Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Timothy | English → French
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning all six chapters of 1 Timothy. Terms marked [BASELINE] are inherited unchanged from the Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly. New terms are proposed with a risk tier for insertion into an updated translation memory in Phase 2. Risk tiers and review routing follow the conventions of the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (concept) | Greek | French Rendering | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Évangile | Low | — | Not directly repeated as a noun in 1 Timothy but doctrinally presupposed (1:11 “glorious gospel”) |
| Grace | χάρις | grâce | High | 1:2,14; 6:21 | Greeting formula and closing; contrast-with-merit rule still applies |
| Faith | πίστις | foi | Medium | 1:2,4,5,14,19; 2:7,15; 3:9,13; 4:1,6,12; 5:8,12; 6:10-12,21 | Pervasive; also “the faith” as a body of doctrine (objective sense) — new nuance to flag, see Section C |
| Salvation | σωτηρία (verbal σῷζω) | salut | Medium | 1:15; 2:4,15; 4:16 | 4:16 perseverance sense requires consistency note with justification doctrine |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | apôtre | Low | 1:1; 2:7 | Stable |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | Église | High | 3:5,15; 5:16 | Household/local-congregation sense; guard against institutional-only reading |
| Law | νόμος | loi | High | 1:8-9 | Pastoral use of the Law to restrain the lawless |
| Sin/Sinner | ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός | péché / pécheur | Medium | 1:9,15; 5:20,24 | 1:15 “foremost of sinners” — do not soften “premier” |
| Gentiles/Nations | ἔθνη | païens | Medium | 2:7; 3:16 | Reuse exactly; prefer “les nations” in mission-emphasis contexts per baseline note |
| Glory | δόξα | gloire | Medium | 1:11,17; 3:16 | 1:17 doxology; 3:16 ascension clause |
| Lord | κύριος | Seigneur | High | 1:2,12,14; 6:3,14,15 | 6:15 “King of kings and Lord of lords” reinforces exclusivity |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον implied) | Esprit Saint | Medium | 3:16 (implicit); 4:1 | 4:1 “the Spirit says” — no explicit ἅγιον in Greek, but referent is the Holy Spirit; do not render as an impersonal force |
| Father | πατήρ | Père | Medium | 1:2 (implicit in “God our Father,” if present in textual tradition) | Minor textual-tradition note |
| Righteousness/Justice | δικαιοσύνη | justice | Critical | 6:11 | Different sense from Romans — ethical virtue pursued, not forensic status received; mandatory translator note (see Section C) |
| Justification | δικαιόω (verbal) | justifié | High | 3:16 | Applied to Christ’s vindication, not the believer’s forensic justification — mandatory disambiguation note |
| Holy / Saints | ἅγιος / ἅγιοι | saint / saints | High | 5:10 | Reuse baseline mandatory gloss (“tous les croyants”) |
| Exhort | παρακαλέω (noun παράκλησις) | exhorter | Low | 4:13 | Public reading, exhortation, teaching triad |
| Intercession | ἔντευξις | intercession | Medium | 2:1 | Corporate congregational sense, distinct from saints’-intercession piety |
| Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | action de grâce | Low | 2:1 | Standard |
| Fellowship (related) | κοινωνικός | communion fraternelle (conceptually related) | Medium | 6:18 | Generosity/sharing nuance, not the noun κοινωνία itself |
| Jesus / Christ | Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός | Jésus / Christ | Low/Critical | throughout | Reuse baseline exactly |
| God | θεός | Dieu | Critical | throughout | Reuse baseline exactly; note σωτήρ applied to God the Father (1:1; 2:3; 4:10) |
| Kingdom of God (conceptually related) | βασιλεύς (King) | Royaume de Dieu (concept); “Roi des rois” (6:15) | Medium | 6:15 | Royal-title extension of baseline kingdom doctrine |
B. New Terms Introduced by 1 Timothy
| # | Term (concept) | Greek / Transliteration | Literal Meaning | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Overseer/Bishop | ἐπίσκοπος / episkopos | one who watches over | évêque | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1-2 | French “évêque” = Catholic diocesan bishop; mandatory gloss distinguishing from local-congregation office; equated with elder (πρεσβύτερος) in Pauline usage |
