Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Timothy (English → French)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering 2 Timothy 1–4 in full. Terms marked [REUSED] carry forward the exact rendering fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must not be altered. New terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and require registry entry / theologian sign-off per risk tier before Phase 2 begins.
Risk tiers: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions).
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (English) | Greek (transliteration) | French Rendering | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | Évangile | Low | 1, 2, 4 | Underlies “évangéliste” (4:5) — office name, distinct sense flagged separately. |
| grace | χάρις (charis) | grâce | High | 1, 2, 4 | 1:9 “not according to our works, but according to…grace”; 4:22 closing benediction; must anchor all “reward” language (4:8, 4:14) as grace-consistent. |
| faith | πίστις (pistis) | foi | Medium | 1, 2, 3, 4 | Very high frequency in this book (1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7); “kept the faith” (4:7) means preserved sound teaching, not vague belief. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | justice | High | 2, 3, 4 | 2:22 “follow righteousness”; 3:16 “instruction in righteousness” (ethical-formation sense); 4:8 “crown of righteousness” (reward sense) — three distinct nuances, one French word. |
| salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | salut | Medium | 2, 3 | 2:10 “salvation with eternal glory”; 3:15 Scripture “able to make wise unto salvation.” |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | apôtre | Low | 1 | 1:1, 1:11. |
| called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις; καλέω (klētos/klēsis; kaleō) | appelé / appel | Medium-High | 1 | 1:9 “called…with a holy calling” — effectual calling, not by works. |
| holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | saint | Medium-High | 1 | 1:9 “holy calling”; adjacent to 3:15 “holy scriptures” (distinct Greek phrase, see Table 2). |
| sanctification / sanctified | ἁγιασμός / ἡγιασμένος (hagiasmos / hēgiasmenos) | sanctification / sanctifié | Medium | 2 | 2:21 “vessel…sanctified, meet for the master’s use.” |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis); ἐγείρω (egeirō, “raised”) | résurrection | Medium-High | 2 | 2:8 “raised from the dead”; 2:18 false teaching that “the resurrection is past already” — same term, orthodox vs. corrupted use. |
| lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Seigneur | Critical-High | 1, 2, 4 | 4:1 “before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ”; 4:8 “the Lord, the righteous Judge.” |
| glory | δόξα (doxa) | gloire | Medium | 2, 4 | 2:10; 4:18 closing doxology. |
| power (of God) | δύναμις (dynamis) | puissance | Medium-High | 1, 3 | 1:7-8 Spirit’s power; 3:5 false godliness “denying its power” — negative use. |
| messiah / Christ | Χριστός (Christos) | Christ | Medium | 1, 2, 4 | Used throughout as part of “Christ Jésus,” consistently. |
| election / elect | ἐκλεκτός (eklektos) | élu(s) / élection | High | 2 | 2:10 “for the elect’s sake.” French “élection” political-vote collision per baseline. |
| david / seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ (sperma Dauid) | descendance de David | Medium | 2 | 2:8. |
| israel | — | Israël | — | not present | Not used in 2 Timothy; listed for completeness only. |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | Jésus | Low-Critical | throughout | Stable form; critical when paired with “Lord”/“Christ” titles. |
| god | θεός (theos) | Dieu | Medium-Critical | throughout | Throughout; note 3:16 “θεόπνευστος” (God-breathed) as the doctrinally loaded compound, see Table 2. |
| holy spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ ἐν ἡμῖν Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον | Esprit Saint | Medium | 1 | 1:14 “by the Holy Spirit who dwells in us.” |
| father | πατήρ (patēr) | Père | Medium | 1 | 1:2 “God the Father.” |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | exhorter | Low | 4 | 4:2. |
| spiritual gifts / gift | χάρισμα (charisma) | don(s) (spirituel(s)) | Medium | 1 | 1:6 “the gift of God which is in thee.” |
| kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | Royaume de Dieu | Medium | 4 | 4:1 “his kingdom”; 4:18 “his heavenly kingdom” (royaume céleste). |
| church-adjacent: fellowship | κοινωνία-adjacent relational vocabulary | communion fraternelle | Medium | 4 | Implicit in the greetings/companions section (4:9-21), not a distinct lexeme in 2 Timothy but the same doctrinal category. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία-adjacent (implied) | péché | Medium | — | Not a distinct lexeme in 2 Timothy’s load-bearing vocabulary; listed for cross-curriculum consistency only. |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by 2 Timothy
| Term (English) | Greek (transliteration) | Literal Meaning | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Key Translation Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God-breathed / inspired by God | θεόπνευστος (theopneustos) | God-breathed | inspirée de Dieu | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (3:16) | Reformation-era flashpoint equivalent to “justification” in the baseline: Catholic Tradition/Magisterium co-authority vs. Reformed sola scriptura framing. Never gloss toward “Scripture and Tradition are both inspired.” |
| Scripture | γραφή (graphē) | writing | l’Écriture | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (3:16) | Distinguish from hiera grammata (below); capitalize; flag every sufficiency-adjacent occurrence for theologian review. |
| holy scriptures / sacred writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata) | sacred letters/writings | les saintes Écritures | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (3:15) | Segond’s literal “les saintes lettres” is the older alternative; note the distinct underlying Greek from graphē for reviewers. |
