Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Amos (English → French)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning all nine chapters of Amos and the core passage (5:18-24). Risk tiers follow the same four-level framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical / High / Medium / Low). Terms already fixed in the baseline translation_memory.json are marked REUSE and must not be altered.
| # | English Term | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Doctrine(s) | Risk | French Rendering | Rejected Alternatives | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The LORD (divine name, YHWH) | יְהוָה | YHWH / Adonai (spoken) | Day of the Lord; Sovereignty over Nations | Critical | l’Éternel | ”le Seigneur” (bare); “Yahvé” (BJ variant, noted not adopted) | Throughout | New entry for this curriculum. Distinct from baseline “lord”→“Seigneur” (=κύριος, NT confessional title). Segond-aligned per curriculum register preference. Must not be conflated with the NT Lordship confession register. |
| 2 | Sovereign LORD / Lord GOD | אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה | Adonai YHWH | Sovereignty over Nations | Critical | le Seigneur, l’Éternel | ”le Seigneur” (bare); “l’Éternel” (bare, loses intensified lordship sense) | 1:8; 3:7-13; 4:2; 5:3; 6:8; 7:1-6; 8:1-11; 9:5-8 | Amos’s characteristic elevated divine title; extremely frequent in this book relative to others. |
| 3 | Day of the LORD | יוֹם יְהוָה | yom YHWH | The Day of the Lord as Judgment | Critical | le jour de l’Éternel | ”un jour de jugement” (loses proper-noun force); “le jour du Seigneur” (register collision risk vs. NT curricula) | 5:18-20 (core passage) | Anchor phrase of the core passage. Flag cross-curriculum consistency vs. any NT “day of the Lord” (1 Thess 5:2; 2 Pet 3:10) renderings. |
| 4 | Woe | הוֹי | hoy | Day of the Lord; Judgment on Empty Ritual; Social Justice | High | Malheur à… | ”Quel malheur” (too mild/sympathetic) | 5:18; 6:1 | Formal prophetic judgment-oracle opener, funerary in origin; must retain solemn/judicial force. |
| 5 | Justice (mishpat) | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat | Social Justice and Care for the Poor; Judgment on Empty Ritual | Critical | justice | — | 5:7,10,12,15,24; throughout | Coincides with baseline’s French word for “righteousness” (δικαιοσύνη) but is a distinct Hebrew source term. Central to the mishpat/tsedaqah word pair in 5:24. |
| 6 | Righteousness (tsedaqah) | צְדָקָה | tsedaqah | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Critical | droiture | ”justice” (would collapse the 5:24 mishpat/tsedaqah word pair; explicitly rejected for this Hebrew term in Amos, though “justice” remains correct for the unrelated Romans δικαιοσύνη sense) | 5:24 | Cross-curriculum flag: the English word “righteousness” now has two approved but different French renderings depending on curriculum/source term — “justice” (Romans, δικαιοσύνη) vs. “droiture” (Amos, tsedaqah). Must be documented for every translator/reviewer working across both curricula. Mandatory theologian sign-off. |
| 7 | Sin (general) | חַטָּאָה | chatta’ah | Universal Human Accountability (cf. baseline) | Medium | péché | — | 5:12; general usage | REUSE baseline rendering exactly. Distinguish from “pesha” (#8) below. |
| 8 | Transgression / rebellion | פֶּשַׁע | pesha | Sovereignty over Nations; Social Justice | Medium | transgression | ”péché” (loses covenant-rebellion nuance) | 1:3,6,9,11,13; 2:1,4,6 | Stronger than chatta’ah; connotes willful covenant-breach. Grounds the “three… and four” oracle formula. |
| 9 | Law | תּוֹרָה | torah | Judgment on Empty Ritual; Sovereignty over Nations | High | loi (“la Loi”) | — | 2:4 (Judah rejects “the law of the LORD”) | REUSE baseline rendering exactly; capitalize “la Loi” per baseline convention for Mosaic Torah. |
| 10 | Poor / needy | אֶבְיוֹן / דַּל | evyon / dal | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | High | le pauvre / le nécessiteux | ”les défavorisés” (too bureaucratic/secular) | 2:6-7; 4:1; 5:11-12; 8:4,6 | Risk of secular socio-economic flattening; must retain covenantal weight (oppression as offense against God, 2:7). |
| 11 | Oppress | לָחַץ / עָשַׁק | lachats / ashaq | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | opprimer | — | 2:7; 4:1; 8:4 | Stable term; structural, not merely interpersonal, injustice. |
| 12 | Burnt offering | עֹלָה | olah | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | holocauste(s) | “sacrifice brûlé” (breaks continuity with the entire French Bible tradition) | 5:22 (core passage) | Culturally critical: modern French primarily associates “holocauste” with the Shoah. Retain the traditional Bible rendering but mandate an explanatory footnote on first occurrence in all teaching material. |
