Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Isaiah (Ésaïe), French Destination Language
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (from Romans translation_memory.json)
| English term | French rendering | Risk (baseline) | Isaiah-specific note | Key Isaiah citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Dieu | Critical | Stable; reused throughout | Ésaïe 1–66 passim |
| Holy Spirit | Esprit Saint | Critical | OT phrase is typically “l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR” (Ruach YHWH), lexically distinct from the fixed NT title; same divine Person — flag for reviewer, do not treat as inconsistency | 11:2, 42:1, 61:1, 63:10-11 |
| Father | Père | High | Applied corporately to Israel (64:8) as well as personally; baseline’s individual-adoption framing must be supplemented, not replaced | 63:16, 64:8 |
| holy | saint | High | Anchors the book’s central doctrine (ch. 6); triple repetition must be preserved verbatim | 6:3 and passim |
| sanctification | sanctification | High | Reused where holiness-of-conduct is in view | 35:8 (implicit) |
| glory | gloire | High | Reused; risk of triumphalist/celebrity drift per baseline note is equally live in Isaiah’s throne-vision contexts | 6:3, 40:5, 60:1-2 |
| righteousness / justice | justice | Critical | Isaiah’s usage spans both forensic righteousness and social-ethical justice (care for the poor); teach both senses explicitly | 1:17, 1:27, 5:16, 53:11 |
| justification | justification | Critical | Ésaïe 53:11’s yatzdiq (“shall justify”) is a primary OT anchor for this doctrine; must use justification-family vocabulary, never “sanctifiera/sauvera” | 53:11 |
| imputed righteousness | justice imputée | Critical | Conceptually present in 53:11’s forensic declaration; no separate Hebrew idiom identical to Genesis 15:6’s “reckoned,” but the doctrine applies | 53:11 (by extension) |
| salvation | salut | Medium/Critical | Reused; note shared Hebrew root (ישע) with the name Yeshua/Jesus, a teaching resonance, not a translation risk | 12:2-3, 25:9, 45:17, 49:6, 52:7, 59:20 |
| faith | foi | Medium | Isaiah 7:9’s wordplay (“if you do not stand firm in faith…”) shares the aman root with “believe” in 53:1 | 7:9, 53:1 |
| sin | péché | High | Isaiah’s tripartite vocabulary (chata/pesha/avon) all map to this baseline term with nuance notes | 1:4, 6:7, 53:5-6, 53:8, 53:12 |
| covenant | alliance | High | Reused; intensified as “alliance éternelle” (berit olam) | 54:10, 55:3, 61:8 |
| election | élection | High | Israel’s chosen status as “my people/inheritance” (19:24-25) extends election language to Gentile nations — a striking extension for reviewer awareness | 19:24-25, 41:8-9 |
| Israel | Israël | Medium | Frequent; baseline’s contemporary-political-sensitivity note applies with equal or greater force given Isaiah’s centrality to Jewish-Christian dialogue | Throughout |
| David | David | Low | Stable | 9:7, 11:1, 55:3 |
| seed of David | descendance de David | Medium | Conceptually present via “Branch/Shoot” and “throne of David” vocabulary | 9:7, 11:1, 11:10 |
| Messiah | Messie | Critical | See new entry “Anointed one (non-eschatological sense)” below for the Cyrus disambiguation risk | 45:1 (contrast case) |
| Lord | Seigneur | Critical/High | Reserved for generic lordship/title usage; see new Tetragrammaton entry below for YHWH | Throughout |
| Son of God | Fils de Dieu | Critical | Not a direct Isaiah phrase but doctrinally anchored by 9:6’s “Mighty God/Everlasting Father” titles | 9:6 (by doctrinal extension) |
| incarnation | incarnation | Critical | OT anchor is Immanuel (7:14) and the “seed of David”/Branch vocabulary | 7:14, 9:6 |
| Gentiles | païens / nations | Medium/High | Baseline already recommends “les nations” in mission-emphasis contexts; Isaiah’s mission texts (42:6, 49:6, 56:7) are precisely such contexts — prefer “nations” | 42:6, 49:6, 56:7, 60:3 |
| mission | mission | Medium | Baseline’s colonial-history caution applies with full force to Isaiah’s nations-oriented material | 42:6, 49:6, 60:1-3 |
| Kingdom of God | Royaume de Dieu | Medium | Conceptually present in Isaiah’s royal/Zion-centered eschatology | 2:2-4, 9:6-7, 24:23 |
| peace | paix | Low/Medium | Reused; Ésaïe 53:5’s “châtiment qui nous donne la paix” is the doctrinal engine behind the baseline’s peace_with_god doctrine | 9:6, 26:3, 26:12, 53:5, 57:21 |
| providence | providence | Medium | Ésaïe 53:10’s “chafetz” (was pleased/willed) is a direct anchor; baseline’s deist-flattening warning applies fully | 53:10, 46:9-10 |
| power of God | puissance de Dieu | Medium | ”Arm of the LORD” (53:1) is Isaiah’s characteristic idiom for this concept | 40:10, 53:1 |
| prophet / prophecy | prophète / prophétie | Low | Isaiah is himself the prophet-speaker; reused throughout | Throughout |
| law | loi | High | 8:20 (“to the law and to the testimony”) and 33:22 (the LORD as lawgiver) both reuse this baseline term | 8:20, 33:22 |
| intercession | intercession | Medium | Ésaïe 53:12’s yafgi’a (“makes intercession”) is a primary OT anchor; must be distinguished from Catholic saints’-intercession devotional category exactly as the baseline already specifies | 53:12, 59:16 |
| resurrection | résurrection | Medium/High | Ésaïe 26:19 and 25:8 are among the clearest OT resurrection texts; Ésaïe 53:10’s “prolong his days” is a related implication | 25:8, 26:19, 53:10 |
| calling / called | appel / appelé | Medium/High | Isaiah’s Servant is repeatedly “called” from before birth (49:1); prophetic call-narrative in ch. 6 (“Here I am”) is foundational | 6:8, 41:9, 42:6, 49:1 |
| exhort | exhorter | Low | Occasional comfort/exhortation passages (40:1-2) | 40:1-2 |
| abba | Abba | Medium | Not directly present in Isaiah’s Hebrew idiom (Aramaic term postdates this usage), but the Father-Israel relational theme (63:16, 64:8) is the OT conceptual seedbed | 63:16, 64:8 (conceptual link only) |
B. New Terms — Isaiah-Specific (require addition to translation_memory.json before Phase 2)
| # | English term | Hebrew (translit.) | French rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Key citations | Risk rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (Tetragrammaton, YHWH) | יהוה (YHWH) | le SEIGNEUR (small capitals; distinct from unmarked “Seigneur” = baseline’s κύριος rendering) | Critical | Holiness and Majesty of God; Sovereignty of God over the Nations | Throughout | New convention required because the baseline Romans package never addresses the Tetragrammaton (Romans is NT Greek). French traditions diverge sharply (l’Éternel / Yahvé / SEIGNEUR); conflating YHWH with generic “Seigneur”-as-title erases a distinction the Hebrew maintains and risks reviewer confusion when moving between this curriculum and the Romans package. |
| 2 | Holy One of Israel | קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל (Qedosh Yisrael) | le Saint d’Israël | High | Holiness and Majesty of God | 1:4, 5:19, 5:24, 10:20, 12:6, 17:7, 29:19, 30:11-15, 31:1, 37:23, 41:14-20, 43:3-14, 45:11, 47:4, 48:17, 49:7, 54:5, 55:5, 60:9-14 | Fixed covenantal divine title combining baseline “saint” + “Israël”; must not be paraphrased into a generic descriptive clause, or its function as a recurring, identifiable title across the whole book is lost. |