| sound doctrine / sound words | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι (hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainontes logoi) | healthy teaching / healthy words | la saine doctrine / les paroles saines | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1 (1:13), 4 (4:3) | Medical “health” metaphor must be taught explicitly; secular French hears “doctrine” as rigid ideology. |
| doctrine / teaching | διδασκαλία / διδαχή (didaskalia / didachē) | teaching | doctrine / enseignement | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 3 (3:16), 4 (4:2) | Distinguish ethical-formation sense (3:16) from general “teaching” sense (4:2). |
| preach (herald) | κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | to herald, proclaim officially | prêcher | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (4:2) | Guard against secular idiomatic drift (“prêcher dans le désert” = moralizing nobody heeds). |
| the word (message) | λόγος (logos) | word, message | la parole (lowercase) | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (4:2) | Distinguish from capitalized “la Parole” (Christ, John 1:1) used elsewhere in French Bible tradition. |
| entrust / commit | παρατίθημι (paratithēmi) | to deposit for safekeeping | confier | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2 (2:2) | Must retain trustee/safekeeping force, not weakened to “share” or “tell.” |
| (good) deposit / trust | παραθήκη (parathēkē) | a deposit placed in trust | dépôt | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1 (1:14), 2 (implied 2:2) | French “dépôt” defaults to banking/storage; gloss as “un dépôt précieux confié” in teaching contexts. |
| appearing (Second Coming) | ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | shining forth, manifestation | avènement | High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Assurance of Reward | 4 (4:1, 4:8) | NEVER render “épiphanie” — collides with the Catholic liturgical Feast of the Epiphany (Jan. 6, galette des rois). Forbidden substitution. |
| ministry / service | διακονία (diakonia) | service, waiting-on | ministère | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (4:5) | French “ministère” primarily denotes a government department in ordinary usage; disambiguate with context or a first-use gloss. |
| evangelist | εὑαγγελιστής (euangelistēs) | gospel-proclaimer | évangéliste | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 4 (4:5) | French “les évangélistes” primarily denotes the four Gospel-writers; the NT ministry-office sense must be explicitly taught. |
| crown (of righteousness) | στέφανος (stephanos) | victor’s wreath | couronne (de justice) | High | Assurance of Reward | 4 (4:8) | French “couronne” defaults to royal-crown image, not victor’s-wreath; pair with grace-not-merit caution below. |
| reward / repay | ἀποδίδωμι (apodidōmi) | to give back, render due | récompense / rendre selon | High | Assurance of Reward | 4 (4:8, 4:14) | Same verb covers reward and just retribution; must not imply believer’s standing before God is works-based — pair with 1:9’s grace theology. |
| fight the good fight | ἀγών / ἀγωνίζομαι (agōn / agōnizomai) | athletic contest/combat | (j’ai) combattu le bon combat | Low | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | 4 (4:7) | Established idiomatic French phrase; low risk. |
| finished the course | δρόμος (dromos) | race-course | (j’ai) achevé la course | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | 4 (4:7) | — |
| kept (guarded, preserved) | τηρέω (tēreō) | to guard, preserve | garder | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 4 (4:7) | “Kept the faith” = preserved sound apostolic teaching intact, not vague continued belief. |
| guard (keep watch over) | φυλάσσω (phylassō) | to guard as a sentry | garder | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1 (1:14) | Active, vigilant protection, not passive possession. |
| rightly dividing / rightly handling | ὀρθοτομέω (orthotomeō) | to cut straight | dispenser droitement (la parole de vérité) | Medium-High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 (2:15) | “Cutting straight” image not self-evident in French; gloss the craftsman/road image in teaching material. |
| endure hardship / suffer | κακοπαθέω (kakopatheō) | to suffer evil/hardship | souffrir / endurer la souffrance | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | 1 (1:8, implied), 2 (2:3), 4 (4:5) | Retain real hardship weight; do not soften to psychological “difficulty.” |
| endure (persevere) | ὑπομένω (hypomenō) | to remain under pressure | persévérer / endurer | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | 2 (2:10, 2:12) | Active, hope-filled perseverance, not fatalistic resignation. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | reverence, godly devotion | piété | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:5) | French “piété” can lean toward externally visible devotion — precisely the counterfeit the passage critiques; usable as a teaching point. |
| form / outward form | μόρφωσις (morphōsis) | outward shape, semblance | apparence / forme extérieure | Low | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:5) | — |
| last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι (eschatai hēmerai) | final days | les derniers jours | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:1) | “Already begun, not only future” nuance needs explicit teaching. |
| seducers / impostors | γόητες (goētes) | sorcerers, deceptive tricksters | imposteurs | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:13) | FORBIDDEN: “séducteurs” — modern French reads this as romantically charming, an unrelated and mildly positive concept. |
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | change of mind/heart | repentir / conversion | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days (restoration); Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 (2:25) | Catholic sacramental-Penance framing vs. Reformed inward-repentance framing; same flashpoint class as baseline’s “grace”/“justification.” |