| 13 | Grain offering | מִנְחָה | minchah | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | offrande | — | 5:22 (core passage) | Generic French word also used for a church collection; context should disambiguate. |
| 14 | Peace / fellowship offering | שֶׁלֶם | shelem | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | sacrifice(s) d’actions de grâces | ”sacrifice de communion” (viable alternative, flagged) | 5:22 (core passage) | Reuses baseline’s “action de grâce” (thanksgiving) phrase — positive cross-curriculum continuity, but inherits the baseline’s Eucharistic-overlap caution. |
| 15 | Feast / festival | חַג | chag | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | fête(s) | — | 5:21; 8:10 | Refers to YHWH’s own prescribed festivals (cf. Leviticus 23), not pagan rites. |
| 16 | Solemn assembly | עֲצָרָה | atzarah | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | Medium | assemblée(s) solennelle(s) | “assemblée” (bare; qualifier added for clarity per curriculum convention) | 5:21 (core passage) | Technical cultic term for a festival’s closing convocation. |
| 17 | Roar | שָׁאַג | sha’ag | Day of the Lord; Sovereignty over Nations | Medium | rugir | — | 1:2; 3:4,8 | Predatory, terrifying divine-voice image; must not flatten to generic loudness. |
| 18 | Remnant | שְׁאֵרִית | she’erit | Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | Medium | le reste | ”les survivants” (loses positive covenant-hope connotation) | 5:15; 9:12 | Positive, hope-bearing preservation motif threading through judgment material. |
| 19 | Return / repent | שׁוּב | shuv | (contextual — covenant discipline; underlies all five doctrines) | Medium | revenir (à Dieu / à l’Éternel) | “se convertir” (viable but more NT-register) | 4:6,8,9,10,11 | Refrain structure across the five covenant-curse disasters in ch.4. |
| 20 | Seek | דָּרַשׁ / בִּקֵּשׁ | darash / baqash | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; Day of the Lord | Low-Medium | chercher | — | 5:4,6,14 | Active, diligent, exclusive covenant inquiry, not passive religiosity. |
| 21 | Plumb line | אֲנָךְ | anakh | Day of the Lord as Judgment | Medium | fil à plomb | — | 7:7-9 | Construction-trade metaphor; brief explanatory gloss recommended for modern readers. |
| 22 | Relent (of God) | נִחַם | nacham | Day of the Lord as Judgment; Sovereignty over Nations | High | renoncer à (cela) / revenir sur sa décision | ”se repentir” (forbidden — risks implying God committed sin/moral fault) | 7:3,6 | Theologically delicate anthropomorphism; avoid ordinary human-repentance vocabulary for the divine subject. |
| 23 | Nazirite | נָזִיר | nazir | Social Justice; Sovereignty over Nations (God’s gifts to Israel) | High | naziréen | — | 2:11-12 | Mandatory clarifying gloss: near-homograph/homophone collision with “Nazaréen” (of Nazareth, applied to Jesus). |
| 24 | Wordplay: summer fruit / the end | קָיִץ / קֵץ | qayits / qets | Day of the Lord as Judgment | High | corbeille de fruits d’été (pun untranslatable) | — | 8:1-2 | Mandatory translator note explaining the lost Hebrew sound-play; theological point (Israel is “ripe” for “the end”) must be taught explicitly. |
| 25 | False scales | מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה | mo’zene mirmah | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | balances fausses | — | 8:5-6 | Commercial-injustice extension of the Social Justice doctrine. |
| 26 | Famine of the word | (no fixed Heb. technical term; רָעָב + דְּבַר יְהוָה) | ra’av / devar YHWH | Day of the Lord as Judgment (contextual — withdrawal of revelation) | High | une famine… d’entendre les paroles de l’Éternel | — | 8:11-12 | Risk of being read as a metaphor for information scarcity rather than the withdrawal of divine communication as judgment. |
| 27 | Nations (goyim) | גּוֹיִם | goyim | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | High | les nations | ”les païens” (rejected as default; reserve only for idolatry-emphasis contexts) | 1:3-2:3; 9:7,9 | Extends baseline’s existing caution on “gentiles”→“païens” pejorative drift; Amos’s goyim are judged nations, not a missiological category. |
| 28 | Cushites | כּוּשׁ | Kush | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Medium | les Éthiopiens (Segond) / les Koushites (TOB/BJ, alternative) | — | 9:7 | Flag for reviewer choice; either option needs a brief geographic note to avoid modern-Ethiopia anachronism. |
| 29 | The fallen tent/booth of David | סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת | sukkat David ha-nofelet | Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | Critical | la tente de David | ”la maison de David” (loses deliberate sukkah/humility imagery); “le royaume de David” (over-institutionalizes the image) | 9:11-12 | Directly quoted in Acts 15:16-17 (Jerusalem Council). Cross-reference baseline “seed_of_david” (descendance de David) and “messiah” (Messie). Mandatory theologian review. |
