: The Remnant and Covenant Faithfulness
Original: שְׁאָר
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 1:12, 14; 2:2. Must be taught as a positive, faithful minority responding in obedience, not a merely demographic leftover; distinct in referent from — though resonant with — the baseline’s Romans 9-11 remnant/election theology. Do not conflate the two referents.
Obeyed The Voice
Approved rendering: obéirent à la voix
Transliteration: obéirent à la voix
Doctrine: Obedience and Blessing
Original: וַיִּשְׁמְעוּ בְּקוֹל
Category: Faith
NEW. Haggai 1:12 (‘obéirent à la voix du SEIGNEUR’). Ties to baseline doctrine obedience_of_faith; keep obedience flowing from hearing/trust, not bare external compliance.
Feared The Lord
Approved rendering: la crainte du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: la crainte du SEIGNEUR
Doctrine: Fear and Reverence of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: peur (literal-fright misreading — forbidden in doctrinal register)
Original: וַיִּירְאוּ הָעָם
Category: Faith
NEW. Haggai 1:12. Reverential awe/submission before God’s authority, not literal terror; never substitute ‘peur’ in doctrinal register.
Stirred Up Spirit
Approved rendering: réveilla l’esprit de
Transliteration: réveilla l’esprit de
Doctrine: Divine Causation and Providence in Human Response
Original: וַיָּעֶר יְהוָה אֶת־רוּחַ
Category: God
NEW. Haggai 1:14. Must show divine causation activating human will, not human self-motivation alone. Connects to baseline providence doctrine’s Enlightenment-deist impersonal-force risk.
Spirit Human
Approved rendering: l’esprit de
Transliteration: l’esprit de
Doctrine: The Presence and Spirit of God with His People
Original: רוּחַ
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Haggai 1:14 (Zerubbabel’s, Joshua’s, the people’s human disposition). MUST remain lowercase; never capitalized as if divine. Contrast sharply with ‘my_spirit_divine’ below.
Messenger Of The Lord
Approved rendering: le messager du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: le messager du SEIGNEUR
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority
Rejected alternatives: ange (forbidden — would imply Haggai is a supernatural being)
Original: מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 1:13. Haggai himself, described with the same root word elsewhere rendering ‘angel’; context makes clear this is the prophet’s human office. Must render ‘messager’, never ‘ange’.
Be Strong
Approved rendering: sois fort
Transliteration: sois fort
Doctrine: Obedience and Blessing
Original: חֲזַק
Category: Faith
NEW. Haggai 2:4. Covenantal courage-in-obedience formula (cf. Joshua 1:6-9), addressed to governor, high priest, and people alike; must convey courage grounded in God’s presence (‘for I am with you’, same verse), not generic self-help encouragement.
Nation Ironic
Approved rendering: nation
Transliteration: nation
Doctrine: The Identity of Israel Among the Nations
Original: גּוֹי
Category: Church
NEW. Haggai 2:14: Israel itself deliberately called ‘nation’ (goy), a term normally reserved for gentile outsiders — a rhetorical shock device implying Israel’s impurity has reduced its covenant standing. Must not be paraphrased in any way suggesting a permanent negative reclassification of Israel’s covenant identity; flag the irony explicitly in teaching notes. Distinguish from ‘nations_gentile’ below.
Nations Gentile
Approved rendering: les nations
Transliteration: les nations
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / The Identity of Israel Among the Nations
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Church
NEW (context-dependent companion to baseline ‘gentiles’/‘païens’). Haggai 2:7, 2:22, ordinary (non-ironic) sense: foreign powers and peoples. Prefer ‘les nations’ over ‘païens’ in these eschatological-military contexts, consistent with the baseline’s caution against ‘païens’ drifting toward a pejorative connotation.
Bless Blessing
Approved rendering: bénir / bénédiction
Transliteration: bénir / bénédiction
Doctrine: Obedience and Blessing
Original: בָּרַךְ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Haggai 2:19 (‘à partir de ce jour, je vous bénirai’). This verb/noun pair is ABSENT from the Romans baseline (only ‘grâce’/‘action de grâce’ are registered there); this is the first fixed establishment of this rendering for any curriculum built on this translation memory. ‘Bénédiction’ carries a strong contemporary Catholic liturgical-rite association (bénédiction du prêtre, bénédiction papale, bénédiction nuptiale); require a teaching gloss distinguishing covenantal divine favor in response to obedience from a priest-administered rite.
