Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Samuel — French
This glossary extends the baseline translation_memory.json (Romans) for the 1 Samuel curriculum. Baseline terms are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and must not be altered. New terms are marked [NEW] and are proposed for formal addition to translation memory with version increment, per the Language Package’s update procedure. All Critical and High risk new terms require human theologian review before Phase 2 use, per the doctrine risk registry’s review-routing convention.
Glossary Table
| Term (Hebrew / transliteration) | French Rendering | Risk | Status | Doctrine Link | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LORD — יהוה (YHWH) | le SEIGNEUR (typographically distinct from “le Seigneur”) | Critical | NEW | Danger of Rejecting God as King; God’s Sovereign Choice of David; all doctrines | Throughout | French Bible tradition splits (Éternel/Yahvé/SEIGNEUR); recommend TOB/BJ ecumenical “le SEIGNEUR” to match baseline’s ecumenical register and keep visually distinct from “Seigneur” (Adonai/kyrios). Must be applied with total consistency; hundreds of occurrences. |
| God — אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | Dieu | Medium | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Deity of Christ (cross-ref); general | Throughout | Reuse baseline entry unchanged. |
| anoint — מָשַׁח (māshaḥ) | oindre / onction | Critical | NEW | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | 9, 10, 15, 16 | Direct root of “Messiah”; must connect typologically to baseline’s “Messie” (Critical). Absolute consistency required. |
| the LORD’s anointed — מְשִׁיחַ יהוה (mĕšîaḥ YHWH) | l’oint du SEIGNEUR | Critical | NEW | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | 16, 24, 26 | Climactic term; flag every occurrence for theologian review, matching baseline escalation rules for Christological terms. |
| Messiah / Christ typology | Messie | Critical | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | (typological, all anointing texts) | Reuse baseline entry; use in teaching commentary to connect David’s anointing to Christ, not in direct narrative translation of 1 Samuel itself (David is not called “Messiah” in the text). |
| reject — מָאַס (māʾas) | rejeter | High | NEW | The Danger of Rejecting God as King | 8, 15, 16 | Bidirectional: Israel rejects God (8:7); God rejects Saul (15:23,26; 16:1). Never soften to “écarter/renvoyer.” |
| choose — בָּחַר (bāḥar) | choisir (verb form preferred over noun “élection”) | High | NEW | God’s Sovereign Choice of David | 16 | Verb form avoids the ballot-box connotation the baseline flags for “élection.” Cross-reference baseline “election” doctrine entry for teaching continuity. |
| election (cross-reference) | élection | High | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY (reference only) | God’s Sovereign Choice of David | — | Baseline entry retained for doctrinal cross-referencing in teaching notes; not the primary rendering of bāḥar in narrative text. |
| heart — לֵב (lev) | cœur (glossed) | High | NEW | God’s Sovereign Choice of David | 16 | Colloquial French “cœur” skews toward sentiment/romance; gloss as “l’être intérieur, le caractère et la volonté” in teaching contexts. |
| Spirit of the LORD — רוּחַ יהוה (rûaḥ YHWH) | l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR | Critical | NEW | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah; Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 10, 11, 16, 19 | Distinct from baseline “Esprit Saint” (permanent NT indwelling); this OT empowering is temporary/revocable (cf. Saul, 16:14). Must not be taught as identical to NT sealing. |
| evil/tormenting spirit — רוּחַ רָעָה (rûaḥ raʿah) | un esprit mauvais [venu] de la part du SEIGNEUR | High | NEW | The Danger of Rejecting God as King | 16, 18, 19 | Requires note affirming God’s sovereign permission of judicial affliction without implying God is evil’s source. |
| Holy Spirit (cross-reference) | Esprit Saint | Medium | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY (contrast reference) | (contrast note only) | — | Retained to mark the contrast with rûaḥ YHWH’s temporary OT pattern; not used as the rendering for OT “Spirit of the LORD.” |
| obey/hearken — שָׁמַע (shamaʿ) | obéir (also “entendre” when the sense is purely informational) | Critical | NEW | Obedience versus Sacrifice | 15 (esp. 15:22), 16:2 | Hebrew root means both “hear” and “obey”; wordplay must be explained in teaching notes. Do not conflate with Trent-style “faith formed by love” merit condition (cf. baseline “obedience_of_faith” caution). |
| sacrifice — זֶבַח (zevaḥ) | sacrifice | Medium-High | NEW | Obedience versus Sacrifice | 15, 16 | OT cultic term; do not conflate with NT once-for-all atoning sacrifice of Christ. |
| guilt/reparation offering — אָשָׁם (ʾasham) | offrande de réparation | Medium | NEW | Obedience versus Sacrifice (background) | 6 | Distinct sacrificial category from zevaḥ; preserve OT sacrificial-system nuance. |
| regret/relent (of God) — נִחַם (nāḥam) | j’ai du regret / je regrette (never “se repentir” for God); “ne se dédit pas” (15:29) | Critical | NEW | The Danger of Rejecting God as King | 15 (15:11, 29) | Avoid Segond’s “se repentir” for God (implies God sinned in ordinary/Catholic French usage). Requires theologian’s note on divine immutability vs. anthropopathic grief language. |
| divination — קֶסֶם (qesem) | divination | Medium | NEW | The Danger of Rejecting God as King | 15 | Sets up the sharper occult-collision risk of ch. 28. |