| 2 | Office of overseer | ἐπισκοπή / episkopē | oversight, the function | charge/fonction d’évêque | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1 | Noun form of #1; same risk |
| 3 | Elder (office) | πρεσβύτερος / presbyteros | older one; church elder | ancien | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1 (implied); 5:1,17,19,19; also age-sense | Same word = age-sense (5:1-2) and office-sense (5:17,19); disambiguate every occurrence; do NOT render “prêtre” |
| 4 | Deacon | διάκονος / diakonos | servant, attendant | diacre | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:8,10,12,13 | Collision with Catholic sacramental diaconate order; gloss required |
| 5 | Council of elders | πρεσβυτέριον / presbyterion | body of elders | collège des anciens | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4:14 | NEVER “presbytère” (false friend = rectory building) |
| 6 | Husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα | one-woman man | mari d’une seule femme | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2,12; 5:9 (parallel, “one husband”) | Preserve literal ambiguity; do not silently resolve interpretive debate |
| 7 | Women/wives (deacons’ context) | γυναῖκας / gynaikas | women / wives | les femmes (ambiguous) OR leurs femmes (resolved) | Critical | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:11 | Real ecclesiological fork (deaconesses vs. deacons’ wives); document chosen rendering with note |
| 8 | Slanderous (adj., NOT “devil”) | διάβολος (adj.) / diabolos | slanderous, accusing falsely | calomniatrices | Medium-High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:11 | Distinct sense from “the devil” (below); false-friend trap |
| 9 | The devil (noun) | διάβολος (noun) / diabolos | the accuser | le diable | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:6-7; 5:15 | Distinguish from #8 |
| 10 | Snare of the devil | παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου | trap/snare of the devil | piège du diable | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership; Godliness and Contentment | 3:7; cf. 6:9 (παγίς alone) | Render “piège” identically at 3:7 and 6:9 |
| 11 | Household management/leadership | προΐστημι / proistēmi | to stand before, manage, lead | diriger | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:4,5,12; 5:17 | Consistent verb required across household and eldership uses |
| 12 | Children in submission | τέκνα ἐν ὑποταγῇ | children in orderly submission | enfants soumis | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:4 | Parental authority over minors only; not conjugal submission; sensitive contemporary term |
| 13 | Dignity | σεμνότης / semnotēs | gravity, dignity | dignité | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership; Godliness | 2:2; 3:4,8,11 | Consistent across all occurrences |
| 14 | Above reproach | ἀνεπίλημπτος / anepilēmptos | not able to be seized upon | irréprochable | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2 | Reputational, not perfectionist |
| 15 | Blameless | ἀνέγκλητος / anenklētos | not liable to accusation | irréprochable | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:10 | Converges on same French word as #14 — note for precision only |
| 16 | Sober-minded | νηφάλιος / nēphalios | sober, clear-headed | sobre | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2,11 | French defaults to alcohol-only sense; needs gloss |
| 17 | Self-controlled | σώφρων / sōphrōn | of sound mind, sensible | réfléchi / modéré | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership; Godliness | 3:2 | Cf. σωφροσύνη (#33) |
| 18 | Respectable/orderly | κόσμιος / kosmios | well-ordered, respectable | rangé | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2 | Risk of moralistic flattening |
| 19 | Hospitable | φιλόξενος / philoxenos | lover of strangers | hospitalier | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2 | Stable |
| 20 | Able to teach | διδακτικός / didaktikos | skilled in teaching | capable d’enseigner | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine; Church Leadership | 3:2 | Ties leadership to doctrinal competence |
