Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Jude (English → French)
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json. Terms marked [TM] are already fixed by the baseline package and reused here exactly, unchanged. Terms marked [NEW] are introduced by this curriculum and must be added to translation memory before Phase 2 translation begins, per the pre-flight checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. Risk tiers and review routing follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical/High/Medium/Low).
Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in Jude
| English Term | Greek Original | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Jude References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | χάρις | grâce | High | Grace | 1:4 | Reinforce grace-vs.-license contrast; false teachers “turn grace into license.” |
| faith | πίστις | foi | Medium | Faith | 1:3, 1:20 | Sense shifts here toward “the faith” as deposited doctrine-content, not only subjective trust; French “la foi” naturally carries both senses. |
| saints | ἅγιοι | saints | High | Sainthood | 1:3 | Must gloss “tous les croyants” per TM’s mandatory clarification rule; distinguish from the angelic “holy myriads” of 1:14. |
| holy | ἅγιος | saint | Medium | Sanctification | 1:20 (ἁγιωτάτῃ, superlative), 1:20 (πνεῦμα ἁγίῳ) | Superlative form (“most holy faith”) is new; underlying term unchanged. |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Esprit Saint | Medium/Critical | Sanctification / Deity of the Spirit | 1:19 (bare πνεῦμα), 1:20 | 1:19’s bare πνεῦμα must still be capitalized/clarified as the Holy Spirit, not a generic “esprit.” |
| lord | κύριος | Seigneur | High | Lordship of Christ | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Paired with δεσπότης at 1:4 in a strong double Lordship/Deity confession. |
| called | κλητός | appelé(s) | Medium | Divine Calling | 1:1 | Standard sense: believers summoned by God. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apôtres | Low | Apostleship | 1:17 | Standard, stable. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | exhorter | Low | Mutual Edification | 1:3 | Leans toward urgent entreaty in this context. |
| salvation | σωτηρία / σῴζω | salut / sauver | Medium | Salvation | 1:3, 1:5, 1:23 | ”Common salvation” (1:3) and “save… snatching from fire” (1:23). |
| sin/sinners | ἁμαρτωλός | pécheurs | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1:15 | Reinforce against colloquial trivialization noted in baseline. |
| prophet/prophecy | προφητεύω | prophétisa | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:14 | Add teaching note on 1 Enoch’s non-canonical status (shared Catholic/Protestant French position). |
| peace | εἰρήνη | paix | Low | Peace with God | 1:2 | Standard salutation use. |
| glory | δόξα | gloire | High | Deity of Christ | 1:24, 1:25 | Must be kept distinct from the specialized “glorious beings” sense at 1:8 (see new term below). |
New Terms Introduced by Jude
| English Term | Greek Original / Transliteration | Literal Meaning | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Jude References | Notes / Forbidden Substitutions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the faith once delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ … πίστει / hapax paradotheisē pistei | ”handed down once for all” | la foi transmise une fois pour toutes | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | FORBIDDEN: do not render with a bare noun “la Tradition,” which activates the Catholic magisterial-Tradition category (ongoing revelation alongside Scripture, Trent/Dei Verbum) rather than Jude’s closed, complete, apostolic deposit. Human theologian review required every occurrence. |
| contend for | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι / epagōnizesthai | ”to struggle/contend in an arena contest” | combattre (pour la foi) | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Doctrine-title verb. Do not soften to “défendre” or “soutenir” (loses contest-urgency). Established French Bible tradition (Segond) precedent. |
| ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής, ἀσέβεια / asebēs, asebeia | ”without reverence toward God” | impie(s) / impiété | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:15 (×4), 1:18 | Watch French laïcité culture reframing “impie” as neutral secular self-identification rather than Jude’s God-ward moral indictment. Preserve fourfold repetition at 1:15 (do not vary vocabulary). Human theologian review required. |
| Master (Sovereign) | δεσπότης / despotēs | ”absolute master/owner” | Maître (souverain) | High/Critical (false-cognate) | Lordship of Christ / Deity of Christ | 1:4 | FORBIDDEN: never use the cognate “despote” (= “tyrant, dictator” in modern French) — this would invert the verse’s confession into an accusation. Paired with κύριος in a double Lordship confession denied by false teachers. |
