Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Job (English → French)
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Entries marked [BASELINE REUSE] carry forward the exact French rendering already established in the Romans package and must not be altered. Entries marked [NEW] are additions specific to the Job curriculum, formatted to the same schema as bible_term_registry.json so they can be merged into that registry in Phase 2.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Deviation Permitted)
| Term | Hebrew (Job) | French Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Note for Job curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים / אֱלוֹהַ (Elohim / Eloah) | Dieu | Critical | Eloah, the poetic singular, is Job’s dominant divine-name form in the dialogues (chs. 3-37); render as Dieu exactly per baseline. |
| sin | חַטָּאָה (chattah) | péché | High | Used generically across friend speeches (esp. chs. 4, 22); do not conflate with the more specific avon (iniquity) or pesha (transgression) — see new entries below. |
| righteousness | צֶדֶק / צְדָקָה (tsedeq / tsedaqah) | justice | Critical | Distinct from mishpat (legal judgment) — see new glossary entry below; flag co-occurrences for theologian review per 07_semantic_analysis.md, ch. 8 discussion. |
| glory | כָּבוֹד (kavod, God-directed occurrences only) | gloire | High | Reserve for God-directed occurrences; use honneur for Job’s human social honor (ch. 29) — see new entry. |
| holy | קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh, rare in Job; implicit in “fear of God” vocabulary) | saint | High | Minimal direct occurrence in Job; retained for consistency if referenced in teaching commentary connecting to broader canon. |
| covenant | (implicit; not a frequent explicit term in Job) | alliance | Medium | No direct heavy usage in Job; retained for cross-references to Davidic/Abrahamic covenant background in teaching commentary only. |
| intercession | פָּלַל (palal, Job 42:8-10) | intercession | Medium | Job’s prayer for his friends (42:8-10); maintain baseline’s distinction between human intercessory prayer and Christ’s/Spirit’s unique heavenly intercession. |
| faith / trust | (thematically present; no single fixed Hebrew equivalent to Greek pistis — see note) | foi | Medium | Job’s trust in God amid unexplained suffering is a thematic parallel to the baseline’s faith doctrine, not a direct lexical equivalent; use foi only in teaching commentary synthesizing the theme, not as a forced Bible-text rendering of a specific Hebrew word. |
B. New Terms — Job-Specific Glossary (to be merged into bible_term_registry.json and translation_memory.json in Phase 2)
| id | category | risk | original (Hebrew) | transliteration | definition | french_term | alternatives_rejected | translation_notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
satan | Satanology | Critical | הַשָּׂטָן | ha-satan | The heavenly accuser who challenges Job’s integrity before God’s throne, acting only within limits God sovereignly sets. | Satan | ”le diable” (imports later NT title prematurely without the courtroom/office nuance); “l’ennemi” (too vague) | First occurrence must gloss the definite article’s “the Accuser/the Adversary” office-sense (“Satan (litt. « l’Accusateur »)”) so French readers grasp this is a role under God’s authority, not an independent cosmic rival — directly serving the “Satan’s Limited Power under God’s Sovereignty” doctrine. Route to Human theologian review at every occurrence (chs. 1-2). |
blameless_upright | Faith and Integrity | High | תָּם / יָשָׁר | tam / yashar | Complete moral soundness and straightforward conduct; Job’s introductory character description that frames the entire book’s argument. | intègre / droit | ”parfait” (KJV-derived but misleadingly implies sinless perfection); “vertueux” (too abstractly philosophical, loses covenantal relational sense) | Must always be read alongside “fear of God” (below) to avoid a secular-ethics-only reading. Chs. 1-2, 27, 29-31. |
fear_of_god | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Medium | יְרֵא אֱלֹהִים / יִרְאַת יְהוָה | yare Elohim / yirat YHWH | Reverent, worshipful awe of God that produces obedient, upright living; the book’s climactic definition of true wisdom (28:28). | la crainte de Dieu / la crainte de l’Éternel | ”la terreur de Dieu” (overtranslates the fear component, losing reverence); “le respect de Dieu” (undertranslates, losing the awe component) | Track consistently across chs. 1, 28, 37 as a deliberate literary echo. Gloss on first occurrence: “crainte” here means reverent awe, not literal terror. |
integrity | Faith and Integrity | High | תֻּמָּה | tummah | The abstract quality of moral wholeness Job refuses to abandon under his wife’s and Satan’s pressure. | intégrité | ”honnêteté” (too narrowly about truthfulness, misses wholeness/soundness sense) | Ch. 2:9. Directly load-bearing for the doctrine name itself: “Faith and Integrity amid Suffering.” |
divine_council_beings | Sovereignty | Critical (cross-reference collision) | בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים | bene ha-Elohim | Heavenly beings/angels presented before God’s throne; NOT a claim of literal divine offspring. | les êtres célestes (les « fils de Dieu ») or les anges de Dieu | Literal “les fils de Dieu” alone (rejected as primary rendering — collides directly with baseline’s Critical-risk son_of_god = “Fils de Dieu” for Christ’s unique eternal Sonship) | MANDATORY departure from a literal calque to prevent conflation with the baseline’s Christological term. Requires Human theologian sign-off before Phase 2 use. Chs. 1-2. |
sheol | Suffering / Eschatology-background | High | שְׁאוֹל | Sheol | The undifferentiated OT realm of the dead, not a place of conscious punishment as in later “hell” theology. | le séjour des morts (le shéol) | “l’enfer” (STRICTLY FORBIDDEN — imports later punitive afterlife theology absent from the OT concept) | Ch. 3 and recurring (7:9, 14:13, 17:13, 26:6). Forbidden-substitution status parallel to baseline’s “justice méritée” ban. |
abaddon | Sovereignty | Medium | אֲבַדּוֹן | Abaddon | Poetic near-synonym for Sheol, “the realm of destruction,” under God’s sovereign oversight. | Abaddon (transliterated) | “l’abîme” (loses the specific proper-noun parallelism with Sheol) | Ch. 26:6. |