| 21 | Not given to wine | πάροινος / paroinos | beside wine | non adonné au vin | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:3; cf. 3:8 (deacons) | — |
| 22 | Violent/striker | πλήκτης / plēktēs | a striker | violent | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:3 | Physical-force nuance |
| 23 | Gentle/forbearing | ἐπιεικής / epieikēs | reasonable, yielding | conciliant | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:3 | Avoid weak “doux” |
| 24 | Not contentious | ἄμαχος / amachos | not a fighter | pas querelleur | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:3 | — |
| 25 | Not a lover of money | ἀφιλάργυρος / aphilargyros | not a lover of silver | non attaché à l’argent | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership; Godliness and Contentment | 3:3; cf. 6:10 (φιλαργυρία) | Render with related word-family across both passages |
| 26 | Love of money | φιλαργυρία / philargyria | love of silver | amour de l’argent | High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:10 | Root-of-evils crux; see #25 consistency |
| 27 | Recent convert | νεόφυτος / neophytos | newly planted | nouveau converti | Medium-High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:6 | NEVER “novice” (Catholic monastic false friend) |
| 28 | Puffed up with conceit | τυφόω / typhoō | to inflate with smoke | enflé d’orgueil | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:6; cf. 6:4 (τετύφωται) | — |
| 29 | Good testimony/reputation | μαρτυρία καλή | good witness | bon témoignage | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:7 | Reputational sense, not personal faith-testimony genre |
| 30 | Outsiders | οἱ ἔξωθεν | those outside | ceux du dehors | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:7 | — |
| 31 | Double-tongued | δίλογος / dilogos | saying two things | sans duplicité de langage | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:8 | Lexical gap; periphrasis required |
| 32 | Greedy for dishonest gain | αἰσχροκερδής / aischrokerdēs | shamefully greedy | avide de gain malhonnête | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership; Godliness and Contentment | 3:8 | Connects to love-of-money theme |
| 33 | Mystery of the faith | μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως | hidden truth now revealed | mystère de la foi | Critical | Sound Doctrine; Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:9 | Collides with the Catholic Mass acclamation “mystère de la foi” |
| 34 | Clear/clean conscience | καθαρὰ συνείδησις | clean conscience | conscience pure | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:9; cf. 1:5,19; 4:2 | Anchor to gospel-informed conscience, not secular autonomous conscience |
| 35 | Tested/proved | δοκιμάζω / dokimazō | to test by trial | mis à l’épreuve | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:10 | Metallurgical background |
| 36 | Pillar and buttress/foundation of truth | στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας | pillar and support of the truth | colonne et appui de la vérité | Critical | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:15 | Catholic magisterium vs. Protestant sola scriptura fault-line |
| 37 | Household of God | οἶκος θεοῦ | house of God | maison de Dieu | Medium | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:15 | Complements, does not compete with, “Église de Dieu” |
| 38 | Mystery of godliness | τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον | hidden truth about godliness | mystère de la piété | Medium-High | Church as Pillar of Truth; Godliness | 3:16 | Related liturgical-collision risk to #33 |
| 39 | Godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | reverence, piety | piété | High | Godliness and Contentment | 2:2,10; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3,5,6,11 | Most load-bearing new term; French “piété” over-narrows to devotional practice |
| 40 | Contentment | αὐτάρκεια / autarkeia | self-sufficiency | contentement | Medium-High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:6 | Stoic-philosophy background repurposed by Paul |
