Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Exodus | English → French
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of Exodus (chapters 1–40), with proposed French renderings, risk tiers, and doctrine linkage. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and must not be altered. New terms are marked [NEW] and require entry into an Exodus-extension of the translation memory before Phase 2 begins, with Critical/High entries requiring theologian sign-off per the baseline’s escalation rules.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.jsondefinitions) - Doctrine: one of the eight curriculum doctrines, or a cross-cutting category
- Status: [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] or [NEW]
1. The Character and Name of God (I AM)
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew/LXX) | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LORD / YHWH | יהוה / κύριος | YHWH / kyrios | le SEIGNEUR (small caps) | Critical | 3, 6, 12, 14, 17, 40, passim | NEW | Distinct from baseline “Seigneur” (kyrios/NT Lord); requires theologian-approved typographic convention; Segond alt. “l’Éternel” noted for reviewer awareness |
| I AM WHO I AM | אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה / Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν | Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh / Egō eimi ho ōn | Je suis celui qui suis | Critical | 3 | NEW | Direct bridge to NT “ego eimi” sayings; fix exactly, coordinate with any future John curriculum |
| God Almighty | אֵל שַׁדַּי | El Shaddai | le Dieu Tout-Puissant | Medium | 6 | NEW | Patriarchal-era name, contrasted with YHWH |
| God | אֱלֹהִים | Elohim | Dieu | Medium | passim | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | |
| glory | כָּבוֹד | kavod | gloire | Medium | 16, 24, 33, 40 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Climactic use at 40:34-35 |
| jealous (God) | קַנָּא | qanna | jaloux | High | 20 | NEW | French “jaloux” risks petty-emotion reading; must gloss as covenant-exclusive zeal |
| compassionate and gracious | רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן | rachum ve-chanun | compatissant et plein de grâce | Medium | 34 | NEW | Related to but distinct from chesed |
| steadfast love / covenant loyalty | חֶסֶד | chesed | amour fidèle / bonté et fidélité | Critical | 34 (recurrent theme) | NEW | No exact French/English equivalent; must not collapse fully into baseline “grâce” |
| truth/faithfulness | אֱמֶת | emet | vérité / fidélité | Medium | 34 | NEW | Usually paired with chesed |
| know (relationally) | יָדַע | yada | connaître (never “savoir”) | High | 9 | NEW | ”That you may know that I am the LORD” formula |
| Spirit of God | רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים | ruach Elohim | l’Esprit de Dieu | Medium | 31 | NEW (cross-ref) | Same Person as baseline “Esprit Saint”; cross-reference required |
2. The Exodus as Redemption
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| redeem (kinsman-sense) | גָּאַל | ga’al | racheter / rédemption | High | 6, 15 | NEW | Familial/covenantal redemption nuance |
| redeem/ransom (commercial-sense) | פָּדָה | padah | racheter / rançon | High | 13 | NEW | Distinguish from ga’al; both collapse to same French verb — flag nuance loss |
| ransom (price) | כֹּפֶר | kofer | rançon / prix du rachat | Medium-High | 21, 30 | NEW | Third member of the redemption word-family |
| salvation/deliverance | יְשׁוּעָה | yeshuah | salut | Medium | 14 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Etymological link to “Yeshua/Jésus” worth noting pedagogically |
| outstretched arm | זְרוֹעַ נְטוּיָה | zeroa netuyah | bras étendu | Low | 6 | NEW | Idiom for decisive power |
| firstborn | בְּכוֹר | bekhor | premier-né | Medium | 11, 12, 13 | NEW | Ties substitution to Israel’s/household’s most precious possession |
| cry out / groan | צָעַק / נָאַק | tsa’aq / na’aq | crier / gémir | Medium | 2 | NEW | Covenant-appeal, not generic complaint |
| bondage/slavery | עֲבֹדָה / עֶבֶד | avodah / eved | esclavage / servitude (bondage) vs. service (worship) | High | 1, 5, 20 | NEW | Deliberate wordplay: bondage-labor vs. true worship-service; invisible in French unless flagged |
3. Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passover | פֶּסַח / πάσχα | Pesach / pascha | la Pâque (juive) | Critical | 12 | NEW | Near-homograph collision with “Pâques” (Easter); mandatory disambiguating apposition on first use |
| pass over (verb) | פָּסַח | pasach | passer au-dessus (de) | High | 12 | NEW | Verbal root of “Passover”; wordplay lost in French, gloss via translator’s note |
| lamb | שֶׂה | seh | agneau | Medium | 12 | NEW | Positive liturgical echo (Agnus Dei); avoid premature explicit NT naming inside Exodus text |
| without blemish | תָּמִים | tamim | sans défaut | High | 12 | NEW | Fixed phrase for consistency with future 1 Peter 1:19 lesson |
| blood | דָּם / αἷμα | dam / haima | sang | High | 12, 24 | NEW | Stable lexically; doctrinal-emphasis risk of secular flattening into metaphor |
| unleavened bread | מַצּוֹת | matzot | pain sans levain | Medium | 12 | NEW | Alt. liturgical “azyme” (Catholic Host bread) usable only as secondary technical gloss |
| bitter herbs | מְרֹרִים | merorim | herbes amères | Low | 12 | NEW | |
| sign | אוֹת | ot | signe | Medium | 4, 12, 13, 31 | NEW | Must retain covenantal-authentication sense, not superstition/omen reading |
| memorial | זִכָּרוֹן | zikkaron | mémorial | Medium | 12 | NEW | Parallels but ≠ Catholic Eucharistic “mémorial”; useful structural analogy only |
| statute forever | חֻקַּת עוֹלָם | chuqqat olam | ordonnance perpétuelle | Medium | 12 | NEW | Distinguish from general “loi”/torah vocabulary |
| mercy seat / atonement cover | כַּפֹּרֶת / ἱλαστήριον | kapporet / hilastērion | le propitiatoire | Critical | 25 | NEW | Identical Greek word to Romans 3:25; coordinate rendering with any future Romans 3 lesson |
| atone / make atonement | כִּפֶּר | kipper | expier / faire l’expiation | Critical | 30 (and Levitical system generally) | NEW | Must clarify God-provided, theocentric substitution vs. Catholic penitential “expiation” (human works toward God) |
| atonement/ransom money | כֶּסֶף הַכִּפֻּרִים | kesef ha-kippurim | argent de l’expiation | Medium-High | 30 | NEW | Reinforces kofer word-family |
| blood of the covenant | דַּם־הַבְּרִית | dam ha-berit | le sang de l’alliance | Critical | 24 | NEW | Direct verbal ancestor of Matthew 26:28; must match any future NT rendering |
4. The Mosaic Covenant and Law
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| covenant | בְּרִית / διαθήκη | berit / diathēkē | alliance | High | 2, 6, 19, 24, 34 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Central to Mosaic Covenant doctrine |
| law/instruction | תּוֹרָה | torah | loi (general) | Medium | 18 onward | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY, extend usage] | Baseline reserves “la Loi” (capitalized) for Mosaic Law |