mokiach_arbiter | Mediator/Redeemer Hope | High | מוֹכִיחַ | mokiach | An impartial legal arbiter capable of adjudicating between two disputing parties; Job’s lament that no such figure exists between him and God (9:33). | arbitre | ”médiateur” (reserve for teaching-commentary bridge to Christ; avoid in the Bible-text rendering to preserve the term’s specific legal-adjudication sense and the book’s developing-hope literary arc) | Ch. 9:33. First of three mediator-trajectory terms (arbitre → témoin → Rédempteur). Route to Human theologian review. |
ed_witness | Mediator/Redeemer Hope | High | עֵד | ’ed | A legal witness who can testify to the truth of a matter; Job’s assertion of a heavenly witness/advocate (16:19). | témoin | ”avocat” (overtranslates into a specific legal-representative role not present in the Hebrew) | Ch. 16:19. Second of three mediator-trajectory terms. |
go_el_redeemer | Mediator/Redeemer Hope | Critical | גֹּאֵל | go’el | A legally-obligated near-kinsman who redeems, avenges, or vindicates a relative’s cause; Job’s confident hope in a living Redeemer who will act “at the last” even beyond death (19:25). | Rédempteur | ”libérateur” (loses legal-kinship depth); “sauveur” (premature collapse into NT salvation vocabulary); “défenseur” (too weak, loses redemptive-kinship dimension) | CORE PASSAGE ANCHOR TERM. Ch. 19:25. Third and climactic mediator-trajectory term. Must remain consistent across every occurrence and every curriculum document per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule. Mandatory Human theologian review at every occurrence. See 07_semantic_analysis.md Part A for full verse-level treatment. |
mishpat_judgment | Retribution Theology Challenged / Problem of Suffering | High | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat | God’s legal governance, verdict, or the exercise of judicial authority — distinct from tsedeq/“righteousness” (baseline justice). | justice (with mandatory disambiguating note when co-occurring with tsedeq) | “jugement” alone (acceptable secondary rendering in judgment-heavy contexts, e.g. legal-verdict emphasis; use at translator’s discretion with theologian sign-off) | Direct term-collision risk with baseline righteousness/justice entry. Flag every co-occurrence (chs. 8-9, 24, 27, 34-37) for Human theologian review. |
kopher_ransom | Mediator/Redeemer Hope | Critical | כֹּפֶר | kopher | A payment that secures release/redemption from death; Elihu’s mediating-angel figure who has “found a ransom” for the sufferer (33:24). | rançon | ”prix” (too generic, loses the specific atonement-covering sense); “compensation” (too commercial/secular in register) | Ch. 33:24. Direct conceptual forerunner to NT atonement vocabulary; connection to be drawn in teaching commentary, not the Bible-text translation itself. Mandatory Human theologian review. |
shaddai_almighty | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Medium | שַׁדַּי (אֵל שַׁדַּי) | Shaddai (El Shaddai) | Job’s characteristic recurring divine title (31 occurrences), traditionally “the Almighty.” | le Tout-Puissant | ”le Puissant” (undertranslates the intensive “Shaddai” force); “Dieu Tout-Puissant” (acceptable full-form variant when El Shaddai occurs together) | Track consistency across all 31 occurrences (chs. 5-40). |
eloah_god_poetic | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Medium | אֱלוֹהַ | Eloah | The poetic singular form of “God” dominant in Job’s dialogue chapters, distinct in form (not doctrine) from Elohim. | Dieu (baseline reuse — see Part A) | — | Flag for reviewer awareness only: this is a form distinction (poetic singular vs. common plural-form Elohim), not a doctrinal distinction; French rendering remains Dieu throughout per baseline. |
yhwh_lord | Sovereignty | Critical | יהוה | YHWH | The covenant divine name, used in the prologue (chs. 1-2), epilogue (ch. 42), and the divine speeches (chs. 38-42) framing the poetic core. | l’Éternel (Segond-tradition primary recommendation) | “le Seigneur” (RISK: collides with baseline’s NT lord = Seigneur for Greek kyrios/Christ’s exclusive Lordship in Romans; using the same French word for the OT Tetragrammaton and the NT Christological title requires deliberate curriculum-level teaching-commentary linkage, not silent conflation) | Decision required before Phase 2: this curriculum recommends l’Éternel for YHWH to keep the OT covenant-name register visually and lexically distinct from the baseline’s Christological Seigneur, while noting for teachers that the deep theological continuity (YHWH = the LORD Jesus confesses as Lord) is a legitimate, valuable teaching point to be made explicitly in commentary, not assumed silently through shared vocabulary. Route to Human theologian review for final sign-off. |
nacham_repent | Repentance and Restoration | Critical | נָחַם | nacham | A flexible root meaning “to be sorry, relent, console oneself”; Job’s climactic response to God’s revelation (42:6), genuinely ambiguous between “I repent” and “I am comforted/relent concerning dust and ashes.” | je me repens (primary recommendation, with mandatory ambiguity footnote) | Silent resolution toward either “repent” or “am comforted” without a translator’s note (REJECTED — ambiguity must be flagged, not silently resolved) | CORE DOCTRINAL ANCHOR for Repentance and Restoration. Ch. 42:6. Mandatory Human theologian review at every occurrence; mandatory translator’s note documenting the nacham ambiguity. |
aphar_vaepher_dust_ashes | Repentance and Restoration / Faith and Integrity | Medium | עָפָר וָאֵפֶר | aphar va’epher | ”Dust and ashes” — the standard OT idiom of mourning, humility, and creatureliness before God (echoing Genesis 2:7/3:19 and Abraham’s identical idiom in Gen 18:27). | poussière et cendre | — | Ch. 42:6. Stable idiom; low lexical risk, moderate doctrinal weight given its pairing with the nacham ambiguity above. |
shuv_restore | Repentance and Restoration | High | שׁוּב (in the idiom שָׁב אֶת שְׁבוּת) | shuv (shav et-shevut) | God’s decisive, sovereign reversal of Job’s fortunes (42:10), a stock OT restoration idiom also used of Israel’s exile-restoration. | rétablit (les biens de) / restaura les biens de | ”récompensa” (REJECTED — implies restoration is a merited reward for successful repentance, reintroducing the retribution-theology error the book has just dismantled) | Ch. 42:10-17. Teaching-commentary caution required: restoration is sovereign grace, not mechanical reward. Route to Human theologian review. |
