Core Glossary

Core Glossary: Hebrews (Full Book)

Purpose

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Hebrews 1–13. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [baseline — reuse exactly]; new terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [new] and must be added to an updated translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 translation begins. Risk tiers and review routing follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions exactly (Critical/High = human theologian; Medium = native speaker; Low = automated).

Glossary Table

#	Term (English)	Original (Greek)	French Rendering	Risk	Status	Chapter(s)	Notes / Collision Reason
1	God	θεός	Dieu	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	all	Reuse baseline exactly.
2	Jesus	Ἰησοῦς	Jésus	Low	[baseline — reuse]	all	Reuse baseline exactly.
3	Son of God / the Son	υἱὸς θεοῦ / υἱός	Fils de Dieu / Fils	Critical	[baseline — reuse]	1, 4, 5, 7	Eternal, unique Sonship; never adoptive/honorary.
4	Lord	κύριος	Seigneur	High	[baseline — reuse]	1, 2, 7, 13	Feudal-resonance risk per baseline; exclusive lordship.
5	Holy Spirit	πνεῦμα ἅγιον	Esprit Saint	Critical	[baseline — reuse]	2, 3, 6, 9, 10	Personal divine Person, not impersonal force.
6	Father	πατήρ	Père	High	[baseline — reuse]	12	Reuse baseline exactly (12:9 “the Father of spirits”).
7	glory	δόξα	gloire	High	[baseline — reuse]	1, 2, 3, 13	Christ’s essential, not merely reflected, glory (1:3).
8	faith	πίστις	foi	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13	Personal trust, not generic religiosity; central to ch.11.
9	grace	χάρις	grâce	High	[baseline — reuse]	2, 4, 10, 12, 13	Unmerited; “throne of grace” (4:16) is unmediated access.
10	salvation	σωτηρία	salut	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	1, 2, 5, 6, 9	Includes eschatological/consummated sense at 9:28.
11	covenant	διαθήκη (sense 1)	alliance	High	[baseline — reuse, extended]	7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13	Extended risk: supersessionism sensitivity re Israel (see #12-13).
12	new covenant	διαθήκη καινή	nouvelle alliance	High	[new]	8, 9, 12	Supersessionism risk given France’s Jewish community; frame as fulfillment.
13	old/first covenant, obsolete	παλαιόω / πρώτη διαθήκη	ancienne alliance / rendue obsolète	High	[new]	8, 9	Heb 8:13’s “obsolete” is the sharpest supersessionism-risk statement in the book.
14	testament (legal will sense)	διαθήκη (sense 2)	testament	High	[new]	9:16-17	Translation-crux wordplay; cannot be reproduced with one French word — requires translator’s note.
15	holy	ἅγιος	saint	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	2, 3, 6, 9, 10	Set-apart and morally pure; per baseline.
16	saints (corporate believers)	ἅγιοι	saints (glossed “tous les croyants”)	High	[baseline — reuse]	6, 13 (implicit)	Must gloss per baseline to avoid canonized-intercessor reading.
17	sanctification	ἁγιασμός / ἡγιασμένοι	sanctification	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	2, 10, 12, 13	Balance already/still-being-sanctified tension with τελειόω (#23).
18	called / calling	κλητός / κλῆσις	appelé / appel	High	[baseline — reuse]	3, 9	Reuse exactly; “heavenly calling” (3:1), “those called” (9:15).
19	apostle	ἀπόστολος	apôtre	Low	[baseline — reuse]	3	3:1, Jesus as “the apostle… of our confession.”
20	church / assembly	ἐκκλησία	Église / assemblée	High	[baseline — reuse]	2, 12	Prefer “assemblée” for 12:23’s heavenly gathering, per baseline’s institution-vs-body distinction.
21	kingdom of God / unshakeable kingdom	βασιλεία (ἀσάλευτος)	Royaume de Dieu / royaume inébranlable	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	1, 12	Not political/nationalist.
22	law	νόμος	loi (la Loi)	High	[baseline — reuse]	7, 8, 9, 10	Mosaic Law referent; capitalize per baseline convention.
23	sin	ἁμαρτία	péché	High	[baseline — reuse]	2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12	Guard against colloquial trivialization; central to atonement argument.
24	resurrection	ἀνάστασις	résurrection	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	6, 11, 13	11:35, “better resurrection”; 13:20.
25	peace	εἰρήνη	paix	Low	[baseline — reuse]	7, 12, 13	13:20, “God of peace.”
26	prophet(s)	προφῆται	prophètes	Low	[baseline — reuse]	1	1:1, “God spoke… by the prophets.”
27	high priest	ἀρχιερεύς	grand prêtre	Critical	[new]	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	Central Christological title; risk of conflation with ongoing Catholic ordained priesthood. Reject archaic “souverain sacrificateur.”
28	priesthood (office)	ἱερωσύνη	sacerdoce	High	[new]	7	Collides with French Catholic “le sacerdoce” (ordained ministry) and Reformed “sacerdoce universel.”
29	Levitical priesthood	ἱερωσύνη Λευιτική	sacerdoce lévitique	Medium	[new]	7	Historical-descriptive; low collision once distinguished from #28.
30	Melchizedek / order of Melchizedek	Μελχισέδεκ / τάξις Μελχισέδεκ	Melchisédek / ordre de Melchisédek	Medium	[new]	5, 6, 7	Proper name stable; typological argument needs OT scaffolding for low-literacy readers.
31	order (priestly rank)	τάξις	ordre	Medium	[new]	7	Distinguish from “un ordre religieux” (Catholic religious order).
32	permanent/unchangeable priesthood	ἀπαράβατος	permanent / qui ne se transmet pas	High	[new]	7	Tension with ministerial-succession theology; no human successor to Christ’s priesthood.
33	tabernacle	σκηνή	tabernacle	Medium	[new]	8, 9, 13	Live Catholic resonance (Eucharistic reservation); clarify OT wilderness referent.
34	holy places / Holy of Holies	ἅγια / ἅγια ἁγίων	lieu(x) saint(s) / le sanctuaire	Medium	[new]	9	Distinguish grammatically from “les saints” (#16).
35	veil	καταπέτασμα	voile	Medium	[new]	9, 10	Keep consistent between furniture-term (9:3) and metaphor (10:20, Christ’s flesh).
36	mercy seat / atonement cover	ἱλαστήριον	propitiatoire	High	[new]	9	Low-familiarity technical term; cross-reference to Romans 3:25’s identical Greek term.
37	ark (of the covenant)	κιβωτός	arche (de l’alliance)	Low	[new]	9	Standard proper-furniture term.
38	blood	αἷμα	sang	High	[new]	9, 10, 12, 13	Live Eucharistic association; must anchor to Christ’s one historical shedding of blood, not sacramental repetition.
39	sacrifice / offering	θυσία / προσφορά	sacrifice / offrande	Critical	[new]	5, 7, 9, 10, 13	Direct collision with “le saint sacrifice de la messe”; central Reformation-era controversy point.
40	once for all	ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ	une fois pour toutes	Critical	[new]	6, 7, 9, 10	The book’s core polemical claim against repeated/re-presented sacrifice.