| reprobate / disqualified | ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) | failing the test | réprouvé(s) / disqualifié(s) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 (3:8) | French “réprouvé” carries Jansenist/predestinarian historical freight; gloss with “disqualifié” for clarity. |
| approved (tested, genuine) | δόκιμος (dokimos) | tested and proven | approuvé | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | 2 (2:15) | Antonym pair with adokimos above. |
| conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | moral self-awareness | conscience | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1 (1:3) | Anchor relationally to God (“conscience pure devant Dieu”), not mere self-satisfaction. |
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | compassionate kindness | miséricorde | Medium | (Grace-adjacent) | 1 (1:2, 1:16) | Resonates with French Catholic “Miséricorde divine” devotion — generally reinforcing, note shared usage across traditions. |
| love (agapē) | ἀγάπη (agapē) | selfless, willed love | amour | Medium | (Fruit of the Spirit / Adoption-adjacent) | 1 (1:7), 2 (2:22) | French “amour” defaults to romantic connotation; qualify contextually (“l’amour fraternel,” “l’amour selon Dieu”). |
| seal | σφραγίς (sphragis) | ownership mark/seal | sceau | Medium | Assurance of Reward (background) | 2 (2:19) | Sacramental resonance in French (“sceau du baptême”) generally helpful, not to be over-specified to one sacrament. |
| gangrene (spreading corruption) | γάγγραινα (gaggraina) | necrotic spread | gangrène | Low | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 (2:17) | Vivid, direct cognate. |
| fables / myths | μῦθος (mythos) | myth, legend | fables (alt.: mythes) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 4 (4:4) | “Fables” matches Segond register; “mythes” may better serve doctrinal clarity — flag for reviewer choice. |
| itching ears (idiom) | κνήθομαι (knēthomai) | to itch/be tickled | avides d’entendre des choses agréables | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 4 (4:3) | Idiom-handling case: preserve meaning (craving flattering teaching) over literal ear-image. |
| watch / be sober | νήφω (nēphō) | to be sober, clear-headed | sois sobre / reste vigilant | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 4 (4:5) | — |
| snare (of the devil) | παγίς (pagis) | trap | piège | Low | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 (2:26) | — |
| devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | slanderer, accuser | diable | Low | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 (2:26) | Secular French folkloric idiom present but non-competing in religious-register context. |
| perfect / complete (functional) | ἄρτιος (artios) | complete, fully fit | accompli | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (3:17) | Avoid French “parfait,” which risks a moral-perfectionism misreading. |
| thoroughly equipped | ἐξαρτίζω (exartizō) | fully outfitted | parfaitement équipé / propre à toute bonne œuvre | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 (3:17) | Sharpest sufficiency claim in the book; resist implied need for a co-equipping source (e.g., Tradition/Magisterium). |
| solemnly charge | διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai) | to bear solemn witness/charge | je te charge solennellement | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 2 (2:14), 4 (4:1) | Avoid archaic Segond “je t’adjure” per this curriculum’s register rules; retain legal-witness solemnity. |
| the living and the dead | ζῶντες καὶ νεκροί (zōntes kai nekroi) | the living and the dead | les vivants et les morts | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (4:1) | Matches the Apostles’ Creed phrase — helpful ecumenical recognition point. |
| in season, out of season | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως (eukairōs akairōs) | opportunely, inopportunely | à temps et à contretemps | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 (4:2) | Paradox must be preserved, not softened to “when appropriate.” |
| deny / faithless vs. faithful | ἀρνέομαι / ἀπιστέω — πιστός (arneomai / apisteō — pistos) | to deny / to be without faith — faithful | renier / infidèle — fidèle | High | Assurance of Reward | 2 (2:12-13) | Genuine assurance-vs-warning tension; flag for theologian review whenever this quatrain is taught. |
| this present age | αἰών (aiōn) | age, era | ce présent siècle / le monde présent | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 4 (4:10) | “Le monde présent” safer for general audiences than “siècle,” which can be misheard as strictly “century.” |
| poured out (as a libation) | σπένδομαι (spendomai) | to be poured out as a drink-offering | je suis (déjà) comme une libation versée | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | 4 (4:6) | Sacrificial-libation image not a live French cultural reference; gloss recommended. |
| departure (death as embarkation) | ἀνάλυσις (analysis) | unmooring, breaking camp | mon départ | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | 4 (4:6) | Vivid embarkation image largely lost but meaning preserved by context. |
Table 3 — Named Individuals (Proper Names, Low Risk, Standard French Transliteration)
| English | Standard French Form | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timothy | Timothée | 1–4 | Letter’s addressee. |
| Lois, Eunice | Loïs, Eunice | 1 (1:5) | Timothy’s grandmother and mother; positive models of Faithful Transmission of the Gospel. |
| Onesiphorus | Onésiphore | 1 (1:16-18), 4 (4:19) | — |
| Hymenaeus, Philetus | Hyménée, Philète | 2 (2:17) | Named false teachers; case study for Apostasy and False Teachers doctrine. |
| Jannes, Jambres | Jannès, Jambrès | 3 (3:8) | Traditional names of Moses’s opponents; typological reinforcement of the same doctrine. |
| Demas | Démas | 4 (4:10) | Named defector, “loving this present world.” |