| medium/necromancer — בַּעֲלַת־אוֹב (baʿalat ʾôv) | nécromancienne / femme qui invoque les esprits des morts (avoid bare “médium,” “spiritisme”) | Critical | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge (contrast); Danger of Rejecting God as King | 28 | France has an indigenous occult tradition (Allan Kardec’s spiritisme) with live cultural resonance; bare “médium/spiritisme” risks direct identification with a specific ongoing French religious-cultural movement. Mandatory theologian review. |
| king — מֶלֶךְ (melek) | roi | Medium | NEW (concept), reuses baseline “kingdom_of_god” framework for contrast | The Transition from Judges to Monarchy; Danger of Rejecting God as King | 8–16 passim | Lexically stable; risk is doctrinal framing — monarchy itself is not condemned, only Israel’s idolatrous motive and Saul’s disobedience. |
| kingdom — מַמְלָכָה (mamlakah) | royaume | Medium | NEW | The Transition from Judges to Monarchy | 13, 15, 20, 24 | Distinguish from baseline “Royaume de Dieu” (God’s own eternal reign); this is Saul’s/David’s revocable earthly royal house. |
| judge — שֹׁפֵט (shophet) | juge | Medium | NEW | The Transition from Judges to Monarchy; Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 7, 8 | French readers may default to a modern courtroom sense; requires the charismatic-deliverer OT sense explained. |
| prophet — נָבִיא (navi) | prophète | Low | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 3, 9, and throughout | Reuse baseline entry unchanged. |
| seer — רֹאֶה (roʾeh) | prophète / l’homme de Dieu (never “voyant”) | Medium | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 9 | Synonym for navi; baseline already rejects “voyant” for “prophet” — this Hebrew synonym is the direct textual reason that prohibition matters in 1 Samuel. |
| man of God — אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים (ʾîsh ʾĕlohim) | homme de Dieu | Low-Medium | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 2, 9 | Prophetic title; low collision risk. |
| word of the LORD — דְּבַר־יהוה (devar YHWH) | la parole du SEIGNEUR | Medium | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge; Inspiration of Scripture (cross-ref) | 3, 15 | Cross-reference baseline’s “inspiration_of_scripture” doctrine entry (Romans 1:2, 15:4). |
| covenant — בְּרִית (berit) | alliance | Medium-High | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | (various, human and divine covenants) | 4, 11, 18, 20, 23 | Note both divine covenants (Ark) and a human covenant of friendship (David/Jonathan) use the same word; disambiguate referent per occurrence. |
| holy / consecrate — קָדוֹשׁ / קִדֵּשׁ (qadosh / qiddesh) | saint / se consacrer, se purifier | Medium-High | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY (adjective); NEW nuance note (ritual verb) | Sanctification (cross-ref) | 6, 16 | OT ritual-consecration sense (ch. 16 washing before sacrifice) differs from baseline’s ongoing NT sanctification process; add cross-reference note to baseline “sanctification” entry. |
| glory — כָּבוֹד (kavod) | gloire | Medium | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY | (Ichabod narrative) | 4 | God’s manifest presence departing as covenant-unfaithfulness consequence. |
| living God — אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים (ʾĕlohim ḥayyim) | le Dieu vivant | Medium-High | NEW | Faith versus Fear | 17 | Polemical contrast with lifeless idols; connect to baseline’s caution against deist/abstract “Dieu.” |
| fear/dismay — יָרֵא / חָתַת (yareʾ / ḥatat) | craindre / être terrifié | Medium | NEW | Faith versus Fear | 17 | Doctrinal opposite pole to trust/faith below. |
| trust — בָּטַח (batach) | confiance / se confier | Medium | NEW | Faith versus Fear | 17, 30 | Bridging term to baseline “foi” doctrine category; not a lexical equivalence with NT pistis — document as a doctrine-level bridge, not a term-level synonym. |
| strengthened himself [in the LORD] — חָזַק, Hitpael (ḥazaq) | se fortifier / s’affermir dans le SEIGNEUR | Medium | NEW | Faith versus Fear (resolution) | 30 | Preserve the active, deliberate self-encouragement sense. |
| uncircumcised — עָרֵל (ʿarel) | incirconcis | Medium | NEW | Faith versus Fear (background) | 17 | Covenant-outsider designation; clinical register in modern French, needs contextual gloss. |
| LORD of Hosts — יהוה צְבָאוֹת (YHWH Tsevaʾot) | le SEIGNEUR des armées | High | NEW | (Divine sovereignty, general) | 1, 4, 15, 17 | Risk of a militarist/nationalist misreading; gloss as cosmic sovereignty over all powers, not endorsement of nationalist warfare. |
| vow — נֶדֶר (neder) | vœu | Medium | NEW | (background to Samuel’s Role) | 1 | Distinguish personal vow to God from Catholic monastic vœux de religion. |
| jealousy — קִנְאָה (qinʾah) | jalousie | Medium | NEW | (contrast: Saul’s corrupted heart) | 18 | Reinforces “heart” (lev) doctrine by contrast. |
| oath — שְׁבוּעָה (shevuʿah) | serment | Medium | NEW | (David/Jonathan covenant) | 20 | Distinguish sacred oath before God from secular civic “serment.” |
| inquire [of the LORD] — שָׁאַל (shaʾal) | consulter / interroger le SEIGNEUR | Medium | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge (guidance-seeking practice) | 22, 23 | More formal/institutional than general “prayer_and_intercession” (baseline cross-ref). |
| deliver (physical rescue) — הִצִּיל (hitsil) | délivrer / sauver [d’un danger] | Medium | NEW | (contrast with soteriological “salut”) | 23 | Deliberately distinct from baseline “salut” (soteriological); this-worldly military/physical rescue only. |
| vengeance — נְקָמָה (neqamah) | vengeance | Medium | NEW | (David’s restraint, contrast with Saul) | 25 | God-reserved retribution vs. personal vendetta; cross-reference Romans 12:19 conceptually (outside baseline scope) in teaching notes only. |