41	propitiation / atonement (verb)	ἱλάσκομαι / ἱλασμός	expier / l’expiation	Critical	[new]	2, 9	Closes a gap the baseline Romans package left open (flagged but undefined at Romans 3:25); collides with Catholic penitential “expiation.”
42	redemption	ἀπολύτρωσις / λύτρωσις	rédemption	Medium	[new]	9, 11	Stable ecumenical term; retain price-paid nuance, avoid flattening to “délivrance.”
43	mediator	μεσίτης	médiateur	Critical	[new]	7, 8, 9, 12	Collides with Marian “Médiatrice” and saints’ intercession; Christ’s exclusive mediatorship.
44	intercession (Christ’s)	ἐντυγχάνω / ἔντευξις	intercession	High	[baseline — reuse]	7	Reuse baseline exactly; Christ’s unique, unceasing heavenly ministry, distinct from saints’ intercession.
45	perfect / perfected / perfecter	τελειόω / τελειωτής	rendre parfait / mener à l’accomplissement	Critical	[new]	2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12	Completed/qualifying act, not gradual moral improvement. FORBIDDEN: never “consommateur” for τελειωτής (12:2) — means “shopper/consumer” in modern French.
46	conscience	συνείδησις	conscience	Medium	[new]	9, 10, 13	Secular-philosophical French usage risks detaching it from “before God” sense.
47	dead works	νεκρὰ ἔργα	œuvres mortes	Medium	[new]	6, 9	Futile/lifeless ritual, not merely “bad deeds.”
48	forgiveness / remission	ἄφεσις	pardon / rémission (des péchés)	High	[new]	9, 10	Shared ecumenical creedal phrase; must not imply ongoing need for sacramental absolution beyond Christ’s one act.
49	serve / worship (cultic)	λατρεύω	servir / rendre un culte	Medium	[new]	9, 12	Whole-life worship, not narrowed to Mass attendance.
50	vessels of ministry / service	σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας	ustensiles du service / du culte	High	[new]	9	AVOID “liturgie” as primary rendering — anachronistic Catholic Mass association.
51	shedding of blood	αἱματεκχυσία	effusion de sang	Medium	[new]	9	Standard theological French; connect to substitutionary death.
52	copy / shadow / pattern	ὑπόδειγμα / σκιά / ἀντίτυπα	copie / ombre / représentation	Low	[new]	8, 9, 10	Low collision; keep the lesser-copy/greater-reality contrast unmistakable.
53	putting away (of sin)	ἀθέτησις (ἁμαρτίας)	annuler / effacer (le péché)	High	[new]	9	Decisive cancellation, not mere covering/hiding.
54	bear the sins (substitutionary)	ἀναφέρω ἁμαρτίας	porter les péchés (de beaucoup)	Critical	[new]	9	Must retain clear substitutionary sense; echoes Isaiah 53.
55	angels	ἄγγελοι	anges	Medium	[new]	1, 2, 13	French guardian-angel/Marian-adjacent piety is benign but must not blur Christ’s categorical (not merely superior-degree) supremacy.
56	heir / inheritance	κληρονόμος / κληρονομία	héritier / héritage	Medium	[new/baseline-adjacent]	1, 9, 11	Ties to baseline’s “adoption filiale” full-inheritance-rights sense.
57	rest	κατάπαυσις	repos	Medium	[new]	3, 4	Everyday French trivializes; qualify as “le repos de Dieu / promis.”
58	hardened (heart)	σκληρύνω	endurcir (le cœur)	Medium	[new]	3	Self-inflicted culpability must be retained.
59	unbelief	ἀπιστία	incrédulité	Medium	[baseline — reuse]	3, 4	Reuse baseline’s faith-doctrine inverse term.
60	boldness / confidence	παρρησία	hardiesse / pleine assurance	Medium	[new]	4, 10	Everyday “assurance” = insurance policy; fix one consistent rendering curriculum-wide.
61	living and active (word)	ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργής	vivante et efficace	Low	[new]	4	Standard cross-tradition phrase.
62	milk / solid food	γάλα / στερεὰ τροφή	lait / nourriture solide	Low	[new]	5	Transparent idiom.
63	fall away / apostasy	παραπίπτω / ἀποστασία	apostasier / se détourner (définitivement)	High	[new]	3, 6, 10	Culturally legible gravity; must align with Perseverance/Assurance doctrine, not contradict it.
64	enlightened	φωτισθέντες	éclairés / illuminés	Medium	[new]	6	Note patristic baptismal-illumination association for reviewers.
65	anchor (of hope)	ἄγκυρα	ancre	Low	[new]	6	Transparent, well-attested devotional metaphor.
66	oath	ὅρκος	serment	Low	[new]	6, 7	No collision.
67	confession / profession	ὁμολογία	profession (de la foi/de l’espérance)	High	[new]	3, 4, 10	AVOID bare “confession” — overwhelmingly read as the Catholic sacrament of Penance.
68	sinning deliberately	ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνοντες	pécher volontairement / délibérément	Medium	[new]	10	Deliberate, settled apostasy — not ordinary struggle against sin.
69	shrink back	ὑποστέλλω / ὑποστολή	se retirer / reculer	Low	[new]	10	Contrast with faith that preserves the soul.
70	assurance/substance (of faith)	ὑπόστασις	la réalité (de ce qu’on espère)	High	[new]	11	Long-documented translation crux; fix one rendering curriculum-wide, cf. baseline’s 1:16-17/8:28/10:9-10 consistency rule.
71	conviction / evidence	ἔλεγχος	la preuve / la démonstration	Medium	[new]	11	Keep distinct from #70 — two separate Greek terms in one clause.
72	commended / attested	μαρτυρέομαι	recevoir un témoignage / être approuvé	Low	[new]	11	Refrain throughout ch.11.
73	strangers and exiles	ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι	étrangers et voyageurs	Low	[new]	11	No collision.
74	homeland / city (heavenly)	πατρίς / πόλις	patrie / cité (céleste)	Low	[new]	11, 12, 13	No collision.
75	cloud of witnesses	νέφος μαρτύρων	une (grande) nuée de témoins	Medium	[new]	12	French “témoin”/“martyr” share the same root; risk of over-narrowing to those who died violently.
76	pioneer / founder	ἀρχηγός	chef / initiateur / celui qui a ouvert la voie	High	[new]	2, 12	No single French word covers both senses; fix one consistent phrase for 2:10 and 12:2.
77	discipline / training	παιδεία	discipline paternelle / correction	High	[new]	12	French Catholic ascetic “la discipline” = a physical scourge; must qualify as fatherly correction.
78	consuming fire	πῦρ καταναλίσκον	feu consumant / dévorant	Low	[new]	12	No collision.
79	assembly of the firstborn	ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων	l’assemblée des premiers-nés	High	[new/baseline-adjacent]	12	Prefer “assemblée” over bare “Église” here — see #20.
80	hospitality	φιλοξενία	hospitalité	Low	[new]	13	No collision.
81	altar	θυσιαστήριον	autel	High	[new]	13	Collides with literal Catholic church altar/Eucharistic sacrifice; must be taught as metaphor for Christ’s finished sacrifice.
82	sacrifice of praise	θυσία αἰνέσεως	sacrifice de louange	Medium	[new]	13	Positive metaphorical use; gloss to avoid confusion with #39’s atoning-sacrifice risk.
83	camp (outside the)	παρεμβολή	camp	Low	[new]	13	No collision.
84	reproach (of Christ)	ὄνειδος	opprobre / déshonneur	Low	[new]	13	No collision.
85	leaders (church)	ἡγούμενοι	dirigeants / responsables (de l’Église)	Low	[new]	13	Distinguish from Romans 13’s civil-authority vocabulary.