| Crescens, Titus, Luke, Mark | Crescens, Tite, Luc, Marc | 4 (4:10-11) | Paul’s companions. |
| Alexander (the coppersmith) | Alexandre (le forgeron/l’artisan du bronze) | 4 (4:14) | Named opponent; illustrates the negative side of Assurance of Reward (just recompense). |
| Prisca, Aquila | Prisca (Priscille), Aquila | 4 (4:19) | — |
| Erastus, Trophimus | Éraste, Trophime | 4 (4:20) | — |
| Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia | Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia | 4 (4:21) | — |
Cross-Reference to Curriculum Doctrines
| Doctrine | Primary Passages | Key Glossary Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3:14-17 | θεόπνευστος/inspirée de Dieu; γραφή/l’Écriture; ἱερὰ γράμματα/les saintes Écritures; ἄρτιος/accompli; ἐξαρτίζω/parfaitement équipé |
| Perseverance under Suffering | 1:8, 2:3-6, 2:10-12, 3:10-12, 4:5-8 | κακοπαθέω/souffrir; ὑπομένω/persévérer; ἀγών/combat; σπένδομαι/libation versée; ἀνάλυσις/départ |
| Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1:13-14, 2:2, 2:15-18, 4:3 | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία/la saine doctrine; παραθήκη/dépôt; φυλάσσω/garder; ὀρθοτομέω/dispenser droitement; γάγγραινα/gangrène |
| Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1:5, 1:13-14, 2:2, 4:7 | παρατίθημι/confier; παραθήκη/dépôt; τηρέω/garder; πιστοί ἄνθρωποι/hommes fidèles |
| The Charge to Preach the Word | 4:1-5 | διαμαρτύρομαι/je te charge solennellement; κηρύσσω/prêcher; διακονία/ministère; εὑαγγελιστής/évangéliste |
| Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2:17-18, 3:1-9, 3:13, 4:3-4, 4:10, 4:14 | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι/les derniers jours; γόητες/imposteurs; εὐσέβεια/piété; μῦθος/fables; ἀδόκιμος/réprouvé |
| Assurance of Reward | 4:7-8, 4:14, 2:11-13 | στέφανος/couronne; ἀποδίδωμι/récompense; ἐπιφάνεια/avènement; πιστός…/ἀπιστέω/fidèle…infidèle |
End of Core Glossary. Feeds Phase 1 Step 2 (Doctrine Risk Registry) and the Phase 2 translation memory update for this curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Theopneustos
Approved rendering: inspirée de Dieu
Transliteration: theopneustos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: inspirante (aesthetic weakening, used loosely of poets/speeches), Scripture et Tradition sont toutes deux inspirées (forbidden co-authority gloss)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
NEW for this curriculum. 3:16. The Reformation-era flashpoint equivalent to ‘justification’ in the Romans baseline: Catholic theology (Trent, Dei Verbum) affirms inspiration but pairs Scripture with Tradition/Magisterium as co-sources; Reformed/evangelical French readers hold Scripture as the SOLE inspired and sufficient rule. Never gloss toward ‘Scripture and Tradition are both inspired guides.‘
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace’) and 4:22’s closing benediction anchor this letter’s reward theology (4:8, 4:14) in grace, not merit. Must be cross-referenced whenever couronne/récompense language is taught (4:7-8, 4:14).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (bible_term_registry.json elevates this to Critical for 2 Timothy). Used across three distinct nuances in this letter: 2:22 ethical conduct, 3:16 character formation, 4:8 eschatological reward — reviewers must not let the reward-sense at 4:8 be read as merit earning forensic standing.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 4:1 ‘before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge’; 4:8 ‘the Lord, the righteous Judge’ — must retain the sense of a present, reigning Judge, not a distant historical feudal title.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2:10 ‘for the elect’s sake’ (rendered ‘élu(s)’) — Paul’s own suffering serves God’s sovereign, gracious choice of specific people; French ‘élection’ defaults to political/democratic voting, risking a competitive-process misreading.
Scripture Graphe
Approved rendering: l’Écriture
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: l’Écriture et la Tradition (forbidden co-authority insertion)
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
NEW for this curriculum. 3:16 ‘All Scripture is God-breathed.’ Flag every sufficiency-adjacent occurrence for theologian review, same handling as the baseline’s ‘justification.’ Distinguish from the separate Greek phrase ‘hiera grammata’ at 3:15.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: la saine doctrine / les paroles saines
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainontes logoi
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: doctrine (bare, without ‘saine’ — loses the health metaphor entirely)
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Doctrine
NEW for this curriculum. 1:13, 4:3. The medical ‘health’ metaphor survives (‘saine’), but secular French readers hear ‘doctrine’ primarily as rigid ideology; the health-versus-disease framing must be actively taught.
Preach
Approved rendering: prêcher
Transliteration: kēryssō
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: proclamer (loses the specific herald-with-delegated-authority nuance)
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 4:2, imperative ‘kēryxon,’ the central verb of the core passage’s charge. Guard against the secular idiomatic drift ‘prêcher dans le désert’ (moralizing nobody heeds); reinforce the authoritative-herald sense via the surrounding solemn-charge framing (4:1).
Good Deposit
Approved rendering: dépôt
Transliteration: parathēkē
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: trésor (loses the legal/trustee register), héritage (confuses with inheritance/adoption doctrine)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Transmission
NEW for this curriculum. 1:14, conceptually resumed at 2:2. Ordinary French ‘dépôt’ is overwhelmingly a banking/storage term; gloss on first occurrence as ‘un dépôt précieux confié, comme on confie un trésor à un dépositaire de confiance’ rather than leaving unglossed.