| marked out beforehand | προγράφω / prographō | ”written/designated in advance” | désignés d’avance | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Predestination-to-judgment language, structurally parallel to baseline’s High-risk “élection.” Must not read as impersonal fatalism. |
| kept / keep (thematic) | τηρέω / tēreō | ”guard, preserve, reserve” | garder / gardé(s) / réservé(s) | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24 | Whole-book lexical inclusio: positive (believers kept by/for God) and negative (angels/darkness kept/reserved for judgment) senses must use a consistent, traceable “garder” family across all five occurrences, or the letter’s central structure is lost. Requires human theologian review across the full set. |
| wavering / doubting | διακρινόμενος / diakrinomenos (contrast v.9’s “disputing”) | “to be divided in mind, waver” | ceux qui doutent / qui hésitent | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22 | Same root as 1:9’s “disputing” (διακρινόμενος τῷ διαβόλῳ) but a DIFFERENT sense — do not harmonize the two occurrences to one gloss. Anchors a named curriculum doctrine; requires human theologian review. |
| snatching (from fire) | ἁρπάζω / harpazō | ”seize, snatch forcibly” | arracher (du feu) | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Preserve forceful urgency (echo of Amos 4:11/Zech 3:2); do not weaken to generic “aider” or duplicate the nearby “sauver.” |
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | ”compassionate rescue of the undeserving” | miséricorde | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23 | French Catholic devotional resonance (“la Divine Miséricorde,” Sœur Faustine) is prominent; must anchor in Christ’s finished work and God’s character, not narrow to that specific devotional framework. Native speaker/theologian review recommended. |
| blameless / unblemished | ἄμωμος / amōmos | ”without blemish” (sacrificial background) | irréprochable(s) / sans tache | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Preserve sacrificial/cultic-lamb resonance; avoid flattening to generic “parfait.” Doxological climax of the letter. |
| glorious beings / dignities | δόξαι / doxai (specialized sense, distinct from δόξα “glory”) | “glorious ones” (angelic powers/dignitaries) | êtres glorieux / puissances glorieuses | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | Must NOT reuse bare “gloire” (reserved for God’s/Christ’s own glory, 1:24–25) for this creaturely category — risk of conflating divine and creaturely glory categories. |
| lordship / dominion (abstract) | κυριότης / kyriotēs | ”ruling authority” (abstract noun from κύριος) | autorité souveraine | Medium | Lordship of Christ | 1:8 | Avoid bare “Seigneurie” as a noun — register collision with the archaic courtly honorific “Votre Seigneurie.” |
| soulish / worldly (without the Spirit) | ψυχικός / psychikos | ”governed by the natural ψυχή, not the Spirit” | êtres purement naturels, dépourvus de l’Esprit | High (false-cognate) | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | FORBIDDEN: never use “psychiques” (modern French clinical/paranormal term, unrelated to biblical anthropology). Requires descriptive phrase, not single-word gloss. |
| causing divisions / separating | ἀποδιορίζοντες / apodiorizontes | ”marking off, separating thoroughly” | ceux qui provoquent des divisions | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | Genuine interpretive ambiguity (cause divisions vs. self-separate/elitist); record alternative per ambiguity-handling rule. |
| slave/servant (self-designation) | δοῦλος / doulos | ”bondslave, one wholly owned” | serviteur | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (authorial authority) | 1:1 | France’s historical weight around “esclave” (colonial slavery, Code Noir) makes the literal cognate risky; “serviteur” is the safer standard choice but softens the total-ownership force — flag trade-off for reviewers. |
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | ”one who saves/rescues” | Sauveur | Medium | Salvation | 1:25 | New term; note the mediatorial “to God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord” structure — preserve the “through” (διά) clause. |
| might / dominion | κράτος / kratos | ”sovereign strength, dominion” | force | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Established Segond doxological rendering; keep lexically distinct from δύναμις (“puissance,” baseline “power_of_god”) to avoid collapsing two different Greek words into one French gloss. |
| authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | ”right to rule, authority” | autorité | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | New term; kept distinct from “force” (κράτος) and “puissance” (δύναμις, baseline) for glossary clarity. |