| 41 | Mediator | μεσίτης / mesitēs | go-between | médiateur | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | 2:5 | Direct challenge to Marian/saints mediation piety |
| 42 | Ransom | ἀντίλυτρον / antilytron | ransom-price paid in exchange | rançon | High | Christ as the One Mediator | 2:6 | French “rançon” evokes kidnapping register |
| 43 | Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | savior, deliverer | Sauveur | Medium-High | Christ as the One Mediator; Godliness | 1:1; 2:3; 4:10 | Applied to God the Father as well as Christ |
| 44 | Prayers/petitions/intercessions/thanksgivings | προσευχή, δέησις, ἔντευξις, εὐχαριστία | prayer types | prières, supplications, intercessions, actions de grâce | Medium | Public Worship and Prayer | 2:1 | See baseline “intercession” note |
| 45 | Holy hands | ὅσιαι χεῖρες | consecrated hands (ὅσιος, distinct from ἅγιος) | mains saintes/pures | Low | Public Worship and Prayer | 2:8 | French cannot preserve ὅσιος/ἅγιος lexical distinction |
| 46 | Modest attire | καταστολή, αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη | dress, modesty, self-mastery | tenue, pudeur, maîtrise de soi | High | Public Worship and Prayer | 2:9 | Contemporary secular-culture sensitivity; frame against ostentation, not as legalism |
| 47 | Quietness / to exercise authority | ἡσυχία / αὐθεντέω | stillness / rare disputed verb | tranquillité / exercer une autorité (illégitime) | Critical | Public Worship and Prayer; Qualifications for Church Leadership | 2:11-12 | αὐθεντέω is an NT hapax with disputed sense; do not silently resolve the complementarian/egalitarian debate |
| 48 | Saved through childbearing | διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας σωθήσεται | saved through the bearing of children | sauvée par la maternité (interpretive) | Critical | Public Worship and Prayer; Sound Doctrine | 2:15 | Apparent conflict with sola fide soteriology; mandatory theologian review |
| 49 | Christ-hymn: manifested in flesh | ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί | revealed/shown in flesh | manifesté dans la chair | Medium | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:16 | Links to baseline incarnation doctrine |
| 50 | Christ-hymn: vindicated in the Spirit | ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι | declared righteous/vindicated by the Spirit | justifié par l’Esprit | High | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:16 | Christ’s vindication, not believer’s forensic justification — see Section C |
| 51 | Apostasy / depart from the faith | ἀφίστημι τῆς πίστεως | to stand away from, depart | s’écarter de la foi | Medium-High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 4:1; 6:10 (ἀποπλανάω, related) | Decisive departure, not mere doubt |
| 52 | Deceitful spirits / teachings of demons | πνεύματα πλάνα / διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων | deceiving spirits / demon-teachings | esprits séducteurs / doctrines de démons | High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 4:1 | Balance secular dismissal vs. charismatic over-literalization |
| 53 | Seared conscience | κεκαυστηριασμένη συνείδησις | conscience branded/cauterized | conscience marquée au fer rouge | Low-Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 4:2 | Vivid natural French idiom available |
| 54 | Forbidding marriage / foods | κωλύοντες γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων | prohibiting marriage/certain foods | interdisant le mariage, prescrivant l’abstinence | Medium-High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 4:3 | Distinguish from Catholic clerical celibacy discipline |
| 55 | Trained for godliness | γύμναζε πρὸς εὐσέβειαν | train/exercise for godliness | s’entraîner à la piété | Medium | Godliness and Contentment | 4:7 | Athletic metaphor natural in French |
| 56 | Laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | placing of hands | imposition des mains | High | Guarding the Deposit of Faith; Church Leadership | 4:14; 5:22 | Positive Catholic-ordination parallel but risk of sacramental-efficacy import |
| 57 | Spiritual gift (singular) | χάρισμα | gift | don | Medium | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 4:14 | Singular application of baseline “dons spirituels” |