| 30 | Planting / permanent land restoration | נָטַע … לֹא יִנָּתְשׁוּ עוֹד | nata / yinnatshu od | Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | Medium | planter… ne seront plus jamais arrachés | — | 9:13-15 | Permanence must not be softened into a conditional or temporary hope. |
| 31 | Pride (negative sense) | גָּאוֹן | ga’own | Social Justice (complacency critique) | Medium | orgueil | ”gloire/majesté” (reserved for the word’s positive divine-majesty sense elsewhere in Scripture, not usable here) | 6:8 | Dual-valence Hebrew word; French requires two different renderings depending on context. |
| 32 | Ivory houses | בֵּית הַשֵּׁן | beit hashen | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Low | maisons d’ivoire | — | 3:15 | Vivid, self-explanatory luxury image. |
| 33 | Cows of Bashan | פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן | parot ha-Bashan | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | vaches de Basan | — | 4:1 | Deliberately harsh prophetic epithet; do not soften, but do not present as license for demeaning rhetoric in application. |
| 34 | Gate (place of judgment) | שַׁעַר | sha’ar | Social Justice and Care for the Poor | Medium | la porte (de la ville) — with clarifying gloss | — | 5:10,12,15 | Ancient civic/legal proceedings site; risk of a purely architectural modern reading without a gloss. |
| 35 | Sikkuth / Kiyyun (idol names; cf. LXX “Moloch,” Acts 7:43) | סִכּוּת / כִּיּוּן | Sikkuth / Kiyyun | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | High | Transliterate; footnote LXX/Acts 7:43 variant | — | 5:26 | Textually complex; follow MT as primary text with a footnote on the LXX “Moloch” reading and its NT citation. |
| 36 | Idolatrous oath formula | (formulaic; אֱלֹהֶיךָ) | Eloheikha | Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; Sovereignty over Nations | Medium | par la vie de ton dieu | — | 8:14 | Preserve lowercase “dieu” (false local deity) vs. baseline’s capitalized “Dieu” (the true God) — a real typographic/theological distinction. |
| 37 | David (proper name) | דָּוִד | David | Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | Low | David | — | 9:11 | REUSE baseline rendering exactly. |
| 38 | Israel (proper name) | יִשְׂרָאֵל | Yisra’el | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Social Justice | Medium | Israël | — | Throughout | REUSE baseline rendering exactly; baseline’s caution re: modern-nation-state conflation applies with equal force here. |
| 39 | Prophet | נָבִיא | navi | (undergirds authority for all five doctrines) | Low | prophète | — | 2:11-12; 3:7; 7:14 | REUSE baseline rendering exactly. |
| 40 | God (Elohim) | אֱלֹהִים | Elohim | God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | Medium | Dieu | — | 4:12; 8:14; throughout | REUSE baseline rendering exactly. |
| 41 | Vision | חָזוֹן / מַרְאָה | chazon / mar’ah | Day of the Lord as Judgment; Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent | Low | vision | — | 1:1; 7:1-9; 8:1-2; 9:1 | Stable term, no significant risk. |
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Index
| Doctrine | Primary Glossary Terms |
|---|---|
| Social Justice and Care for the Poor | #5 justice (mishpat), #6 righteousness (tsedaqah), #10 poor/needy, #11 oppress, #23 Nazirite, #25 false scales, #31 pride, #32 ivory houses, #33 cows of Bashan, #34 gate |
| Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual | #4 woe, #9 law, #12 burnt offering, #13 grain offering, #14 peace offering, #15 feast, #16 solemn assembly, #20 seek, #26 famine of the word, #35 Sikkuth/Kiyyun, #36 idolatrous oath |
| God’s Sovereignty over All Nations | #1 the LORD, #2 Sovereign LORD, #8 transgression, #17 roar, #22 relent, #27 nations, #28 Cushites, #38 Israel, #40 God |
| The Day of the Lord as Judgment | #3 Day of the LORD, #4 woe, #17 roar, #21 plumb line, #22 relent, #24 wordplay (summer fruit/end), #26 famine of the word, #41 vision |
| The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope) | #18 remnant, #29 tent of David, #30 planting/land restoration, #37 David, #41 vision |
Baseline Reuse Confirmation
The following terms reuse baseline translation_memory.json French renderings exactly, with no modification: péché (#7), loi/“la Loi” (#9), David (#37), Israël (#38), prophète (#39), Dieu (#40). All other terms above are new entries specific to the Amos curriculum, proposed for addition to translation memory pending Phase 1 Step 2+ review and theologian sign-off on Critical/High items.