| woe | οὐαί / ouai | prophetic exclamation of doom | malheur | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:11 | Standard, matches Gospel “woes.” |
| way of Cain / error of Balaam / rebellion of Korah | ὁδὸς Κάϊν, πλάνη Βαλαάμ, ἀντιλογία Κόρε | OT type-names | la voie de Caïn / l’erreur de Balaam / la révolte de Coré | Low-Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Requires OT-literacy gloss for biblically unchurched French readers, per baseline’s noted low-OT-literacy concern. |
| love feasts | ἀγάπαι / agapai | shared communal fellowship meals | agapes | Medium | Christian Fellowship (extension) | 1:12 | Existing French loanword; must clarify explicitly Christian, covenantal-meal content against secular drift toward generic “banquet.” |
| hidden reefs (ambiguous: “blemishes”) | σπιλάδες / spilades | nautical hazard / possible confusion with “stains” | récifs cachés (alt.: taches) | Medium-High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:12 | Genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek text itself; record alternative per ambiguity-handling rule. |
| grumblers | γογγυσταί / gongystai | habitual complainers | murmurateurs | Medium | OT Warnings as Types (Israel echo) | 1:16 | Deliberately echoes Exodus “murmures” tradition (Israel’s wilderness grumbling), reinforcing the 1:5 Israel-type warning. |
| lusts/cravings | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | strong (negative) desire | convoitises | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16, 1:18 | Prefer “convoitises” over neutral “désirs” to retain negative moral freight (cf. Decalogue). |
| mockers/scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται / empaiktai | eschatological scoffers | moqueurs | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:18 | Parallel to 2 Peter 3:3; must convey derision of the faith, not casual joking. |
| defiled garment | ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα / espilōmenon chitōna | stained/defiled tunic | vêtement souillé par la chair | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Preserve OT priestly-garment resonance (cf. Zechariah 3:3–4); avoid flattening to abstract “leur péché.” |
| Enoch / archangel Michael / devil | Ἑνώχ, Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος, διάβολος | proper nouns/titles | Hénoc, Michel l’archange, diable | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy / OT Warnings as Types | 1:9, 1:14 | Use established French Bible spelling “Hénoc” (Segond), not an anglicized “Enoch.” |
| holy myriads (heavenly host) | ἁγίαις μυριάσιν / hagiais myriasin | innumerable holy angelic host | ses saintes myriades | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:14 | Must not collapse into the High-risk “saints” doctrine (canonized human intercessors); context favors angelic host. |
| twice dead / uprooted | δὶς ἀποθανόντα, ἐκριζωθέντα | doubly dead; torn out by the roots | deux fois morts, déracinés | Low-Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:12 | Standard vivid imagery; low doctrinal ambiguity. |
Cross-Cutting Consistency Rule
The τηρέω (“keep/guard/reserve”) family (1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24) must be rendered with a single, traceable French lexical family (the “garder” root) across every occurrence in every Phase 2 document, regardless of positive or negative sense, so that the whole-book keeping-inclusio central to “Kept by God and Presented Blameless” remains visible to French readers. This rule takes priority-order precedence alongside the Critical-tier terms in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md’s Glossary Enforcement Priority Order.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith Once Delivered
Approved rendering: la foi transmise une fois pour toutes
Transliteration: hapax paradotheisē pistei
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: la Tradition (bare noun — FORBIDDEN), la foi transmise (unqualified, loses ‘once for all’ finality)
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ … πίστει
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: collides directly with French Catholic theology of la Tradition (Trent; Dei Verbum’s living, magisterially-mediated stream of revelation alongside Scripture). Jude’s sense is a closed, complete, non-repeatable apostolic deposit. Use the verbal construction, never a bare noun. Confirmed by translation-landscape survey: no mainstream French Bible (LSG, S21, NBS, TOB, BJ, BDS) uses a bare ‘la Tradition’ here. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Master Sovereign
Approved rendering: Maître (souverain)
Transliteration: despotēs
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ (Denied by False Teachers)