wisdom_chokmah | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Medium | חָכְמָה (/ תְּבוּנָה) | chokmah (/ tebunah) | Skill in living rightly and discerning truth, ultimately found only in relationship with God (28:28), climactically displayed in creation itself (chs. 38-41). | sagesse (/ intelligence, discernement) | “connaissance” (too intellectual/academic, loses the practical-relational dimension) | Chs. 12, 28, 32-37, 38-39. Track thematic consistency across all occurrences; ch. 28 is the structural hinge chapter. |
behemoth | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Medium | בְּהֵמוֹת | Behemoth | God’s climactic example of untamable land-creation, entirely subject to God’s own making and control (“which I made,” 40:15). | Béhémoth (transliterated) | “l’hippopotame” (REJECTED as primary Bible-text rendering — flattens the rhetorical/theological force into mere zoology; may be offered as a footnoted identification option only) | Ch. 40:15-24. Do not over-mythologize into an independent chaos-deity; text presents it as thoroughly God’s creature. |
leviathan | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Medium | לִוְיָתָן | Livyatan | God’s climactic example of untamable sea-creation/cosmic-chaos imagery, entirely subject to God alone. | Léviathan (transliterated) | “le crocodile” (REJECTED as primary Bible-text rendering, same rationale as Behemoth) | Ch. 41. Note broader canonical development (Ps 74:14, Isa 27:1) for teaching commentary without importing Revelation’s beast theology into the Job text. |
amal_aven_trouble_iniquity | Retribution Theology Challenged | Medium | עָמָל / אָוֶן | amal / aven | ”Trouble” and “iniquity” in the classic sowing-reaping retribution formula (4:8); a partially true principle wrongly universalized by the friends as the sole explanation for all suffering. | peine (labeur) / iniquité | — | Distinguish from baseline sin = chattah = péché; treat as a related but distinct near-synonym cluster. Chs. 4-5, and thematically throughout the friend-speeches. |
musar_discipline | Retribution Theology Challenged | Medium | מוּסָר | musar | Corrective, formative discipline, understood in Wisdom literature as relationship-preserving rather than purely punitive. | discipline / correction | ”châtiment” (reserve for more purely punitive contexts; do not use as the default rendering, since musar carries a constructive connotation the book both affirms in principle and shows Eliphaz misapplying to Job’s specific case) | Ch. 5, and Elihu’s usage in chs. 33-36 for contrast. |
rasha_wicked / tsaddiq_righteous | Problem of Suffering / Retribution Theology | Medium | רָשָׁע / צַדִּיק | rasha / tsaddiq | The standard OT wicked/righteous-person contrast pair, central to the friends’ retribution-theology argument and Job’s counter-evidence (ch. 21). | le méchant / le juste | — | Recurs chs. 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 34-36. Ensure “le juste” is not confused with the baseline’s forensic righteousness/justification doctrine (Romans) — this is a this-life moral-character category in Job’s dialogues, only loosely typologically related to Paul’s forensic doctrine; keep distinct in teaching commentary. |
chanaph_godless | Faith and Integrity | Medium | חָנֵף | chanaph | Godless, lacking true reverence for God — distinct from rasha (wicked in a general sense); a charge Job denies applies to him. | impie | ”hypocrite” (REJECTED as primary rendering — modern French sense narrows to social pretense/insincerity, losing the fuller OT sense of irreverence toward God) | Ch. 27:5-6 (Job’s self-defense), also relevant to ch. 8, 20 friend-speech accusations. |
mishpat_tsedeq_pair | Problem of Suffering | High | מִשְׁפָּט וְצֶדֶק / מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה | mishpat u-tsedeq/tsedaqah | The paired OT formula “justice and righteousness,” denoting both the legal-verdict process and the moral-relational rightness of God’s governance together. | le droit et la justice (paired rendering to visually distinguish the two Hebrew terms in French, since the baseline’s single French “justice” cannot carry both) | A single French “justice” for the pair (REJECTED when both Hebrew terms co-occur explicitly — use the paired rendering to preserve the distinction) | Chs. 8-9, 24, 27, 34-37. Direct extension of the mishpat_judgment and baseline righteousness entries above; consult both when this pair occurs. |
kavod_honor_human | Faith and Integrity (human-register use) | Medium | כָּבוֹד | kavod (Job’s own social honor, ch. 29 — human-register use, distinct from God-directed occurrences) | Weighty social honor/dignity Job recalls from his former prosperous life. | honneur | ”gloire” (reserve strictly for God-directed occurrences per baseline glory entry; do not use for Job’s human social standing) | Ch. 29:20. Term-collision caution paired with baseline glory entry. |
tiqvah_hope | Faith and Integrity / Mediator-Redeemer Hope (thematic bridge) | Medium | תִּקְוָה | tiqvah | Expectation/hope, ranging from mundane to theologically weighted (a felled tree’s “hope” to sprout again, 14:7; Job’s negated hope, 17:15; thematically fulfilled in the Redeemer hope of 19:25 though a different Hebrew term is used there). | espérance (theologically weighted occurrences) / espoir (general occurrences) | — | Chs. 6-7, 14, 17. Track the espérance/espoir register distinction consistently. |
chazah_ra_ah_see_god | Mediator/Redeemer Hope | Critical | חָזָה / רָאָה | chazah / ra’ah | Sustained, personal, visionary seeing — Job’s climactic declaration that he himself, not another, will see God (19:26-27). | voir (Dieu) | — | CORE PASSAGE TERM. Ch. 19:26-27. See 07_semantic_analysis.md Part A for full treatment; do not resolve the bodily/disembodied ambiguity in translation. |
derek_way | Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God | Low | דֶּרֶךְ | derek | One’s path/course of life or conduct, known fully only to God. | voie / chemin | — | Ch. 23:10 and general Wisdom-literature usage; low doctrinal ambiguity. |
bachan_tested | Faith and Integrity | Low | בָּחַן | bachan | To test/refine as metal, a trial-proving metaphor for character. | éprouver | — | Ch. 23:10. |
C. Divine Names Consistency Table (Cross-Cutting, High Priority for Phase 2)
Job’s Hebrew text alternates among four divine-name forms with different registers. This table is provided separately because divine-name consistency is the single highest-volume rendering decision across the whole book and directly interacts with the baseline’s NT-anchored god and lord entries.