| 3 | Servant of the LORD | עֶבֶד יהוה (eved YHWH) | le serviteur (du SEIGNEUR) | Critical | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 41:8-9, 42:1-9, 49:1-7, 50:4-9, 52:13–53:12, 61:1-3 | The corporate-Israel vs. individual-Messianic referent question runs through the entire book and is the interpretive crux of the core passage; French “serviteur” is stable, but every occurrence must be flagged for theologian review to track which referent is active, per this glossary’s cross-references. |
| 4 | Immanuel | עִמָּנוּ אֵל (Immanu El) | Emmanuel | Critical | Incarnation; The Coming Messiah | 7:14, 8:8, 8:10 | OT anchor for the baseline’s Incarnation doctrine (Critical); must be transliterated as a proper sign-name, not translated as a descriptive phrase, and must connect explicitly to Matthieu 1:23 in teaching materials. |
| 5 | almah (young woman / virgin) | עַלְמָה (almah) | la jeune femme (Ésaïe 7:14 text) with mandatory fulfillment-note re: NT “vierge” | Critical | Incarnation; The Coming Messiah | 7:14 | The Hebrew term’s semantic range (young woman of marriageable age) is broader than the LXX’s παρθένος/NT’s “vierge”; Segond precedent renders “la jeune femme.” Requires an explicit, permanent translator note distinguishing the Hebrew lexical sense from the New Testament’s typological fulfillment reading, to avoid either silently inserting “vierge” (over-translation) or omitting the fulfillment connection (under-teaching). |
| 6 | Messianic royal titles (Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace) | פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ אֵל גִּבּוֹר אֲבִיעַד שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם | Conseiller merveilleux, Dieu puissant, Père éternel, Prince de la paix (flag Segond’s alternate parsing “Admirable, Conseiller”) | Critical | Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ; The Coming Messiah | 9:6 | Direct ascription of deity and eternality to the promised child; “Dieu puissant” and “Père éternel” must never be softened, and “Père éternel” requires a note guarding against modalist confusion of Son and Father. |
| 7 | Branch / Shoot (two distinct Hebrew roots, one theological field) | צֶמַח (tzemach) / חֹטֶר, נֵצֶר (choter, netzer) | germe (tzemach) / rejeton (choter/netzer) | High | The Coming Messiah; Davidic Covenant (extends baseline seed_of_david) | 4:2, 11:1, 11:10 | Two distinct Hebrew roots occupy the same messianic-growth theological field; French must keep them lexically distinguishable in glossary notes even though both may be described with the English “Branch” family, so cross-references remain traceable for reviewers. |
| 8 | Redeemer / to redeem | גֹּאֵל / גָּאַל (go’el / ga’al) | Rédempteur / racheter | High | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People; Coming Messiah/Suffering Servant | 41:14, 43:1, 43:14, 44:6, 44:22-24, 47:4, 48:17, 49:7, 49:26, 54:5, 54:8, 59:20, 60:16, 63:16 | French secular “racheter” (redeeming a coupon/voucher) risks trivializing the kinsman-redeemer legal-family background (cf. Ruth/Boaz); must be taught with that background intact. |
| 9 | Remnant | שְׁאָר / שְׁאֵרִית (she’ar / she’erit) | reste / résidu | Medium | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice; Comfort and Restoration | 1:9, 10:20-22, 11:11-16, 37:31-32 | Must carry covenant-preservation weight, not a purely statistical “what’s left over” register. |
| 10 | Idols | אֱלִילִים / פְּסִילִים / עֲצַבִּים (elilim / pesilim / atzabim) | idoles | Medium | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 2:8, 2:18-20, 10:11, 19:1, 21:9, 40:19-20, 41:29, 44:9-20, 46:1 | French secular “idole” is now primarily used of celebrity/fan worship (“une idole de la pop”), risking trivialization of the false-god-worship concept into harmless enthusiasm. |
| 11 | Day of the LORD | יוֹם יהוה (Yom YHWH) | le jour du SEIGNEUR | Medium/High | Sovereignty of God over the Nations; Judgment | 2:12, 13:6, 13:9, 34:8 | Must retain its technical, eschatological-judgment force; must not be confused with a generic “jour du jugement” (Catholic Last Judgment framing) or flattened into “un jour difficile.” |
| 12 | Oracle / Burden (prophetic-genre heading) | מַשָּׂא (massa) | oracle | Medium | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 13:1, 15:1, 17:1, 19:1, 21:1, 21:11, 21:13, 22:1, 23:1 | French secular “oracle” carries Delphic/fortune-telling connotations; anchor first occurrences with “oracle prophétique” to distinguish from divination, paralleling the baseline’s prophet/prophecy caution against “voyant.” |
| 13 | Helel ben Shachar (morning star, son of dawn) | הֵילֵל בֶּן־שַׁחַר | astre brillant, fils de l’aurore (avoid “Lucifer” in body text) | Critical | Sovereignty of God over the Nations; (secondary) Judgment on pride | 14:12 | French culture has an exceptionally strong, near-universal “Lucifer = Satan” folk association (popular culture, film, colloquial usage) that exceeds the term’s weight even in English. Rendering with “Lucifer” would cause French readers to read the passage as directly and literally about Satan’s cosmic origin, when the primary referent is the king of Babylon; requires a mandatory footnote distinguishing primary referent from later typological Christian application. |
| 14 | Light to the Nations | אוֹר גּוֹיִם (or goyim) | une lumière des nations | High | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 42:6, 49:6 | Prefer “nations” over “païens” per the baseline’s own mission-emphasis guidance, to avoid the pejorative connotation flagged for “païens.” |
| 15 | New Heavens and New Earth | שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה (shamayim chadashim va’aretz chadashah) | de nouveaux cieux et une nouvelle terre | Critical | The New Heavens and New Earth | 65:17, 66:22 | Must not be read as gradual reform, political/social utopia, or purely metaphorical spiritual renewal; this is definitive, once-for-all cosmic re-creation, requiring consistency with Revelation 21:1 and 2 Pierre 3:13 across the whole curriculum. |
| 16 | Guilt/Reparation Offering | אָשָׁם (asham) | sacrifice/offrande pour le péché (technical: offrande de réparation) | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:10 | Must retain the specific Levitical cultic-sacrifice category (Lévitique 5) rather than a generic “sacrifice,” so the Servant’s death is understood as fulfilling a specific, technical sacrificial category, not a vague self-giving gesture. |
| 17 | Anointed one (non-eschatological sense, applied to Cyrus) | מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach, common-noun usage) | son oint (lowercase; NOT “Messie”) | Critical | The Coming Messiah (disambiguation) | 45:1 | Same root as baseline’s capital-M “Messie” but here denotes a pagan king commissioned for a task, not the eschatological Messiah; conflating the two would wrongly imply Cyrus is presented as the promised Messiah. |
| 18 | Chesed (steadfast covenant love) | חֶסֶד (chesed) | amour indéfectible / bonté | High | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 54:8, 54:10, 55:3, 63:7 | Must not collapse into baseline “grâce” (which presupposes no prior relationship/merit) or generic “amour” (which loses the covenant-loyalty legal dimension); chesed presupposes an existing covenant bond being honored. |