| judgments/ordinances | מִשְׁפָּטִים | mishpatim | lois / ordonnances | Medium | 21–23 | NEW (sub-category) | Case-law application of the Ten Words |
| the ten words | עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים | aseret ha-devarim | les dix paroles / les Dix Commandements | Medium | 20 | NEW | Relational “words,” not bare legal code — surface nuance in exposition |
| eye for eye | עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן | ayin tachat ayin | œil pour œil, dent pour dent | Low | 21 | NEW | Already stable French idiom; clarify proportionality, not vengeance license |
| carved image / idol | פֶּסֶל | pesel | idole / image taillée | Low-Medium | 20 | NEW | |
| sojourner/stranger | גֵּר | ger | étranger | Medium | 12, 22 | NEW | Distinct from baseline “païens” (gentiles); resident alien incorporated into covenant |
| kingdom of priests, holy nation | מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹי קָדוֹשׁ | mamlekhet kohanim ve-goy qadosh | un royaume de prêtres et une nation sainte | High | 19 | NEW | Corporate designation, not a professional priestly office |
| treasured possession | סְגֻלָּה | segullah | peuple précieux | Medium | 19 | NEW | Result of God’s choice, distinct from baseline “élection” (the choosing-act) |
5. The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tabernacle | מִשְׁכָּן | mishkan | tabernacle | Critical | 25–40 | NEW | CRITICAL collision with Catholic Eucharistic tabernacle furnishing; mandatory clarifying gloss every occurrence |
| ark of the covenant | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית | aron ha-berit | l’arche de l’alliance | Medium | 25 | NEW | Disambiguated from Noah’s ark by fixed phrase |
| cherubim | כְּרוּבִים | keruvim | chérubins | Low | 25 | NEW | French secular/artistic “cherub” (cute infant) ≠ throne-guardian creature |
| altar | מִזְבֵּח | mizbeach | autel | Low | 27, 30 | NEW | |
| veil/curtain | פָּרֹכֶת | parokhet | le voile | Low | 26 | NEW | Anticipates NT torn-veil typology (outside curriculum) |
| Holy of Holies | קֹדֶש הַקֳּדָשִׁים | qodesh ha-qodashim | le Saint des Saints | Medium | 26 | NEW | Spatial holiness; reuse baseline “saint” root |
| priest(s) | כֹּהֵן / כֹּהֲנִים | kohen / kohanim | prêtre(s) | High | 28–29, 35–39 | NEW | Strong Catholic ordained-clergy collision; must frame as distinct historical Aaronic institution |
| high priest | כֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל | kohen ha-gadol | le grand prêtre | High | 28–29 | NEW | Same collision, compounded; typological bridge to Christ’s priesthood (outside curriculum) |
| anoint/anointing | מָשַׁח / מִשְׁחָה | mashach / mishchah | onction / oindre | Critical | 28–30 | NEW | Root of “Messie” (baseline Critical term); also Catholic sacramental “onction des malades” collision |
| ordination/consecration | מִלֻּאִים | milu’im | consécration / ordination | Medium | 29 | NEW | |
| incense | קְטֹרֶת | qetoret | encens | Low | 30 | NEW | Positive French Catholic liturgical resonance, not a collision |
| Spirit of God (craftsmanship) | רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים | ruach Elohim | l’Esprit de Dieu | Medium | 31 | NEW | Cross-reference to baseline “Esprit Saint” |
| glory fills the tabernacle | כְבוֹד־יהוה מָלֵא | kevod-YHWH male | la gloire du SEIGNEUR remplit le tabernacle | Critical | 40 | NEW | Direct bridge to baseline “incarnation” (John 1:14 σκηνόω); climactic term of the whole book |
| cloud | עָנָן | anan | la nuée | Low | 13, 16, 19, 24, 40 | NEW | Visible sign of glory’s presence |
| pillar of cloud/fire | עַמּוּד עָנָן / אֵש | ammud anan / esh | colonne de nuée / de feu | Low | 13 | NEW | |
| sanctuary | מִקְדָּש | miqdash | sanctuaire | Low | 15 | NEW | Anticipatory of chs. 25ff. |
6. Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| slavery/bondage | עֲבֹדָה | avodah | esclavage / servitude | High | 1, 5 | NEW | See doctrine 2 above; wordplay with “service/worship” |
| sin | חַטָּאָה | chattaah | péché | Medium | 34 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | One of three OT sin-terms; do not flatten all three into this alone |
| iniquity | עָוֹן | avon | iniquité | Medium | 34 | NEW | Guilt/crookedness dimension |
| transgression | פֶּשַׁע | pesha | transgression | Medium | 34 | NEW | Willful rebellion/breach dimension |
| harden the heart | כָּבֵד לֵב / חִזֵּק לֵב | kaved lev / chizzek lev | endurcir le cœur | Critical | 4, 7–10 | NEW | Direct source text for Romans 9:17-18; must preserve dual divine/human agency ambiguity |
7. Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angel of the LORD | מַלְאַךְ יהוה | malakh YHWH | l’ange de l’Éternel / du SEIGNEUR | High | 3 | NEW | Theophanic ambiguity must be preserved, not flattened to “a mere angel” |
| intercession | (Moses’ plea, no single Heb. technical term) | — | intercession | High | 32 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY, extended caution] | Moses’ self-offering is rejected/non-salvific — must not be presented as doctrinally equivalent to Christ’s accepted substitution |
| signs and wonders | אֹתוֹת וּמֹפְתִים | otot u-moftim | signes et prodiges | Medium | 7 | NEW | Fixed formula throughout plague narrative |
| know (that I am the LORD) | יָדַע | yada | connaître | High | 9 | NEW | See doctrine 1; Romans 9:17 direct citation of Exodus 9:16 |
| they saw the God of Israel | (theophany statement) | — | ils virent le Dieu d’Israël | High | 24 | NEW | Tension with 33:20 (“no one may see my face and live”) needs consistent handling |
| congregation/assembly | עֵדָה | edah | assemblée / communauté d’Israël | Medium | 12, 16, 19 | NEW | Do not render “Église” (anachronistic); reserve per baseline church notes |
8. Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Ch. | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| holy | קָדוֹש | qadosh | saint | Medium | 3, 15, 19, 26 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Place-holiness (ch. 3) and moral/relational holiness both in view |
| holy ground | אַדְמַת־קֹדֶש | admat qodesh | terre sainte | Medium | 3 | NEW | First place-holiness instance |
| consecrate/sanctify | קָדַש / הִתְקַדֵּש | qadash / hitqadesh | consacrer / sanctifier | Medium | 13, 19 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Reuse baseline “sanctification” framework |
| fear (of the LORD) | יָרֵא | yare | craindre (never “peur”) | High | 1, 20 | NEW | French cleanly distinguishes “crainte” (reverence) from “peur” (terror); always use “crainte” |
| Sabbath | שַׁבָּת | shabbat | sabbat | High | 16, 20, 31 | NEW | Occult “sabbat des sorcières” folk-association risk; must contextualize; distinguish from “dimanche” |
| manna | מָן | man | manne | Low | 16 | NEW | Secular idiom risk (“tomber comme la manne” = windfall) trivializes if unanchored |
| stiff-necked | עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹרֶף | am-qesheh-oref | peuple à la tête dure / rebelle | Low | 32 | NEW | |