| Hebrew form | Occurs primarily in | French rendering | Baseline interaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | Prologue, epilogue, occasional dialogue use | Dieu | [BASELINE REUSE] exact |
| אֱלוֹהַ (Eloah, poetic singular) | Dominant in dialogue chs. 3-37 | Dieu | [BASELINE REUSE] exact; form-only distinction, no doctrinal difference |
| שַׁדַּי (Shaddai / El Shaddai) | Dialogue chs. 5-40, 31 occurrences | le Tout-Puissant | [NEW] — see entry above |
| יהוה (YHWH) | Prologue (chs. 1-2), epilogue (ch. 42), divine speeches (chs. 38-42) | l’Éternel (recommended) | [NEW] — deliberately distinguished from baseline’s Seigneur (= NT kyrios/Christ’s Lordship) to avoid silent conflation; theological continuity to be taught explicitly in commentary, not assumed through shared vocabulary. Requires Human theologian sign-off. |
D. Risk Summary (Job-Specific New Entries)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (satan… note: Satan itself is High/Critical borderline, counted here with divine_council_beings, go_el_redeemer, kopher_ransom, yhwh_lord, nacham_repent, chazah_ra_ah_see_god) | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 8 (blameless_upright, integrity, sheol, mokiach_arbiter, ed_witness, mishpat_judgment, mishpat_tsedeq_pair, shuv_restore) | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 13 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 2 | Automated review |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation of the Job curriculum begins, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Full phrase required, conveying eternal, unique Sonship. CROSS-CURRICULUM COLLISION GUARD: Job 1:6, 2:1, 38:7 use the plural Hebrew phrase ‘bene ha-Elohim’ for ordinary angelic beings in the divine council. This baseline term must NEVER be used to render that Hebrew phrase — see new entry ‘divine_council_beings’ below, which mandates a non-literal rendering to prevent readers momentarily importing this Critical Christological claim into an unrelated angelology text.
Yhwh Lord
Approved rendering: l’Éternel
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: le Seigneur (collides with baseline NT kyrios/Christ’s Lordship), Yahvé (breaks with the Segond-tradition register this curriculum targets)
Original: יהוה
Category: God
The covenant divine name, used in the prologue (1-2), epilogue (42), and the divine speeches (38-42). Deliberately distinguished from the baseline’s ‘Seigneur’ (NT kyrios/Christ’s exclusive Lordship) to prevent readers silently merging two vocabulary registers. Theological continuity (YHWH = the LORD Jesus confesses as Lord) is a legitimate teaching point but must be made explicitly in commentary, never assumed through shared vocabulary. Mandatory theologian sign-off.
Satan
Approved rendering: Satan
Transliteration: ha-satan
Doctrine: Satan’s Limited Power under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: le diable (imports a later, fuller NT title prematurely without the courtroom/office nuance), l’ennemi (too vague)
Original: הַשָּׂטָן
Category: Satanology
The heavenly accuser who challenges Job’s integrity before God’s throne, acting only within limits God sovereignly sets (1:8-12, 2:3-6). HIGHEST-VISIBILITY RISK IN THE CURRICULUM: French popular culture (film, folklore, goth/metal subculture, the Faust legend, Baudelaire) defaults to an autonomous cosmic-rival Satan. Mandatory first-occurrence gloss: ‘Satan (litt. « l’Accusateur »)’. Never allow the French rendering or surrounding commentary to imply a dualistic, God-vs-Satan-as-equals reading. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Divine Council Beings
Approved rendering: les êtres célestes (les « fils de Dieu »)
Transliteration: bene ha-Elohim
Doctrine: Satan’s Limited Power under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: les fils de Dieu (bare literal calque — REJECTED, collides directly with baseline’s Critical son_of_god entry)
Original: בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים
Category: Satanology
Heavenly beings/angels presented before God’s throne (1:6, 2:1, 38:7); not a claim of literal divine offspring. MANDATORY departure from the literal calque to prevent conflation with the baseline’s Christological ‘Fils de Dieu’ (Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship). Requires theologian sign-off before Phase 2 use; verify at QA that no worker reverts to the literal calque under translation-memory pressure.
Righteousness Tsedeq
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: tsedeq / tsedaqah
Doctrine: Problem of Suffering and Divine Justice
Original: צֶדֶק / צְדָקָה
Category: Salvation
Moral-relational rightness/right standing, distinct from mishpat (legal-verdict process). Occurs in Job’s oath of innocence (chs. 29, 31) and friend arguments (chs. 8-9, 34-37). Renders identically to the baseline ‘righteousness’ entry in French (‘justice’) — flag every co-occurrence with mishpat (chs. 8-9, 24, 27, 34-37) for theologian review, since one French word cannot by itself carry both senses the Hebrew pair distinguishes.
Go El Redeemer
Approved rendering: Rédempteur
Transliteration: go’el
Doctrine: The Mediator/Redeemer Hope
Rejected alternatives: libérateur (loses legal-kinship depth), sauveur (premature collapse into NT salvation vocabulary), défenseur (too weak, loses redemptive-kinship dimension)
Original: גֹּאֵל
Category: Mediator/Redemption
CORE PASSAGE ANCHOR TERM (Job 19:25). Historically stable French Bible rendering shared by Segond, TOB, and Bible de Jérusalem. Render without added Christological gloss or non-standard capitalization in the Bible-text translation itself — French Catholic devotional/funeral-liturgy usage (‘Credo quod Redemptor meus vivit’) risks over-resolving the verse’s genuine historical ambiguity into an anachronistic direct identification with Christ within the translated verse. Reserve that Christological trajectory for teaching commentary. Must be rendered identically across every curriculum document. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, without exception.