Forbidden Substitutions (Hebrews-Specific — Extends Baseline List)

In addition to the baseline’s forbidden list (never “justice méritée” for imputed righteousness; never unglossed “les saints”; never “vocation” for general calling), this curriculum adds:

Never render τελειωτής (12:2) as “consommateur” — modern French means “consumer/shopper,” not “one who perfects/completes.”
Never render ἀρχιερεύς as the archaic “souverain sacrificateur” in body text (register violation; Segond 1910 turn of phrase) — use “grand prêtre.”
Never let ὁμολογία (confession/profession) stand as bare “confession” without a profession-of-faith qualifier — default sacramental reading in French.
Never render λειτουργία’s tabernacle-vessel sense (9:21) as “liturgie” without heavy qualification — anachronistic Catholic Mass association.
Never render θυσία (sacrifice) or ἐφάπαξ/ἅπαξ (once for all) in a way that could support a repeated/re-presented sacrifice reading — always reinforce the terminal, unrepeatable sense.

Cross-References to Baseline Doctrines Requiring Continuity

Hebrews Doctrine (per curriculum parameters)	Continuous Baseline Doctrine	Continuity Requirement
The Superiority of Christ over Angels, Moses, Levitical Priesthood	Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ (baseline Critical)	Same Critical framing; superiority is categorical, not merely comparative.
Christ as the Great High Priest	(new doctrine; see #27, #28)	Establish as Critical per baseline’s methodology for Critical doctrines.
The New Covenant versus the Old	Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline High)	Same supersessionism-sensitivity framing extends to Hebrews 8, 9, 12.
The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice	Grace (baseline High); atonement/propitiation (flagged but undefined in baseline)	This curriculum supplies the missing fixed rendering (#41) the baseline left open.
The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages	Assurance of Salvation (baseline High)	Must be taught in tension-balanced continuity, not contradiction, with assurance doctrine.
Faith of the Old Testament Saints	Faith (baseline Medium)	Extends baseline’s faith entry into narrative/exemplary mode (ch.11).
Perseverance and Assurance	Assurance of Salvation (baseline High); Providence (baseline Medium)	Direct continuity; see apostasy-balance note above.
Access to God through Christ’s Blood	Peace with God; Grace (baseline)	Direct, unmediated access — reinforces baseline’s grace-apart-from-mediation framing.

This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) before Phase 2 segment translation of Hebrews begins, per the AI Translation Requirements’ Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.

Critical Risk Terms

Justification

Approved rendering: justification
Transliteration: justification
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: sanctification (conflation), salut (too generic)

Not a frequent explicit term in Hebrews but load-bearing background to the once-for-all sacrifice and perfected/sanctification cluster; must remain forensic and declared, never gradually achieved. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Imputed Righteousness

Approved rendering: justice imputée
Transliteration: justice imputée
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: justice méritée

Relevant to Hebrews 11:7 (Noah ‘became heir of the righteousness that comes by faith’). Credited, not earned. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Salvation

Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation

Elevated to Critical for this curriculum: Hebrews 9:28 carries a specifically future, consummated, eschatological sense (‘will appear a second time… to save’) that must be preserved alongside the initial-deliverance sense elsewhere (1:14; 2:3; 2:10; 5:9; 6:9). (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated per assets/bible_term_registry.json.)

Resurrection

Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology

Hebrews 11:35 (‘better resurrection’) and 13:20 (God who ‘brought again from the dead’ the great Shepherd). Bodily, historical, once-for-all; never metaphorical renewal. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Lord

Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Elevated to Critical for this curriculum given Hebrews 1:10 and 13:20’s exalted-Christ usage alongside the book’s sustained argument for Christ’s supreme, exclusive authority over angels, Moses, and the priesthood. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated per assets/bible_term_registry.json.)