| 19 | Everlasting Covenant | בְּרִית עוֹלָם (berit olam) | alliance éternelle | Medium | Comfort and Restoration; Sovereignty of God | 54:10, 55:3, 61:8 | Straightforward intensification of baseline “alliance”; low ambiguity beyond ensuring “éternelle” is retained in every occurrence for consistency. |
| 20 | Cornerstone | אֶבֶן פִּנָּה (even pinnah) | pierre angulaire | Medium | The Coming Messiah | 28:16 | Established French theological idiom (cf. Romans 9:33, Éphésiens 2:20, 1 Pierre 2:6); must remain consistent across curriculum cross-references. |
| 21 | Stone of Stumbling | אֶבֶן נֶגֶף (even negef) | pierre d’achoppement | Medium/High | The Coming Messiah | 8:14 | Negative counterpart to Cornerstone (item 20); cited in Romans 9:33 and 1 Pierre 2:8 applied to Christ. |
| 22 | Highway/Way of Holiness | דֶּרֶךְ הַקֹּדֶשׁ (derekh haqodesh) | le chemin de la sainteté | Medium | Comfort and Restoration | 35:8 | Must retain the sense of a road reserved exclusively for the redeemed, not a generic “spiritual path.” |
| 23 | Comfort (verb/imperative) | נָחַם (nacham), נַחֲמוּ (nachamu) | consoler / consolation | Medium | Comfort and Restoration for God’s People | 40:1-2, 49:13, 51:3, 52:9 | French “consolation” risks reduction to mere emotional soothing; must retain the sense of covenantal restoration following real, acknowledged judgment. |
| 24 | Vineyard (allegorical) | כֶּרֶם (kerem) | vigne | Medium | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 5:1-7, 27:2-6 | Must retain covenantal-allegorical weight (God’s cultivated, beloved people), not a bare agricultural reference. |
| 25 | Woe (prophetic judgment-cry) | הוֹי (hoy) | malheur | Low | Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice | 5:8, 5:11, 5:18-22, 28:1, 29:1, 29:15, 30:1, 31:1, 33:1 | Stable, well-established French rendering; minimal risk. |
| 26 | Seraphim | שְׂרָפִים (seraphim) | séraphins | Low | Holiness and Majesty of God | 6:2, 6:6 | Established loanword across all French Bible traditions. |
| 27 | Here I am (call-narrative response) | הִנְנִי (hineni) | me voici | Medium | Holiness and Majesty of God; Divine Calling (extends baseline) | 6:8 | Must retain the sense of eager availability for divine commission, not mere spatial self-location. |
| 28 | Sign | אוֹת (ot) | signe | Low | The Coming Messiah; Fulfillment of Prophecy | 7:11, 7:14, 8:18, 38:7 | Stable term; low ambiguity. |
| 29 | Feast/Banquet (eschatological) | מִשְׁתֶּה (mishteh) | festin / banquet | Medium | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 25:6 | Messianic-banquet imagery for all peoples; connect to NT wedding-feast/kingdom-banquet parables in teaching materials. |
| 30 | Swallow up death | בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת (billa hamavet) | engloutir/anéantir la mort | High | The New Heavens and New Earth; Resurrection | 25:8 | Must retain decisive, final-victory sense (cited 1 Corinthiens 15:54), not a metaphor for gradual improvement of the human condition. |
| 31 | Your dead shall live | יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךָ (yichyu meteicha) | tes morts revivront | High | The New Heavens and New Earth; Resurrection | 26:19 | One of the clearest OT bodily-resurrection texts; must not be spiritualized into a metaphor for national revival only. |
| 32 | Arm of the LORD | זְרוֹעַ יהוה (zeroa YHWH) | bras du SEIGNEUR | High | Power of God; The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 40:10, 51:9, 53:1 | Isaiah’s characteristic idiom for God’s saving power, paradoxically revealed through the Servant’s humiliation in ch. 53; must not be read as mere metaphor for strength divorced from the paradox. |
| 33 | House of Prayer for All Peoples | בֵּית תְּפִלָּה לְכָל־הָעַמִּים | une maison de prière pour tous les peuples | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles; Salvation Extended to the Nations | 56:7 | Cited by Jesus (Marc 11:17); central to the Unity of Jews and Gentiles doctrine, requiring the same historically-aware handling the baseline already flags for that doctrine in France’s context. |
| 34 | Year of the LORD’s Favor | שְׁנַת רָצוֹן (shenat ratzon) | l’année de faveur/grâce du SEIGNEUR | High | The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant; Comfort and Restoration | 61:2 | Cited by Jesus in Luc 4:19; must not collapse into baseline “grâce” without the eschatological, Jubilee-associated “acceptable year” sense. |
| 35 | Liberty/Release (Jubilee) | דְּרוֹר (deror) | liberté (aux captifs) | Medium | Comfort and Restoration; The Coming Messiah | 61:1 | Echoes Jubilee legislation (Lévitique 25); apply redemptively, not merely socio-politically. |
| 36 | Spirit of the LORD (upon a chosen agent) | רוּחַ יהוה (Ruach YHWH) | l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR | Medium | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant; extends baseline Holy Spirit | 11:2, 42:1, 61:1 | Lexically distinct OT phrase from the NT’s fixed “Esprit Saint” title; same divine Person — flag for reviewer, do not treat as an inconsistency requiring correction. |
| 37 | Knowledge of the LORD | דַּעַת יהוה (da’at YHWH) | la connaissance du SEIGNEUR | Medium | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 11:9 | Relational, experiential covenant-knowledge, not mere information; eschatological hope of universal scope. |
| 38 | Divine-warrior winepress imagery | גַּת (gat) | pressoir | Medium/High | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | 63:1-6 | Judgment/wrath imagery on Edom; caution against casual conflation with the Suffering Servant’s non-violent submission (ch. 53) without careful theological framing. |
| 39 | All flesh (universal scope) | כָּל־בָּשָׂר (kol basar) | toute chair / toute l’humanité | Medium | Salvation Extended to the Nations | 66:23 | Bookends the universal-scope doctrine opened at 2:2-4; consistent with the baseline’s existing universal-scope conventions from Romans 3:23 and 10:12-13. |
| 40 | Poured out his soul to death | הֶעֱרָה נַפְשׁוֹ לַמָּוֶת (he’erah nafsho lamavet) | il a livré/répandu sa vie jusqu’à la mort | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | 53:12 | Must preserve voluntary agency (self-giving), not passive victimhood. |
C. Terms Requiring Verse-Level Treatment Only Within the Core Passage
The following terms are load-bearing exclusively within Ésaïe 53:1-12 and are fully documented with all required fields in 07_semantic_analysis.md, Part A. They are listed here for glossary completeness and cross-reference indexing:
| Term | Hebrew (translit.) | French rendering | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| To bear/carry (vicarious) | נָשָׂא (nasa) | porter | Critical |
| To bear a burden | סָבַל (saval) | se charger de / porter | High |
| Pierced | מְחֹלָל (mecholal) | transpercé | Critical |
| Crushed | מְדֻכָּא (meduka) | brisé/broyé | High |
| Iniquity (guilt) | עָוֹן (avon) | iniquité | Critical |
| Chastisement of our peace | מוּסַר שְׁלוֹמֵנוּ (musar shelomenu) | le châtiment qui nous donne la paix | Critical |
| Wound/stripe | חַבֻּרָה (chavurah) | blessure/meurtrissure | High |