Critical Risk Terms
Yhwh
Approved rendering: l’Éternel
Transliteration: YHWH / Yahvé
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: le Seigneur (bare — collision with the baseline’s NT κύριος confessional register), Yahvé (BJ/TOB transliteration variant, not adopted for this curriculum’s register consistency)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
New entry for this curriculum. Renders the covenant name יְהוָה throughout Amos, following Segond-aligned convention. Must never be conflated with the baseline’s ‘Seigneur’ (=κύριος, the NT Lordship-confession title, Romans 10:9). Flag every occurrence for cross-curriculum consistency review so students moving between Romans/NT material and Amos can distinguish the covenant name from the NT confessional title.
Sovereign Lord
Approved rendering: le Seigneur, l’Éternel
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: le Seigneur (bare — loses the covenant-name anchor), l’Éternel (bare — loses the intensified lordship/mastery sense)
Original: אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
Category: God
New entry for this curriculum. Renders אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה, Amos’s characteristic compound divine title (1:8; 3:7-13; 4:2; 5:3; 6:8; 7:1-6; 8:1-11; 9:5-8), used far more densely here than in most other prophetic books. Flag every occurrence for consistency review.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: le jour de l’Éternel
Transliteration: yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: un jour de jugement (loses proper-noun, singular, climactic force), le jour du Seigneur (register collision risk versus any NT-curriculum rendering of ‘the day of the Lord’, e.g. 1 Thessalonians 5:2, 2 Peter 3:10)
Original: יוֹם יְהוָה
Category: Judgment
New entry for this curriculum. Anchor phrase of the core passage (Amos 5:18-20). Must retain proper-noun, singular, climactic force; French secular readers may hear ‘jour’ as calendrically neutral (like ‘le jour de l’An’), losing the ominous weight. This is the single highest-stakes rendering in the curriculum and must be verbatim-consistent across every lesson, per the same rule the baseline applies to Romans 1:16-17.
Justice Mishpat
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) at Amos 5:7, 10, 12, 15, 24 and throughout. Coincidentally identical French word to the baseline’s Romans ‘righteousness’ (δικαιοσύνη) rendering, but a wholly distinct Hebrew source term — this is a coincidence, not a shared doctrine. Must be kept lexically distinct from tsedaqah (‘droiture’) within the mishpat/tsedaqah word-pair (5:7, 5:24); collapsing both Hebrew terms into a single repeated French word would destroy Amos’s parallel-channel rhetorical structure. Mandatory cross-curriculum documentation for any reviewer working across Romans and Amos.
Righteousness Tsedaqah
Approved rendering: droiture
Transliteration: tsedaqah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: justice (would collapse the 5:24 mishpat/tsedaqah word pair; explicitly reserved for mishpat only, in this curriculum)
Original: צְדָקָה
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders צְדָקָה (tsedaqah) at Amos 5:24, deliberately diverging from the baseline’s Romans rendering of the English gloss ‘righteousness’ as ‘justice’ (δικαιοσύνη). This means the English gloss ‘righteousness’ now carries two distinct, correct French renderings depending on curriculum/source term: ‘justice’ (Romans, δικαιοσύνη, forensic standing) vs. ‘droiture’ (Amos, tsedaqah, ethical/social right conduct). Mandatory human theologian sign-off; must be documented for every translator/reviewer moving between the Romans and Amos curricula.