Kopher Ransom
Approved rendering: rançon
Transliteration: kopher
Doctrine: The Mediator/Redeemer Hope
Rejected alternatives: prix (too generic, loses the specific atonement-covering sense), compensation (too commercial/secular in register)
Original: כֹּפֶר
Category: Mediator/Redemption
A payment that secures release/redemption from death; Elihu’s mediating-angel figure who has ‘found a ransom’ (33:23-24). Direct conceptual forerunner to NT atonement/substitution vocabulary (cf. Mark 10:45); the Christ-connection must be drawn in teaching commentary only, never assumed silently in the Bible-text translation. Mandatory theologian review.
Chazah Raah See God
Approved rendering: voir (Dieu)
Transliteration: chazah / ra’ah
Doctrine: Bodily Hope Beyond Death (Proto-Resurrection Hope)
Original: חָזָה / רָאָה
Category: Mediator/Redemption
CORE PASSAGE TERM (19:26-27). Sustained, personal, visionary seeing — Job’s climactic declaration that he himself, not another, will see God. Do NOT resolve the underlying bodily/disembodied post-mortem ambiguity of 19:26 (‘in/without my flesh’, mibbesari) through the translation choice; mandatory translator’s note flagging the syntactic difficulty. Preserve the first-person exclusivity of 19:27 (‘moi-même… et non un autre’) without softening. Mandatory theologian review.
Nacham Repent
Approved rendering: je me repens
Transliteration: nacham
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: silent resolution toward either ‘repent’ or ‘am comforted’ without a translator’s note (REJECTED — ambiguity must be flagged, not silently resolved)
Original: נָחַם
Category: Repentance and Restoration
CORE DOCTRINAL ANCHOR for Repentance and Restoration (42:6). Genuinely ambiguous between ‘I repent [of sin]’ and ‘I am comforted/relent [concerning dust and ashes]’; major commentaries and translation traditions differ, and this disagreement (shared with respected Jewish scholarship, e.g. JPS) must be presented honestly. French ‘se repentir’ also carries Catholic-sacramental-confession associations (contrition, absolution) absent from Job’s unmediated address to God. Mandatory translator’s note at every occurrence; mandatory theologian review without exception.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Reserved for the NT Christological title (kyrios). In this curriculum, do NOT use for the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) in Job’s prologue/epilogue/divine speeches — see new entry ‘yhwh_lord’ below, rendered ‘l’Éternel’ to keep the two registers visually distinct. Any theological continuity between YHWH and ‘Seigneur Jésus’ must be taught explicitly in commentary, never assumed through shared vocabulary.
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Must render as wholly unmerited. CROSS-CURRICULUM GUARD: Job 19:21 uses the chanan root for Job’s plea to his friends for ordinary human compassion/pity — this must NOT be rendered with this baseline term (see new entry ‘chanan_pity’, rendered ‘ayez pitié de moi’), to avoid diluting this High-risk soteriological entry’s doctrinal precision.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Renders Greek dikaiosynē (God’s saving, gift-status righteousness) in Romans. CRITICAL CROSS-CURRICULUM COLLISION: Job’s Hebrew tsedeq/tsedaqah (moral-relational rightness) and mishpat (legal-verdict process) BOTH also render to French ‘justice’ — see new entries ‘righteousness_tsedeq’, ‘mishpat_judgment’, and ‘mishpat_tsedeq_pair’ below. A single French word must silently carry three distinct theological categories; mandatory translator’s notes are required at every Job occurrence to prevent collapsing Job’s this-life legal-justice question into Romans’ soteriological answer.
Mishpat Judgment
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Problem of Suffering and Divine Justice
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Problem of Suffering
A legal verdict, the exercise of judicial authority, or the ordering of a legal case — God’s legal governance, distinct from tsedeq (moral rightness). Single most important French lexical collision point in the Job glossary: render ‘justice’ by French Bible convention but supply a mandatory translator’s note distinguishing it from tsedeq wherever both occur in the same passage (chs. 8-9, 24, 27, 34-37). ‘jugement’ is an acceptable secondary rendering at theologian’s discretion in judgment-heavy contexts.
Mishpat Tsedeq Pair
Approved rendering: le droit et la justice
Transliteration: mishpat u-tsedeq / mishpat u-tsedaqah
Doctrine: Problem of Suffering and Divine Justice
Rejected alternatives: une seule ‘justice’ pour la paire (REJECTED when both Hebrew terms co-occur explicitly)
Original: מִשְׁפָּט וְצֶדֶק / מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה
Category: Problem of Suffering
The paired OT formula ‘justice and righteousness’ (chs. 8-9, 24, 27, 34-37). Use this paired rendering to visually preserve the Hebrew distinction French’s single word ‘justice’ would otherwise erase. Direct extension of mishpat_judgment and righteousness_tsedeq; consult both when this pair occurs.
Blameless Upright
Approved rendering: intègre / droit
Transliteration: tam / yashar
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: parfait (misleadingly implies sinless perfection), vertueux (too abstractly philosophical, loses covenantal relational sense)
Original: תָּם / יָשָׁר
Category: Faith and Integrity
Job’s introductory character description (1:1) framing the entire book’s argument. Must always be anchored to ‘la crainte de Dieu’ (fear of God) to prevent a secular professional-ethics-only reading, since French ‘intègre’ functions daily as anti-corruption vocabulary (un fonctionnaire intègre).
Integrity Tummah
Approved rendering: intégrité
Transliteration: tummah
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: honnêteté (too narrowly about truthfulness, misses wholeness/soundness sense)
Original: תֻּמָּה
Category: Faith and Integrity
The abstract quality of moral wholeness Job refuses to abandon under his wife’s and Satan’s pressure (2:9-10). Directly load-bearing for the doctrine’s own name; every reader-facing occurrence must appear within one sentence of God-relational language (‘la crainte de Dieu’) to prevent drift into an autonomous humanist/stoic virtue.