| Caused to fall upon / makes intercession (shared root) | פגע (paga — hifgi’a v.6 / yafgi’a v.12) | a fait retomber (sur lui) / intercède | Critical |
| Lamb to the slaughter | כַּשֶּׂה לַטֶּבַח (kaseh latevach) | agneau qu’on mène à la boucherie | Critical |
| He did not open his mouth (repeated) | לֹא־יִפְתַּח פִּיו (lo yiftach piv) | il n’a pas ouvert la bouche | High |
| Shall justify (forensic) | יַצְדִּיק (yatzdiq) | justifiera | Critical |
| Numbered with transgressors | נִמְנָה עִם־פֹּשְׁעִים (nimnah im poshe’im) | compté parmi les coupables/transgresseurs | High |
| Bore the sin of many | נָשָׂא חֵטְא רַבִּים (nasa chet rabbim) | il a porté le péché de beaucoup | Critical |
| It pleased/was the will of the LORD | חָפֵץ (chafetz) | il a plu au SEIGNEUR / telle a été la volonté du SEIGNEUR | Critical |
D. Risk Summary for Isaiah Curriculum Additions
| Risk Tier | Count of New Isaiah Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 14 | Human theologian review (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 15 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 14 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 5 | Automated review |
Note for Phase 2 pre-flight: All 40 new terms in Section B, plus the 14 core-passage-specific terms in Section C, must be added to translation_memory.json (incrementing its version number) and to bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Isaiah begins, per the AI Translation Requirements pre-flight checklist. The Tetragrammaton convention (Section B, item 1) is the single highest-priority addition, since it affects the rendering of nearly every verse in the book and has no precedent in the Romans baseline package.
Critical Risk Terms
Justification
Approved rendering: justification
Transliteration: justification
Doctrine: Salvation / OT Anchor of Justification
Rejected alternatives: sanctification (conflation), salut (too generic)
Original: יַצְדִּיק (root צדק)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ésaïe 53:11’s yatzdiq (‘shall justify’) is the primary Old Testament proof-text for this doctrine; see ‘shall_justify_yatzdiq’ for the verse-specific rendering rule. Never render ‘purifiera’ or ‘sanctifiera’.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice imputée
Transliteration: justice imputée
Doctrine: Salvation / OT Anchor of Justification
Rejected alternatives: justice méritée
Original: יַצְדִּיק לָרַבִּים
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No Hebrew idiom in Isaiah is identical to Genesis 15:6’s ‘reckoned’, but Ésaïe 53:11’s forensic declaration doctrinally requires this same rendering family.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not a direct Isaiah phrase, but doctrinally anchored by Ésaïe 9:6’s ‘Dieu puissant / Père éternel’ royal titles; see the dedicated new entries for those titles.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: incarnation
Transliteration: incarnation
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: עִמָּנוּ אֵל
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. OT anchor is the Immanuel sign (7:14) and the ‘seed of David’/Branch vocabulary; see ‘immanuel’, ‘branch_tzemach’, ‘branch_netzer’.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence / The Father’s Sovereign Will
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Original: חָפֵץ / עֵצָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to Critical for Isaiah because 53:10’s chafetz (‘it pleased the LORD’) applies this doctrine at the single most theologically loaded point in the book (the Father’s will behind the Servant’s death), and 46:9-10’s ‘declares the end from the beginning’ raises the stakes further. See ‘it_pleased_the_lord_chafetz’. Must never lapse into Enlightenment-deist ‘impersonal Providence’.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reserved exclusively for the eschatological figure. Isaiah 45:1 applies the same Hebrew root to Cyrus, a pagan king — see the new entry ‘anointed_one_task_specific’; capitalized ‘Messie’ must never be used for that occurrence.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah’s frequent philosophical-sounding creation/sovereignty language (40:12-26) intensifies the secular-deist flattening risk already flagged in the baseline; must remain the personal covenant God, not an abstract first-cause.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification / Spirit-Anointed Messiah’s Mission
Original: רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah’s characteristic phrase is ‘l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR’ (Ruach YHWH) rather than the fixed NT title; same divine Person. See the new entry ‘spirit_of_the_lord_upon_agent’.
Yhwh Divine Name
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR (petites capitales)
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God / Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Rejected alternatives: l’Éternel (Segond convention, retained as variant note only), Yahvé (Bible de Jérusalem convention, retained as variant note only), Seigneur unmarked (reserved exclusively for the generic title, see lord_title)
Original: יהוה
Category: God
NEW CONVENTION, highest-priority addition for this curriculum, with no precedent in the Romans baseline (Koine Greek κύριος does not distinguish name from title). Adopts TOB/NBS-style small-capital ‘le SEIGNEUR’ for the Tetragrammaton throughout Isaiah. Must be typographically distinct from unmarked ‘Seigneur’ in every output including headers, footnotes, and paraphrase, not only direct Scripture quotation.
Righteousness Justice
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: tzedeq / mishpat
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Social Injustice / OT Anchor of Justification
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Original: צֶדֶק / מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Salvation
Extends baseline ‘righteousness’. Isaiah’s usage spans BOTH forensic righteousness (53:11) AND social-ethical justice (care for orphan, widow, poor — 1:17). French ‘justice’ defaults to the legal system; both senses must be taught explicitly side by side, since French cannot bear this duality silently.
Anointed One Task Specific
Approved rendering: son oint
Transliteration: meshicho
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations (Cyrus disambiguation)
Rejected alternatives: son Messie, l’Oint (capitalized)
Original: מְשִׁיחוֹ
Category: Christology
45:1 applies the same root as ‘Messie’ to Cyrus, a pagan king commissioned for a specific historical task. Must NOT be rendered ‘son Messie’ or capitalized ‘l’Oint’; requires a mandatory translator note distinguishing this task-specific, non-eschatological sense from the doctrine of the Coming Messiah.
Son Of God Deity
Approved rendering: Dieu puissant
Transliteration: El Gibbor
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Isaiah 9:6 Royal Titles)
Rejected alternatives: un homme divinement fort, un héros
Original: אֵל גִּבּוֹר
Category: Christology
One of four royal titles (9:6) ascribing full deity to the promised child. Must never be softened into praise-language for a merely heroic king; OT anchor for the baseline’s Deity-of-Christ/Fils de Dieu doctrine.