Rejected alternatives: despote (FORBIDDEN — modern French ‘tyrant, dictator’)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: the transparent French cognate ‘despote’ has undergone total semantic inversion in modern French and would turn Jude 1:4’s confession of Christ’s absolute sovereign ownership into what reads as an accusation against him. No mainstream French Bible (LSG, NBS, TOB, BJ) uses this cognate; all use ‘Maître.’ Paired with κύριον/‘Seigneur’ in a double Lordship/Deity confession. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
Kept
Approved rendering: garder / gardé(s) / réservé(s)
Transliteration: tēreō
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: préserver (breaks the traceable lexical family), conserver (breaks the traceable lexical family)
Original: τηρέω
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Whole-book thematic inclusio: occurs at Jude 1:1 (believers kept for Christ, positive), 1:6 (angels kept in chains, negative), 1:13 (darkness reserved, negative), 1:21 (believers commanded to keep themselves, human responsibility), 1:24 (God able to keep believers, positive climax). MUST be rendered with a single, consistent, traceable ‘garder’ root family across ALL FIVE occurrences regardless of positive/negative sense, confirmed by translation-landscape survey (LSG/NBS/TOB/BJ all converge on ‘garder/réserver’ family). Document-level, not segment-level, validation required. Human theologian review required across the full set.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Same word used by Catholic and Protestant traditions with differing theological freight (sacramental mediation vs. sola gratia); Jude 1:4 depicts false teachers ‘turning grace into license’ (χάριν … εἰς ἀσέλγειαν) — the Romans 6:1 problem recurring in a pastoral-crisis setting. Reinforce the mandatory grace-versus-merit/license contrast rule for every Jude 1:4 occurrence.
Saints
Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:3 requires the mandatory clarifying gloss ‘tous les croyants.’ Must additionally be distinguished from the angelic ‘holy myriads’ sense at Jude 1:14 (a different Greek expression, see holy_myriads) and from the French Latter-day Saint self-designation ‘Saints des derniers jours,’ per 05_translation_landscape.md.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Occurs Jude 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. At 1:4, paired with δεσπότην (Maître souverain, see master_sovereign) in a strong double Lordship/Deity confession explicitly denied by the false teachers.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: combattre (pour la foi)
Transliteration: epagōnizesthai
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: défendre la foi (loses arena-contest urgency), soutenir la foi (too passive)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Doctrine-title verb of the whole epistle (Jude 1:3). Established French Bible tradition precedent (Segond line: ‘combattre pour la foi’). BDS’s softer ‘défendre fermement’ is a documented alternative that this curriculum rejects as too weak. Human theologian review required.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: impie(s) / impiété
Transliteration: asebēs / asebeia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: méchant, mauvais, incroyant
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. France’s strong laïcité culture reframes irreligion as a neutral or respectable civic stance (‘je suis athée/agnostique’), risking a drift where ‘impie’ is heard as a description of ordinary secular unbelief rather than Jude’s God-ward moral indictment of active rebellion within the professing community. The fourfold repetition of this root at Jude 1:15 is rhetorically deliberate and MUST be preserved with unvaried vocabulary. Occurs 1:4, 1:15 (x4), 1:18. Human theologian review required.
Marked Out Beforehand
Approved rendering: désignés d’avance
Transliteration: prographō
Doctrine: Judgment Marked Out Beforehand
Rejected alternatives: prédestinés (imports Reformed predestination-debate freight without clarification)
Original: προγράφω
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Predestination-to-judgment language (Jude 1:4), structurally parallel to the baseline’s High-risk ‘élection’ entry: must not be read as impersonal fatalism or an arbitrary lottery. Human theologian review recommended wherever this recurs in teaching material.
Wavering Doubting
Approved rendering: ceux qui doutent / qui hésitent
Transliteration: diakrinomenos (Jude 1:22 sense)
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: ceux qui contestent (wrongly harmonizes with the different sense at 1:9)
Original: διακρινόμενος (v.22 sense)
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Same Greek root as ‘disputing’ (see disputing) at Jude 1:9 but a DIFFERENT sense — inner hesitation/doubt, not outward dispute. Anchors the named curriculum doctrine ‘Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering’; must never be harmonized to the 1:9 gloss. Human theologian review required.