Tent Of David
Approved rendering: la tente de David
Transliteration: sukkat David ha-nofelet
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: la maison de David (loses the deliberately humble sukkah/fallen imagery), le royaume de David (over-institutionalizes the promise)
Original: סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת
Category: Messianic Hope
New entry for this curriculum. Renders סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת at Amos 9:11-12, quoted directly in Acts 15:16-17 as scriptural warrant for Gentile inclusion. Must be taught alongside the Acts 15 citation and the baseline’s ‘descendance de David’ and ‘Messie’ entries. Must not be confused with the unrelated French festival term for Souccot (Feast of Booths). Mandatory human theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Renders תּוֹרָה (torah) at Amos 2:4, Judah’s rejection of ‘the law of the LORD.’ Capitalize ‘la Loi’ for the Mosaic referent, per baseline convention distinguishing it from civil ‘loi.‘
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly, but NOT used bare for YHWH in Amos. This baseline entry renders NT κύριος (kyrios), the confessional Lordship title (Romans 10:9). Amos material must keep this register strictly separate from ‘l’Éternel’ (YHWH) and ‘le Seigneur, l’Éternel’ (Adonai YHWH) — see the new Amos-specific entries below. Include this entry here only so reviewers moving between Romans and Amos curricula can see, and actively fence, the collision risk.
Woe
Approved rendering: Malheur à…
Transliteration: hoy
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: Quel malheur (too mild/sympathetic; reads as a sigh rather than a judicial pronouncement)
Original: הוֹי
Category: Judgment
New entry for this curriculum. Renders הוֹי (hoy) at Amos 5:18 and 6:1, a funerary lament interjection repurposed as a formal judgment-oracle opener. Must preserve solemn, judicial, doom-pronouncing force.
Poor
Approved rendering: le pauvre / le nécessiteux
Transliteration: evyon / dal
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: les défavorisés (too bureaucratic/secular)
Original: אֶבְיוֹן / דַּל
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders אֶבְיוֹן (evyon) and דַּל (dal) at Amos 2:6-7; 4:1; 5:11-12; 8:4,6. Contemporary secular French socio-economic discourse (‘les pauvres’, ‘la pauvreté’) risks flattening this into a purely humanitarian-policy category, losing the covenantal weight that oppressing the poor directly defiles God’s holy name (2:7). Human theologian or informed native-speaker review recommended at every recurrence.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: holocauste(s)
Transliteration: olah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: sacrifice brûlé (breaks continuity with the entire French Bible tradition — Segond, TOB, Bible de Jérusalem all use ‘holocauste’)
Original: עֹלָה
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders עֹלָה (olah) at Amos 5:22 (core passage). CULTURALLY CRITICAL: since 1945, ‘holocauste’ in ordinary and academic French overwhelmingly denotes the Shoah. Retain the traditional French Bible rendering for intertextual continuity, but MANDATE an explanatory footnote clarifying the ancient cultic referent every time this term recurs in a new lesson file (not merely once curriculum-wide). Mandatory human theologian AND native-speaker cultural review before publication.
Relent
Approved rendering: renoncer à (cela) / revenir sur sa décision
Transliteration: nacham
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: se repentir (FORBIDDEN for the divine subject — risks implying God himself sinned and needed forgiveness)
Original: נִחַם
Category: God
New entry for this curriculum. Renders נִחַם (nacham) at Amos 7:3,6, God’s genuine responsiveness to intercession. Segond’s literal ‘se repentit’ is explicitly forbidden here; ordinary French readers hear ‘se repentir’ as the standard verb for human repentance from sin. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Nazirite
Approved rendering: naziréen
Transliteration: nazir
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: נָזִיר
Category: Covenant
New entry for this curriculum. Renders נָזִיר (nazir) at Amos 2:11-12. Mandatory clarifying gloss required on first occurrence per lesson: ‘naziréen (personne ayant fait le vœu de consécration, à distinguer de “Nazaréen,” habitant de Nazareth)’ — near-homograph/homophone collision with ‘Nazaréen’ (of Nazareth, applied to Jesus in some older French Gospel/Acts translations).