| witness — עֵד (ʿed) | témoin | Low-Medium | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 12 | Standard covenant-lawsuit vocabulary. |
| folly/fool — סָכַל / נָבָל (sakal / naval) | folie / insensé | Low-Medium | NEW | The Danger of Rejecting God as King (background) | 13, 25 | Moral-spiritual folly, not mere intellectual error. |
| peace (greeting) — שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | paix | Medium | BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY (contextual caution) | (contrast with Peace with God doctrine) | 16 | Ordinary greeting sense here; do not import Romans 5:1 soteriological “peace with God” theology into this occurrence. |
| lots [casting] — גּוֹרָל (goral) | sort / tirage au sort | Low | NEW | (contrast with forbidden divination, ch. 15/28) | 10, 14 | Sanctioned discernment method, distinct from condemned occult divination. |
| ephod — אֵפוֹד (ʾephod) | éphod (transliterated) | Low | NEW | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge (background) | 21, 22, 23 | Standard transliteration practice; brief cultural gloss needed. |
| bread of the Presence — לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים (leḥem hapanim) | pain de la Présence / pain de proposition | Low | NEW | (background) | 21 | Cultic-object term; minimal doctrinal risk. |
Risk Tier Summary (1 Samuel Extension)
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (LORD; anoint; LORD’s anointed; Spirit of the LORD; obey/hearken [15:22]; regret/relent [of God]; medium/necromancer) — see note | Human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 6 (reject; choose; heart; evil/tormenting spirit; LORD of Hosts) — see note | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 6 | Automated review |
Note on Critical count: the list above enumerates 7 Critical items (LORD; anoint; LORD’s anointed; Spirit of the LORD; obey/hearken; regret/relent; medium/necromancer) though the summary line groups them; treat all 7 as Critical for Phase 2 routing purposes. Combined with the High-risk items, this yields 13 new terms requiring human theologian review, in addition to all baseline Critical/High terms reused unchanged (justification, imputed_righteousness, son_of_god, resurrection, lord, messiah, jesus, god, holy_spirit — reused as cross-references only, not restated here).
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- “le SEIGNEUR” vs. “le Seigneur” — this typographic/orthographic distinction (OT tetragrammaton vs. general “lord” address) must be documented as a formal addition to translation memory before any Phase 2 segment translation begins, since it affects nearly every chapter of 1 Samuel and has no precedent in the Romans-only baseline.
- Doctrine-to-term mapping for the seven curriculum doctrines:
- The Transition from Judges to Monarchy → judge (shophet), king (melek), kingdom (mamlakah), “like all the nations”
- God’s Sovereign Choice of David → choose (bāḥar), heart (lev), “I have provided/seen for myself a king” (raʾah idiom)
- Obedience versus Sacrifice → obey/hearken (shamaʿ), sacrifice (zevaḥ), guilt offering (ʾasham)
- The Danger of Rejecting God as King → reject (māʾas), regret/relent (nāḥam), medium/necromancer (baʿalat ʾôv), evil spirit (rûaḥ raʿah)
- Faith versus Fear → living God (ʾĕlohim ḥayyim), fear/dismay (yareʾ/ḥatat), trust (batach), strengthened himself (ḥazaq)
- The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah → anoint (māshaḥ), the LORD’s anointed (mĕšîaḥ YHWH), shepherd (roʾeh) — all cross-referencing baseline “Messie”
- Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge → prophet (navi), seer (roʾeh), man of God (ʾîsh ʾĕlohim), word of the LORD (devar YHWH), judge (shophet), inquire of the LORD (shaʾal)
- Baseline terms reused without modification: Dieu, alliance, saint, sanctification, gloire, paix, péché, prophète, Messie, Esprit Saint (contrast reference only — see note above), élection (cross-reference only). None of these renderings are altered by this extension; this glossary only adds the OT-specific nuance notes required for accurate teaching use.
Critical Risk Terms
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: מָשִׁיחַ (root; cross-reference to Χριστός)
Category: Christology (Typology)
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged); retained STRICTLY as a cross-reference for teaching commentary that connects David’s anointing typologically to Christ. 1 Samuel’s own narrative text never applies this title to David — ‘Messie’ must NEVER be inserted into direct narrative translation of 1 Samuel; use only in accompanying doctrinal commentary.
Lord Yhwh
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: le SEIGNEUR (YHWH)
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King; God’s Sovereign Choice of David; foundational to every doctrine in this curriculum
Rejected alternatives: l’Éternel (Segond), Yahvé (Bible de Jérusalem), seigneur (lowercase, unmarked)
Original: יהוה
Category: God
NEW — required extension with no precedent in the Romans-only baseline. Renders the tetragrammaton YHWH, occurring hundreds of times in 1 Samuel. Typographically and doctrinally DISTINCT from the inherited ‘Seigneur’ (Adonai/kyrios address). Adopts the TOB/Bible de Jérusalem ecumenical convention ‘le SEIGNEUR’ (small capitals) to match this curriculum’s ecumenical register. Absolute consistency is mandatory; any lapse to lowercase or unmarked ‘seigneur’ collapses the reader’s ability to distinguish the covenant proper name from a generic title of respect.