| molten calf (idolatry) | עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה | egel massekah | veau d’or | Low | 32 | NEW | Established French idiom, already carries correct cautionary sense |
| presence/face | פָּנִים | panim | Présence | Medium | 33 | NEW | Hebrew relational-nearness idiom; avoid overly literal “Face” in running text |
| goodness | טוּב | tuv | bonté | Low-Medium | 33 | NEW | Distinguish from chesed if co-occurring |
9. Cross-Cutting / Baseline-Reused Terms (No New Entry Required)
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Risk (per baseline) | Exodus Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | Dieu | Medium | Throughout |
| glory | gloire | Medium | 16, 24, 33, 40 |
| holy | saint | Medium | 3, 15, 19, 26 |
| sanctification | sanctification | Medium | 13, 19, 29 |
| covenant | alliance | High | 2, 6, 19, 24, 34 |
| law | loi / la Loi | High | 18–24 |
| sin | péché | Medium | 34 (one of three OT terms, see above) |
| salvation | salut | Medium | 14 |
| intercession | intercession | Medium (extended to High here, see doctrine 7) | 32 |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit of God | Esprit Saint / l’Esprit de Dieu | Medium | 31 (cross-ref only, French phrasing differs by OT/NT convention) |
| Messiah (etymological bridge only) | Messie | Medium | Root connection via “onction”/mashach, chs. 28–30 |
| Israel | Israël | Medium | Throughout |
| Gentiles (contrast term, not directly used for ger) | païens | Medium | Contrast reference only; do not substitute for ger |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (new Exodus terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 | Human theologian review — mandatory, includes cross-curriculum coordination with Romans baseline (propitiatoire/Romans 3:25; sang de l’alliance/Matthew 26:28; tabernacle-glory/Incarnation) |
| High | 15 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 24 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 15 | Automated review sufficient |
Full-book coverage confirmed: all 40 chapters of Exodus reviewed. Chapters 5, 10, and 18 contribute only minor/no new load-bearing vocabulary (noted in 07_semantic_analysis.md); chapters 35–39 explicitly reuse chapters 25–31 vocabulary in full.
Critical Risk Terms
Yhwh Lord
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: le SEIGNEUR
Doctrine: The Revealed Name of God (YHWH)
Rejected alternatives: l’Éternel (Segond alternative, noted for reviewers), Yahvé (liturgically discouraged in French Catholic use since 2008)
Original: יהוה
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry. Small-caps typographic convention for the Tetragrammaton יהוה, distinct from baseline ‘Seigneur’ (kyrios). Requires theologian sign-off. Mandatory verbal gloss for audio/video Phase 2 output since capitalization is inaudible (e.g. ‘le SEIGNEUR, c’est-à-dire l’Éternel’). Plain ‘Seigneur’ (no caps) is reserved exclusively for generic address/kyrios contexts. Honor Jewish non-pronunciation reverence; do not casually vocalize the name.
I Am Who I Am
Approved rendering: Je suis celui qui suis
Transliteration: Je suis celui qui suis
Doctrine: The Self-Existence and Self-Definition of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: Je suis ce que je suis (drift risk)
Original: אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה / Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Exodus 3:14. Fixed exactly per Segond’s classic rendering; never varied. Direct lexical bridge to NT ‘ego eimi’ sayings (John 8:58, outside this curriculum). Requires theologian sign-off and cross-curriculum coordination with any future Gospel of John materials.
Chesed
Approved rendering: amour fidèle
Transliteration: amour fidèle
Doctrine: God’s Covenant-Keeping Character (chesed)
Rejected alternatives: grâce (loses covenant-obligation dimension), fidélité seule (loses active warmth)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew chesed (Exodus 15:13; 20:6; 34:6-7). No exact French or English equivalent exists. Must NOT be fully collapsed into baseline ‘grâce’ (strictly unmerited favor apart from covenant obligation) nor into bare ‘fidélité’ (loses warmth). One of the most theologically load-bearing words in the Hebrew Bible; mandatory theologian review at every recurrence. Alternate context-sensitive rendering ‘bonté et fidélité’ permitted where the compound phrase reads more naturally.
Pesach Passover
Approved rendering: la Pâque (juive)
Transliteration: la Pâque (juive)
Doctrine: The Passover as Instituted Ordinance
Rejected alternatives: la Pâque (bare, homograph risk), Pessah (unfamiliar borrowing for this audience)
Original: פֶּסַח / πάσχα
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew Pesach/LXX pascha (Exodus 12:1-14, and throughout). CRITICAL: ‘la Pâque’ is a near-homograph of ‘Pâques’ (Easter). Mandatory rule: first occurrence in any Phase 2 document must read ‘la Pâque juive’ or ‘la Pâque (l’Exode)’ with explicit apposition; capitalization alone is insufficient disambiguation. This is the theological anchor term of the entire curriculum (core passage Exodus 12:1-14).
Kapporet Mercy Seat
Approved rendering: le propitiatoire
Transliteration: le propitiatoire
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: kapporet (bare Hebrew transliteration, unfamiliar)
Original: כַּפֹּרֶת / ἱλαστήριον
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kapporet/LXX hilastērion (Exodus 25:17-22) — the IDENTICAL Greek word Paul uses in Romans 3:25. ‘Le propitiatoire’ is the established French technical Bible term but rare/unfamiliar to ordinary readers; every occurrence should carry an explanatory phrase (‘le propitiatoire, le lieu où le sang était répandu pour l’expiation’). MUST be coordinated with any future Romans 3:25 lesson to use the identical French word, closing the OT-NT typological loop.
Kipper Atone
Approved rendering: expier / faire l’expiation
Transliteration: expier / faire l’expiation
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: כִּפֶּר
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kipper (Exodus 29:33,36-37; 30:10,15-16). French Catholic penitential theology uses ‘expiation’ for the believer’s OWN penitential suffering/works offered to satisfy for sin (anthropocentric direction); the OT term is theocentric and substitutionary in the OPPOSITE direction: God himself provides and accepts a substitute’s death in the sinner’s place. Every occurrence must make this directionality explicit.
Dam Haberit Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: le sang de l’alliance
Transliteration: le sang de l’alliance
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: דַּם־הַבְּרִית
Category: Covenant
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew dam ha-berit (Exodus 24:8) — the direct verbal ancestor of Jesus’ words at the Last Supper (Matthew 26:28). Must be rendered with the exact same French phrase any future NT curriculum on this same package would use for Matthew 26:28. Flag for theologian coordination across curricula.