Mercy
Approved rendering: miséricorde
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: pitié (register too weak for repeated doctrinal use), compassion (loses the covenantal-rescue-of-the-condemnable nuance)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. French Catholic piety has a highly prominent devotional category built on this exact word (‘la Divine Miséricorde,’ the Fête de la Miséricorde Divine, Sœur Faustine, widely popularized in France since 2000). Must anchor Jude’s mercy in Christ’s finished work and God’s character, not narrow it to that specific 20th-century devotional framework. Occurs Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23. Human theologian/native speaker review recommended for all occurrences.
Blameless Unblemished
Approved rendering: irréprochables / sans tache
Transliteration: amōmos
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: parfaits (flattens the sacrificial/cultic-lamb resonance entirely)
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Doxological climax of the letter (Jude 1:24); drawn from sacrificial/cultic vocabulary (the unblemished lamb) applied metaphorically to believers’ final glorified state. No mainstream French Bible uses a flat ‘parfaits’ here. A teaching note connecting this to Christ’s own unblemished sacrifice is recommended.
Glorious Beings
Approved rendering: êtres glorieux / puissances glorieuses
Transliteration: doxai
Doctrine: Slander of Authority and Glorious Beings
Rejected alternatives: gloires (bare noun — conflates with God’s own glory)
Original: δόξαι (specialized sense of δόξα)
Category: God
NEW TERM. Jude 1:8’s δόξαι denotes a class of glorious created (likely angelic) beings being slandered by the false teachers — a specialized sense distinct from δόξα as God’s/Christ’s own glory (see ‘glory,’ reserved for Jude 1:24-25). Using the bare ‘gloire’ here would conflate divine and creaturely categories.
Slave Servant
Approved rendering: serviteur
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Servanthood
Rejected alternatives: esclave (historically loaded — French colonial slavery, the Code Noir, unresolved national reckoning)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:1’s self-designation. ‘Serviteur’ is the safer standard French Bible choice but somewhat softens δοῦλος’s total-ownership rhetorical force; this trade-off must be flagged for reviewers, not silently resolved. Human theologian review required.
Soulish
Approved rendering: des êtres purement naturels, dépourvus de l’Esprit
Transliteration: psychikos
Doctrine: Holy Spirit Indwelling versus Worldliness
Rejected alternatives: psychiques (FORBIDDEN — modern French clinical/paranormal term, e.g. ‘troubles psychiques,’ ‘don psychique’)
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Anthropology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:19. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION confirmed by translation-landscape survey: no mainstream French Bible (LSG, NBS, TOB, BJ) uses ‘psychiques,’ which belongs entirely to modern clinical/paranormal French with zero biblical-anthropology content. Requires a descriptive phrase, not a single-word gloss. Human theologian review required.
Unnatural Desire
Approved rendering: une chair différente / des désirs contre nature
Transliteration: sarkos heteras
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Rejected alternatives: immoralité (too vague, erases the specific content of the Greek euphemism)
Original: σαρκὸς ἑτέρας
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Jude 1:7. Touches contemporary, socially live sexuality-and-identity discourse in secularized France; render the text’s own restrained euphemism faithfully, neither softening nor editorializing beyond the Greek. Human theologian review recommended.
Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: récifs cachés
Transliteration: spilades
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: taches (alternative sense recorded per ambiguity-handling rule, not the primary rendering)
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Jude 1:12. Genuine lexical ambiguity in the Greek source itself (hidden nautical reefs vs. blemishes/stains, by confusion with the near-homonym σπίλος). Translation-landscape survey confirms ‘récifs/écueils’ is the settled majority choice across mainstream French Bibles. Flag for native-speaker/theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). In Jude 1:3 and 1:20 the sense leans toward ‘the faith’ as a body of apostolic doctrine held in common, not only subjective personal trust; French ‘la foi’ naturally carries both senses, so surrounding context must make clear which is active in each occurrence.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:3’s ‘common salvation’ (salut commun) emphasizes the unity of all believers in one salvation; Jude 1:23 uses the verb sōzō in vivid, urgent rescue imagery alongside harpazō (‘snatching from the fire’) — do not let the two verbs collapse into a single French gloss in the same clause.