Son Of God

Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ / υἱός
Category: Christology

Grounds Christ’s priesthood itself in Hebrews 5:5 and 7:3; any drift toward adoptive or honorary sonship would simultaneously undermine the Deity of Christ and the Great High Priesthood doctrines. Also render bare ‘Fils’ where the Greek uses υἱός without the genitive, per glossary #3. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Jesus

Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Elevated to Critical for this curriculum, consistent with assets/bible_term_registry.json: Jesus is named as the great High Priest of the new covenant throughout Hebrews 4-10. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated for this curriculum.)

God

Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God

Elevated to Critical for this curriculum: Hebrews 1:1 opens the book with God as the ultimate speaker, and 1:8 directly addresses the Son as God (‘Ton trône, ô Dieu’) — precision here is load-bearing throughout the book, not only in isolated verses. Must never be softened toward the Watchtower/NWT’s avoidance of this direct vocative. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated for this curriculum.)

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Elevated to Critical for this curriculum: Hebrews 9:14 calls him the ‘eternal Spirit’ (‘Esprit éternel’), agent of Christ’s self-offering; ‘éternel’ must assert full, uncreated deity, not function as a mere poetic adjective. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated per assets/bible_term_registry.json.)

High Priest

Approved rendering: grand prêtre
Transliteration: grand prêtre
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: souverain sacrificateur (archaic Segond-1910 register, forbidden in body text)
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Priesthood

The book’s central Christological title (2:17; 4:14-16; 5:1-10; 7:23-28; 9:11-28). France’s unbroken, visible ordained priesthood makes this term easy to hear as validating an ongoing human office; must always be glossed as unique, unrepeatable, and Melchizedekian, terminating rather than continuing the Levitical office.

Sacrifice

Approved rendering: sacrifice
Transliteration: sacrifice
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσία
Category: Salvation

Direct collision with ‘le saint sacrifice de la messe,’ popularly understood by lay French Catholics as making Christ’s one sacrifice sacramentally present again at each celebration. Hebrews 7:27; 9:12, 25-28; 10:10-14 explicitly deny repetition. Every occurrence in chapters 7-10 requires human theologian review and must be paired with ‘une fois pour toutes.‘

Once For All

Approved rendering: une fois pour toutes
Transliteration: une fois pour toutes
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: une seule fois (weaker, permits a repeatable-but-singular-so-far reading)
Original: ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ
Category: Salvation

ἅπαξ/ἐφάπαξ. The book’s central polemical claim (6:4-6 background; 7:27; 9:12, 26-28; 10:10) stands in direct, historically documented tension with the Catholic doctrine of the Mass as an ‘unbloody re-presentation’ of Calvary. Apply consistently across every occurrence; never allow a rendering compatible with repetition.

Propitiation

Approved rendering: expier / l’expiation
Transliteration: expiation
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Original: ἱλάσκομαι / ἱλασμός
Category: Salvation

ἱλάσκομαι/ἱλασμός (2:17; 9:26). French Catholic devotional and catechetical usage ties ‘expiation’ closely to penitential practice, indulgences, and reparative suffering (‘s’offrir en expiation’). Must be anchored exclusively to Christ’s own completed priestly act, never to ongoing human penitential expiation. Closes a gap the baseline Romans package left undefined at Romans 3:25.

Mediator

Approved rendering: médiateur
Transliteration: médiateur
Doctrine: The Exclusive Mediatorship of Christ
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christology

μεσίτης (7:25; 8:6; 9:15; 12:24). French Catholic Marian devotion explicitly titles Mary ‘Médiatrice,’ and the saints are approached as intercessory mediators. Hebrews’ claim that Christ alone mediates the new covenant stands in direct tension with any co-mediation framework; flag every occurrence for human theologian review.

Perfected

Approved rendering: rendre parfait / mener à l’accomplissement
Transliteration: perfection / accomplissement
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: consommateur (FORBIDDEN — modern French means ‘consumer/shopper’)
Original: τελειόω / τελειωτής
Category: Salvation

τελειόω/τελειωτής (2:10; 5:9; 7:28; 9:9; 10:1, 14; 12:2). Used of Christ’s priestly qualification and believers’ definitive cleansing. French readers may hear ‘rendre parfait’ as a gradual, sacramentally-assisted moral perfecting; must preserve the completed, qualifying sense. Segond 1910’s own ‘auteur et consommateur’ (12:2) is a live, historically circulating instance of the forbidden rendering and must never be echoed.

Bear The Sins

Approved rendering: porter les péchés (de beaucoup)
Transliteration: porter les péchés
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: s’occuper du péché / traiter le péché (too administrative, loses substitutionary sense)
Original: ἀναφέρω ἁμαρτίας
Category: Salvation

ἀναφέρω ἁμαρτίας (9:28), echoing Isaiah 53. Must retain a clear substitutionary sense — Christ bearing others’ guilt in their place — anchoring the climax verse of the core passage.

High Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Same word used by Catholic and Protestant traditions, but the theology differs. In Hebrews 4:16 ‘the throne of grace’ must be read as direct, unmediated access, apart from any additional priestly or saintly intercessor. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Faith

Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Personal trust in God’s promises, not generic religiosity. Elevated to High risk within this curriculum because Hebrews 11 extends the concept into a full chapter of narrative exemplars; must convey trust that produces action, not mere assent. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated for this curriculum per assets/bible_term_registry.json.)

Righteousness

Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture

Relevant to Hebrews 11:7 (‘heir of the righteousness that comes by faith’) and 11:33. Must be read as gift-status righteousness received by faith, not human moral achievement. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Called

Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 9:15, ‘those who are called’ receive the eternal inheritance. Never ‘invité’ (mere invitation). (Inherited from Romans package.)

Calling

Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 3:1, ‘the heavenly calling’ believers share. Never ‘vocation’ in the general believer’s sense, which narrows to Catholic clergy/religious life. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Holy

Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Describes both the ‘holy brothers’ addressed in exhortation and, as a noun-phrase base, the tabernacle’s ‘holy places’ (see new entry holy_places for the distinct furniture sense). (Inherited from Romans package.)