Everlasting Father Title
Approved rendering: Père éternel
Transliteration: Avi-ad
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ / Deity of Christ
Original: אֲבִיעַד
Category: Christology
9:6 royal title ascribing eternal, paternal-care authority to the Messiah. Requires a mandatory theologian-review note clarifying this is NOT a modalist collapse of the Son into the Father, but an assertion of the Messiah’s own eternal, fatherly authority — a distinction French Trinitarian catechesis (Catholic and Protestant alike) must actively guard.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: Emmanuel
Transliteration: Immanu El
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ and the Incarnation (Immanuel Sign)
Rejected alternatives: Dieu avec nous (descriptive paraphrase — breaks the proper-name citation chain)
Original: עִמָּנוּ אֵל
Category: Christology
OT anchor for the baseline’s Incarnation doctrine. Must be transliterated as a fixed proper sign-name, not translated as a descriptive common-noun phrase, so its function as a recurring, citable proper name (7:14, 8:8, 8:10, forward to Matthieu 1:23) is preserved.
Almah Young Woman
Approved rendering: la jeune femme (avec note d’accomplissement obligatoire)
Transliteration: almah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ and the Incarnation (Immanuel Sign)
Rejected alternatives: vierge (NT typological/LXX reading — legitimate at the canonical level but must never be silently inserted into the Isaiah text itself)
Original: עַלְמָה
Category: Christology
The single most translation-debated term in the book. The Hebrew’s semantic range (young woman of marriageable age) is broader than the LXX’s parthenos/NT’s ‘vierge’. Segond precedent renders ‘la jeune femme’. Requires a permanent, mandatory translator note distinguishing the Hebrew lexical sense from the NT’s typological fulfillment reading in every teaching context — omission in either direction is a serious teaching failure.
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: le serviteur (du SEIGNEUR)
Transliteration: eved YHWH
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant (Identity Question)
Original: עֶבֶד יהוה
Category: Suffering Servant
Spans both a corporate referent (Israel/Jacob, 41:8-9) and an individual Messianic figure (42, 49, 50, 52-53). French ‘serviteur’ is lexically stable but referentially unmarked; every occurrence must be flagged for theologian tracking of which referent is active.
Bear Carry Vicarious
Approved rendering: porter
Transliteration: nasa
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: il a compati (forbidden dilution — mere sympathetic accompaniment)
Original: נָשָׂא
Category: Suffering Servant
Foundational vicarious-atonement vocabulary (53:4, 11, 12). Must preserve substitution — bearing what is NOT one’s own, in another’s place — never mere sympathetic accompaniment.
Pierced Mecholal
Approved rendering: transpercé
Transliteration: mecholal
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: blessé (too weak — merely hurt)
Original: מְחֹלָל
Category: Suffering Servant
53:5’s violent, fatal wounding; foundational to atonement theology and later applied to the crucifixion. Must not be softened; the violence and fatality is doctrinally load-bearing.
Iniquity Avon
Approved rendering: iniquité
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: péché (too generic — loses the guilt-bearing, not merely act-bearing, sense)
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Suffering Servant
53:5-6, 11: the Servant bears the GUILT itself, not merely the deeds. Must remain distinct from generic ‘péché’.
Chastisement Of Our Peace
Approved rendering: le châtiment qui nous donne la paix
Transliteration: musar shelomenu
Doctrine: Peace with God through the Servant’s Suffering
Rejected alternatives: et ainsi… / puis… (sequential connectors that sever the causal link)
Original: מוּסַר שְׁלוֹמֵנוּ
Category: Suffering Servant
53:5. Must preserve the CAUSAL link between the Servant’s punishment and the believer’s peace — the mechanism underlying the baseline’s peace-with-God doctrine. ‘Donne’ (not ‘précède’ or ‘suit’) is required to force the causal reading.
Laid Upon And Intercedes Shared Root
Approved rendering: a fait retomber (sur lui) / il intercède
Transliteration: paga (hifgi’a / yafgi’a)
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement / The Servant’s Intercession
Original: פגע (הִפְגִּיעַ / יַפְגִּיעַ)
Category: Suffering Servant
A single Hebrew root spans 53:6 (‘caused iniquity to fall upon him’) and 53:12 (‘makes intercession’). The wordplay is entirely lost in French; a mandatory translator note is required in every teaching context so the theological point (the one on whom guilt fell is the one who now intercedes) is taught explicitly rather than assumed from an absent French wordplay.
Guilt Offering Asham
Approved rendering: sacrifice / offrande de réparation pour le péché
Transliteration: asham
Doctrine: The Servant’s Death as Guilt Offering (Levitical Typology)
Rejected alternatives: sacrifice (generic, unqualified)
Original: אָשָׁם
Category: Suffering Servant
53:10. A specific Levitical guilt/reparation offering (Lévitique 5). Must retain the specific cultic-sacrifice category rather than a generic ‘sacrifice’, so readers connect the Servant’s death to the sacrificial system it fulfills.
Lamb To The Slaughter
Approved rendering: agneau qu’on mène à la boucherie
Transliteration: kaseh latevach
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Rejected alternatives: à l’abattoir (overly clinical — strips the sacred-sacrificial resonance)
Original: כַּשֶּׂה לַטֶּבַח
Category: Suffering Servant
53:7. Sacrificial-victim imagery informing Jean 1:29 and Actes 8:32. Must preserve sacrificial connotation, not a purely clinical register.
Bore The Sin Of Many
Approved rendering: il a porté le péché de beaucoup
Transliteration: nasa chet rabbim
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Original: נָשָׂא חֵטְא רַבִּים
Category: Suffering Servant
53:12. Restates and universalizes the substitutionary logic of vv. 4, 11 with explicit scope (‘many’), echoed in Romains 5; must not be narrowed without contextual warrant.
Poured Out His Soul
Approved rendering: il a livré / répandu sa vie jusqu’à la mort
Transliteration: he’erah nafsho lamavet
Doctrine: The Servant’s Voluntary Submission and Silence
Original: הֶעֱרָה נַפְשׁוֹ לַמָּוֶת
Category: Suffering Servant
53:12. Must preserve voluntary agency — the Servant is a willing self-offering, not a passive victim — consistent with 50:6’s ‘I gave my back’.
It Pleased The Lord Chafetz
Approved rendering: il a plu au SEIGNEUR / telle a été la volonté du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: chafetz
Doctrine: The Father’s Sovereign Will in the Servant’s Suffering / Providence
Rejected alternatives: il se trouve que… (fatalistic, passive rendering)
Original: חָפֵץ
Category: Suffering Servant
53:10. The LORD’s active, sovereign willing that the Servant be crushed. Must convey active divine purpose, not passive permission, while avoiding the misreading that the Father delights in cruelty for its own sake — flagged for mandatory theologian review.
Shall Justify Yatzdiq
Approved rendering: justifiera
Transliteration: yatzdiq
Doctrine: OT Anchor of Justification
Rejected alternatives: purifiera, sanctifiera, sauvera (generic)
Original: יַצְדִּיק
Category: Suffering Servant
53:11. The primary OT anchor for the NT doctrine of justification. Must use justification-family vocabulary and never a generic substitute; inherits the full Trent-vs-Reformation forensic/infused controversy already documented in the baseline.
New Heavens And New Earth
Approved rendering: de nouveaux cieux et une nouvelle terre
Transliteration: shamayim chadashim va’aretz chadashah
Doctrine: The New Heavens and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: un monde nouveau (secular utopian-slogan risk)
Original: שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה
Category: Eschatology
65:17, 66:22, cited in 2 Pierre 3:13 and Apocalypse 21:1. Must not be read as gradual reform, political/social utopia, or purely spiritual/metaphorical renewal; this is definitive, once-for-all cosmic re-creation.