Sheol
Approved rendering: le séjour des morts (le shéol)
Transliteration: Sheol
Doctrine: Bodily Hope Beyond Death (Proto-Resurrection Hope)
Rejected alternatives: enfer (FORBIDDEN — imports later punitive afterlife theology entirely absent from this OT concept)
Original: שְׁאוֹל
Category: Eschatology
The undifferentiated OT realm of the dead (3:13-19, 7:9, 14:13, 17:13, 26:6), not a place of conscious punishment. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION status parallel to the baseline’s ‘justice méritée’ ban: never render as ‘enfer’. Transliteration gloss required at first occurrence.
Mokiach Arbiter
Approved rendering: arbitre
Transliteration: mokiach
Doctrine: The Mediator/Redeemer Hope
Rejected alternatives: médiateur (RESERVED strictly for teaching-commentary bridges to Christ, 1 Tim 2:5 — never in the Bible-text rendering, to preserve the term’s specific legal-adjudication sense and the book’s developing-hope literary arc)
Original: מוֹכִיחַ
Category: Mediator/Redemption
An impartial legal arbiter capable of adjudicating between two disputing parties (9:33); first of three mediator-trajectory terms (arbitre → témoin → Rédempteur). Mandatory theologian review.
Ed Witness
Approved rendering: témoin
Transliteration: ‘ed
Doctrine: The Mediator/Redeemer Hope
Rejected alternatives: avocat (overtranslates into a specific legal-representative role not present in the Hebrew)
Original: עֵד
Category: Mediator/Redemption
A legal witness who can testify to the truth of a matter; Job’s heavenly witness/advocate (16:19). Second of the three mediator-trajectory terms; maintain consistent legal register alongside ‘arbitre’ and ‘Rédempteur’.
Shuv Restore
Approved rendering: rétablit / restaura les biens de
Transliteration: shuv (shav et-shevut)
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: récompensa (FORBIDDEN — implies restoration is a merited reward for successful repentance, reintroducing the very retribution-theology error the book has just dismantled across chs. 3-41)
Original: שׁוּב (שָׁב אֶת שְׁבוּת)
Category: Repentance and Restoration
God’s decisive, sovereign reversal of Job’s fortunes (42:10), a stock OT restoration idiom also used of Israel’s exile-restoration. The natural, idiomatic French choice (‘récompensa’) is the forbidden one — translators optimizing for readability are statistically likely to reach for it; explicit forbidden-substitution flag required in Phase 2 validation. Mandatory theologian review with teaching-commentary caution attached.
Medium Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים / אֱלוֹהַ
Category: God
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Secularization risk: ‘Dieu’ is used as a casual interjection (‘Mon Dieu!’) and, in academic/philosophical French, can be treated as an abstract deist concept rather than the personal, triune God of Scripture. In Job, renders both Elohim and the poetic singular Eloah (a form-only distinction, not doctrinal) throughout the dialogue chapters (3-37).
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Job’s Hebrew text has no single lexical equivalent to Greek pistis. Use ‘foi’ only in teaching commentary synthesizing the book’s overall theme of trust in God amid suffering; never force it as a Bible-text rendering of any specific Job verse or Hebrew word.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] CROSS-CURRICULUM GUARD: never use ‘sauveur’-family vocabulary to render Job 19:25’s go’el (‘Rédempteur’) — this baseline entry’s NT salvation register must not be prematurely imported into Job’s OT kinship-redeemer hope. See new entry ‘go_el_redeemer’.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Reserve strictly for God-directed occurrences of Hebrew kavod in Job (e.g., in divine-speech contexts). Job 29:20 uses kavod for Job’s own former human social honor — render that occurrence ‘honneur’, not ‘gloire’ — see new entry ‘kavod_honor_human’ below.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Rare direct occurrence in Job itself (Hebrew qadosh), implicit chiefly in the book’s pervasive ‘fear of God’ vocabulary; retained here for consistency where teaching commentary draws cross-canonical connections.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] No heavy explicit covenant vocabulary within Job itself; retained for teaching cross-references to the Abrahamic/Davidic/Mosaic covenant background only.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] 18th-century French Enlightenment deism used ‘la Providence’ for an impersonal benevolent order. This risk is amplified across Job’s divine speeches (chs. 38-41): ‘le Tout-Puissant’ and God’s personal address of Job by name must not be flattened into an abstract cosmic-order principle. See new entry ‘shaddai_almighty’.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Renders Hebrew chattah in Job’s friend-speeches (esp. chs. 4, 22). Do not conflate with the more specific avon (guilt/iniquity) or the aven/amal sowing-reaping vocabulary — see new entries ‘avon_iniquity’ and ‘amal_aven_trouble_iniquity’ below, a related but distinct near-synonym cluster.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Job 42:8-10 (root palal): Job’s prayer for his friends at God’s command. Maintain this entry’s existing distinction between ordinary human intercessory prayer and Christ’s/the Spirit’s unique heavenly intercession, and remain alert to the same Catholic devotional ‘intercession des saints’ collision this entry already flags — Job’s act must not read as meritorious or quasi-priestly.
Shaddai Almighty
Approved rendering: le Tout-Puissant
Transliteration: Shaddai (El Shaddai)
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: le Puissant (undertranslates the intensive force), Dieu Tout-Puissant (acceptable full-form variant only when El Shaddai occurs together)
Original: שַׁדַּי (אֵל שַׁדַּי)
Category: God
Job’s characteristic recurring divine title, 31 occurrences across the poetic dialogues (chs. 5-40). Track consistency across every occurrence; must retain its function as a living, addressing divine title, not a philosophical epithet for abstract omnipotence.
Avon Iniquity
Approved rendering: iniquité
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: Problem of Suffering and Divine Justice
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
Guilt/iniquity, the culpable weight/consequence of wrongdoing (Eliphaz’s accusations, ch. 22; Job’s self-defense, ch. 31). Distinct from baseline ‘sin’/chattah = ‘péché’; keep as a distinguishable near-synonym so friend-speech accusatory vocabulary reads with appropriate legal-moral weight.