Overthrow Throne
Approved rendering: je renverserai le trône des royaumes
Transliteration: je renverserai le trône des royaumes
Doctrine: The Day of the LORD and Eschatological Shaking
Original: וְהָפַכְתִּי כִּסֵּא מַמְלָכוֹת
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Haggai 2:22. Sovereign eschatological judgment on gentile political power (‘Day of the LORD’ pattern, cf. Zechariah 14; Ezekiel 38-39); must not be read as a this-worldly political program, a risk elevated by French revolutionary political vocabulary.
In That Day
Approved rendering: en ce jour-là
Transliteration: en ce jour-là
Doctrine: The Day of the LORD and Eschatological Shaking
Original: בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Haggai 2:23. A technical OT prophetic marker (the ‘Day of the LORD’ pattern), not an ordinary time reference; must retain eschatological-technical resonance in teaching notes.
Chosen
Approved rendering: choisi
Transliteration: choisi
Doctrine: Election and God’s Sovereign Choice
Original: בָּחַרְתִּי
Category: Salvation
NEW (verb form of baseline ‘election’/‘élection’). Haggai 2:23. Less culturally charged than the baseline noun (which collides with French political-election usage), but must still preserve God’s sovereign, gracious choice of Zerubbabel as distinct from a competitive or merit-based selection process.
Servant
Approved rendering: serviteur
Transliteration: serviteur
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Restoration and Messianic Hope
Original: עֶבֶד
Category: Christology
NEW. Haggai 2:23. Royal-messianic servant motif echoing Davidic and Isaianic Servant language; retain royal-covenantal dignity, not a merely menial-labor connotation.
Low Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly at Haggai 2:9 (‘and in this place I will give peace’).
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs at Haggai 1:1, 1:3, 1:12, 2:1, 2:10, 2:20.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package exactly. General background doctrine for Haggai’s oracular structure.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Restoration and Messianic Hope
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Underlies Haggai 2:23’s Davidic-line restoration through Zerubbabel (grandson of Jehoiachin/Jeconiah).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Used only in teaching-note bridges (e.g., Matthew 1:12-13’s genealogy including Zerubbabel); never inserted into the Haggai OT translation itself.
Governor
Approved rendering: gouverneur
Transliteration: gouverneur
Doctrine: —
Original: פֶּחָה
Category: Covenant
NEW. Persian imperial provincial administrative title (Zerubbabel, 1:1,14; 2:2,21). A brief historical-cultural gloss is recommended in teaching material distinguishing this from a modern autonomous political office.
Bag With Holes
Approved rendering: une bourse trouée
Transliteration: une bourse trouée
Doctrine: Covenant Curses and Blessings (Deuteronomic Pattern)
Original: צְרוֹר נָקוּב
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 1:6. Economic-futility image within a Deuteronomic covenant-curse catalogue (cf. Deuteronomy 28); cross-reference recommended in teaching notes.
Labor Of Hands
Approved rendering: le travail de leurs mains
Transliteration: le travail de leurs mains
Doctrine: Covenant Curses and Blessings (Deuteronomic Pattern)
Original: יְגִיעַ כַּפָּיִם
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 1:11. ‘Le labeur de leurs mains’ is an acceptable variant. No lexical ambiguity.
Work Melakhah
Approved rendering: l’ouvrage
Transliteration: l’ouvrage
Doctrine: Obedience and Blessing
Original: מְלָאכָה
Category: Temple
NEW. Haggai 1:14. ‘Le travail’ is an acceptable variant. The remnant’s obedient labor on the temple, obedience made concrete and visible.
Silver Gold Mine
Approved rendering: l’argent est à moi, l’or est à moi
Transliteration: l’argent est à moi, l’or est à moi
Doctrine: Divine Sovereignty over Creation and Resources
Original: לִי הַכֶּסֶף וְלִי הַזָּהָב
Category: God
NEW. Haggai 2:8. Divine ownership/sovereignty over all material resources; grounds the promise that funding for the temple’s glory is never in doubt.
Blight Mildew Hail
Approved rendering: la rouille, la nielle et la grêle
Transliteration: la rouille, la nielle et la grêle
Doctrine: Covenant Curses and Blessings (Deuteronomic Pattern)
Original: שִׁדָּפוֹן, יֵרָקוֹן, בָּרָד
Category: Covenant
NEW. Haggai 2:17. Deuteronomic covenant-curse agricultural terms (cf. Deuteronomy 28:22); cross-reference recommended in teaching notes.
Foundation Laid
Approved rendering: poser les fondations
Transliteration: poser les fondations
Doctrine: The Coming Glory of the Temple
Original: יֻסַּד
Category: Temple
NEW. Haggai 2:18 (‘fut fondé’ is an acceptable variant). Historical turning-point marker dividing covenant curse (before) from covenant blessing (after).
Referenced passages