Helel Ben Shachar
Approved rendering: astre brillant, fils de l’aurore
Transliteration: Helel ben Shachar
Doctrine: Judgment on Pride (Isaiah 14’s King of Babylon and Later Satan Typology)
Rejected alternatives: Lucifer (forbidden in body text)
Original: הֵילֵל בֶּן־שַׁחַר
Category: Judgment
14:12. France’s popular culture carries an exceptionally strong, near-universal ‘Lucifer = Satan’ folk association exceeding even the term’s weight in English. Never use ‘Lucifer’ in body text; mandatory footnote distinguishing the primary referent (king of Babylon) from later typological Christian application.
High Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reused wherever Isaiah’s forensic-righteousness sense (parallel to Romans 1:17) is the primary sense in view (e.g. 53:11’s underlying doctrine). See the separate new entry ‘righteousness_justice’ for Isaiah’s additional social-ethical sense not present in the Romans baseline.
Called
Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Original: קָרָא
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from the baseline’s Medium to High per this curriculum’s bible_term_registry.json, because Isaiah applies ‘called’ across Isaiah’s own prophetic commission (6:8), Israel’s national calling (41:9), and the Servant’s calling from the womb (49:1), each requiring separate referent-tracking.
Calling
Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: קְרִיאָה
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High for Isaiah per bible_term_registry.json. Reserve ‘vocation’ with the same caution as the baseline: it wrongly narrows toward priesthood/religious-life connotation in French Catholic culture.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High for Isaiah because ch. 6’s triple ‘Saint, saint, saint’ (6:3) is the book’s — and arguably Scripture’s — supreme statement of divine transcendence and must be preserved verbatim, never paraphrased into an intensifying adverb (‘très, très saint’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Original: קְדֻשָּׁה
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High for Isaiah per bible_term_registry.json (qedushah). Lower ritual-purification risk in French than in some other target languages, but must still be distinguished from mere ceremonial cleanliness in passages like the ‘Way of Holiness’ (35:8).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (OT)
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: חָיִיתָ / יִחְיוּ
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High for Isaiah because Ésaïe 25:8 and 26:19 are among the clearest OT resurrection texts and 53:10’s ‘prolonged days’ is a related implication; secular French naturalism risks flattening into national-revival metaphor.
Lord Title
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Adonai
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Divine Titles
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron, le SEIGNEUR (reserved exclusively for the Tetragrammaton, see yhwh_divine_name)
Original: אֲדֹנָי
Category: Christology
Corresponds to the Romans baseline’s ‘lord’ entry (Seigneur, unchanged rendering). Renamed ‘lord_title’ in this curriculum to typographically distinguish the generic title/Adonai usage from the new Critical-risk YHWH convention below. Must never be visually or typographically confused with ‘le SEIGNEUR’ (small capitals).
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah intensifies this with ‘alliance éternelle’ (berit olam); see the new entry ‘everlasting_covenant’.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Original: בָּחַר
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ésaïe 19:24-25’s extension of covenant-family language (‘mon peuple’) to Egypt and Assyria intensifies the baseline’s warning that French ‘élection’ evokes democratic voting, risking a competitive misreading exactly where the text makes its most radical, unmerited, sovereign-grace claim.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: The Servant’s Intercession
Original: פגע / הפגיע
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High for Isaiah because Ésaïe 53:12’s yafgi’a (‘makes intercession’) and 59:16’s lament that ‘there is no one to intercede’ make this doctrine load-bearing for the core passage. Must be distinguished from the Catholic devotional category of intercession of the saints, per the baseline’s existing guidance.
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אָב
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High for Isaiah because 63:16 and 64:8 apply ‘Père’ corporately to the nation of Israel (‘tu es notre Père’), a broader usage than the baseline’s individual-adoption framing; must supplement, not replace, that framing. See the new entry ‘abba_father_intimacy’.
Holy One Of Israel
Approved rendering: le Saint d’Israël
Transliteration: Qedosh Yisrael
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: le Dieu saint d’Israël (descriptive paraphrase — loses titular function)
Original: קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: God
Isaiah’s signature covenant title (~30 occurrences). Must be rendered as a fixed, capitalized title, never paraphrased, so French readers recognize it as a recurring proper title across the whole book.
Wonderful Counselor
Approved rendering: Conseiller merveilleux
Transliteration: pele yoetz
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Coming Messiah
Rejected alternatives: Admirable, Conseiller (Segond’s alternate two-epithet parsing, retained as variant note only)
Original: פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ
Category: Christology
9:6 royal title ascribing superhuman, divine-level wisdom. Flag Segond’s alternate parsing as two separate epithets for reviewer awareness so the difference in title-count across French translation traditions does not appear to be an error.
Branch Tzemach
Approved rendering: germe (du SEIGNEUR)
Transliteration: tzemach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: branche (would collapse the distinction with netzer/choter)
Original: צֶמַח
Category: Christology
4:2’s messianic-growth image. Distinct Hebrew root from netzer/choter (11:1); must be kept lexically distinguishable from ‘rejeton’ in glossary notes and teaching materials even though both occupy the same ‘Branch’ theological field.
Branch Netzer
Approved rendering: rejeton
Transliteration: netzer / choter
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: branche (would collapse the distinction with tzemach)
Original: נֵצֶר / חֹטֶר
Category: Christology
11:1’s ‘shoot from the stump of Jesse’. Distinct root from tzemach (4:2); rendered ‘rejeton’ to keep visually distinct from ‘germe’, feeding the same ‘Root of Jesse’ field cited in Romains 15:12.
Bear Burden Saval
Approved rendering: se charger de / porter
Transliteration: saval
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Original: סָבַל
Category: Suffering Servant
Reinforces ‘nasa’ with double emphasis on vicarious weight-bearing (53:4); must retain the sense of enduring a heavy, imposed weight, not a light or voluntary inconvenience.
Crushed Meduka
Approved rendering: brisé / broyé
Transliteration: meduka
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Original: מְדֻכָּא
Category: Suffering Servant
Intensifies ‘mecholal’ (53:5); must convey total, weight-bearing destruction, not a light bruise.
Wound Chavurah
Approved rendering: blessure / meurtrissure
Transliteration: chavurah
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Original: חַבֻּרָה
Category: Suffering Servant
53:5’s physical wound, foundational to 1 Pierre 2:24’s citation; must retain a concrete, physical-wound register.
Did Not Open His Mouth
Approved rendering: il n’a pas ouvert la bouche
Transliteration: lo yiftach piv
Doctrine: The Servant’s Voluntary Submission and Silence
Original: לֹא־יִפְתַּח פִּיו
Category: Suffering Servant
53:7’s deliberate bookend repetition. French must not collapse the two occurrences into one for stylistic economy; the doubling is rhetorically intentional.
Numbered With Transgressors
Approved rendering: compté parmi les coupables / transgresseurs
Transliteration: nimnah im poshe’im
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement of the Suffering Servant
Original: נִמְנָה עִם־פֹּשְׁעִים
Category: Suffering Servant
53:12, fulfilled in Luc 22:37. Must retain the sense of formal, legal classification, not mere physical proximity.