Anoint
Approved rendering: oindre
Transliteration: oindre (māshaḥ)
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: consacrer (severs the lexical link to onction/Messie)
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Christology (Typology)
NEW. Direct root of ‘māshîaḥ’ (Messiah) and, via the LXX’s ‘chriō’, of ‘Christ’. Must be rendered with total consistency across every occurrence (Saul, ch. 10; David, chs. 16, 24, 26) to preserve the unbroken typological thread into the baseline’s Critical-risk ‘Messie’ entry. Never insert ‘Messie’ itself into narrative translation.
Lords Anointed
Approved rendering: l’oint du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: l’oint du SEIGNEUR (mĕšîaḥ YHWH)
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: le messie du Seigneur (anachronistic titular insertion)
Original: מְשִׁיחַ יהוה
Category: Christology (Typology)
NEW. Occurs 9 times across chs. 16, 24, 26. This is the single clearest textual anchor for the Anointed-King-typology doctrine; requires absolute cross-book consistency and mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, per baseline escalation rules for Christological terms.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: l’Esprit du SEIGNEUR (rûaḥ YHWH)
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah; Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Rejected alternatives: Esprit Saint (reserved for NT permanent indwelling)
Original: רוּחַ יהוה
Category: God / Spirit
NEW. Occurs at 10:6,10; 11:6; 16:13-14; 19:20,23. Empowerment for office in 1 Samuel is temporary and revocable (departs from Saul, 16:14) — categorically different from the baseline’s NT ‘Esprit Saint’. Every occurrence requires a contrast note so readers do not fear their own NT indwelling is equally revocable.
Obey Hearken
Approved rendering: obéir
Transliteration: obéir (shamaʿ)
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: entendre (informational sense only; loses the obedience force)
Original: שָׁמַע
Category: Faith / Obedience
NEW. 1 Samuel 15:22’s central verse depends on a Hebrew wordplay (the single root shamaʿ means both ‘hear’ and ‘obey’) with no French lexical equivalent. Mandatory translator’s note explaining this wordplay is required at every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence (15:1, 19, 22). Must not be read through a Tridentine ‘faith formed by love/works’ merit lens.
Divine Regret
Approved rendering: j’ai du regret / je regrette (15:11); ne se dédit pas (15:29)
Transliteration: nāḥam (Niphal)
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King
Rejected alternatives: se repentir (implies God sinned — actively teaches false doctrine, not merely under-communicates)
Original: נִחַם
Category: God (Attributes)
NEW. Segond’s traditional ‘je me repens’ must NEVER be used for God: ordinary and Catholic French ‘se repentir’ denotes human confession/contrition, wrongly implying divine moral fault. Mandatory theologian’s note on anthropopathic grief language versus divine immutability required at every occurrence.
Medium Necromancer
Approved rendering: nécromancienne / femme qui invoque les esprits des morts
Transliteration: baʿalat ʾôv
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King (Condemnation of Occult Practice)
Rejected alternatives: médium, spiritisme
Original: בַּעֲלַת־אוֹב
Category: Occult Practice
NEW. France’s indigenous, still-practiced occult tradition (le spiritisme, Allan Kardec, 19th c.) makes ordinary French ‘médium/spiritisme’ a direct identification risk with a specific, still-active French religious-cultural movement. Mandatory theologian review and a paired note on Torah’s condemnation (Lev 19:31; 20:6, 27; Deut 18:10-11) required at every occurrence (ch. 28).
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Reserved in 1 Samuel for the ordinary title of respect (Adonai-equivalent address), typographically and doctrinally DISTINCT from the new ‘le SEIGNEUR’ entry below, which renders the tetragrammaton YHWH. Do not use ‘Seigneur’ (lowercase small-caps absent) where the divine covenant name is intended.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged); retained STRICTLY as a doctrinal cross-reference for teaching material connecting 1 Samuel 16’s narrowing-of-candidates narrative to Romans 9-11. Do not use as the primary rendering of the Hebrew verb ‘bāḥar’ in narrative text — use the new entry ‘choose’ (choisir) instead, precisely because French ‘élection’ carries a dominant political/ballot-box connotation.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obéissance de la foi
Transliteration: obéissance de la foi
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoir religieux
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged); retained as a doctrinal cross-reference for 1 Samuel 15:22’s ‘obey/hearken’ (see new Critical entry ‘obey_hearken’). The OT covenant-loyalty obedience in ch. 15 is conceptually related to, but must not be collapsed into, this NT phrase’s faith-produced obedience — and neither may be read through a Tridentine ‘faith formed by love/works’ merit lens.
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Background reference for 1 Samuel’s Levitical sacrificial system (guilt offering, ch. 6; unlawful sacrifice, ch. 13) and Torah’s explicit prohibition of necromancy (ch. 15, 28); keep the referent narrowly Mosaic, per baseline convention.