| 58 | Elder (age-sense) vs. Elder (office) | πρεσβύτερος (dual sense) | older person / elder-officer | homme âgé / les anciens | Critical (in ch.5 context) | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 5:1-2 vs. 5:17,19 | Must disambiguate every occurrence in this chapter |
| 59 | Rebuke (gentle) vs. Rebuke (public) | ἐπιπλήσσω / ἐλέγχω | strike upon / expose | réprimander [durement] / réprimander publiquement | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 5:1 / 5:20 | Two distinct verbs, two distinct contexts |
| 60 | Widow / widow indeed | χήρα / ὄντως χήρα | widow / truly widowed | veuve / veuve authentique | High | Care for Widows and Household of Faith | 5:3,5,9,16 | Qualifying force restricts church support to genuinely unsupported widows |
| 61 | Denied the faith | τὴν πίστιν ἤρνηται | has repudiated the faith | a renié la foi | High | Care for Widows and Household of Faith | 5:8 | Do not soften “renié” |
| 62 | Enrolled (widows’ list) | καταλέγεσθαι | to be listed/registered | être inscrite | Low-Medium | Care for Widows and Household of Faith | 5:9 | Early “order of widows” institutional background |
| 63 | Double honor | διπλῆ τιμή | twofold honor | double honneur | High | Care for Widows and Household of Faith; Church Leadership | 5:17-18 | Must include the financial-support sense per 5:18’s citation |
| 64 | Two or three witnesses | δύο ἢ τρεῖς μάρτυρες | two or three witnesses | deux ou trois témoins | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 5:19 | Due-process principle |
| 65 | Slave / under the yoke | δοῦλος ὑπὸ ζυγόν | slave under the yoke | esclave sous le joug | High | (general household order) | 6:1-2 | Contemporary ethical sensitivity; contextualize, do not endorse |
| 66 | Sound doctrine / sound words | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι | healthy teaching/words | saine doctrine / saines paroles | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:10; 6:3; cf. 4:6 | Anchor term for the curriculum’s first doctrine; medical metaphor |
| 67 | Teach a different doctrine | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω / heterodidaskaleō | to teach otherwise | enseigner une autre doctrine | Medium-High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:3; 6:3 | Negative counterpart of #66 |
| 68 | Sick with disputes | νοσέω / noseō | to be diseased | malade de disputes | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 6:4 | Preserve sickness metaphor, pairs with #66 |
| 69 | Godliness as a means of gain | πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν | godliness as profit-source | la piété comme source de profit | High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:5 | Direct prosperity-gospel critique |
| 70 | Root of all (kinds of) evils | ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν | root of all evils | racine de toute sorte de maux | High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:10 | Qualitative not absolute; famous over-quoted verse |
| 71 | Righteousness (ethical, pursued) | δικαιοσύνη (ethical sense) | rightness of conduct | justice (as virtue to pursue) | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | 6:11 | See Section C — distinct from baseline forensic sense |
| 72 | Good confession | καλὴ ὁμολογία | fine/good confession | belle/bonne confession | Medium-High | Christ as the One Mediator | 6:12-13 | Cross-reference Romans 10:9 confession vocabulary |
| 73 | Appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | manifestation, appearing | avènement / manifestation | High | Christ as the One Mediator | 6:14 | NEVER “épiphanie” (Catholic liturgical feast collision) |
| 74 | King of kings, Lord of lords | βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων | king over kings, lord over lords | Roi des rois et Seigneur des seigneurs | Medium | Christ as the One Mediator | 6:15 | Reinforces baseline “Seigneur” exclusivity doctrine |
| 75 | Immortality | ἀθανασία / athanasia | deathlessness | immortalité | Low-Medium | Christ as the One Mediator | 6:16 | Minor Platonic-soul-immortality distinction from bodily resurrection |
| 76 | Unapproachable light | φῶς ἀπρόσιτον | inaccessible light | lumière inaccessible | Low | Christ as the One Mediator | 6:16 | Apophatic doxology |