Saints

Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church

Must be glossed ‘tous les croyants’ wherever the corporate-believer sense is active (implicit in Hebrews’ address to ‘holy brothers,’ 6:10). Never left to stand for a canonized-intercessor elite. Distinct from Hebrews 11’s narrative faith-exemplars, which are not called ‘saints’ in the text but must not be read through the canonized-saint lens either. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Sanctification

Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἡγιασμένοι
Category: Sanctification

Elevated to High for this curriculum: Hebrews 10:14 holds a completed perfecting (τελειόω, see new entry ‘perfected’) alongside an ongoing sanctifying in careful tension; must not collapse into either pure process or pure completion alone. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated per assets/bible_term_registry.json.)

Church

Approved rendering: Église / assemblée
Transliteration: Église / assemblée
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Hebrews 2:12 uses ἐκκλησία of the congregation Christ addresses; 12:23’s ‘assembly of the firstborn’ (see new entry assembly_of_firstborn) prefers ‘assemblée’ over bare ‘Église’ to keep the heavenly-gathering sense distinct from the institutional French referent. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Law

Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

Capitalize ‘la Loi’ for the Mosaic referent, whose sacrificial and priestly provisions Hebrews 7-10 argues are fulfilled and superseded in Christ. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Sin

Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Central to Hebrews’ atonement argument (9:26; 10:12, 26); guard against colloquial trivialization (‘péché mignon’) softening the weight of the argument that Christ’s sacrifice deals with sin definitively. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Glory

Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Hebrews 1:3, ‘the radiance of the glory of God’ — must not be rendered as though Christ merely reflects a glory not his own, as a mirror reflects light; this asserts essential, not derivative, deity. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Covenant

Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

The structural spine of Hebrews 7-10. Hebrews exploits a second, legal-will sense of the same Greek word (διαθήκη) in 9:16-17; see new entry testament_legal_will for that distinct, non-substitutable rendering. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Intercession

Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Christ’s Heavenly Intercession
Original: ἐντυγχάνω / ἔντευξις
Category: Christology

Elevated to High for this curriculum: Hebrews 7:25 and 9:24 describe Christ’s unceasing, exclusive heavenly intercession, which must be distinguished from the Catholic devotional practice of invoking the intercession of saints or Mary. (Inherited from Romans package, risk tier elevated per assets/bible_term_registry.json.)

Father

Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Hebrews 12:9, ‘the Father of spirits,’ grounds the Fatherly Discipline doctrine (see new entry discipline_training). (Inherited from Romans package.)

Priesthood

Approved rendering: sacerdoce
Transliteration: sacerdoce
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἱερωσύνη
Category: Priesthood

‘Le sacerdoce’ doubles as the standard French term for the ongoing Catholic ordained ministry and the Reformed ‘sacerdoce universel des croyants.’ Hebrews 7’s argument for a change of priesthood must not be read as abolishing NT believer-priesthood language elsewhere or endorsing an ongoing sacrificial ministerial priesthood parallel to Christ’s.

Permanent Priesthood

Approved rendering: permanent / qui ne se transmet pas
Transliteration: sacerdoce permanent
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: ἀπαράβατος
Category: Priesthood

Hebrews 7:24 (ἀπαράβατος): the unchangeable, non-transferable quality of Christ’s priesthood — it passes to no human successor. Directly excludes any ministerial-succession or LDS priesthood-restoration reading.

Mercy Seat

Approved rendering: propitiatoire
Transliteration: propitiatoire
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: le couvercle (too generic, loses technical sense)
Original: ἱλαστήριον
Category: Worship

Hebrews 9:5. A rare, technical French word unfamiliar to most modern readers; requires an explanatory gloss at first use (‘le couvercle d’or de l’arche, aspergé de sang’). Fixed as the cross-reference term for Romans 3:25’s identical Greek term ἱλαστήριον, closing a gap the baseline Romans package left open.

Blood

Approved rendering: sang
Transliteration: sang
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: αἷμα
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 9:12-14, 18-22, 25; 10:19; 12:24; 13:20. ‘Le sang’ is lexically stable but carries a live, weekly-reinforced Catholic Eucharistic association (the chalice at Mass, ‘le sang du Christ’). Must always be anchored explicitly to the single historical shedding of blood at Calvary, never read as sacramentally repeated.

Forgiveness

Approved rendering: pardon / rémission (des péchés)
Transliteration: rémission des péchés
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation

ἄφεσις (9:22; 10:18). The Apostles’ Creed’s ‘la rémission des péchés’ is shared Catholic/Protestant vocabulary, but French Catholic catechesis ties ordinary reception of forgiveness to the sacrament of Reconciliation, mediated through a priest’s absolution. Must be taught as flowing directly and completely from Christ’s one blood-shedding, with no further mediating rite required.

Vessels Of Ministry

Approved rendering: ustensiles du service / du culte
Transliteration: ustensiles du culte
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: liturgie (FORBIDDEN as primary rendering — anachronistic Catholic Mass association)
Original: σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας
Category: Worship

σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας (9:21). The etymologically obvious cognate ‘liturgie’ would anachronistically project the modern Catholic Mass onto Moses’ wilderness tabernacle; reserve any cognate use of ‘liturgie’ for careful, explicitly-glossed contexts only.

Putting Away Sin

Approved rendering: annuler / effacer (le péché)
Transliteration: annulation du péché
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: couvrir/cacher le péché (too weak — implies mere concealment, not cancellation)
Original: ἀθέτησις (ἁμαρτίας)
Category: Salvation

ἀθέτησις ἁμαρτίας (9:26). Must not be softened into merely ‘covering’ or ‘hiding’ sin; this verse asserts sin’s claim is decisively canceled.

Fall Away Apostasy

Approved rendering: apostasier / se détourner (définitivement)
Transliteration: apostasie
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: παραπίπτω
Category: Perseverance

παραπίπτω (6:6), the sharpest apostasy warning in the New Testament. French ‘apostasie’ is culturally legible and weighty; risk is pastoral, not lexical — must not imply a truly regenerate believer can lose salvation on trivial grounds, nor be softened into hypothetical rhetoric. Must be taught in tension-balanced continuity with Perseverance and Assurance.