Reject
Approved rendering: rejeter
Transliteration: rejeter (māʾas)
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King
Rejected alternatives: écarter (set aside), renvoyer (dismiss)
Original: מָאַס
Category: Kingship / Covenant
NEW. Bidirectional across the book: Israel rejects God as king (8:7); God rejects Saul’s kingship (15:23, 26; 16:1). Never soften; cross-reference the mirrored occurrences explicitly in teaching material so the deliberate structural parallel is not lost on low-OT-literacy readers.
Choose
Approved rendering: choisir
Transliteration: choisir (bāḥar)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David
Rejected alternatives: élection (noun; imports a ballot-box/competitive-selection connotation)
Original: בָּחַר
Category: Kingship / Election
NEW. Use the verb form throughout 1 Samuel 16’s narrowing-of-candidates narrative (‘le SEIGNEUR n’a pas choisi celui-ci’); reserve the baseline’s ‘élection’ strictly for teaching cross-reference to Romans 9-11.
Heart
Approved rendering: cœur
Transliteration: cœur (lev/levav)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David
Original: לֵב / לֵבָב
Category: Anthropology
NEW. In Hebrew anthropology, the seat of intellect, will, and moral character — not primarily emotion. Colloquial French ‘cœur’ skews toward sentiment/romance (‘avoir bon cœur’); requires a mandatory doctrinal gloss (‘l’être intérieur, le caractère et la volonté devant Dieu’) wherever 16:7 is taught.
Evil Spirit
Approved rendering: un esprit mauvais [venu] de la part du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: rûaḥ raʿah
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King
Original: רוּחַ רָעָה
Category: God / Spirit
NEW. Explicitly attributed to God’s sovereign judicial permission after the Spirit departs from Saul (16:14). Requires a theologian’s note distinguishing sovereign permission of judicial affliction from any suggestion God is evil’s source, and guarding against casual conflation with contemporary French Pentecostal/charismatic demonic-possession categories.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR des armées
Transliteration: le SEIGNEUR des armées (YHWH Tsevaʾot)
Doctrine: Divine Sovereignty and Providence over Israel’s History (background to multiple doctrines)
Rejected alternatives: l’Éternel des armées (Segond variant; noted for reviewers)
Original: יהוה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
NEW. First occurs at 1:3; recurs throughout. Risk of a nationalist/militarist misreading in a France with its own strong military history; every occurrence requires a contextual gloss establishing cosmic sovereignty over all powers, not endorsement of nationalist warfare.
Sacrifice Ot
Approved rendering: sacrifice
Transliteration: sacrifice (zevaḥ)
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice
NEW. The general, repeatable OT cultic offering explicitly relativized in 15:22 (‘to obey is better than sacrifice’). Must not be read through the NT’s once-for-all atoning sacrifice of Christ; the doctrine depends on this remaining the OT’s regular cultic act being relativized, not a devaluation of Christ’s sacrifice.
Living God
Approved rendering: le Dieu vivant
Transliteration: le Dieu vivant (ʾĕlohim ḥayyim)
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear
Original: אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים
Category: God
NEW. David’s rebuke of Goliath’s blasphemy (17:26, 36) frames the contest as God’s honor, not David’s personal courage. Must connect to the baseline’s caution against deist/abstract ‘Dieu’ readings — this text explicitly polemicizes against exactly that inert reading. Also resist France’s secular idiomatic flattening of ‘David et Goliath’ into a generic underdog-triumph story.
Sanctification Consecrate
Approved rendering: se consacrer / se purifier
Transliteration: qiddesh (root qādash)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David (background ritual, 16:5)
Original: קִדֵּשׁ
Category: Sanctification / Worship
NEW. A one-time ritual preparation for cultic participation, distinct from the baseline’s ongoing NT sanctification process (Rom 6:19, 22). Add a cross-reference note to the inherited ‘sanctification’ entry so reviewers do not force NT categories onto this Levitical-background ritual act.
Anointed Authority Respect
Approved rendering: l’oint du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: l’oint du SEIGNEUR (contextual: David sparing Saul)
Doctrine: Respect for God’s Appointed Authority
NEW. Reuses the Critical ‘lords_anointed’ rendering (chs. 24, 26) but flagged as a separate doctrinal entry because David’s refusal to harm Saul risks being read through contemporary French anti-clerical/anti-institutional sentiment as either naive deference to corrupt power or blanket submission to any authority; the office/office-holder distinction must be made explicit.