Light To The Nations
Approved rendering: une lumière des nations
Transliteration: or goyim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: une lumière des païens (pejorative)
Original: אוֹר גּוֹיִם
Category: Church
42:6, 49:6, cited in Luc 2:32 and Actes 13:47. Prefer ‘nations’ over ‘païens’ per the baseline’s own mission-emphasis guidance.
Arm Of The Lord
Approved rendering: bras du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: zeroa YHWH
Doctrine: Power of God Revealed Through Weakness
Original: זְרוֹעַ יהוה
Category: God
40:10, 51:9, 53:1. Isaiah’s characteristic idiom for God’s saving power, paradoxically revealed through the Servant’s humiliation in ch. 53; must not be read as bare metaphor for strength divorced from the paradox.
Dead Shall Live
Approved rendering: tes morts revivront
Transliteration: yichyu meteicha
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (OT)
Original: יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךָ
Category: Eschatology
26:19. One of the clearest OT bodily-resurrection texts alongside Daniel 12:2; must not be spiritualized into national-revival metaphor only.
Swallow Up Death
Approved rendering: il engloutira / anéantira la mort
Transliteration: billa hamavet
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (OT) / New Heavens and New Earth
Rejected alternatives: vaincre la mort (softer, gradual-improvement risk)
Original: בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת
Category: Eschatology
25:8, cited in 1 Corinthiens 15:54. Must retain the decisive, final-victory sense — death consumed once for all.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: le jour du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: Yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the LORD (Eschatological Judgment)
Rejected alternatives: un jour difficile (flattened), jour du Jugement dernier (Catholic Last-Judgment conflation)
Original: יוֹם יהוה
Category: Eschatology
2:12, 13:6, 13:9, 34:8. Must retain technical, eschatological-judgment force; must not be confused with the generic Catholic Last-Judgment framing common in French religious imagination.
Redeemer Go El
Approved rendering: Rédempteur / racheter
Transliteration: go’el / ga’al
Doctrine: Redemption (Kinsman-Redeemer Doctrine)
Rejected alternatives: racheter used without the Ruth/Boaz kinship-legal background (defaults to a commercial-transaction reading)
Original: גֹּאֵל / גָּאַל
Category: Salvation
41:14, 43:1, 43:14, 44:22-24, 54:5, 59:20. French secular ‘racheter’ (redeeming a coupon/voucher) risks trivializing the kinship-legal background; must be taught with the Ruth/Boaz backdrop intact.
Chesed Steadfast Love
Approved rendering: amour indéfectible / bonté
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Covenant Steadfast Love Following Atonement
Rejected alternatives: grâce (presupposes no prior relationship — a different concept), amour (bare — loses the covenant-loyalty legal dimension)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Covenant
54:8, 54:10, 55:3, 63:7. Must not collapse into baseline ‘grâce’ nor generic ‘amour’; chesed specifically presupposes an existing covenant bond being honored, newly reaffirmed after the Servant’s atoning suffering in ch. 53.
Stone Of Stumbling
Approved rendering: pierre d’achoppement
Transliteration: even negef
Doctrine: Coming Messiah
Original: אֶבֶן נֶגֶף
Category: Christology
8:14, cited in Romains 9:33 and 1 Pierre 2:8. Negative counterpart to the Cornerstone; must remain lexically distinct from, yet paired with, that image.
House Of Prayer For All Peoples
Approved rendering: une maison de prière pour tous les peuples
Transliteration: beit tefillah lechol ha’ammim
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: בֵּית תְּפִלָּה לְכָל־הָעַמִּים
Category: Church
56:7, cited by Jesus in Marc 11:17. Requires the same historically-aware handling the baseline flags for Unity of Jews and Gentiles, given France’s Jewish community and history.
Year Of The Lords Favor
Approved rendering: l’année de faveur / grâce du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: shenat ratzon
Doctrine: The Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Comfort and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: grâce (bare, unqualified — loses the eschatological, Jubilee-associated sense)
Original: שְׁנַת רָצוֹן
Category: Salvation
61:2, cited by Jesus in Luc 4:19. Must not collapse into bare baseline ‘grâce’ without the epochal, Jubilee-associated ‘acceptable year’ sense.
Winepress Judgment
Approved rendering: pressoir
Transliteration: gat
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Original: גַּת
Category: Judgment
63:1-6. Divine-warrior judgment/wrath imagery against Edom; must not be casually conflated with the Suffering Servant’s non-violent submission (ch. 53) without careful theological framing distinguishing the two comings.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: אָמַן / הֶאֳמִין
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ésaïe 7:9 (‘si vous ne tenez pas ferme dans la foi…’) and 53:1 (‘qui a cru…’) share the Hebrew root aman/he’emin with the baseline concept; must retain personal trust in God’s specific word, not generic religiosity.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: יְשׁוּעָה / ישע
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah’s ישע (yeshu’ah) root, extended to the nations (12:2-3, 25:9, 45:17, 49:6, 52:7, 59:20), shares its root with the name Yeshua/Jésus — a valuable teaching resonance, not a translation risk of its own.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reserve for idolatry-contrast contexts; see the new entry ‘gentiles_nations’ which supplies the preferred ‘les nations’ rendering for Isaiah’s mission-emphasis texts.
Mission
Approved rendering: mission
Transliteration: mission
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: שָׁלַח
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. France’s colonial missionary history caution applies with full force to Isaiah’s nations-oriented material (42:6, 49:6, 60:1-3); frame as gospel proclamation, not cultural or civilizational conquest.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: מַלְכוּת
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptually present in Isaiah’s royal/Zion-centered eschatology (2:2-4, 9:6-7, 24:23).
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Low to Medium for Isaiah, since 53:5’s ‘châtiment qui nous donne la paix’ supplies the causal doctrinal engine behind the baseline’s peace-with-God doctrine. See ‘chastisement_of_our_peace’ for the verse-specific Critical-risk rendering rule.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Original: כֹּחַ / זְרוֹעַ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah’s characteristic idiom for this concept is ‘the arm of the LORD’; see the new entry ‘arm_of_the_lord’.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The baseline’s caution about conflating biblical Israel with the modern nation-state applies with equal or greater force in Isaiah, given France’s significant Jewish community and Isaiah’s centrality to Jewish-Christian dialogue and liturgy (see 04_comparative_theology.md).
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Aramaic term itself postdates Isaiah’s Hebrew idiom and must NOT be inserted into any Isaiah rendering; retained here only for cross-curriculum consistency. See the new entry ‘abba_father_intimacy’ for the OT conceptual seedbed.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptually present in Isaiah via ‘Branch/Shoot’ vocabulary (4:2, 11:1) and the throne-of-David formula; see the new entry ‘seed_of_david_throne’.
Spirit Of The Lord Upon Agent
Approved rendering: l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: Ruach YHWH
Doctrine: The Spirit-Anointed Messiah’s Mission
Rejected alternatives: Esprit Saint (reserved for the fixed NT title, though referring to the same divine Person)
Original: רוּחַ יהוה
Category: God
Extends ‘holy_spirit’. Directly cited of Jesus in Luc 4 (via Ésaïe 61:1); must render consistently as ‘l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR’ across every occurrence (11:2, 42:1, 61:1) for cross-document consistency with any Gospels curriculum sharing this Language Package.