Mishkan Tabernacle
Approved rendering: tabernacle
Transliteration: tabernacle
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: michkan (bare Hebrew transliteration, abandons established French Bible tradition)
Original: מִשְׁכָּן
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew mishkan (Exodus 25-40). French Catholic usage of ‘le tabernacle’ denotes specifically the small cabinet housing the reserved consecrated Eucharistic host — an extremely strong, live, devotionally central association. MANDATORY clarifying gloss at EVERY occurrence (not just first use, given doctrinal centrality): ‘le tabernacle, la tente-sanctuaire portable où Dieu habitait au milieu de son peuple durant la traversée du désert’ or equivalent. The single highest-priority disambiguation task in the whole French curriculum.
Mashach Anoint
Approved rendering: onction / oindre
Transliteration: onction / oindre
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: מָשַׁח / מִשְׁחָה
Category: Priesthood
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew mashach/mishchah (Exodus 28:41; 29:7,29; 30:22-33) — the EXACT verbal root of Mashiach/Messie, already a baseline Critical term. Must draw the etymological bridge to baseline ‘Messie’ explicitly in teaching material. Also collides with the Catholic sacrament ‘l’onction des malades’ (Anointing of the Sick); disambiguate at every occurrence.
Kevod Yhwh Male
Approved rendering: la gloire du SEIGNEUR remplit le tabernacle
Transliteration: la gloire du SEIGNEUR remplit le tabernacle
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: כְבוֹד־יהוה מָלֵא אֶת־הַמִּשְׁכָּן
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kevod-YHWH male et ha-mishkan (Exodus 40:34-35), the climactic fulfillment of the entire book. Direct conceptual ancestor of John 1:14’s ‘the Word became flesh and tabernacled among us’ (Greek eskēnōsen, LXX skēnē root shared with mishkan). Flag for theologian review; explicitly cross-reference to baseline ‘incarnation’/‘glory’ entries. The single most important forward-looking doctrinal payoff of the entire Exodus curriculum.
Harden Heart
Approved rendering: endurcir le cœur
Transliteration: endurcir le cœur
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Rejected alternatives: permettre à Pharaon de s’endurcir (softens God’s agency, forbidden)
Original: כָּבֵד לֵב / חִזֵּק לֵב
Category: Sin
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kaved lev/chizzek lev, used of both God’s action (Exodus 4:21) and Pharaoh’s own action (8:15). This is the EXACT language Paul cites in Romans 9:17-18, already High-risk in the baseline election doctrine. Must render consistently whether the subject is God or Pharaoh, preserving the ambiguity/tension rather than resolving it — do not soften God’s agency to mere ‘permission’ when the Hebrew verb has God as grammatical subject.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: must NOT be used as the default rendering of Hebrew chesed (see chesed entry below) — grâce denotes unmerited favor apart from covenant obligation, while chesed carries an active covenant-loyalty sense grâce alone does not. Reserve grâce for contexts of unmerited favor generally (e.g., ‘compatissant et plein de grâce’, Exodus 34:6); never let it silently absorb chesed’s full semantic range.
Saints
Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: cross-reference only — Exodus 19:6’s corporate ‘royaume de prêtres et une nation sainte’ is the OT anticipation of this same all-believers-set-apart doctrine; do not import the French phrase ‘les saints’ into Exodus 19:6 itself (use ‘nation sainte’), but draw the doctrinal parallel explicitly in exposition.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — renders Greek kyrios. EXODUS EXTENSION — CRITICAL BOUNDARY RULE: this bare, unqualified ‘Seigneur’ must NEVER be used to render the Hebrew divine name YHWH in Exodus. YHWH is rendered ‘le SEIGNEUR’ (small caps; see yhwh_lord entry below), a visually and typographically distinct convention. Confusing the two erases the OT/NT lordship-continuity argument this curriculum is built to teach.
Church
Approved rendering: Église
Transliteration: Église
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION — FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never use ‘Église’ to render Hebrew edah (‘assemblée / communauté d’Israël’, the corporate covenant community of Exodus 12, 16, 19); that would be an anachronistic institutional import. Reserve ‘Église’ exclusively for NT body-of-Christ contexts outside this book.
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — renders Hebrew torah. EXODUS EXTENSION: capitalize ‘la Loi’ for the Mosaic Law as a body (given at Sinai, chs. 19-24); distinguish from the narrower sub-category mishpatim (‘lois/ordonnances’, case-law applications, chs. 21-23) and from chuqqat olam (‘ordonnance perpétuelle’, a specific enduring ceremonial statute, e.g. Passover, 12:14).
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — renders Hebrew berit. EXODUS EXTENSION: this is the formal theological core of ‘The Mosaic Covenant and Law’ doctrine, proposed at Sinai (Exodus 19), ratified with blood (24:8, ‘le sang de l’alliance’), broken (32), and renewed (34). Guard explicitly against France’s Republican contrat-social reflex collapsing covenant into a negotiated agreement between equals; this is a gracious, sovereign-initiated bond with an already-delivered people.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: do not use bare ‘élire/élection’ to render Hebrew segullah (Exodus 19:5, ‘peuple précieux/possession précieuse’); segullah describes the RESULT of God’s choice (treasured status), not the choosing-act itself, and carries the same French political-electoral collision risk the baseline already flags. Prefer ‘peuple précieux’ or ‘choisi par grâce’ framings in Exodus exposition.
Jealous God
Approved rendering: jaloux
Transliteration: jaloux
Doctrine: God’s Exclusive, Jealous Covenant Claim
Original: קַנָּא / אֵל קַנָּא
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew qanna/El Qanna (Exodus 20:5, 34:14). French ‘jaloux/jalousie’ overwhelmingly connotes petty, insecure human emotion; mandatory clarifying gloss every occurrence (‘jaloux’ = fiercely loyal to his covenant, not insecure) to prevent readers from attributing an unworthy emotional flaw to God.
Yada Know
Approved rendering: connaître
Transliteration: connaître
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: savoir (factual-knowledge sense, forbidden)
Original: יָדַע
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew yada, recurring formula ‘that you may know that I am the LORD’ (Exodus 9:14,16,29; 10:2, etc.). ALWAYS use ‘connaître’ (relational/experiential knowledge), NEVER ‘savoir’ (factual knowledge). Exodus 9:16 is directly quoted by Paul in Romans 9:17 — a Critical cross-curriculum bridge requiring theologian coordination with the baseline election doctrine.
Gaal Redeem
Approved rendering: racheter
Transliteration: racheter
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Original: גָּאַל
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew ga’al, kinsman-redeemer sense (Exodus 6:6; 15:13). French collapses ga’al and padah into the same verb; a standing translator’s note distinguishing the two Hebrew roots is required wherever both appear in the same lesson (chs. 6, 13, 15, 21, 30) so the covenant-kinship warmth of ga’al is not lost to a flat commercial-transaction reading.