| 77 | Rich / haughty | πλούσιος / ὑψηλοφρονεῖν | rich / to be high-minded | riche / orgueilleux | Low-Medium | Godliness and Contentment | 6:17 | — |
| 78 | Storing up a good foundation | ἀποθησαυρίζοντες θεμέλιον καλόν | treasuring up a good foundation | amasser un bon fondement | Medium | Godliness and Contentment; Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6:19 | Fruit of grace, not merit; echoes 3:15’s foundation imagery |
| 79 | Guard the deposit | παραθήκη φύλαξον | guard the entrusted trust | garder le dépôt | High | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6:20 | Positive parallel to Catholic depositum fidei, but individual not institutional referent |
| 80 | Falsely called knowledge | ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις | falsely-named knowledge | connaissance faussement ainsi nommée | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching; Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6:20 | ”La gnose” as helpful shared historical-theological cross-reference |
| 81 | Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | compassion toward the miserable | miséricorde | Medium | (foundational, feeds Godliness/Grace doctrines) | 1:2,13,16 | Distinct from χάρις; added to greeting formula uniquely in the Pastorals |
| 82 | Love | ἀγάπη / agapē | self-giving love | amour | Low | (foundational) | 1:5; 6:11 | New foundational entry, absent as a flagged term in the Romans baseline |
| 83 | Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | life without end / age to come | vie éternelle | Medium | (foundational, feeds Christ as Mediator) | 1:16; 4:8; 6:12,19 | Quality + duration, not mere endless existence |
| 84 | Herald | κῆρυξ / kēryx | town-crier, official proclaimer | prédicateur/héraut | Low-Medium | (Sound Doctrine, apostolic ministry) | 2:7 | Pairs with baseline “apôtre” |
| 85 | Household stewardship/plan | οἰκονομία θεοῦ / oikonomia theou | household administration | dessein/économie de Dieu | Low-Medium | (Sound Doctrine background) | 1:4 | Positive ecumenical-vocabulary point (“économie du salut”) |
| 86 | Myths and endless genealogies | μῦθοι καὶ γενεαλογίαι ἀπέραντοι | fables and endless lineages | fables et généalogies sans fin | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:4 | Distinguish from legitimate biblical genealogies |
| 87 | Handed over to Satan | παρέδωκα τῷ Σατανᾷ | delivered/handed over to Satan | livré à Satan | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:20 | Redemptive-disciplinary purpose must remain visible |
| 88 | Fight the good fight | καλὴ στρατεία / καλὸς ἀγών | good campaign/contest | combattre le bon combat | Medium | Christ as the One Mediator; Godliness | 1:18; 6:12 | Harmonize French wording across both occurrences |
C. Mandatory Cross-Curriculum Disambiguation Notes
The following terms use the same French word already fixed by the Romans baseline but carry a different theological referent in 1 Timothy. Every Phase 2 segment containing these must carry a translator note preventing doctrinal cross-contamination between the two curricula:
- “justice” (δικαιοσύνη) — Romans: forensic status received by faith, apart from works (Critical, baseline). 1 Timothy 6:11: ethical virtue pursued by the believer in sanctified living. Both are true and compatible (sanctification follows justification) but must not be flattened into one undifferentiated sense.
- “justifié” (δικαιόω) — Romans: the believer’s forensic justification (Critical, baseline). 1 Timothy 3:16: Christ’s own vindication/proof of righteousness by the Spirit — a Christological, not soteriological-anthropological, statement.
- “foi” (πίστις) — Romans: primarily personal trust in Christ (Medium, baseline). 1 Timothy also uses πίστις in an objective/creedal sense — “the faith” as a body of apostolic doctrine to be guarded (1:19; 3:9; 4:1,6; 6:10,12,21) — both senses must be distinguishable from context in French (“la foi” serves both, but teaching notes should flag which sense is active).
- “Sauveur” (σωτήρ) — Applied to God the Father (1:1; 2:3; 4:10) as well as to Christ; do not let French readers default to a Jesus-only association.