Confession Profession

Approved rendering: profession (de la foi/de l’espérance)
Transliteration: profession de foi
Doctrine: The Public Confession of Hope
Rejected alternatives: confession (bare — FORBIDDEN as unglossed primary rendering)
Original: ὁμολογία
Category: Faith

ὁμολογία (3:1; 4:14; 10:23). Bare French ‘confession’ overwhelmingly denotes the sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance; Hebrews’ public profession of faith or hope is a different act entirely and must carry a qualifying phrase.

Assurance Substance Faith

Approved rendering: la réalité (de ce qu’on espère)
Transliteration: hypostasis (never ‘hypostase’ in French — FORBIDDEN)
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: hypostase (FORBIDDEN — collides with Trinitarian-persons technical vocabulary in French systematic theology), une ferme assurance (Segond 1910, acceptable alternative but not fixed), une garantie (Bible de Jérusalem, acceptable alternative but not fixed)
Original: ὑπόστασις
Category: Faith

ὑπόστασις (11:1). A long-documented translation crux across French Bible traditions. Fixed curriculum-wide per the baseline’s consistency rule for pivotal verses (Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10). CRITICAL forbidden substitution: never ‘hypostase,’ which in French Trinitarian theology names a divine Person, not a quality of faith.

Pioneer Founder

Approved rendering: chef / initiateur / celui qui a ouvert la voie
Transliteration: celui qui a ouvert la voie
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: chef (alone — risks a merely organizational-leader reading)
Original: ἀρχηγός
Category: Christology

ἀρχηγός (2:10; 12:2, paired there with τελειωτής, see ‘perfected’). No single French word captures both ‘originator’ and ‘trailblazing leader’; fix one consistent phrase across both occurrences.

Discipline Training

Approved rendering: discipline paternelle / correction
Transliteration: discipline paternelle
Doctrine: God’s Fatherly Discipline
Rejected alternatives: discipline (bare — collides with the Catholic ascetic scourge object)
Original: παιδεία
Category: Sanctification

παιδεία (12:5-11). In French Catholic ascetic tradition ‘la discipline’ is also the historical name for a physical scourge used in penitential self-mortification; bare ‘discipline’ risks evoking self-inflicted suffering rather than a loving Father’s formative correction.

Assembly Of Firstborn

Approved rendering: l’assemblée des premiers-nés
Transliteration: assemblée des premiers-nés
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: l’Église des premiers-nés (bare ‘Église’ risks the institutional referent)
Original: ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων
Category: Church

ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων (12:23). ‘Assemblée’ is preferable to bare ‘Église’ to keep the heavenly-gathering sense distinct from the institutional French referent.

Altar

Approved rendering: autel
Transliteration: autel
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Worship

θυσιαστήριον (13:10, ‘we have an altar’). ‘L’autel’ in French Catholic church architecture is the literal altar of the Eucharistic sacrifice, an object of central weekly liturgical significance. Must be taught clearly as a metaphor for exclusive reliance on Christ’s one sacrifice, not a reference to a physical furnishing.

New Covenant

Approved rendering: nouvelle alliance
Transliteration: nouvelle alliance
Doctrine: The New Covenant
Original: διαθήκη καινή
Category: Covenant

διαθήκη καινή (8:6-13; 9:15; 12:24). Extends the baseline’s covenant entry. Given France’s significant Jewish community and postwar historical sensitivity, must be framed as fulfillment of, not hostile replacement for, God’s covenant faithfulness to Israel.

Old Covenant Obsolete

Approved rendering: ancienne alliance / rendue obsolète
Transliteration: ancienne alliance
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: παλαιόω / πρώτη διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

παλαιόω / πρώτη διαθήκη (7:18-19; 8:13; 10:9). Hebrews 8:13’s declaration that the first covenant is ‘obsolete’ is the sharpest supersessionism-risk statement in the book; requires explicit historical-theological fulfillment framing, never repudiation of Israel.

Testament Legal Will

Approved rendering: testament
Transliteration: testament (sens juridique)
Doctrine: The New Covenant
Rejected alternatives: alliance (cannot carry the legal-will/death-activated sense)
Original: διαθήκη (sense 2, legal will)
Category: Covenant

διαθήκη, sense 2 (9:16-17). Translation-crux: French ‘alliance’ cannot bear this Greco-Roman legal-will sense, and French ‘testament’ cannot bear the covenant sense used elsewhere. Requires a translator’s note switching to ‘testament’ only in 9:16-17, then returning immediately to ‘alliance.‘

Medium Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Hebrews 3:1 applies this title to Jesus himself (‘the apostle… of our confession’), a distinctive usage; the baseline’s stable French rendering carries over without difficulty. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Incarnation

Approved rendering: incarnation
Transliteration: incarnation
Doctrine: Incarnation

Relevant to Hebrews 2:14-18 and 10:5 (‘a body have you prepared for me’). Risk is secular flattening via ‘incarner’ (an actor embodying a role), not a competing religious concept. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Peace

Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 13:20, ‘the God of peace who brought again… our Lord Jesus.’ Relational, covenantal peace, not merely psychological calm. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία (ἀσάλευτος)
Category: Kingdom

Hebrews 1:8 applies royal enthronement to the Son; 12:28 calls believers to receive ‘an unshakeable kingdom’ (‘royaume inébranlable’). Keep distinct from any political/nationalist association, especially given chapter 12’s Zion/Sinai contrast. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Israel

Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles

Hebrews 8:8-10 (quoting Jeremiah 31) names Israel and Judah directly in the new covenant promise; keep the referent historical/theological, and read alongside new_covenant/old_covenant_obsolete entries with explicit fulfillment (not replacement) framing. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Abba

Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family

Not present in Hebrews itself but retained for cross-reference consistency with Romans 8:15 material used in combined-curriculum teaching contexts. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Unbelief

Approved rendering: incrédulité
Transliteration: incrédulité
Doctrine: Divine Rest
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith

New for this curriculum, though conceptually the inverse of the baseline’s faith doctrine. Hebrews 3:19, the cause of Israel’s failure to enter God’s rest. Standard idiom in French religious usage; retain the self-inflicted, culpable sense.

Levitical Priesthood

Approved rendering: sacerdoce lévitique
Transliteration: sacerdoce lévitique
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἱερωσύνη Λευιτική
Category: Priesthood

The hereditary Aaronic priesthood, whose insufficiency Hebrews 7 argues necessitated a change. Historical-descriptive; low collision once clearly distinguished from the general ‘sacerdoce’ entry.