Called
Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:1 describes believers as ‘kept for Jesus Christ … called’ — every believer’s calling, never narrowed to a Catholic clergy/religious-life ‘vocation’ sense.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:20 uses the superlative form (‘la très sainte foi,’ ‘your most holy faith’); the underlying term itself is unchanged.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Covers the pécheurs/hamartōloi (‘sinners’) sense at Jude 1:15, occurring in a dense concentration alongside the ἀσεβ- (‘impie/impiété’) root; reinforce against colloquial trivialization of ‘péché’ (cf. ‘péché mignon’).
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Occurs at Jude 1:24-25 in the closing doxological climax. Must be kept lexically distinct from the specialized ‘glorious beings’ sense at Jude 1:8 (see glorious_beings), which denotes a class of created (likely angelic) beings, not God’s own uncreated glory.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). In Jude’s closing doxology (1:25), κράτος (‘force,’ see might_dominion) and ἐξουσία (‘autorité,’ see authority) are distinct Greek terms from δύναμις; keep ‘puissance’ reserved exclusively for δύναμις so the doxology’s three power-terms are not collapsed into one French gloss.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Occurs Jude 1:1 (‘God the Father’), 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 (‘the only God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord’).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:19’s bare πνεῦμα (‘not having the Spirit’) must still be capitalized/clarified as the Holy Spirit, avoiding a merely psychological ‘lacking vigor’ misreading; Jude 1:20 uses the full phrase ‘praying in the Holy Spirit’ (par l’Esprit Saint).
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:1: ‘bien-aimés en Dieu le Père.‘
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:5 alludes to ‘a people’ saved out of Egypt without naming Israël explicitly; teaching material must supply the OT-literacy background connecting this to Israel’s Exodus deliverance and subsequent wilderness unbelief and judgment.
Disputing
Approved rendering: disputant / en désaccord avec lui
Transliteration: diakrinomenos (Jude 1:9 sense)
Doctrine: Slander of Authority and Glorious Beings
Rejected alternatives: ceux qui doutent (wrongly harmonizes with the different sense at 1:22)
Original: διακρινόμενος (v.9 sense)
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Same Greek root as ‘wavering_doubting’ at Jude 1:22 but a DIFFERENT sense — outward legal/verbal dispute (Michael and the devil over Moses’ body), not inner doubt. Must never be harmonized to the 1:22 gloss; treat as two permanently distinct glossary entries.
Snatching From Fire
Approved rendering: arracher (du feu)
Transliteration: harpazō
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: aider à sortir (too weak), sauver (redundant with sōzō already used in the same clause, Jude 1:23)
Original: ἁρπάζω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Preserve the forceful, urgent verb, echoing Amos 4:11/Zechariah 3:2 (‘a brand plucked from the burning’). Must not be flattened to a weaker synonym or duplicate the nearby ‘sauvez’ in the same verse.
Savior
Approved rendering: Sauveur
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Related to but distinct from baseline ‘salut.’ Jude 1:25’s compact mediatorial formula ‘to God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord’ must preserve the ‘through’ (διά) mediating clause — the Father is Savior, and salvation comes specifically through the Son.
Lordship Dominion Abstract
Approved rendering: autorité souveraine
Transliteration: kyriotēs
Doctrine: Slander of Authority and Glorious Beings
Rejected alternatives: Seigneurie (archaic courtly-honorific register collision — ‘Votre Seigneurie’)
Original: κυριότης
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:8. Interpreters divide on whether this denotes divine or angelic/created authority-structures; avoid the bare noun ‘Seigneurie,’ which in French also reads as an archaic honorific address.
Causing Divisions
Approved rendering: ceux qui provoquent des divisions
Transliteration: apodiorizontes
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: qui se distinguent des autres (recorded ambiguity alternative, elitist self-distinction reading)
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Jude 1:19. Genuine interpretive ambiguity in the Greek itself (majority: causing divisions; minority: self-distinguishing elitism). Record the alternative per ambiguity-handling protocol; flag for native-speaker/theologian review.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: agapes
Transliteration: agapai
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship (Love Feasts)
Rejected alternatives: banquet convivial (secularizes the specifically Christian, covenantal-meal content)
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Jude 1:12. Existing, felicitous French Christian loanword used in both Catholic and Protestant fellowship contexts, but contemporary usage has partly drifted toward a secular ‘convivial banquet’ sense; teaching material must re-anchor the specifically Christian content.