Wordplay Summer Fruit End
Approved rendering: corbeille de fruits d’été
Transliteration: qayits / qets
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: קָיִץ / קֵץ
Category: Judgment
New entry for this curriculum. Renders the vision of קָיִץ (qayits, ‘summer fruit’) at Amos 8:1-2, whose near-homophone קֵץ (qets, ‘the end’) is the vision’s entire theological point. The pun is untranslatable into French. Mandatory translator note required at every recurrence: ‘[NOTE DE TRADUCTEUR: en hébreu, “fruits d’été” (qayits) et “la fin” (qets) sont des mots presque identiques ; ce jeu de mots, point théologique central de cette vision, est intraduisible en français et doit être expliqué en note pédagogique.]’
Famine Of The Word
Approved rendering: une famine… d’entendre les paroles de l’Éternel
Transliteration: ra’av / divre YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: רָעָב … דִּבְרֵי יְהוָה
Category: Judgment
New entry for this curriculum. Renders the judgment announced at Amos 8:11-12: God’s withdrawal of prophetic communication itself, not literal food scarcity. In a secularizing France with declining biblical literacy, risks being read merely as a metaphor for information scarcity; teaching material must make the theological stakes (God’s judicial silence) explicit.
Nations
Approved rendering: les nations
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: les païens (rejected as the default rendering; reserve only for contexts specifically emphasizing idol-worship, e.g. Amos 5:26)
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Sovereignty
New entry for this curriculum. Renders גּוֹיִם (goyim) at Amos 1:3-2:3; 9:7,9. Amos’s goyim are judged nations under universal moral accountability apart from Mosaic Law, not primarily an unreached missiological category; ‘païens’ risks importing an anachronistic missiological reading and the pejorative ‘uncivilized/irreligious’ connotation already flagged in the baseline’s ‘gentiles’ entry. This entry supersedes the baseline’s default use of ‘païens’ whenever the Amos curriculum’s goyim material is in view.
Sikkuth Kiyyun
Approved rendering: Sikkuth… Kiyyun (transcrit, avec note)
Transliteration: Sikkuth / Kiyyun
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: la tente de Moloch (LXX/Acts 7:43 variant reading; not adopted as the primary text, but footnoted for reviewer awareness)
Original: סִכּוּת / כִּיּוּן
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Obscure astral-deity names at Amos 5:26. Follow the Masoretic Hebrew as the primary text, transliterating the names, with a mandatory footnote on the Septuagint’s ‘tent of Moloch’ variant and its citation in Acts 7:43. Do not silently harmonize the French rendering to the LXX/Acts reading. Mandatory human theologian review given the textual-critical complexity.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: חַטָּאָה
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. In Amos renders חַטָּאָה (chatta’ah), moral transgression before a personal God. Distinguish from Amos’s stronger פֶּשַׁע (pesha), rendered separately as ‘transgression’ — do not let the escalating ‘three transgressions… and four’ oracle formula (chs.1-2) collapse into this word.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. The baseline’s caution against conflating the covenant people with the modern nation-state applies with equal or greater force in Amos, especially given 9:7’s statement relativizing Israel’s exodus among other peoples’ histories.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Renders אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) throughout Amos. Preserve the capitalization distinction against Amos 8:14’s lowercase ‘dieu’ (a false, local deity in an idolatrous oath formula) — a real typographic/theological distinction that must never be lost in copy-editing.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Relevant background for the Davidic covenant undergirding Amos 9:11-15’s restoration promise, though Amos itself does not use a Hebrew word requiring a new rendering here; retained for cross-curriculum teaching continuity.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Mandatory cross-reference when teaching Amos 9:11-12 (‘la tente de David’) alongside Romans 1:3, to show the continuity of the Davidic-messianic line across Testaments.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Relevant cross-reference for the Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent doctrine (Amos 9:11-15) and its citation in Acts 15:16-17.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. In Amos, do NOT use this baseline term as the default rendering of גּוֹיִם (goyim) — see the new Amos-specific ‘nations’ entry below, which supersedes ‘païens’ as the default for Amos’s judged foreign nations. Reserve ‘païens’ only for contexts specifically emphasizing idol-worship (e.g., alongside Sikkuth/Kiyyun material in ch.5).