Melchizedek

Approved rendering: Melchisédek
Transliteration: Melchisédek
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Original: Μελχισέδεκ
Category: Priesthood

Proper name stable across French Bible tradition (Genesis 14; Psalm 110; Hebrews 5-7). Risk is conceptual, not lexical: requires OT scaffolding for low-literacy readers, and must not be read (per LDS-adjacent material) as an ongoing, transferable earthly priesthood — see permanent_priesthood entry.

Priestly Order

Approved rendering: ordre
Transliteration: ordre (selon l’ordre de Melchisédek)
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Original: τάξις
Category: Priesthood

Must be distinguished from French ‘un ordre religieux’ (a Catholic religious order, e.g. ‘l’ordre des Dominicains’), a live and different institutional category. Fixed set phrase: ‘selon l’ordre de Melchisédek,’ glossed on first use.

Tabernacle

Approved rendering: tabernacle
Transliteration: tabernacle
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: σκηνή
Category: Worship

Hebrews 8:5; 9:2-8; 13:10. In Catholic French usage ‘le tabernacle’ is the box housing the reserved consecrated Host — a live, active liturgical referent. Helpful resonance (sacred dwelling-place of God’s presence) but must be clearly anchored to the OT wilderness structure and its heavenly antitype, not the Eucharistic reservation.

Holy Places

Approved rendering: lieu(x) saint(s) / le sanctuaire
Transliteration: lieux saints
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: ἅγια
Category: Worship

Hebrews 9:8, 9:12, 9:24-25 (ἅγια): the tabernacle’s sacred interior, especially the Most Holy Place, entered by Christ as our representative. Must be grammatically distinguished from ‘les saints’ (canonized/departed believers); French article and adjective agreement should keep the referents unambiguous.

Veil

Approved rendering: voile
Transliteration: voile
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Worship

Hebrews 9:3 (furniture term) and 10:20 (metaphor of Christ’s flesh). Keep the two occurrences consistent so readers connect the tabernacle curtain to the theological image of Christ’s body opening access to God.

Redemption

Approved rendering: rédemption
Transliteration: rédemption
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις / λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 9:12 (‘eternal redemption’); 9:15; 11:35. Stable ecumenical term; retain the price-paid nuance, avoid flattening into generic ‘délivrance,’ already rejected in the baseline’s salvation entry.

Conscience

Approved rendering: conscience
Transliteration: conscience
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sanctification

Hebrews 9:14; 10:22; 13:18. Secular French ‘la conscience’ is a common philosophical term (Descartes, moral psychology) largely detached from God; must anchor it explicitly as cleansed by Christ’s blood before God.

Dead Works

Approved rendering: œuvres mortes
Transliteration: œuvres mortes
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: mauvaises actions (shifts from futile ritual to morally wrong acts — a different point)
Original: νεκρὰ ἔργα
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 6:1; 9:14. Futile, lifeless religious/ritual acts unable to produce life or acceptance with God.

Serve Worship

Approved rendering: servir / rendre un culte
Transliteration: culte rendu à Dieu
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: assister à la messe (too narrow)
Original: λατρεύω
Category: Worship

λατρεύω (9:14; 12:28). Keep the whole-life worship sense; avoid narrowing to Mass attendance.

Shedding Of Blood

Approved rendering: effusion de sang
Transliteration: effusion de sang
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: αἱματεκχυσία
Category: Salvation

Hebrews 9:22 (αἱματεκχυσία, a NT hapax). Standard theological French phrase (also used of martyrdom); ensure readers connect it to substitutionary death, not violence in the abstract.

Angels

Approved rendering: anges
Transliteration: anges
Doctrine: Superiority of Christ over Angels
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Christology

Hebrews 1-2; 13:2. French Catholic popular piety (anges gardiens, saint Michel) is a live, generally benign devotional category; must ensure the argument reads as categorical (nature) superiority, not merely a comparison of degree within the same order of being.

Heir Inheritance

Approved rendering: héritier / héritage
Transliteration: héritage
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: récompense (too weak — loses legal full-inheritance-rights sense)
Original: κληρονόμος / κληρονομία
Category: Salvation

κληρονόμος/κληρονομία (1:2; 9:15; 11:7-8). Ties to the baseline’s adoption doctrine’s full-inheritance-rights sense.

Rest

Approved rendering: repos
Transliteration: le repos de Dieu
Doctrine: The Promised Rest of God
Original: κατάπαυσις
Category: Salvation

κατάπαυσις (3:11-18; 4:1-11). Everyday French ‘le repos’ (relaxation, a day off) risks trivializing this theologically loaded, eschatological covenant-rest concept; qualify consistently as ‘le repos de Dieu’ or ‘le repos promis.‘

Hardened Heart

Approved rendering: endurcir (le cœur)
Transliteration: cœur endurci
Doctrine: The Promised Rest of God
Original: σκληρύνω
Category: Sin

σκληρύνω (3:8, 13, 15; 4:7). Self-inflicted hardening against God through persistent unbelief; ensure the culpable sense is retained.

Boldness Confidence

Approved rendering: hardiesse / pleine assurance
Transliteration: hardiesse
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: assurance (bare, risks the commercial ‘insurance policy’ reading)
Original: παρρησία
Category: Faith

παρρησία (4:16; 10:19, 35). Everyday French ‘assurance’ primarily denotes an insurance policy; ‘hardiesse’ is the safer primary choice, fixed consistently across all three occurrences.

Enlightened

Approved rendering: éclairés / illuminés
Transliteration: illumination
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: φωτισθέντες
Category: Faith

φωτισθέντες (6:4; 10:32). Patristic and Eastern liturgical tradition associates ‘illumination’ technically with baptism; handle with care though French Catholic readers are less likely to draw this specific connection.

Sinning Deliberately

Approved rendering: pécher volontairement / délibérément
Transliteration: péché volontaire
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνοντες
Category: Sin

ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνοντες (10:26). Must be taught alongside Perseverance and Assurance so as not to contradict it — the warning targets deliberate, settled apostasy, not ordinary struggle against sin.