Defiled Garment
Approved rendering: vêtement souillé par la chair
Transliteration: espilōmenon chitōna
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: leur péché (abstract, loses the OT priestly-garment cultic image)
Original: ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Jude 1:23. Draws on OT priestly-garment imagery (cf. Zechariah 3:3-4, the filthy garments of the high priest); preserve as a vivid image rather than flattening into an abstract term. A teaching note connecting this to Zechariah 3 is recommended.
Holy Myriads
Approved rendering: ses saintes myriades
Transliteration: hagiais myriasin
Doctrine: Sainthood of All Believers
Rejected alternatives: ses saints (would collapse into the human-believer ‘saints’ doctrine, a different Greek expression and referent)
Original: ἁγίαις μυριάσιν
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:14: an innumerable heavenly host of holy angels accompanying the Lord’s coming judgment. Must not collapse into the High-risk ‘saints’ doctrine (canonized human intercessors / all believers); context favors an angelic heavenly host, and this distinction should be made explicit in teaching material.
Rank Domain
Approved rendering: rang / position d’autorité
Transliteration: archē
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Angels)
Rejected alternatives: commencement (wrong semantic-range choice; produces nonsense in context)
Original: ἀρχή (of angels)
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:6: the angels’ proper rank/domain of authority, not temporal ‘beginning.’ A straightforward semantic-range error with no theological ambiguity but total contextual nonsense if mistranslated.
Lusts Cravings
Approved rendering: convoitises
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: désirs (neutral, loses the negative moral freight; cf. Decalogue ‘tu ne convoiteras pas’)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Occurs Jude 1:16, 1:18. Consistently negative in unqualified NT usage.
Grumblers
Approved rendering: murmurateurs
Transliteration: gongystai
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Israel’s Unbelief
Rejected alternatives: ceux qui se plaignent (loses the deliberate Exodus ‘murmures’ intertextual echo)
Original: γογγυσταί
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Jude 1:16. Deliberately chosen to preserve the intertextual echo of Israel’s wilderness grumbling (Exodus 16, Numbers), reinforcing the Jude 1:5 Israel-type warning.
Flattery Favoritism
Approved rendering: flattant les gens par intérêt
Transliteration: thaumazontes prosōpa
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: admirant des visages (literal Hebraism rendering, nonsensical in French)
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Jude 1:16. Idiom-handling case: a literal French rendering would fail entirely; use the natural idiomatic equivalent.
Infiltrated
Approved rendering: se sont infiltrés
Transliteration: pareisedysan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: sont arrivés (loses the covert-infiltration warning)
Original: παρεισέδυσαν
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Jude 1:4. False teachers are infiltrators within the congregation, not outside opponents; preserve the stealth/deceptive nuance.
Way Of Cain
Approved rendering: la voie de Caïn
Transliteration: hodos Kain
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: ὁδὸς Κάϊν
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Jude 1:11. Requires an OT-literacy explanatory gloss for a biblically unchurched French readership; without it the allusion is opaque, not merely under-nuanced.
Error Of Balaam
Approved rendering: l’erreur de Balaam
Transliteration: planē Balaam
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: πλάνη Βαλαάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Jude 1:11. Same OT-literacy concern as way_of_cain; note the etymological (teaching-note-only) connection to French ‘planer/planète.‘
Rebellion Of Korah
Approved rendering: la révolte de Coré
Transliteration: antilogia Korē
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: ἀντιλογία Κόρε
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Jude 1:11. Same OT-literacy concern as way_of_cain and error_of_balaam.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: feu éternel
Transliteration: pyros aiōniou
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:7. Standard eschatological term. Do not import any annihilationist or temporary-judgment softening (a documented Jehovah’s Witness translation-tradition pattern per 05_translation_landscape.md); ‘éternel’ must remain unqualified everlasting duration.