Appearing
Approved rendering: avènement
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: épiphanie (FORBIDDEN — collides with the Catholic liturgical Feast of the Epiphany, January 6, la galette des rois)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 4:1 ‘at his appearing and his kingdom’; 4:8 ‘to all who have loved his appearing.’ Confirmed as the unanimous choice across every surveyed mainstream French Bible tradition (05_translation_landscape.md); zero exceptions permitted.
Ministry
Approved rendering: ministère
Transliteration: diakonia
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: service (too generic, loses the specific-office nuance)
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 4:5 ‘make full proof of thy ministry.’ French ‘ministère’ is first and overwhelmingly a government department in ordinary usage; a first-occurrence gloss ‘ministère (service chrétien)’ is required.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: couronne (de justice)
Transliteration: ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: couronne royale (wrong image — a royal crown, not the intended victor’s athletic wreath)
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 4:8. Never render bare ‘couronne’; always pair with ‘de justice’ and cross-reference the athletic imagery of 4:7 (‘combattu le bon combat,’ ‘achevé la course’) to recover the victor’s-wreath sense.
Reward Repay
Approved rendering: récompense / rendre selon
Transliteration: apodidōmi
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: salaire (wage-earned connotation, risks a merit reading of the believer’s standing before God)
Original: ἀποδίδωμι
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 4:8 (positive, Paul’s crown) and 4:14 (negative, Alexander’s just recompense) use the identical Greek verb. Mandatory cross-reference to 1:9’s grace-not-works foundation whenever either occurrence is taught.
Rightly Dividing
Approved rendering: dispenser droitement (la parole de vérité)
Transliteration: orthotomeō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
NEW for this curriculum. 2:15, a foundational hermeneutical principle. The Greek ‘cutting straight’ craftsman/road-building image is not self-evident in French; a teaching gloss explaining the background is required regardless of the verb chosen.
Seducers Impostors
Approved rendering: imposteurs
Transliteration: goētes
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: séducteurs (FORBIDDEN — modern French denotes a romantically charming or seductive person, an unrelated positive-to-neutral concept that inverts the warning)
Original: γόητες
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 3:13. Confirmed forbidden substitution; add to the AI translation requirements forbidden list with absolute priority.
Repentance
Approved rendering: repentir / conversion
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: pénitence (over-specifies toward the Catholic sacrament of Penance)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. 2:25 ‘repentance to the acknowledging of the truth.’ Genuine Catholic sacramental-Penance vs. Reformed inward-repentance flashpoint, same class as the baseline’s ‘grace’/‘justification.’ Flag for theologian review wherever soteriologically weighted.
Thoroughly Equipped
Approved rendering: parfaitement équipé / propre à toute bonne œuvre
Transliteration: exērtismenos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: parfaitement préparé (BDS’s weaker paraphrase — softens the ‘nothing lacking’ sufficiency claim toward mere preparedness)
Original: ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Scripture
NEW for this curriculum. 3:17, the sharpest sufficiency claim in the book. Must stand without an implied co-equipping source (Tradition/Magisterium).
Deny Faithless Faithful
Approved rendering: renier / infidèle — fidèle
Transliteration: arneomai / apisteō — pistos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀρνέομαι / ἀπιστέω — πιστός
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. 2:11-13. Genuine assurance-vs-warning tension; flag for mandatory theologian review whenever this quatrain is taught, so neither half is silently resolved.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. High-frequency in 2 Timothy (1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7). ‘J’ai gardé la foi’ (4:7) means preserved sound apostolic teaching intact, not vague continued belief.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2:10 ‘salvation with eternal glory’; 3:15 Scripture ‘able to make wise unto salvation’ — grounds Scripture’s sufficiency in a soteriological, not merely informational, goal.
Called
Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:9 ‘called…with a holy calling’ is effectual, gracious calling, explicitly ‘not according to our works’ — must not be read as a call to vocational religious life in the Catholic clergy sense.
Calling
Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:9 ‘holy calling’ (klēsei hagia). Reserve ‘vocation’ only for explicitly occupational contexts; use ‘appel’ here per baseline rule.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:9 ‘holy calling’; distinct from the separate Greek phrase ‘hiera grammata’ (‘holy scriptures,’ 3:15), which uses a different underlying word — do not conflate the two in teaching material.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἡγιασμένος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2:21 ‘a vessel…sanctified, meet for the master’s use’ — moral self-discipline in view of doctrinal fidelity, not ritual/ceremonial cleansing.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2:8 ‘raised from the dead’ is the orthodox anchor; 2:18 records Hymenaeus and Philetus teaching ‘the resurrection is past already’ (a realized-eschatology error) using the SAME French word — correct vocabulary can still carry corrupted content; flag both occurrences, cross-referenced to each other.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2:10; 4:18 closing doxology ‘to whom be glory for ever and ever.‘
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:7-8 the Spirit gives power, not fear (rendered contextually as bare ‘puissance’ when the possessive ‘of God’ is not explicit in the Greek clause); 3:5 false godliness ‘denying its power’ — negative use of the same French word, must not be softened either direction.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Denotes the abstract OT-fulfillment concept. In 2 Timothy, Χριστός functions overwhelmingly as part of the fixed proper-name title ‘Christ Jésus’ rather than as a bare title ‘the Messiah’ — see the new entry ‘christ_jesus_title’ below for that distinct usage.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 2:8 ‘of the seed of David’ paired with ‘raised from the dead’ — the letter’s compact incarnation-and-resurrection creed.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs throughout; 3:16’s compound ‘theopneustos’ (God-breathed) is the doctrinally loaded occurrence requiring separate Critical-risk treatment (see ‘theopneustos’ entry below).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:14 ‘by the Holy Spirit who dwells in us’ — the Spirit, not human effort alone, secures the faithful guarding of the deposit.