Rasha Tsaddiq Wicked Righteous
Approved rendering: le méchant / le juste
Transliteration: rasha / tsaddiq
Doctrine: Problem of Suffering and Divine Justice
Original: רָשָׁע / צַדִּיק
Category: Problem of Suffering
The standard OT wicked/righteous-person contrast pair, central to the friends’ retribution-theology argument and Job’s counter-evidence (ch. 21). Ensure ‘le juste’ is not confused with the baseline’s forensic righteousness/justification doctrine — this is a this-life moral-character category, only loosely typologically related to Paul’s forensic doctrine.
Fear Of God
Approved rendering: la crainte de Dieu
Transliteration: yare Elohim / yirat YHWH
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: la terreur de Dieu (overtranslates, losing reverence), le respect de Dieu (undertranslates, losing awe)
Original: יְרֵא אֱלֹהִים / יִרְאַת יְהוָה
Category: Wisdom
Reverent, worshipful awe of God producing obedient living; the book’s climactic definition of true wisdom (28:28). Track consistency across chs. 1, 28, 37 as a deliberate literary echo. First-occurrence gloss recommended distinguishing reverence from literal terror.
Chanaph Godless
Approved rendering: impie
Transliteration: chanaph
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: hypocrite (modern French sense narrows to social pretense/insincerity, losing the fuller OT sense of irreverence toward God)
Original: חָנֵף
Category: Faith and Integrity
Godless, lacking true reverence for God, distinct from rasha (general wickedness); a charge Job denies applies to him (27:5-6).
Abaddon
Approved rendering: Abaddon
Transliteration: Abaddon
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: l’abîme (loses the specific proper-noun parallelism with Sheol)
Original: אֲבַדּוֹן
Category: Eschatology
Poetic near-synonym for Sheol, ‘the realm of destruction’ (26:6), extending God’s sovereignty even over the underworld. Transliterate, paralleling the Sheol treatment.
Mal Ak Angel Messenger
Approved rendering: ange / messager
Transliteration: mal’ak
Doctrine: The Mediator/Redeemer Hope
Original: מַלְאָךְ
Category: Mediator/Redemption
One sent, a messenger; the heavenly intercessory figure (‘one messenger of a thousand’, 33:23). Must not be conflated with the baseline’s Critical-risk holy_spirit or son_of_god entries — a created intercessory being, not a claim about Christ’s or the Spirit’s unique identity, though typologically a forerunner image for teaching commentary.
Aphar Vaepher Dust Ashes
Approved rendering: poussière et cendre
Transliteration: aphar va’epher
Doctrine: Repentance and Restoration
Original: עָפָר וָאֵפֶר
Category: Repentance and Restoration
The standard OT idiom of mourning, humility, and human creatureliness before God (42:6; cf. Gen 2:7, 3:19, 18:27). Stable, low-lexical-risk idiom; moderate doctrinal weight given its pairing with the nacham ambiguity.
Wisdom Chokmah
Approved rendering: sagesse
Transliteration: chokmah (/ tebunah)
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: connaissance (too intellectual/academic, loses the practical-relational dimension)
Original: חָכְמָה / תְּבוּנָה
Category: Wisdom
Skill in living rightly, ultimately found only in relationship with God (28:28), climactically displayed in creation (chs. 38-41). Never present unglossed at ch. 28’s hinge; pair explicitly with ‘la crainte de Dieu’ in the same sentence or adjacent clause to prevent secular Stoic/self-help drift.
Behemoth
Approved rendering: Béhémoth
Transliteration: Behemoth
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: l’hippopotame (REJECTED as primary Bible-text rendering — flattens the rhetorical/theological force into mere zoology; footnoted identification only)
Original: בְּהֵמוֹת
Category: Creation/Sovereignty
God’s climactic example of untamable land-creation, entirely subject to God’s own making and control (‘which I made’, 40:15). Transliterate per standard Segond/TOB/Jerusalem convention. Do not over-mythologize into an independent chaos-deity.
Leviathan
Approved rendering: Léviathan
Transliteration: Livyatan
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: le crocodile (REJECTED as primary Bible-text rendering, same rationale as Behemoth)
Original: לִוְיָתָן
Category: Creation/Sovereignty
God’s climactic example of untamable sea-creation/cosmic-chaos imagery, entirely subject to God alone (ch. 41). Note broader canonical development (Ps 74:14, Isa 27:1) for teaching commentary only, without importing Revelation’s beast theology into the Job text.
Amal Aven Trouble Iniquity
Approved rendering: peine / iniquité
Transliteration: amal / aven
Doctrine: Retribution Theology Challenged
Original: עָמָל / אָוֶן
Category: Retribution Theology
‘Trouble’ and ‘iniquity’ in the classic sowing-reaping retribution formula (4:8), a partially true principle the friends wrongly universalize. Distinguish from baseline ‘sin’/chattah = ‘péché’; treat as a related but distinct near-synonym cluster.
Musar Discipline
Approved rendering: discipline / correction
Transliteration: musar
Doctrine: Retribution Theology Challenged
Original: מוּסָר
Category: Retribution Theology
Corrective, formative discipline, relationship-preserving rather than purely punitive (ch. 5; contrast Elihu, chs. 33-36). Reserve ‘châtiment’ for more purely punitive contexts only; do not use it as the default rendering.
Kavod Honor Human
Approved rendering: honneur
Transliteration: kavod (human-register use)
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: gloire (reserve strictly for God-directed occurrences per baseline ‘glory’ entry; do not use for Job’s human social standing)
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: Faith and Integrity
Weighty social honor/dignity Job recalls from his former prosperous life (29:20, ‘my glory was fresh in me’). Term-collision caution paired with baseline ‘glory’ entry.
Tiqvah Hope
Approved rendering: espérance / espoir
Transliteration: tiqvah
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Original: תִּקְוָה
Category: Faith and Integrity
Expectation/hope, ranging from mundane to theologically weighted (a felled tree’s ‘hope’ to sprout again, 14:7; Job’s negated hope, 17:15). Reserve ‘espérance’ for theologically-weighted occurrences and ‘espoir’ for general usage; track consistently across chs. 6-7, 14, 17.