Padah Redeem
Approved rendering: racheter
Transliteration: racheter
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Original: פָּדָה
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew padah, commercial-substitution/paid-price sense (Exodus 13:13,15). Same French verb as ga’al; see that entry for the mandatory distinguishing translator’s note.
Kofer Ransom
Approved rendering: rançon
Transliteration: rançon
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Original: כֹּפֶר
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kofer, a substitutionary ransom price averting a deserved penalty, often death (Exodus 21:30; 30:12,16). Third member of the ga’al/padah/kofer redemption word-family; French ‘rançon’ must not be used interchangeably with ‘racheter’ without a clarifying note distinguishing all three Hebrew terms.
Avodah Bondage
Approved rendering: esclavage / servitude (bondage sense); service (worship sense)
Transliteration: esclavage / servitude; service
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Original: עֲבֹדָה / עֶבֶד
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew avodah/eved. One Hebrew root spans both forced ‘labor/bondage’ (chs. 1, 5) and cultic ‘service/worship’ (chs. 4-10, 20); French requires two unrelated words, making the deliberate wordplay (‘let my people go that they may serve/worship me’) structurally invisible. Mandatory standing translator’s note at every occurrence of the ‘let my people go…serve’ formula.
Pasach Pass Over
Approved rendering: passer au-dessus (de)
Transliteration: passer au-dessus (de)
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: épargner (loses the verbal link to Pesach)
Original: פָּסַח
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew pasach, verbal root of Pesach (Exodus 12:13,23,27). French cannot reproduce the Hebrew noun/verb pun; a translator’s note explaining the wordplay is recommended rather than forcing an artificial French pun.
Tamim Without Blemish
Approved rendering: sans défaut
Transliteration: sans défaut
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: sans défaut de fabrication (aesthetic drift, forbidden)
Original: תָּמִים
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew tamim (Exodus 12:5). Must retain the cultic-sacrificial sense (ritual and moral perfection), never drift into a merely aesthetic manufacturing-defect register. Fixed as this curriculum’s standard phrase for consistency with any future 1 Peter 1:19 lesson.
Dam Blood
Approved rendering: sang
Transliteration: sang
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: דָּם / αἷμα
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew dam (Exodus 12:7,13,22-23). Lexically stable, but a doctrinal-emphasis risk: French secular/catechetical usage can flatten sacrificial blood-language into symbolic metaphor. Keep the concrete, applied, life-for-life substitution sense intact, given this passage’s direct anchoring of later NT ‘blood of Christ’ language.
Kesef Hakippurim
Approved rendering: argent de l’expiation
Transliteration: argent de l’expiation
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: כֶּסֶף הַכִּפֻּרִים / כֹּפֶר נֶפֶש
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kesef ha-kippurim / kofer nefesh (Exodus 30:12,16), ‘ransom for one’s life’ collected in the tabernacle census. Reinforces the kofer ransom-word-family; keep distinguishable in exposition from the ga’al/padah redemption vocabulary.
Mamlekhet Kohanim
Approved rendering: un royaume de prêtres et une nation sainte
Transliteration: un royaume de prêtres et une nation sainte
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹי קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Covenant
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew mamlekhet kohanim ve-goy qadosh (Exodus 19:6). ‘Prêtres’ here raises the Catholic ordained-clergy collision even though this is a CORPORATE designation for the whole nation, not a professional office; must be explicitly framed as distinct from the later professional Aaronic priesthood (chs. 28-29) and cross-referenced to baseline ‘saints’/sainthood doctrine.
Kohen Priest
Approved rendering: prêtre(s)
Transliteration: prêtre(s)
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: כֹּהֵן / כֹּהֲנִים
Category: Priesthood
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kohen/kohanim (Exodus 28-29; 35-39). French ‘prêtre’ is overwhelmingly associated with the Roman Catholic ordained ministerial priesthood in contemporary usage. This OT Aaronic/Levitical office must be explicitly framed as a distinct, historical, typological institution — never read as validating or invalidating any contemporary church’s clergy structure. Live ecumenical-sensitivity point given the mixed Catholic/Protestant/secular audience.
Kohen Hagadol
Approved rendering: le grand prêtre
Transliteration: le grand prêtre
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: כֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל
Category: Priesthood
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew kohen ha-gadol (Exodus 28-29). Same Catholic ordained-clergy collision as kohen, compounded; carries direct typological load anticipating Christ’s unique high priesthood (Hebrews, outside curriculum) — flag for theologian review.
Malakh Yhwh
Approved rendering: l’ange de l’Éternel / du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: l’ange de l’Éternel / du SEIGNEUR
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Rejected alternatives: un simple messager (flattens the theophanic ambiguity, forbidden)
Original: מַלְאַךְ יהוה
Category: Mediation
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew malakh YHWH (Exodus 3:2-6), a theophanic figure who speaks as YHWH in the first person. Must not be reduced to ‘un simple messager’ (an ordinary angelic errand-runner), which would erase the deliberate theophanic ambiguity — an early hint of the plurality-within-unity later fully revealed in Christ.
Intercession Moses
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Original: (Moses’ plea for the people; no single Hebrew technical term)
Category: Mediation
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry (extends baseline ‘intercession’). Moses’ plea for guilty Israel after the golden calf (Exodus 32:11-14, 31-32), including his offer ‘blot me out of your book’ (32:32). MANDATORY caution at every occurrence: this is a real but LIMITED, non-salvific type — God does not accept Moses’ self-substitution; he forgives on other grounds and still punishes the guilty (32:33-35). Must never be presented as doctrinally equivalent to Christ’s accepted substitutionary atonement (baseline Romans 5, 8:34).
Raah Elohei Yisrael
Approved rendering: ils virent le Dieu d’Israël
Transliteration: ils virent le Dieu d’Israël
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Original: (theophany statement)
Category: Mediation
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, a rare direct theophany statement (Exodus 24:10-11). Theologically sensitive tension with Exodus 33:20 (‘no one may see my face and live’); render literally and flag for theologian review to ensure the tension between the two passages is handled consistently, not smoothed over.
Yare Fear
Approved rendering: craindre / la crainte de Dieu
Transliteration: craindre / la crainte de Dieu
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: peur (forbidden — inverts the doctrine’s own point)
Original: יָרֵא
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew yare (Exodus 1:17,21; 14:31; 20:18-20). French cleanly distinguishes ‘crainte’ (reverential awe) from ‘peur’ (dread). ALWAYS use ‘crainte’, NEVER ‘peur’. Exodus 20:18-20 explicitly contrasts the people’s terrified reaction with the reverent fear God intends — make this contrast explicit in teaching material.