End of 08 Core Glossary. Cross-reference 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-level and chapter-level exegetical support for every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu)
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Governs the FORENSIC sense (status received by faith). 1 Timothy 6:11 uses the same French word for a DIFFERENT, ethical/pursued sense — see new entry ‘righteousness_pursued_ethical_virtue’. Mandatory cross-curriculum disambiguation note required wherever both senses could be read together.
Justification
Approved rendering: justification
Transliteration: justification
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Rejected alternatives: sanctification (conflation), salut (too generic)
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not directly quoted as a noun in 1 Timothy, but doctrinally presupposed; must be kept distinct from the Christological VINDICATION sense at 3:16 (‘justifié par l’Esprit’ — see new entry ‘christ_vindicated_in_the_spirit’).
Christ
Approved rendering: Christ
Transliteration: Christ
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New entry (not separately flagged as a standalone term in the Romans baseline, though presupposed there via ‘Fils de Dieu’). Established, stable transliteration form per baseline transliteration standards; used pervasively in the fixed phrase ‘Christ Jésus’ / ‘Jésus-Christ’ throughout 1 Timothy. No live French alternative-title controversy; risk retained at Critical because it is inseparable from Christological confession.
Overseer Bishop
Approved rendering: évêque
Transliteration: évêque
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: surveillant (clinical register, breaks tradition)
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church Leadership
CRITICAL, new term (3:1-2). French ‘évêque’ refers exclusively, in ordinary usage, to the Roman Catholic/Orthodox diocesan bishop — a fundamentally different, higher, sacramental office than Paul’s local-congregation overseer, whom Paul equates with ‘elder’ (πρεσβύτερος). Mandatory gloss every occurrence: ‘évêque (c’est-à-dire l’ancien/le responsable local de l’Église, à distinguer de l’évêque diocésain catholique).’ Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Office Of Overseer
Approved rendering: la charge d’évêque
Transliteration: la charge d’évêque
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:1, ἐπισκοπή). Noun form of overseer_bishop; carries the identical French collision risk and mandatory gloss requirement.
Elder Age Vs Office Dual Sense
Approved rendering: homme âgé / femme âgée (sens d’âge) vs. les anciens (sens de fonction)
Transliteration: homme âgé / femme âgée / les anciens
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Rejected alternatives: les anciens (used for both senses, forbidden)
Original: πρεσβύτερος (dual usage)
Category: Church Leadership
CRITICAL for chapter 5 specifically: πρεσβύτερος is used within one chapter for (a) an older man/woman by age (5:1-2) and (b) the recognized office (5:17,19). French must disambiguate contextually every occurrence or the ch.3 office-qualification argument collapses into a mere seniority principle. Mandatory translator note verse-by-verse.
Women Wives Of Deacons
Approved rendering: les femmes
Transliteration: les femmes / leurs femmes
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: leurs femmes (resolves the ambiguity, use only with mandatory documented note)
Original: γυναῖκας
Category: Church Leadership
CRITICAL (3:11). Genuine ecclesiological fork: deacons’ wives vs. women serving in a parallel diaconal role (deaconesses; relevant to Romans 16:1’s Phoebe). Whichever French rendering is chosen must be documented with an explicit translator note; do not present either option as uncontested. Mandatory human theologian review.
Mystery Of The Faith
Approved rendering: le mystère de la foi
Transliteration: le mystère de la foi
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: vérité cachée (breaks French Bible tradition consistency)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως
Category: Sound Doctrine
CRITICAL, new term (μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως, 3:9). ‘Le mystère de la foi’ is the EXACT phrase proclaimed at the Roman Catholic Mass’s Eucharistic acclamation (mysterium fidei). A francophone reader will very naturally hear a Eucharistic reference rather than Paul’s sense (revealed apostolic doctrine held with integrity). Mandatory gloss at every occurrence; human theologian review required.