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:2 ‘God the Father.‘
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dons spirituels
Transliteration: dons spirituels
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: talents
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:6 ‘the gift of God which is in thee, by the putting on of my hands’ uses the singular in context (‘don de Dieu’); must be conveyed as Spirit-given, not natural talent or self-generated confidence.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 4:1 ‘and his kingdom’; 4:18 ‘his heavenly kingdom’ (royaume céleste) — the ‘heavenly’ qualifier should reinforce, not weaken, the non-political, eschatological sense.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: communion fraternelle
Transliteration: communion fraternelle
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: communion (bare), communauté (communautarisme risk)
Original: κοινωνία (thematic)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not a distinct lexeme in 2 Timothy but the theological category underlying the extensive greetings and companionship material (1:16-18, 4:9-21). Avoid bare ‘communauté’ given its negative communautarisme political connotation in contemporary French.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not a distinct load-bearing lexeme in 2 Timothy; listed for cross-curriculum glossary consistency only.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Underlies 2 Timothy’s Providence and Divine Purpose doctrine (1:9’s ‘purpose,’ 3:11’s rescue, 4:17-18’s personal deliverance); must retain a personal, purposive divine agent against Enlightenment-deist ‘impersonal order’ readings.
Christ Jesus Title
Approved rendering: Christ
Transliteration: Christ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: Messie (reserved for the abstract title ‘the Messiah,’ not this letter’s fixed name-title combination)
NEW for this curriculum. Χριστός functions throughout 2 Timothy as part of the fixed proper-name title ‘Christ Jésus’/‘Jésus-Christ,’ not as a bare title requiring ‘Messie.’ Distinct from the baseline ‘messiah’ entry above; both must remain available and must not be silently merged.
Hiera Grammata
Approved rendering: les saintes Écritures
Transliteration: hiera grammata
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: les saintes lettres (archaic Segond alternative, retained as reviewer footnote only)
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
NEW for this curriculum. 3:15, used only here in the NT. Distinct Greek term from graphē (3:16); flag for reviewers so the two are not silently treated as identical.
Doctrine Teaching
Approved rendering: doctrine / enseignement
Transliteration: didaskalia / didachē
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Doctrine
NEW for this curriculum. 3:16 ‘profitable for doctrine’ (ethical-formation sense); 4:2 ‘with all longsuffering and doctrine’ (general teaching sense). Anchor to Scripture-derived teaching in context, not rigid ideology.
The Word
Approved rendering: la parole
Transliteration: logos
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: la Parole (capitalized — reserved for Christ as the Johannine Word, John 1:1)
Original: λόγος
Category: Doctrine
NEW for this curriculum. 4:2 ‘Preach the word.’ Must be typographically/contextually distinguished from capitalized ‘la Parole’ used elsewhere in French Bible tradition for the person of Christ.
Entrust
Approved rendering: confier
Transliteration: paratithēmi
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: partager (too weak), raconter (too weak)
Original: παρατίθημι
Category: Transmission
NEW for this curriculum. 2:2, part of the chain-of-custody model (Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others). Must retain the trustee/safekeeping force.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: évangéliste
Transliteration: euangelistēs
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὑαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 4:5 ‘do the work of an evangelist.’ In French Christian culture ‘les évangélistes’ primarily denotes the four Gospel-writers; the NT office/function sense must be explicitly taught at first occurrence to avoid a total referent failure.
Kept Guarded
Approved rendering: garder
Transliteration: tēreō
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: τηρέω
Category: Transmission
NEW for this curriculum. 4:7 ‘I have kept the faith’ means preserved sound apostolic teaching intact, not merely ‘remained a believer’ in a vague sense. NOTE: French collapses this verb (tēreō) and ‘guard’ (phylassō, 1:14) into the same word ‘garder’ — see next entry; teaching notes must distinguish the two senses contextually.
Guard
Approved rendering: garder
Transliteration: phylassō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Doctrine
NEW for this curriculum. 1:14 ‘that good thing which was committed unto thee keep.’ Active, vigilant, sentry-style protection, not passive possession. Same French verb as ‘kept_guarded’ (tēreō, 4:7) but a distinct Greek verb — flag the lexical collapse for reviewers.
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: souffrir / endurer la souffrance
Transliteration: kakopatheō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 1:8 (implied), 2:3, 4:5. Must not be softened toward mere psychological ‘endure difficulty’; retains real hardship weight, consistent with the letter’s martyrdom setting.
Endure Persevere
Approved rendering: persévérer / endurer
Transliteration: hypomenō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὑπομένω
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 2:10, 2:12. Must convey active, hope-filled perseverance, not fatalistic resignation or secular stoic ‘résilience.‘
Godliness
Approved rendering: piété
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 3:5 ‘having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof.’ French ‘piété’ leans toward externally visible devotional practice — precisely the counterfeit the passage critiques; use deliberately as a teaching point, not softened to avoid the association.