Shabbat Sabbath
Approved rendering: sabbat
Transliteration: sabbat
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: jour de repos (paraphrase, loses established Bible-translation term)
Original: שַׁבָּת
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew shabbat (Exodus 16:23-30; 20:8-11; 31:12-17). Secular French ‘sabbat’ carries a strong folk-occult connotation (‘le sabbat des sorcières’), entirely foreign to the biblical institution. ALWAYS introduce with clarifying context (‘le sabbat, le jour de repos institué par Dieu’) and distinguish explicitly from ‘dimanche’ (Sunday, not the biblical Sabbath).
Medium Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: also renders Hebrew yeshuah (Exodus 14:13, ‘see the salut of the LORD’); the etymological kinship of yeshuah to Yehoshua/Yeshua (‘Joshua/Jesus’) is a valuable pedagogical cross-reference but must not be forced into the Exodus text itself.
Called
Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: applies to God’s summons of Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:1-12) under the doctrine ‘divine_calling_of_moses’; conceptual continuity only, no new lexical collision.
Calling
Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: ‘vocation’ remains forbidden for the same clergy-narrowing reason, doubly relevant here because Exodus also contains an actual professional priestly office (kohen) which could otherwise blur with a ‘vocation’ rendering of Moses’ general calling.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: renders Hebrew qadosh across both place-holiness (Exodus 3:5, ‘terre sainte’) and covenant/moral holiness (15:11, 19:6, 26:33-34); establishes that God’s presence, not architecture, sanctifies a place — surface this nuance before the Tabernacle chapters.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: same framework governs Hebrew qadash/hitqadesh (consacrer/sanctifier) at Exodus 13:2 (firstborn) and 19:10,14,22 (the people at Sinai).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: incarnation
Transliteration: incarnation
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: Exodus 40:34-35 (‘la gloire du SEIGNEUR remplit le tabernacle’) is the direct conceptual/lexical ancestor of John 1:14’s ‘the Word became flesh and tabernacled among us’ (Greek eskēnōsen, LXX skēnē root shared with mishkan vocabulary) — the single most important forward doctrinal bridge in the whole Exodus curriculum. Flag every occurrence of kevod_yhwh_male for cross-reference to this entry.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — renders Hebrew chattaah among other things. EXODUS EXTENSION: Exodus 34:7 stacks three distinct Hebrew sin-terms (chattaah, avon, pesha) in God’s self-proclaimed character formula; do NOT render all three as ‘péché’. Use ‘péché’ only for chattaah; see avon_iniquity and pesha_transgression entries for the other two.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION — FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never use ‘païens’ to render Hebrew ger (the covenant-incorporable resident sojourner, Exodus 12:19,48-49; 22:21; 23:9); ger denotes a distinct, more neutral category (see ger_sojourner entry). ‘Païens’ remains reserved for the broader contrast-category of nations outside Israel generally.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — renders Hebrew kavod as well as Greek doxa. EXODUS EXTENSION: recurs at Exodus 16:7,10; 24:16-17; 33:18-23; climaxes at 40:34-35 (‘la gloire du SEIGNEUR remplit le tabernacle’), the book’s single most important forward bridge to the baseline Incarnation doctrine. Never render as a merely poetic or emotional intensifier; this is a concrete, visible manifestation.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: align the Song of Moses’ ‘oz’ (strength, Exodus 15:2, ‘The LORD is my strength’) to the same baseline preference for ‘puissance’ over the weaker ‘force’, for terminological consistency across Testaments.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION — CRITICAL BRIDGE: ‘Messie’ is etymologically the same root as Hebrew mashach (‘onction/oindre’, anoint), applied throughout Exodus 28-30 to the ordination of Aaronic priests. This bridge must be explicitly drawn out in exposition wherever mashach_anoint occurs — it is one of the curriculum’s most important forward-looking doctrinal payoffs.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged); baseline already distinguishes the Spirit’s/Christ’s unique heavenly intercession from Catholic saint/Marian intercession. EXODUS EXTENSION — RISK ELEVATED TO HIGH FOR THIS BOOK: applied to Moses’ plea for Israel after the golden calf (Exodus 32:11-14, 31-32) under the extended doctrine ‘limits_of_human_mediation’. Moses’ self-offering (‘blot me out of your book’) is genuine but ultimately REJECTED/impossible — God forgives on other grounds and still punishes the guilty (32:33-35). Must never be presented as doctrinally equivalent to Christ’s accepted substitutionary intercession (baseline Romans 5, 8:34); see intercession_moses entry below for the standing caution note required at every occurrence.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: cross-reference for the doctrine ‘gods_provision_wilderness’ (manna, quail, water from the rock, Exodus 16-17); guard against the same Enlightenment-deist impersonal-force reading the baseline already flags, and against the French idiom ‘tomber du ciel comme la manne’ trivializing the specific covenant-provision narrative into a generic windfall.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: throughout the book, the covenant people whose deliverance and formation Exodus narrates; keep the referent historical/theological, distinct from the modern nation-state, per baseline guidance, doubly important given France’s significant living Jewish community for whom this narrative is a currently-practiced tradition (Pesach), not merely ancient background.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) — renders Greek theos and, in Exodus, generic Hebrew Elohim (distinct from the personal covenant name YHWH, rendered ‘le SEIGNEUR’; see yhwh_lord entry). EXODUS EXTENSION: Exodus explicitly contrasts El Shaddai (patriarchal-era name, ‘le Dieu Tout-Puissant’) with YHWH (6:2-3); surface this name-shift pedagogically.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). EXODUS EXTENSION: cross-reference to Hebrew ruach Elohim (‘l’Esprit de Dieu’, Exodus 31:3, filling Bezalel for tabernacle craftsmanship); same divine Person as the NT Holy Spirit despite the differing OT idiom. Draw this continuity out explicitly in exposition so learners recognize the doctrinal bridge across Testaments.
God Almighty
Approved rendering: le Dieu Tout-Puissant
Transliteration: le Dieu Tout-Puissant
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Original: אֵל שַׁדַּי
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, El Shaddai (Exodus 6:2-3). Patriarchal-era name of God, explicitly contrasted with the newly disclosed covenant name YHWH; risk is pedagogical (explaining the name-shift), not lexical.
Compassionate And Gracious
Approved rendering: compatissant et plein de grâce
Transliteration: compatissant et plein de grâce
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Original: רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew rachum ve-chanun (Exodus 34:6). Related to but distinct from chesed; keep the two terms distinguished when co-occurring so the character-proclamation’s full richness is not flattened.
Emet
Approved rendering: vérité / fidélité
Transliteration: vérité / fidélité
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Original: אֱמֶת
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew emet, frequently paired with chesed as ‘chesed ve-emet’ (Exodus 34:6). Keep the pairing visible in French (‘un amour fidèle et vrai’) rather than rendering only one term of the pair.