Conviction Evidence

Approved rendering: la preuve / la démonstration
Transliteration: la preuve
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Faith

ἔλεγχος (11:1b). Paired with but distinct from ὑπόστασις; must not be collapsed into a synonym of ‘la réalité’ — the verse pairs two distinct, complementary Greek terms.

Cloud Of Witnesses

Approved rendering: une (grande) nuée de témoins
Transliteration: nuée de témoins
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: νέφος μαρτύρων
Category: Faith

νέφος μαρτύρων (12:1). French ‘témoin’ and ‘martyr’ share the same Greek root; readers may drift toward ‘a cloud of martyrs’ specifically, narrower than the author’s actual sense of all the faithful witnesses of chapter 11.

Sacrifice Of Praise

Approved rendering: sacrifice de louange
Transliteration: sacrifice de louange
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσία αἰνέσεως
Category: Worship

θυσία αἰνέσεως (13:15). Positive, metaphorical sacrificial offering of praise; because ‘sacrifice’ is flagged Critical elsewhere for the atoning sense, this use requires a brief contextual gloss to avoid confusion.

Low Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)

Shared, stable term across Catholic and Protestant French Bibles. Low risk; ‘bonne nouvelle’ is acceptable as a plain-language gloss but not a substitute in doctrinal text. Relevant to Hebrews 4:2, 4:6 (‘good news preached to us’). (Inherited from Romans package.)

Prophet

Approved rendering: prophète / prophètes
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant

Hebrews 1:1, ‘God spoke… by the prophets,’ now superseded by his final speech through the Son. Avoid ‘voyant’ (fortune-teller connotation). (Inherited from Romans package.)

Prophecy

Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy

Background doctrine supporting the Melchizedek and Davidic typology arguments. (Inherited from Romans package.)

David

Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant

Hebrews 4:7 (quoting Psalm 95, ‘through David’) and 11:32. Standard proper name form. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Exhort

Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification

Hebrews 3:13 (‘exhort one another every day’) and 10:25 (‘encouraging one another’). Context-sensitive: ‘exhorter/encourager’ for building up. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: action de grâce
Transliteration: action de grâce
Doctrine: Thanksgiving

Hebrews 12:28, ‘let us be thankful’ (offer worship with gratitude). Minor overlap with the Eucharistic ‘action de grâce’ in Catholic liturgy; context distinguishes. (Inherited from Romans package.)

Ark Of Covenant

Approved rendering: arche (de l’alliance)
Transliteration: arche de l’alliance
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: κιβωτός
Category: Worship

Hebrews 9:4. Standard, stable proper-furniture term in French Bible tradition; no collision.

Copy Shadow

Approved rendering: copie / ombre / représentation
Transliteration: copie
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ὑπόδειγμα / σκιά / ἀντίτυπα
Category: Covenant

ὑπόδειγμα/σκιά/ἀντίτυπα (8:5; 9:23-24; 10:1). No live collision; keep the lesser-copy/greater-reality contrast unmistakable when multiple terms appear in the same lesson.

Living And Active

Approved rendering: vivante et efficace
Transliteration: vivante et efficace
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργής
Category: Covenant

Hebrews 4:12. Standard, widely used phrase across French Bible traditions (Segond, TOB, BJ); verify the ‘division of soul and spirit’ clause is not paraphrased away.

Milk Solid Food

Approved rendering: lait / nourriture solide
Transliteration: lait / nourriture solide
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: γάλα / στερεὰ τροφή
Category: Faith

Hebrews 5:12-14. Transparent idiom for elementary versus mature doctrinal understanding; render plainly.

Anchor Of Hope

Approved rendering: ancre
Transliteration: ancre
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἄγκυρα
Category: Faith

ἄγκυρα (6:19). Transparent metaphor, well-attested in French devotional and hymnic usage.

Oath

Approved rendering: serment
Transliteration: serment
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ὅρκος
Category: Covenant

ὅρκος (6:13-17; 7:20-21). God’s sworn guarantee confirming his promise and Christ’s priesthood; no collision.

Shrink Back

Approved rendering: se retirer / reculer
Transliteration: reculer
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὑποστέλλω / ὑποστολή
Category: Perseverance

ὑποστέλλω/ὑποστολή (10:38-39). Preserve the direct contrast with the faith that preserves the soul.

Commended Attested

Approved rendering: recevoir un témoignage / être approuvé
Transliteration: témoignage favorable
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: μαρτυρέομαι
Category: Faith

μαρτυρέομαι, the refrain of Hebrews 11 (vv. 2, 4, 5, 39). No collision.

Strangers Exiles

Approved rendering: étrangers et voyageurs
Transliteration: étrangers de passage
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι
Category: Faith

ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι (11:13). Self-description of the patriarchs; no collision.

Homeland City

Approved rendering: patrie / cité (céleste)
Transliteration: cité céleste
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: πατρίς / πόλις
Category: Eschatology

πατρίς/πόλις (11:14, 16; 13:14). The ‘better country’ and heavenly city God has prepared; no collision.

Consuming Fire

Approved rendering: feu consumant / dévorant
Transliteration: feu consumant
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: πῦρ καταναλίσκον
Category: God

πῦρ καταναλίσκον (12:29, quoting Deuteronomy 4:24). No collision.

Hospitality

Approved rendering: hospitalité
Transliteration: hospitalité
Doctrine: Hospitality and Love of Neighbor
Original: φιλοξενία
Category: Church

φιλοξενία (13:2). No collision.

Camp

Approved rendering: camp
Transliteration: camp
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: παρεμβολή
Category: Worship

παρεμβολή (13:11, 13). Christ suffered ‘outside the camp,’ identifying with the excluded; no collision.

Reproach

Approved rendering: opprobre / déshonneur
Transliteration: opprobre
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: ὄνειδος
Category: Christology

ὄνειδος (13:13). The reproach of Christ, which believers are called to bear; no collision.

Leaders Church

Approved rendering: dirigeants / responsables (de l’Église)
Transliteration: dirigeants
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἡγούμενοι
Category: Church

ἡγούμενοι (13:7, 17, 24). Distinguish from Romans 13’s civil-authority vocabulary; these are church leaders, a distinct referent.

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