Last Days
Approved rendering: les derniers jours
Transliteration: eschatais hēmerais
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 3:1. The ‘already begun, not only future’ nuance requires explicit teaching; no significant competing French cultural association.
Reprobate Disqualified
Approved rendering: réprouvé(s) / disqualifié(s)
Transliteration: adokimos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 3:8, direct antonym of ‘dokimos’ (approved, 2:15). French ‘réprouvé’ carries strong Jansenist/predestinarian historical freight; prefer ‘disqualifié’ as the primary rendering in general curriculum material.
Conscience
Approved rendering: conscience
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Faith
NEW for this curriculum. 1:3 ‘whom I serve…with pure conscience.’ Secular French ‘bonne conscience’ drifts toward mere self-satisfaction; must be anchored relationally (‘conscience pure devant Dieu’).
Mercy
Approved rendering: miséricorde
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Mercy and Compassion of God
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
NEW for this curriculum. 1:2, 1:16, 1:18. Resonates positively with French Catholic ‘Miséricorde divine’ devotion — generally reinforcing; clarify the shared, cross-traditional usage rather than implying one specific devotional practice.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: amour
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
NEW for this curriculum. 1:7, 2:22. French ‘amour’ defaults to romantic connotation; qualify contextually (‘l’amour selon Dieu,’ ‘l’amour fraternel’) wherever ambiguity could arise.
Seal
Approved rendering: sceau
Transliteration: sphragis
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum. 2:19 ‘the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal.’ French ‘sceau’ carries sacramental resonance (e.g. ‘le sceau du baptême’) — generally helpful here, but should not be conflated with one specific sacrament’s efficacy.
Fables Myths
Approved rendering: fables (alt. mythes)
Transliteration: mythoi
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 4:4. ‘Fables’ matches Segond-tradition register; ‘mythes’ may better serve doctrinal clarity in secular-academic contexts. Flag for reviewer choice per audience; never silently alternate within a single document.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: avides d’entendre des choses agréables
Transliteration: knēthomenoi tēn akoēn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: oreilles qui les chatouillent (comprehensible but odd/comic in French, undercuts the serious tone)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 4:3. Idiom-handling case; meaning (craving flattering teaching) preserved over the literal ear-image. S21 precedent confirms this pattern.
Perfect Complete
Approved rendering: accompli
Transliteration: artios
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: parfait (risks a moral-perfectionism reading — ‘flawless’ rather than ‘functionally adequate’)
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Scripture
NEW for this curriculum. 3:17 ‘that the man of God may be perfect.’ Confirmed by mainstream French Bible convergence (LSG/S21/NBS all use ‘accompli’).
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: je te charge solennellement
Transliteration: diamartyromai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: je t’adjure (archaic Segond register, forbidden by this curriculum’s tone rules), je t’en conjure (modern French drift toward the magical ‘ward off a curse’ sense)
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 2:14, 4:1. S21’s ‘je t’en supplie’ is an acceptable near-variant; this curriculum retains ‘je te charge solennellement’ to preserve legal-witness solemnity without archaism.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: à temps et à contretemps
Transliteration: eukairōs akairōs
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: en toute occasion, favorable ou non (softens the deliberate oxymoron)
Original: εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 4:2. The paradox must be preserved, not resolved, especially given France’s laïcité climate where proclamation can feel socially ‘inopportune.‘
This Present Age
Approved rendering: ce présent siècle / le monde présent
Transliteration: aiōn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: αἰών
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 4:10, of Demas. ‘Le monde présent’ is safer for general audiences than ‘siècle,’ which readers may hear as strictly a hundred-year period.
Poured Out Libation
Approved rendering: je suis (déjà) comme une libation versée
Transliteration: spendomai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: je suis fini (fatalistic, loses the willing/worshipful sacrificial frame)
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 4:6. No live cultural referent in contemporary France; requires an explanatory teaching gloss recovering the OT drink-offering background.
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: promesse de la vie
Transliteration: epangelia zōēs
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς
Category: Covenant
NEW for this curriculum. 1:1. ‘Vie’ means eternal/resurrection life, not mere biological existence; needs contextual anchoring.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: imposition des mains
Transliteration: epithesis tōn cheirōn
Doctrine: Apostleship and Divine Commissioning
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 1:6. Established liturgical French phrase carrying sacramental-ordination weight in Catholic usage (Holy Orders); should not be over-specified toward either tradition’s ordination theology in general curriculum material.
Purpose Prothesis
Approved rendering: dessein / projet
Transliteration: prothesis
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Purpose
Rejected alternatives: destin (impersonal-fate connotation)
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: God
NEW for this curriculum. 1:9 ‘according to his own purpose and grace.’ Must avoid impersonal-fate connotations; connects to Providence.
Immortality Incorruptibility
Approved rendering: immortalité / incorruptibilité
Transliteration: aphtharsia
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 1:10 ‘brought life and immortality to light.’ Must be anchored to bodily resurrection life, not the vague French secular ‘l’âme est immortelle’ philosophical frame.
Abolished Death
Approved rendering: a réduit la mort à l’impuissance / a aboli la mort
Transliteration: katargēsantos ton thanaton
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: καταργήσαντος τὸν θάνατον
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 1:10. Must convey decisive, accomplished defeat of death, not mere postponement.