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Relevant contrast term for Amos 6:8’s גָּאוֹן (ga’own, ‘pride’): this Hebrew word is dual-valence and used positively of God’s own majesty elsewhere in Scripture (where ‘gloire’/‘majesté’ would be the correct rendering), but at Amos 6:8 the negative sense ‘orgueil’ is required instead. Retained here so translators do not default to ‘gloire’ where ‘orgueil’ is doctrinally required.
Transgression
Approved rendering: transgression
Transliteration: pesha
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Covenant Rebellion and Divine Discipline
Rejected alternatives: péché (loses the willful covenant-rebellion nuance)
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
New entry for this curriculum. Renders פֶּשַׁע (pesha) in the ‘for three transgressions… and for four’ oracle formula opening every nation-oracle in Amos 1-2. Must not be silently substituted with ‘péché’ (reserved for chatta’ah), since Amos’s escalating indictment structure depends on this word’s stronger, willful-rebellion connotation.
Oppress
Approved rendering: opprimer
Transliteration: lachats / ashaq
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: לָחַץ / עָשַׁק
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders לָחַץ / עָשַׁק at Amos 2:7; 4:1; 8:4. Structural, not merely interpersonal, injustice; stable term with no significant French cultural collision.
Grain Offering
Approved rendering: offrande(s)
Transliteration: minchah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: מִנְחָה
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders מִנְחָה (minchah) at Amos 5:22 (core passage). Generic French word also used for a church collection/donation; context (paired with ‘holocaustes’) should keep the ancient cultic sense clear.
Peace Offering
Approved rendering: sacrifice(s) d’actions de grâces
Transliteration: shelem
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: sacrifice(s) de communion (viable alternative, flagged for reviewer awareness)
Original: שֶׁלֶם
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders שֶׁלֶם (shelem, the ‘peace/fellowship offering’ of fattened animals) at Amos 5:22 (core passage). Deliberately reuses the baseline’s fixed ‘action de grâce’ (thanksgiving) phrase for positive cross-curriculum continuity; inherits the baseline’s caution that ‘action de grâce’ also names the Eucharistic prayer in Catholic liturgy — context must distinguish the ancient Israelite communal sacrifice from the Mass.
Feast
Approved rendering: fête(s)
Transliteration: chag
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Original: חַג
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders חַג (chag) at Amos 5:21; 8:10. Refers to YHWH’s own prescribed festivals (cf. Leviticus 23), not pagan rites; must be taught alongside ‘assemblée solennelle’ as a set, explicitly God’s own now-rejected worship.
Solemn Assembly
Approved rendering: assemblée(s) solennelle(s)
Transliteration: atzarah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: assemblée (bare — too generic; qualifier added per this curriculum’s clarifying-gloss convention)
Original: עֲצָרָה
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders עֲצָרָה (atzarah) at Amos 5:21 (core passage), the technical cultic term for a festival’s closing convocation, parallel to the baseline’s own qualifying pattern for ‘communion fraternelle.‘
Roar
Approved rendering: rugir
Transliteration: sha’ag
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: שָׁאַג
Category: God
New entry for this curriculum. Renders שָׁאַג (sha’ag) at Amos 1:2; 3:4,8. Must retain the sense of a predator’s roar (danger, power), not generic loudness; sets the tone for the entire book.
Remnant
Approved rendering: le reste
Transliteration: she’erit
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: les survivants (loses the positive covenant-hope connotation)
Original: שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Messianic Hope
New entry for this curriculum. Renders שְׁאֵרִית (she’erit) at Amos 5:15; 9:8-12. Must read as a positive, hope-bearing preserved core, not a diminished, merely negative ‘leftover’ (French idiom ‘les restes’ pulls toward the negative sense by default); always pair with a positive modifier or explanatory clause on first occurrence per lesson.
Return Repent
Approved rendering: revenir (à moi / à l’Éternel)
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: Covenant Rebellion and Divine Discipline
Rejected alternatives: se convertir (viable but carries a more NT-conversion register)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Covenant
New entry for this curriculum. Renders שׁוּב (shuv) in the fivefold refrain ‘yet you did not return to me’ (Amos 4:6-11). Must be distinguished from a merely physical ‘revenir’ (to return to a place); understood as covenantal, relational repentance.