Ruach Elohim
Approved rendering: l’Esprit de Dieu
Transliteration: l’Esprit de Dieu
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew ruach Elohim (Exodus 31:3, filling Bezalel with skill for tabernacle craftsmanship). Cross-reference to baseline ‘Esprit Saint’ (holy_spirit) required so learners recognize doctrinal continuity across Testaments despite the differing OT/NT idiom.
Yeshuah Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Original: יְשׁוּעָה
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew yeshuah (Exodus 14:13, ‘see the salut of the LORD’). Same French term as baseline ‘salvation’; etymological kinship to Yehoshua/Yeshua (‘Joshua/Jesus’) is a valuable pedagogical note, not to be forced into the Exodus text itself.
Bekhor Firstborn
Approved rendering: premier-né
Transliteration: premier-né
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: בְּכוֹר
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew bekhor (Exodus 11:4-5; 12:12; 13:2). Stable French term; risk is conceptual — always tie explicitly to substitution doctrine (the lamb dies in place of the firstborn), never treat as an isolated historical/legal detail.
Tsaaq Naaq Cry
Approved rendering: crier / gémir
Transliteration: crier / gémir
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Rejected alternatives: se plaindre (too weak)
Original: צָעַק / נָאַק
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew tsa’aq/na’aq (Exodus 2:23-24; 3:7). The anguished, covenant-appealing cry God is bound by covenant to hear; must not be flattened to generic ‘se plaindre’ (complain), which loses the covenant-appeal weight.
Seh Lamb
Approved rendering: agneau
Transliteration: agneau
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: שֶׂה
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew seh (Exodus 12:3-5). French ‘agneau’ carries a positive liturgical echo (Agnus Dei) reinforcing the substitution typology; do not add anachronistic explicit ‘Jésus’ glosses into the Exodus text itself — reserve that connection for exposition.
Matzot Unleavened Bread
Approved rendering: pain sans levain
Transliteration: pain sans levain
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: azyme (secondary technical gloss only — Catholic Host-bread association)
Original: מַצּוֹת
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew matzot (Exodus 12:8,15-20). ‘Azyme’ is acceptable only as a secondary technical gloss; must not replace ‘pain sans levain’ as the primary teaching term, to avoid prematurely importing Eucharistic-rite associations into the Exodus narrative.
Ot Sign
Approved rendering: signe
Transliteration: signe
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: אוֹת
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew ot (Exodus 4-10 plague-signs; 12:13 Passover blood-sign; 31:13,17 Sabbath-sign). Secular French can read ‘signe’ as superstition (a lucky charm/omen); must retain the covenantal-authentication sense.
Zikkaron Memorial
Approved rendering: mémorial
Transliteration: mémorial
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: זִכָּרוֹן
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew zikkaron (Exodus 12:14). French Catholic liturgical usage applies ‘mémorial’ specifically to the Eucharist (‘le mémorial de la Cène’); a helpful structural parallel (both are participatory remembrances of a saving act) but must NOT be presented as doctrinally equivalent. Flag for native-speaker review at every occurrence.
Chuqqat Olam Statute
Approved rendering: ordonnance perpétuelle
Transliteration: ordonnance perpétuelle
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: חֻקַּת עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew chuqqat olam (Exodus 12:14,17). Must be distinguished from the general term for Mosaic Law (‘loi’/‘la Loi’); this denotes a specific class of enduring ceremonial ordinance within the larger Law, not the Torah as a whole.
Mishpatim Judgments
Approved rendering: lois / ordonnances
Transliteration: lois / ordonnances
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: מִשְׁפָּטִים
Category: Law
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew mishpatim, the traditional Jewish name for Exodus 21-23’s case laws applying the Ten Words to specific situations; distinct sub-category of the baseline ‘law’ framework, no separate French term required beyond flagging for teaching clarity.
Aseret Hadevarim
Approved rendering: les dix paroles / les Dix Commandements
Transliteration: les dix paroles / les Dix Commandements
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים
Category: Law
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew aseret ha-devarim (Exodus 20; 34:28), lit. ‘the ten words’. ‘Les Dix Commandements’ is fine for popular use, but translators should surface in exposition that the Hebrew frames these as personally spoken relational ‘words’ (davar), not merely an impersonal legal code.
Pesel Idol
Approved rendering: idole / image taillée
Transliteration: idole / image taillée
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: פֶּסֶל
Category: Law
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew pesel (Exodus 20:4), the second commandment’s forbidden carved image. Stable rendering; no significant collision beyond ordinary idolatry-doctrine handling.
Ger Sojourner
Approved rendering: étranger
Transliteration: étranger
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: païens (forbidden — see baseline ‘gentiles’ entry)
Original: גֵּר
Category: Covenant
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew ger (Exodus 12:19,48-49; 22:21; 23:9), a non-Israelite resident alien incorporable into the covenant community. Must never be substituted with baseline ‘païens’ (gentiles), a distinct, and pejorative-risk, category (nations outside Israel generally).
Segullah Treasured Possession
Approved rendering: peuple précieux
Transliteration: peuple précieux
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: élection (forbidden — describes the choosing-act, not the result)
Original: סְגֻלָּה
Category: Covenant
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew segullah (Exodus 19:5). Do not conflate with baseline ‘élection’, which carries its own distinct French political-collision risk; segullah describes the RESULT of God’s choice (treasured status), not the choosing-act itself.
Aron Haberit
Approved rendering: l’arche de l’alliance
Transliteration: l’arche de l’alliance
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית / הָעֵדֻת
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew aron ha-berit/ha-edut (Exodus 25:10-22). The fixed phrase ‘de l’alliance’ disambiguates from Noah’s ark (different Hebrew word tevah, same French ‘arche’); risk is low precisely because the fixed phrase already performs the disambiguation.
Qodesh Haqodashim
Approved rendering: le Saint des Saints
Transliteration: le Saint des Saints
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: קֹדֶש הַקֳּדָשִׁים
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew qodesh ha-qodashim (Exodus 26:33-34). Established French phrase; ensure ‘saint’ is understood spatially (maximal set-apartness), consistent with baseline ‘holy’ notes.
Miluim Ordination
Approved rendering: consécration / ordination
Transliteration: consécration / ordination
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: מִלֻּאִים
Category: Priesthood
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew milu’im, lit. ‘fillings’ (Exodus 29:9,22-34). Reuse baseline sanctification/holy framework; no independent lexical risk beyond the priesthood-collision already flagged for kohen.
Avon Iniquity
Approved rendering: iniquité
Transliteration: iniquité
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Rejected alternatives: péché (flattens the specific nuance, forbidden at Exodus 34:7)
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew avon, one of three sin-terms in Exodus 34:7 (guilt/crookedness dimension). Render distinctly from chattaah (péché) and pesha (transgression) at this verse to preserve the enumerated richness of God’s self-description.