Delivered Rescued
Approved rendering: délivrer
Transliteration: rhyomai
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Purpose
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 3:11 ‘the Lord delivered me out of them all’; 4:17 ‘delivered out of the mouth of the lion.’ Distinguish from the comprehensive soteriological term ‘salut’ as a specific act of rescue from a particular danger.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In 2 Timothy underlies ‘évangéliste’ (4:5) and the repeated charge to guard/transmit the gospel intact (1:8, 1:10, 2:8).
Apostle
Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:1, 1:11 — grounds Paul’s authority to issue the solemn charge of 4:1-5.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Proper name.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs throughout, consistently paired with ‘Christ’ and, at 4:1, with ‘Seigneur’ — the density of title-stacking in this short letter makes consistent, unqualified rendering essential.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 4:2, part of the fourfold charge to reprove, rebuke, exhort with patience and teaching.
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:2 ‘Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.‘
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: action de grâce
Transliteration: action de grâce
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:3 ‘I thank God.‘
Fight The Good Fight
Approved rendering: (j’ai) combattu le bon combat
Transliteration: ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 4:7. Established idiomatic French phrase, widely recognized even outside explicitly Christian usage.
Finished The Course
Approved rendering: (j’ai) achevé la course
Transliteration: ton dromon teteleka
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 4:7, companion image to ‘fought the good fight.’ Translates naturally into French.
Outward Form
Approved rendering: apparence / forme extérieure
Transliteration: morphōsis
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μόρφωσις
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 3:5, paired negatively with ‘godliness.‘
Approved
Approved rendering: approuvé
Transliteration: dokimos
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: δόκιμος
Category: Ministry
NEW for this curriculum. 2:15 ‘study to show thyself approved.’ Antonym pair with ‘reprobate_disqualified’ above.
Gangrene
Approved rendering: gangrène
Transliteration: gaggraina
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 2:17, describing Hymenaeus and Philetus’s teaching. Direct cognate, vivid and clear in French.
Watch Sober
Approved rendering: sois sobre / reste vigilant
Transliteration: nēphō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: νήφω
Category: Doctrine
NEW for this curriculum. 4:5 ‘watch thou in all things.‘
Snare
Approved rendering: piège
Transliteration: pagis
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: παγίς
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 2:26 ‘the snare of the devil.‘
Devil
Approved rendering: diable
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy
NEW for this curriculum. 2:26. Stable across French Christian traditions; secular folkloric idiom is non-competing in clear theological register.
Living And Dead
Approved rendering: les vivants et les morts
Transliteration: zōntas kai nekrous
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
NEW for this curriculum. 4:1. Recurs in the Apostles’ Creed (‘juger les vivants et les morts’), a helpful ecumenical recognition point.
Departure
Approved rendering: mon départ
Transliteration: analysis
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἀνάλυσις
Category: Perseverance
NEW for this curriculum. 4:6. The nautical/military embarkation image is largely lost in simple ‘départ’ but recovered contextually via surrounding resurrection/reward language.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: volonté de Dieu
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: Apostleship and Divine Commissioning
Original: θέλημα θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW for this curriculum. 1:1. Grounds apostolic authority as God-derived, not self-appointed.
Timothy
Approved rendering: Timothée
Transliteration: Timothée
Doctrine: Proper Name
NEW for this curriculum. Letter’s addressee, throughout.
Lois Eunice
Approved rendering: Loïs, Eunice
Transliteration: Loïs, Eunice
Doctrine: Proper Name
NEW for this curriculum. 1:5. Timothy’s grandmother and mother; positive models of Faithful Transmission of the Gospel.
Onesiphorus
Approved rendering: Onésiphore
Transliteration: Onésiphore
Doctrine: Proper Name
NEW for this curriculum. 1:16-18, 4:19.
Hymenaeus Philetus
Approved rendering: Hyménée, Philète
Transliteration: Hyménée, Philète
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW for this curriculum. 2:17. Named false teachers; case study for the doctrine of apostasy — a concrete example, not merely an abstraction.
Jannes Jambres
Approved rendering: Jannès, Jambrès
Transliteration: Jannès, Jambrès
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW for this curriculum. 3:8. Traditional names of Moses’s opponents (Exodus 7); reinforces apostasy as a recurring historical pattern, not a novel end-times phenomenon.
Demas
Approved rendering: Démas
Transliteration: Démas
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW for this curriculum. 4:10. Named defector, ‘having loved this present world.‘
Alexander Coppersmith
Approved rendering: Alexandre
Transliteration: Alexandre
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW for this curriculum. 4:14. Named opponent; illustrates the negative side of Assurance of Reward (just recompense, ‘selon ses œuvres’).
Pauls Companions
Approved rendering: Crescens, Tite, Luc, Marc
Transliteration: Crescens, Tite, Luc, Marc
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Partnership in the Gospel
NEW for this curriculum. 4:10-11. Standard French Bible-tradition forms.
Closing Greeting Names
Approved rendering: Prisca (Priscille), Aquila, Éraste, Trophime, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia
Transliteration: Prisca (Priscille), Aquila, Éraste, Trophime, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Partnership in the Gospel
NEW for this curriculum. 4:19-21. No theological load beyond modeling the personal, relational character of gospel partnership.
Referenced passages