Seek
Approved rendering: chercher
Transliteration: darash
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: דָּרַשׁ
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders דָּרַשׁ (darash) at Amos 5:4,6,14. Must not be read as casual searching but urgent, exclusive covenant loyalty, contrasted explicitly with seeking at Bethel/Gilgal/Beersheba; intensify contextually as the fixed collocation ‘chercher l’Éternel.‘
Plumb Line
Approved rendering: fil à plomb
Transliteration: anakh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Original: אֲנָךְ
Category: Judgment
New entry for this curriculum. Renders אֲנָךְ (anakh) at Amos 7:7-9. A construction-trade metaphor for the fixed standard exposing Israel’s crookedness; a brief explanatory gloss aids modern comprehension without altering the rendering.
False Scales
Approved rendering: balances fausses
Transliteration: mo’zene mirmah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה (mo’zene mirmah) at Amos 8:5-6. Must remain explicitly tied to the Social Justice doctrine’s condemnation of exploiting the poor in everyday commerce, not read as generic secular business ethics.
Cushites
Approved rendering: les Éthiopiens
Transliteration: Kush
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: les Koushites (TOB/BJ alternative, flagged for reviewer choice)
Original: כּוּשׁ
Category: Sovereignty
New entry for this curriculum. Renders כּוּשׁ (Kush) at Amos 9:7, cited to relativize Israel’s exodus within God’s governance of all peoples. Segond-traditional ‘les Éthiopiens’ preferred for this curriculum’s register; either option requires a brief historical-geographic note to prevent conflation with the modern nation-state of Ethiopia.
Planting Restoration
Approved rendering: planter… ne seront plus jamais arrachés
Transliteration: nata / yinnatshu od
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Original: נָטַע … לֹא יִנָּתְשׁוּ עוֹד
Category: Messianic Hope
New entry for this curriculum. Renders Amos 9:13-15’s closing restoration promise. The permanence (‘never again’) must not be softened into a conditional or temporary hope; keep the absolute ‘ne…plus jamais’ negation construction intact in every recurrence — do not paraphrase into a softer conditional form.
Pride
Approved rendering: orgueil
Transliteration: ga’own
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: gloire/majesté (reserved for the word’s positive divine-majesty sense elsewhere in Scripture; not usable at Amos 6:8)
Original: גָּאוֹן
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders גָּאוֹן (ga’own) at Amos 6:8, a dual-valence Hebrew word. Translators must actively select the negative French term based on context; see the baseline ‘glory’ entry for the cross-reference to the word’s positive divine-majesty sense elsewhere in Scripture.
Cows Of Bashan
Approved rendering: vaches de Basan
Transliteration: parot ha-Bashan
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן at Amos 4:1, a biting epithet for Samaria’s complicit wealthy women. Deliberately harsh, dehumanizing prophetic rhetoric; must not be softened away in paraphrase, nor presented as license for demeaning rhetoric in modern application.
Gate
Approved rendering: la porte (de la ville)
Transliteration: sha’ar
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: שַׁעַר
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders שַׁעַר (sha’ar) at Amos 5:10,12,15. Mandatory clarifying gloss identifying it as the ancient civic/legal proceedings site, since bare ‘porte’ risks a purely architectural modern reading.
Idolatrous Oath
Approved rendering: par la vie de ton dieu
Transliteration: Eloheikha
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: אֱלֹהֶיךָ (formule de serment)
Category: Worship
New entry for this curriculum. Renders the oath formula at Amos 8:14. Preserve lowercase ‘dieu’ (a false, local deity) distinct from the baseline’s and this file’s capitalized ‘Dieu’ (the true God) — a small but real typographic/theological distinction that must be preserved in every occurrence.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Renders נָבִיא (navi) throughout Amos (1:1; 2:11-12; 3:7; 7:14). Undergirds Amos’s authority to pronounce judgment despite lacking institutional prophetic lineage (7:14-15).
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Subject of the Amos 9:11-15 restoration promise (‘la tente de David’).
Ivory Houses
Approved rendering: maisons d’ivoire
Transliteration: beit hashen
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Original: בֵּית הַשֵּׁן
Category: Social Justice
New entry for this curriculum. Renders בֵּית הַשֵּׁן at Amos 3:15. Vivid, self-explanatory image of the wealthy elite’s luxury, financed by the oppression detailed throughout the book.
Vision
Approved rendering: vision
Transliteration: chazon / mar’ah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Original: חָזוֹן / מַרְאָה
Category: Judgment
New entry for this curriculum. Renders חָזוֹן / מַרְאָה, the literary framework for Amos 1:1; 7:1-9; 8:1-2; 9:1. Stable term, no significant risk.
Referenced passages