Pesha Transgression
Approved rendering: transgression
Transliteration: transgression
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Rejected alternatives: péché (flattens the specific nuance, forbidden at Exodus 34:7)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew pesha, one of three sin-terms in Exodus 34:7 (willful rebellion/covenant breach dimension). Render distinctly from chattaah (péché) and avon (iniquité) at this verse.
Otot Umoftim
Approved rendering: signes et prodiges
Transliteration: signes et prodiges
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Original: אֹתוֹת וּמֹפְתִים
Category: Mediation
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew otot u-moftim (Exodus 7:3; 11:9-10, etc.), a fixed formula throughout the plague narrative. The plagues are covenant-lawsuit evidence of YHWH’s supremacy over Pharaoh’s claimed divinity, not random calamity.
Edah Congregation
Approved rendering: assemblée / communauté d’Israël
Transliteration: assemblée / communauté d’Israël
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Rejected alternatives: Église (forbidden — anachronistic institutional import)
Original: עֵדָה
Category: Mediation
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew edah (Exodus 12:3,6; 16:1-2; 19:7-8), the corporate covenant community of Israel gathered by appointment. Must NOT be rendered ‘Église’; that term is reserved per baseline notes for the NT body-of-Christ sense. Prefigures the NT ‘Church as God’s People’ doctrine.
Admat Qodesh
Approved rendering: terre sainte
Transliteration: terre sainte
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Original: אַדְמַת־קֹדֶש
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew admat qodesh (Exodus 3:5), the first instance of place-holiness in the book. Establishes that God’s presence, not architecture, makes a place holy — surface before the fuller Tabernacle-holiness vocabulary of chs. 25-40.
Panim Presence
Approved rendering: ma Présence
Transliteration: ma Présence
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: ma Face (overly literal register; reserve for footnoted etymological explanation only)
Original: פָּנִים
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew panim (Exodus 33:14-15), ‘my Presence (lit. Face) will go with you’. ‘Présence’ is the natural, non-anthropomorphizing French choice for running text.
Low Risk Terms
Goodness Tuv
Approved rendering: bonté
Transliteration: bonté
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Original: טוּב
Category: God
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew tuv (Exodus 33:19). Distinguish from chesed if both terms co-occur in the same lesson.
Zeroa Netuyah
Approved rendering: bras étendu
Transliteration: bras étendu
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Original: זְרוֹעַ נְטוּיָה
Category: Redemption
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew zeroa netuyah, idiom for God’s decisive redemptive power (Exodus 6:6). Stable rendering; no French collision.
Merorim Bitter Herbs
Approved rendering: herbes amères
Transliteration: herbes amères
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Original: מְרֹרִים
Category: Atonement
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew merorim (Exodus 12:8). Stable rendering; no French collision.
Ayin Tachat Ayin
Approved rendering: œil pour œil, dent pour dent
Transliteration: œil pour œil, dent pour dent
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Original: עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן
Category: Law
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew ayin tachat ayin (Exodus 21:24), lex talionis. Already a stable, widely known French idiom; minor risk it reads as endorsing personal vengeance rather than judicial proportionality — a brief clarifying note is worthwhile.
Keruvim Cherubim
Approved rendering: chérubins
Transliteration: chérubins
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: כְּרוּבִים
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew keruvim (Exodus 25:18-20). French secular/artistic ‘cherub’ (cute infant angel) differs sharply from the Hebrew throne-guardian creature; a brief clarifying note is worthwhile though risk is low.
Mizbeach Altar
Approved rendering: autel
Transliteration: autel
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: מִזְבֵּח
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew mizbeach (Exodus 27:1-8; 30:1-10). Stable rendering, no collision.
Parokhet Veil
Approved rendering: le voile
Transliteration: le voile
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: פָּרֹכֶת
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew parokhet (Exodus 26:31-33). Low risk within this curriculum’s scope; anticipates the (outside-curriculum) NT torn-veil typology.
Qetoret Incense
Approved rendering: encens
Transliteration: encens
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: קְטֹרֶת
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew qetoret (Exodus 30:1-9,34-38). French Catholic liturgical incense-use is a live, positive cultural resonance here, not a collision.
Anan Cloud
Approved rendering: la nuée
Transliteration: la nuée
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: עָנָן
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew anan (Exodus 40:34-38; also chs. 13-14,16,19,24). Stable rendering; continues the pillar-of-cloud motif.
Ammud Anan Esh
Approved rendering: colonne de nuée / colonne de feu
Transliteration: colonne de nuée / colonne de feu
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: עַמּוּד עָנָן / עַמּוּד אֵש
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew ammud anan/ammud esh (Exodus 13:21-22). Anticipates fuller Tabernacle-presence vocabulary of chs. 25-40; low lexical risk.
Miqdash Sanctuary
Approved rendering: sanctuaire
Transliteration: sanctuaire
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Original: מִקְדָּש
Category: Tabernacle
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew miqdash (Exodus 15:17), anticipatory reference in the Song of Moses to the future Tabernacle/Temple.
Man Manna
Approved rendering: manne
Transliteration: manne
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Original: מָן
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew man (Exodus 16:15,31), with a built-in Hebrew etymological pun (‘What is it?’). French idiom ‘tomber du ciel comme la manne’ (a windfall/godsend) risks trivializing the term unless anchored to its specific narrative.
Am Qesheh Oref
Approved rendering: peuple à la tête dure / rebelle
Transliteration: peuple à la tête dure / rebelle
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Original: עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹרֶף
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew am-qesheh-oref (Exodus 32:9; 33:3,5; 34:9), ‘stiff-necked people’. Stable idiomatic French rendering; no significant collision.
Egel Massekah
Approved rendering: veau d’or
Transliteration: veau d’or
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Original: עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, Hebrew egel massekah (Exodus 32:1-8). The established French idiom ‘veau d’or’ (also a widely known secular symbol of misplaced worship of wealth) helpfully already carries the correct cautionary connotation.
Moses
Approved rendering: Moïse
Transliteration: Moïse
Doctrine: Historical Setting and Proper Names
Original: מֹשֶׁה
Category: Proper Name
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, proper name Moshe. Standard established French Bible form, identical across Segond, TOB, and Bible de Jérusalem.
Aaron
Approved rendering: Aaron
Transliteration: Aaron
Doctrine: Historical Setting and Proper Names
Original: אַהֲרֹן
Category: Proper Name
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, proper name Aharon. Standard established French Bible form.
Pharaoh
Approved rendering: Pharaon
Transliteration: Pharaon
Doctrine: Historical Setting and Proper Names
Original: פַּרְעֹה
Category: Proper Name
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, title functioning as proper name, Par’oh. Standard established French Bible rendering.
Egypt
Approved rendering: Égypte
Transliteration: Égypte
Doctrine: Historical Setting and Proper Names
Original: מִצְרַיִם
Category: Proper Name
NEW — Exodus curriculum entry, proper name Mitzrayim. Standard established French Bible form.
Referenced passages