Cheqer Fathom
Approved rendering: sonder
Transliteration: cheqer
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rejected alternatives: incompréhensible (ordinary French can carry a mildly negative, frustrated-bafflement connotation rather than reverent transcendence)
Original: חֵקֶר
Category: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
The limit/extent of investigation of a matter; used negatively for the unsearchable depths of God (11:7). Prefer ‘sonder’/‘insondable’ register over ‘incompréhensible’. Note for teaching commentary that Zophar states a true principle while misapplying it as a weapon against Job.
Rib Lawsuit
Approved rendering: plaider sa cause / contester
Transliteration: rib
Doctrine: The Mediator/Redeemer Hope
Original: רִיב
Category: Mediator/Redemption
A formal legal dispute/lawsuit; Job repeatedly frames his suffering in courtroom terms. Maintain a consistent legal register (plaider, cause, témoin, arbitre) across chs. 9-31, but do not conflate this OT legal metaphor with Romans’ forensic dikaiōsis doctrine.
Shalam Peace With God
Approved rendering: être en paix avec Dieu
Transliteration: shalam
Doctrine: Retribution Theology Challenged
Original: שָׁלַם
Category: Retribution Theology
Eliphaz’s offer of reconciliation through moral reformation (22:21). Cross-curriculum collision point with the baseline’s ‘peace’ entry (Romans 5:1); flag for teaching commentary to draw the contrast explicitly — Eliphaz’s works-peace is precisely what Romans’ grace-peace corrects.
Oath Imprecation
Approved rendering: serment / imprécation conditionnelle
Transliteration: shava / alah
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: déclaration sur l’honneur (loses the self-curse element entirely; do not naturalize into a modern French legal register that lacks the self-imprecation genre)
Original: שָׁבַע / אָלָה
Category: Faith and Integrity
To swear an oath / a self-imposed curse invoked if false; ch. 31’s extended ‘if I have done X, then let Y befall me’ formula, a formal legal oath-of-clearance genre unfamiliar to French readers. Genre-note required in teaching commentary.
Mosedei Erets Foundations
Approved rendering: les fondements de la terre
Transliteration: mosedei erets
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Original: מוֹסְדֵי אֶרֶץ
Category: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
The laid, established foundations of the earth; God’s rhetorical question opening the climactic divine speeches (38:4). Ensure the sustained rhetorical-question structure of chs. 38-41 is preserved in French with equivalent interrogative force, not softened into declarative statements.
Memshalah Dominion
Approved rendering: domination / souveraineté
Transliteration: memshalah
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Original: מֶמְשָׁלָה
Category: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Rule, sovereign governance; Bildad’s brief but genuine statement, ‘Dominion and fear are with him’ (25:2). Note for teaching commentary that this theologically sound statement should not be discounted merely because a flawed friend voices it.
Curse Barak Euphemism
Approved rendering: maudire
Transliteration: barak (used euphemistically)
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Hebrew literally ‘to bless’, used euphemistically for its opposite ‘to curse’ at 1:5, 1:11, 2:5, 2:9. French tradition follows English practice and translates the sense directly as ‘maudire Dieu’ rather than preserving the Hebrew euphemism; this is standard and acceptable. Central to the narrative’s central test: whether Job’s wife’s and Satan’s proposed ‘curse God and die’ response will override Job’s integrity.
Low Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
[inherited from Romans package, unaltered] Romans 5:1 sense: relational peace with God secured through justification by faith, apart from works. CROSS-CURRICULUM GUARD: Job 22:21 (Eliphaz’s shalam-root offer, ‘agree with God and be at peace’) is precisely the works-based peace this Romans doctrine corrects — do not let the French rendering imply doctrinal equivalence. See new entry ‘shalam_peace_with_god’.
Derek Way
Approved rendering: voie / chemin
Transliteration: derek
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Original: דֶּרֶךְ
Category: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
One’s path/course of life or conduct, known fully only to God (23:10). Standard vocabulary; low doctrinal ambiguity.
Bachan Tested
Approved rendering: éprouver
Transliteration: bachan
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Original: בָּחַן
Category: Faith and Integrity
To test/refine as metal, a trial-proving metaphor for character (23:10, ‘when he has tried me, I shall come out as gold’). Standard refining-metaphor vocabulary.
Qets Appointed Time
Approved rendering: terme fixé / temps déterminé
Transliteration: qets
Doctrine: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
Original: קֵץ
Category: Sovereignty and Incomprehensibility of God
A fixed end/limit to human life that God alone sets (14:5, 14:13). Standard theological French vocabulary.
Chanan Pity
Approved rendering: ayez pitié de moi
Transliteration: chonnuni (root chanan)
Doctrine: Faith and Integrity amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: grâce (baseline soteriological term — do not force here; the referent, human compassion sought from friends, differs from the baseline’s doctrine)
Original: חָנְנֻנִי
Category: Faith and Integrity
Job’s plea to his friends for compassion (19:21), from the same root underlying OT grace/favor vocabulary elsewhere. Keep distinct from the baseline ‘grace’ entry to avoid diluting its doctrinal precision.
Shoresh Root
Approved rendering: racine
Transliteration: shoresh
Doctrine: Retribution Theology Challenged
Original: שֶׁרֶשׁ
Category: Retribution Theology
The root of a plant, metaphor for the wicked/godless person’s unstable, impermanent foundation (8:12-13). Standard vocabulary.
Pachad Dread
Approved rendering: terreur / épouvante
Transliteration: pachad
Doctrine: Retribution Theology Challenged
Original: פַּחַד
Category: Retribution Theology
Sudden fear/terror/dread, paired with judgment-imagery for the wicked’s inevitable downfall (ch. 15). Primary risk is doctrinal over-generalization, addressed in commentary and contested directly in ch. 21.
Choshek Or Darkness Light
Approved rendering: ténèbres / lumière
Transliteration: choshek / ‘or
Doctrine: The Problem of Suffering and Divine Justice
Job’s opening lament (ch. 3) inverts creation language (‘let there be light’, Gen 1:3) into a wish for un-creation. Standard vocabulary; the creation-inversion allusion belongs in teaching commentary, not an altered translated text.
Referenced passages