Medium Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to 1 Samuel throughout as the generic ‘Elohim’ rendering; see the new Critical-risk ‘lord_yhwh’ entry below for the covenant proper name YHWH, which 1 Samuel uses hundreds of times and which has no precedent in the Romans-only baseline. The Dagon-collapse polemic (ch. 5) and ‘the living God’ contrast (ch. 17) reinforce, rather than dilute, this term’s personal, active referent against secular deist or interjectional flattening.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to 1 Samuel 6:20 (‘who is able to stand before this holy God?’) and the ritual-consecration passages; this OT usage provokes fear as much as reverence and should not be softened toward comfortable, non-threatening piety.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Used here only as a cross-reference for the doctrine label; the specific OT ritual-consecration verb usage in 1 Samuel 16:5 is a distinct new entry (‘sanctification_consecrate’) because it names a one-time cultic preparation, not the NT’s ongoing Spirit-wrought moral process.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to the Ichabod narrative (1 Samuel 4:21-22), a rare OT depiction of God’s glory departing as covenant-unfaithfulness judgment; requires a non-triumphalist, warning-motif framing distinct from the baseline’s Christological glory contexts.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: חֵטְא / עָוֹן
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to Eli’s sons’ priestly corruption (1 Samuel 2:12-36); the baseline’s caution against colloquial trivialization (‘péché mignon’) applies with extra force here given the graver, office-abusing nature of the sin and its live resonance with contemporary French clerical-accountability discourse.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). 1 Samuel uses this same word for both God’s covenant (the Ark, ch. 4) and a human covenant of loyal friendship (David and Jonathan, chs. 18, 20, 23); each occurrence must be disambiguated so the human covenant is never theologically inflated to the level of God’s covenant with Israel.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Must be kept doctrinally distinct from the new entry ‘kingdom_earthly’ (royaume, mamlakah): Saul’s and David’s earthly, forfeitable dynasty is categorically different from God’s own eternal, unassailable reign. Any lesson combining both terms requires an explicit clarifying note.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant throughout 1 Samuel as the covenant nation under Samuel, Saul, and David; keep the referent historical/theological, consistent with the baseline’s caution against conflating with the modern nation-state.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον (NT cross-reference term)
Category: God / Spirit
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged); retained STRICTLY as a contrast reference. Must NEVER be used to translate 1 Samuel’s ‘rûaḥ YHWH’ (see new entry ‘spirit_of_the_lord’): the OT pattern is temporary/revocable empowerment for office (departs from Saul, 16:14), categorically different from the NT’s permanent, personal indwelling of every believer.
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Used in 1 Samuel curriculum materials only as the doctrine-level category label for ‘Faith versus Fear’ (ch. 17, 30); the OT Hebrew verb ‘batach’ (trust) is a doctrine-level BRIDGE to this baseline term, not a lexical equivalent — see new entry ‘trust’. Do not present the bridge to reviewers as a claimed synonym for NT ‘pistis’.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged); retained STRICTLY as a contrast reference. 1 Samuel’s frequent this-worldly, physical/military rescue narratives (chs. 7, 14, 17, 23, 30) must use the new entry ‘deliver_physical’ (délivrer/sauver [d’un danger]), never this soteriological term, to avoid conflating battlefield deliverance with salvation from sin.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Directly relevant to David’s hidden, personal, purposive rise (chs. 16, 23, 30) and Samuel’s own providential positioning; apply the same caution against 18th-century French Enlightenment deist usage of ‘la Providence’ as an impersonal benevolent order.
Called
Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to Samuel’s prophetic call (ch. 3, ‘Here I am’ / ‘Me voici’) as an OT type of the sovereign-summons pattern the baseline documents for the NT believer’s calling.
Calling
Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Applies to Samuel’s prophetic-judicial calling and David’s calling to kingship; reserve ‘vocation’ only for explicit discussion of occupational calling — never for these divinely initiated OT summonses, consistent with the baseline’s clergy-narrowing caution.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: communion fraternelle
Transliteration: communion fraternelle
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: communion (bare)
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Used only as a fencing cross-reference: any lesson drawing a parallel between David and Jonathan’s covenant friendship and NT koinonia must never use bare ‘communion’ (Eucharistic override risk) for either relationship.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Retained as a forward-looking cross-reference: 1 Samuel 16’s anointing of David establishes the royal line this Romans 1:3 phrase later presupposes; do not insert this NT phrase into 1 Samuel’s own narrative text.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Thematically relevant to God’s sovereign capability displayed in David’s victory over Goliath and Israel’s deliverances; use ‘puissance’, not ‘force’, wherever this theme is drawn into 1 Samuel teaching commentary.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to Samuel’s prophetic-intercessory role for Israel (chs. 7, 12); distinguish from the new entry ‘inquire_of_the_lord’ (shaʾal), which is formal guidance-seeking rather than intercessory prayer.
King
Approved rendering: roi
Transliteration: roi (melek)
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Original: מֶלֶךְ
Category: Kingship
NEW. Lexically stable; the risk is doctrinal framing, not vocabulary — teaching material must not let readers conclude monarchy itself (rather than Israel’s motive, 8:5, or Saul’s disobedience, ch. 15) was condemned. Cross-reference the inherited ‘kingdom_of_god’ entry to prevent conflation.
Kingdom Earthly
Approved rendering: royaume
Transliteration: royaume (mamlakah)
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God versus the Earthly Kingdom
NEW. Saul’s/David’s revocable earthly royal house (‘the kingdom shall not continue,’ 13:14); must be kept doctrinally distinct from the inherited ‘Royaume de Dieu’ — a clarifying note is required wherever both appear in the same lesson.
Judge
Approved rendering: juge
Transliteration: juge (shophet)
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge; The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Original: שֹׁפֵט
Category: Leadership / Office
NEW. French readers default to a modern courtroom/magistrate association; the charismatic, ad hoc, Spirit-raised deliverer-ruler sense particular to the pre-monarchic period must be explicitly taught, not assumed.