Everlasting Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance éternelle
Transliteration: berit olam
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
Intensification of baseline ‘covenant’; must retain ‘éternelle’ in every occurrence (54:10, 55:3, 61:8) to preserve the causal link between the Servant’s atonement (ch. 53) and the covenant’s newly affirmed permanence.
Seed Of David Throne
Approved rendering: trône de David
Transliteration: kisse David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Messianic Promise
Original: כִּסֵּא דָוִיד
Category: Covenant
Extends ‘seed_of_david’. Conceptually present via ‘Branch’ and ‘throne of David’ vocabulary (9:7, 11:1, 11:10) rather than a single repeated phrase.
Prince Of Peace
Approved rendering: Prince de la paix
Transliteration: Sar Shalom
Doctrine: Coming Messiah
Original: שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם
Category: Christology
9:6 royal title connecting to baseline ‘peace’, now applied to the Messiah’s kingdom-wide reign rather than only an individual’s peace with God.
Gentiles Nations
Approved rendering: nations
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: païens (pejorative-leaning; reserve for idolatry-contrast contexts only)
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Church
Extends baseline ‘gentiles’. Per the baseline’s own guidance, prefer ‘les nations’ in Isaiah’s mission-emphasis texts (42:6, 49:6, 56:7, 60:3) to avoid the pejorative connotation of ‘païens’.
Here I Am
Approved rendering: me voici
Transliteration: hineni
Doctrine: Divine Calling (Isaiah’s Prophetic Commission)
Original: הִנְנִי
Category: Salvation
6:8. Must retain the sense of eager availability for divine commission, not mere spatial self-location, consistent with the pattern also seen in Abraham, Moïse, and Samuel.
Abba Father Intimacy
Approved rendering: notre Père (lien conceptuel avec Abba, Père)
Transliteration: avinu
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אָבִינוּ
Category: God
63:16, 64:8’s corporate cry ‘you are our Father’ is the OT conceptual seedbed for the NT’s Aramaic ‘Abba, Père’. This entry preserves the conceptual link for teaching without implying the word ‘Abba’ should be inserted into the Isaiah rendering itself.
Remnant
Approved rendering: reste / résidu
Transliteration: she’ar / she’erit
Doctrine: The Remnant
Rejected alternatives: résidu as the primary/default choice (clinical, industrial-leftover connotation in modern French) — prefer ‘reste’
Original: שְׁאָר / שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Salvation
1:9, 10:20-22, 11:11-16, 37:31-32. Must carry covenant-preservation weight, not a purely statistical ‘ce qui reste’ register.
Idols
Approved rendering: idoles
Transliteration: elilim / pesilim / atzabim
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry
Original: אֱלִילִים / פְּסִילִים / עֲצַבִּים
Category: Sin
2:8, 2:18-20, 40:19-20, 44:9-20, 46:1. French secular ‘idole’ (celebrity/fan-worship sense, e.g. talent-show branding ‘Idols’) risks trivializing the deadly-serious false-god-worship concept; anchor early occurrences with explicit false-god framing.
Oracle Massa
Approved rendering: oracle (prophétique)
Transliteration: massa
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Original: מַשָּׂא
Category: Covenant
13:1, 15:1, 17:1, 19:1, 21:1, 21:11, 21:13, 22:1, 23:1. French secular ‘oracle’ carries Delphic/fortune-telling connotations; anchor first occurrences with ‘oracle prophétique’, paralleling the baseline’s caution against ‘voyant’ for ‘prophet’.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: pierre angulaire
Transliteration: even pinnah
Doctrine: Coming Messiah
Original: אֶבֶן פִּנָּה
Category: Christology
28:16, cited in Romains 9:33, Éphésiens 2:20, 1 Pierre 2:6. Established French theological idiom; must remain consistent across curriculum cross-references.
Way Of Holiness
Approved rendering: le chemin de la sainteté
Transliteration: derekh haqodesh
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Rejected alternatives: voie spirituelle (generic self-help register)
Original: דֶּרֶךְ הַקֹּדֶשׁ
Category: Salvation
35:8. Must retain the sense of a road reserved exclusively for the redeemed, not a generic ‘spiritual path’ available to all seekers.
Comfort
Approved rendering: consoler / consolation
Transliteration: nacham / nachamu
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration for God’s People
Original: נָחַם / נַחֲמוּ
Category: Salvation
40:1-2, 49:13, 51:3, 52:9. French ‘consolation’ risks reduction to mere emotional soothing; must retain the sense of covenantal restoration following real, acknowledged judgment.
Vineyard Allegory
Approved rendering: vigne
Transliteration: kerem
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice
Original: כֶּרֶם
Category: Sin
5:1-7, 27:2-6, echoed in Matthieu 21:33-41. Must retain covenantal-allegorical weight, not a bare agricultural reference.
Feast Banquet
Approved rendering: festin / banquet
Transliteration: mishteh
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: מִשְׁתֶּה
Category: Church
25:6-8. Eschatological feast for all peoples; connect in teaching materials to NT banquet parables and Apocalypse’s wedding feast without importing that vocabulary into the Isaiah rendering.
Liberty Release
Approved rendering: liberté (aux captifs)
Transliteration: deror
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration / Coming Messiah
Original: דְּרוֹר
Category: Salvation
61:1. Echoes Jubilee legislation (Lévitique 25); apply redemptively (freedom from sin’s bondage), without entirely spiritualizing away the real socio-political dimension.
Knowledge Of The Lord
Approved rendering: la connaissance du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: da’at YHWH
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: דַּעַת יהוה
Category: Church
11:9. Relational, experiential covenant-knowing, not mere factual information (the French epistemic default for ‘connaissance’).
All Flesh Universal Scope
Approved rendering: toute chair / toute l’humanité
Transliteration: kol basar
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: כָּל־בָּשָׂר
Category: Church
66:23. Bookends the universal-scope doctrine opened at 2:2-4; consistent with the baseline’s existing universal-scope conventions from Romains 3:23 and 10:12-13.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel / Evangelism
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah 52:7 (‘comme ils sont beaux, les pieds de celui qui annonce…’) and 61:1 are OT anchors for this NT term, cited in Romains 10:15 and Luc 4:18; do not import ‘Évangile’ into the Isaiah text itself, but use it freely in teaching cross-reference.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Isaiah is himself the prophet-speaker throughout the book.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not a term occurring in Isaiah’s own Hebrew text; used only in cross-referencing teaching prose that connects OT prophecy to NT fulfillment.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: נַחֲמוּ (imperative context)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Overlaps substantially with the new entry ‘comfort’ in Isaiah 40:1-2’s exhortation passages.
Woe Hoy
Approved rendering: malheur
Transliteration: hoy
Doctrine: Judgment on Israel’s Idolatry and Injustice
Original: הוֹי
Category: Judgment
5:8, 5:11, 5:18-22, 28:1, 29:1, 29:15, 30:1, 31:1, 33:1. Stable, well-established French rendering.
Seraphim
Approved rendering: séraphins
Transliteration: seraphim
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Original: שְׂרָפִים
Category: God
6:2, 6:6. Established loanword across all French Bible traditions; no substitution needed.
Sign Ot
Approved rendering: signe
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Coming Messiah / Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: אוֹת
Category: Covenant
7:11, 7:14, 8:18, 38:7. Stable term; low ambiguity.