Mockers Scoffers
Approved rendering: moqueurs
Transliteration: empaiktai
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Last-Days Scoffers
Rejected alternatives: plaisantins (too casual, loses eschatological derision of the faith)
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:18. Parallel term to 2 Peter 3:3; must convey derision of the faith itself, not casual joking.
Authority
Approved rendering: autorité
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: God
NEW TERM. Jude 1:25 closing doxology. Kept lexically distinct from ‘force’ (κράτος, see might_dominion) and ‘puissance’ (δύναμις, baseline power_of_god).
Might Dominion
Approved rendering: force
Transliteration: kratos
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: κράτος
Category: God
NEW TERM. Jude 1:25. Per established French Bible (Segond) doxological tradition. Must be kept lexically distinct from δύναμις (‘puissance,’ baseline power_of_god) and ἐξουσία (‘autorité,’ see authority) so the doxology’s threefold vocabulary is not silently collapsed.
Judgment
Approved rendering: jugement / condamnation
Transliteration: krima / krisis
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
NEW TERM. Occurs Jude 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15. κρίμα denotes the specific condemning verdict; κρίσις the act/process of judging. Context determines nuance.
Deny Renounce
Approved rendering: renier
Transliteration: arnoumenoi
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ (Denied by False Teachers)
Rejected alternatives: nier (mere factual denial, loses covenant-repudiation force), ignorer
NEW TERM. Jude 1:4. Stronger than simple disbelief — active disavowal/repudiation. ‘Renier’ carries a comparable betrayal weight in French (cf. ‘Pierre a renié Jésus’).
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:17 refers to the apostles’ prior prophetic warnings about eschatological scoffers.
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:2 salutation: ‘mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.‘
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Relevant to Jude 1:14’s description of Enoch’s prophetic role (‘Hénoc … prophétisa’).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεύω
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:14 cites material paralleled in the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch; both French Catholic and Protestant traditions treat 1 Enoch as non-canonical, so this raises no denomination-specific conflict, though a canon-status teaching note is recommended.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Occurs throughout Jude, e.g. 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. Note the Jude 1:5 textual variant (‘Jésus’ vs. ‘le Seigneur’) flagged in 05_translation_landscape.md; do not silently normalize.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse). Jude 1:3 leans toward urgent pastoral entreaty rather than mild encouragement — the letter’s occasioning verb.
Michael Archangel
Approved rendering: Michel, l’archange
Transliteration: Michaēl ho archangelos
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Angels)
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:9. Standard proper noun and title, stable across all French Bible traditions.
Devil
Approved rendering: diable
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Angels)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:9. Standard, stable term across all French Bible traditions.
Twice Dead Uprooted
Approved rendering: deux fois morts, déracinés
Transliteration: dis apothanonta, ekrizōthenta
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: δὶς ἀποθανόντα, ἐκριζωθέντα
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Jude 1:12. Standard vivid imagery of fruitlessness and ruin; low doctrinal ambiguity, though a teaching note on the double-death nuance is worthwhile.
Enoch
Approved rendering: Hénoc
Transliteration: Henōch
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: Enoch (anglicized form)
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Jude 1:14. Use the established French Bible (Segond) spelling ‘Hénoc,’ not an anglicized ‘Enoch.‘
Last Days
Approved rendering: les derniers temps
Transliteration: eschatou chronou
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Last-Days Scoffers
Original: ἐσχάτου χρόνου
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Jude 1:18. Standard eschatological vocabulary.
Majesty
Approved rendering: majesté
Transliteration: megalōsynē
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
NEW TERM. Jude 1:25. Standard doxological vocabulary.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: vie éternelle
Transliteration: zōēn aiōnion
Doctrine: Salvation and the Common Salvation of Believers
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Jude 1:21. Stable, shared term across all French Christian traditions.
Woe
Approved rendering: malheur
Transliteration: ouai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
NEW TERM. Jude 1:11. Prophetic-judicial exclamation of doom, matching the Gospel ‘woes.‘
Sodom Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodome et Gomorrhe
Transliteration: Sodoma kai Gomorra
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
NEW TERM. Jude 1:7. Standard proper-noun forms, third OT-type warning of the letter.
Referenced passages