Seer
Approved rendering: prophète / l’homme de Dieu
Transliteration: roʾeh
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Rejected alternatives: voyant (fortune-teller connotation)
Original: רֹאֶה
Category: Prophecy
NEW. 9:9 glosses roʾeh as an older synonym for navi/prophète. This is the direct textual reason the baseline’s existing prohibition of ‘voyant’ becomes concretely load-bearing in 1 Samuel.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: homme de Dieu
Transliteration: ʾîsh ʾĕlohim
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Original: אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים
Category: Prophecy
NEW. A prophetic title functionally synonymous with ‘navi’; note in teaching material that this is a title of office, not a generic compliment about personal piety.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: la parole du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: devar YHWH
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge; The Inspired Prophetic Word
Original: דְּבַר־יהוה
Category: Prophecy / Revelation
NEW. 3:1’s ‘the word of the LORD was rare’ sets up Samuel’s call as the reopening of revelation. Cross-reference the baseline’s ‘inspiration_of_scripture’ doctrine to distinguish God-breathed revelation from a purely literary/historical-critical reading common in secular French academic culture.
Guilt Offering
Approved rendering: offrande de réparation
Transliteration: ʾasham
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice (background)
Original: אָשָׁם
Category: Worship / Cult
NEW. A specific sacrificial category (ch. 6) distinct from the general ‘sacrifice_ot’ (zevaḥ); preserve the OT’s differentiated sacrificial system as background for the doctrine developed fully in ch. 15.
Fear Dismay
Approved rendering: craindre / être terrifié
Transliteration: yareʾ / ḥatat
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear
Original: יָרֵא / חָתַת
Category: Faith / Fear
NEW. The paralyzing terror gripping Saul’s army before Goliath (ch. 17); teaching material should draw the explicit contrast with the new ‘trust’ entry so the chapter’s central tension is not flattened into generic emotional description.
Trust
Approved rendering: confiance / se confier
Transliteration: batach
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear
Original: בָּטַח
Category: Faith
NEW. David’s confidence ‘in the name of the LORD’ (17:45) as the doctrinal opposite of fear. This is a doctrine-level BRIDGE to the inherited ‘foi’ entry, not a lexical equivalence with NT ‘pistis’ — document as such for reviewers.
Strengthened Himself
Approved rendering: se fortifier / s’affermir dans le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: ḥazaq (Hitpael, vayyitḥazzeq)
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (resolution)
Original: חָזַק (Hitpael)
Category: Faith
NEW. David’s deliberate self-encouragement grounded in God’s character during crisis (30:6), resolving the Faith-versus-Fear tension in active, chosen trust — not passive comfort merely received.
Uncircumcised
Approved rendering: incirconcis
Transliteration: ʿarel
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (background)
Original: עָרֵל
Category: Covenant
NEW. A covenant-outsider designation for Goliath/the Philistines (ch. 17). Accurate but registers as clinical/crude in casual modern French; requires a contextual gloss identifying this as a covenant-status marker, not merely a physical descriptor or insult.
Vow
Approved rendering: vœu
Transliteration: neder
Doctrine: Vow and Dedication to God (background to Samuel’s Role)
Original: נֶדֶר
Category: Worship
NEW. Hannah’s vow to dedicate Samuel (ch. 1) frames his entire prophetic-judicial career. ‘Vœu’ carries strong Catholic monastic-vow connotations (‘vœux de religion’) in contemporary French; a brief gloss distinguishing a personal, situational vow from a permanent religious-order commitment is required.
Jealousy
Approved rendering: jalousie
Transliteration: qinʾah
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David (contrast)
Original: קִנְאָה
Category: Anthropology (Character)
NEW. Saul’s corrupted disposition toward David (18:9); reinforces, by contrast, the ‘heart’ doctrine established in ch. 16.
Oath
Approved rendering: serment
Transliteration: shevuʿah
Doctrine: Covenant Loyalty and Friendship (David and Jonathan)
Original: שְׁבוּעָה
Category: Covenant
NEW. David and Jonathan’s covenant oath (ch. 20). Modern French ‘serment’ is heard primarily as a secular civic/legal oath; a note clarifying this is a sacred oath invoking God, not a civil formality, is required.
Inquire Of The Lord
Approved rendering: consulter / interroger le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: shaʾal
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Original: שָׁאַל
Category: Prayer / Guidance
NEW. Formal, priest/ephod-mediated guidance-seeking (chs. 22, 23), distinct from the inherited ‘intercession’ entry’s general prayer sense — a structural feature of Israelite religion that must not be flattened into spontaneous personal prayer.
Deliver Physical
Approved rendering: délivrer / sauver [d’un danger]
Transliteration: hitsil
Doctrine: Divine Deliverance from Enemies
Rejected alternatives: salut (soteriological, reserved for the baseline’s ‘salvation’ entry)
Original: הִצִּיל
Category: Deliverance
NEW. This-worldly, physical/military rescue (chs. 7, 14, 17, 23, 30). Deliberately distinct from the baseline’s soteriological ‘salut’; document this distinction so Phase 2 translators never conflate battlefield rescue with salvation from sin.
Vengeance
Approved rendering: vengeance
Transliteration: neqamah
Doctrine: Divine Justice and the Prohibition of Personal Vengeance
Original: נְקָמָה
Category: Justice
NEW. David’s restraint from personal vendetta against Saul and Nabal (chs. 24-26), trusting God’s own justice; must not be flattened into secular retributive-justice vocabulary. Useful as an outside-baseline teaching cross-reference to Romans 12:19.
Witness
Approved rendering: témoin
Transliteration: ʿed
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge (ch. 12 covenant lawsuit)
Original: עֵד
Category: Covenant / Legal
NEW. Legal/covenantal witness invoked to hold parties accountable in Samuel’s farewell address; standard covenant-lawsuit vocabulary, distinct from a casual eyewitness sense.
Folly
Approved rendering: folie / insensé
Transliteration: sakal / naval
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King (background); Divine Justice and Vengeance
Original: סָכַל / נָבָל
Category: Anthropology (Character)
NEW. Saul’s unlawful sacrifice is ‘acting foolishly’ (13:13); Nabal (‘fool’) embodies the same failure of covenant wisdom (ch. 25) via deliberate wordplay on his own name. Preserve the moral-spiritual, not merely intellectual, sense of biblical folly.
Divination
Approved rendering: divination
Transliteration: qesem
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King (Condemnation of Occult Practice, background)
Original: קֶסֶם
Category: Occult Practice
NEW. 15:23 equates covenant rebellion with the sin of divination, setting up the sharper occult-collision risk fully developed at Endor (ch. 28, see ‘medium_necromancer’). Flag as the doctrinal bridge from metaphorical comparison to literal occult practice.
Shepherd
Approved rendering: berger
Transliteration: rōʿeh
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
Original: רֹעֶה (participle of רָעָה)
Category: Kingship (Typology)
NEW. David’s humble occupation before anointing (16:11); preserve the vocational-to-royal-to-messianic trajectory (shepherd boy to shepherd-king to the Messianic Good Shepherd) rather than treating this as incidental biography.
Peace Greeting
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David (background social greeting)
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Social / Covenant
NEW. 1 Samuel 16:5’s greeting sense of shalom is ordinary social goodwill, not a soteriological statement. Reuses the inherited ‘paix’ rendering but flagged separately so reviewers do not import Romans 5:1’s ‘peace with God’ theology into this occurrence.
Low Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). See new entry ‘peace_greeting’ below: 1 Samuel 16:5 uses ‘shalom’ as an ordinary social greeting, not a soteriological statement; do not import Romans 5:1 theology into that occurrence.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Directly load-bearing in 1 Samuel: the Hebrew synonym ‘roʾeh’ (‘seer’) is glossed in 9:9 as an older term for navi/prophète, making the baseline’s existing prohibition of ‘voyant’ concretely relevant rather than theoretical (see new entry ‘seer’).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: נְבוּאָה / הִתְנַבֵּא
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). The related verbal form ‘prophétiser’ (hitnabbeʾ, chs. 10, 19) denotes inspired ecstatic speech, distinct from the ongoing prophetic office; document this distinction for reviewers.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). 1 Samuel is David’s introduction narrative (ch. 16 onward); standard proper-name form retained throughout.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: action de grâce
Transliteration: action de grâce
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Relevant to Hannah’s Song (ch. 2:1-10), a thanksgiving hymn; low risk, minor overlap with the Eucharistic ‘action de grâce’ as already noted in baseline.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package (baseline entry unchanged). Used only in teaching commentary that draws the typological line from ‘l’oint du SEIGNEUR’ (David) to Christ; never inserted into 1 Samuel’s own narrative translation.
Lots Casting
Approved rendering: sort / tirage au sort
Transliteration: goral
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge (background, contrast with condemned divination)
Original: גּוֹרָל
Category: Guidance Practice
NEW. A sanctioned biblical-era method of discerning God’s will (chs. 10, 14), distinct from the condemned occult divination of chs. 15 and 28 — worth making explicit for a French audience sensitive to occult associations.
Ephod
Approved rendering: éphod
Transliteration: ʾephod
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge (background cultic object)
Original: אֵפוֹד
Category: Worship / Cult Object
NEW. Transliterated per standard French Bible practice (chs. 21-23); requires a brief explanatory cultural gloss for a low-OT-literacy audience.
Bread Of Presence
Approved rendering: pain de la Présence
Transliteration: leḥem hapanim
Doctrine: Narrative Setting and Worship Practices (background)
Rejected alternatives: pain de proposition (older variant; note for reviewers)
Original: לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים
Category: Worship / Cult Object
NEW. Consecrated bread kept perpetually before God in the sanctuary (ch. 21); minimal doctrinal collision risk, but requires a brief cultural gloss since the practice has no contemporary French equivalent.
Horn
Approved rendering: corne
Transliteration: qeren
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah (background cultic object)
Original: קֶרֶן
Category: Cult Object / Symbol
NEW. The small oil-vessel used for David’s anointing (16:1); also used metaphorically for strength/dignity in Hannah’s Song (2:1, 10). Distinguish from the ram’s-horn trumpet (shofar), which does not appear in this passage.
Idols
Approved rendering: idoles
Transliteration: ʿatsabbim / pesel / havalim
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (background idol-polemic)
Original: עֲצַבִּים / פֶּסֶל / הֲבָלִים
Category: Idolatry
NEW. Dagon’s collapse (ch. 5) and Samuel’s farewell polemic against ‘worthless things’ (ch. 12) provide the background contrast for ‘le Dieu vivant’ in ch. 17; standard polemical OT vocabulary with low collision risk in secular France.
Outward Appearance
Approved rendering: apparence
Transliteration: marʾeh
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David (contrast term)
Original: מַרְאֶה
Category: Anthropology
NEW. Explicitly contrasted with ‘heart’ as God’s criterion for choosing David (16:7); teaching notes must preserve the deliberate irony that David himself is later described as good-looking (16:12) without letting this contradict v. 7’s heart-criterion.
Referenced passages