Pillar And Foundation Of Truth
Approved rendering: la colonne et l’appui de la vérité
Transliteration: la colonne et l’appui de la vérité
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church
CRITICAL, new term (στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας, 3:15). Direct textual anchor for this doctrine; sits at the Catholic-magisterium vs. Protestant sola-scriptura fault line. French cannot resolve this alone — teaching material must frame the church as UPHOLDING and DISPLAYING revealed truth, not generating or authoritatively defining it. Mandatory human theologian review.
Mediator
Approved rendering: médiateur
Transliteration: médiateur
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: intercesseur (blurs with saints’ intercession), un médiateur privilégié (softens the exclusivity)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christology
CRITICAL, new term (μεσίτης, 2:5). Direct textual challenge to French Catholic Marian piety (Mary as ‘Médiatrice de toutes les grâces’) and saints’ intercession. Must preserve Paul’s double ‘one’ (εἷς θεός, εἷς μεσίτης — ‘un seul Dieu, un seul médiateur’) without softening into ‘a primary mediator’ or overstating into anti-Catholic polemic. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Quietness And Exercising Authority
Approved rendering: tranquillité / exercer une autorité
Transliteration: tranquillité / exercer une autorité (illégitime)
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: ne pas dominer/usurper l’autorité (narrower reading, must be documented as alternative, not silently adopted)
Original: ἡσυχία / αὐθεντέω
Category: Worship
CRITICAL, new term (ἡσυχία / αὐθεντέω, 2:11-12). αὐθεντέω is an NT hapax legomenon with genuinely disputed sense among lexicographers, feeding directly into complementarian/egalitarian interpretive traditions with practical consequences for eligibility for the ch.3 offices. Mandatory human theologian review; the curriculum must document which interpretive tradition its chosen rendering reflects and explicitly note the rejected alternative — never resolve silently.
Saved Through Childbearing
Approved rendering: sauvée par la maternité
Transliteration: sauvée par la maternité (interpretive)
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: sauvée en devenant mère (S21-style, still interpretive), sauvée par LA maternité [de la Messie] (corporate/Genesis 3:15 reading — must be flagged as alternative, not adopted silently)
Original: διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας σωθήσεται
Category: Worship
CRITICAL, new term (διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας σωθήσεται, 2:15). Read plainly, appears to condition salvation on childbearing, contradicting the letter’s own soteriology (2:4-6) and the baseline’s forensic salvation-by-grace-through-faith doctrine. Leading readings: (a) THE childbearing = birth of the Messiah; (b) perseverance/safe passage as evidence of, not means to, salvation; (c) this-worldly ‘preservation’ sense of σωθήσεται. Mandatory human theologian review; translator note required regardless of interpretive choice made.
Righteousness Pursued Ethical Virtue
Approved rendering: justice (comme vertu à rechercher)
Transliteration: justice (à poursuivre)
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: δικαιοσύνη (ethical sense, 6:11)
Category: Godliness
CRITICAL cross-curriculum hazard (δικαιοσύνη, ethical sense, 6:11). DISTINCT from the baseline’s forensic/received sense (‘justice’ as status received by faith, Romans, Critical). Mandatory translator note: ‘la justice reçue par la foi’ (justification) vs. ‘la justice comme vertu à rechercher’ (sanctified conduct flowing from justification) — prevent the false impression that Paul contradicts himself.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Appears in the greeting formula (1:2) and closing (6:21) and undergirds Paul’s testimony (1:14). 1 Timothy’s greeting is uniquely three-part (‘grâce, miséricorde et paix’); grâce must not be conflated with the new term ELEOS/miséricorde (see ‘mercy’ below) — complementary, not synonymous.
Church
Approved rendering: Église
Transliteration: Église
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In 1 Timothy the referent is the local congregation as God’s household (3:5,15; 5:16). Independently compounded by the ‘évêque’ collision two verses earlier in the same chapter (3:1-2); both risks must be corrected together in teaching material.
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:8-9 defends the Law’s proper pastoral use (restraining the lawless) against the false teachers’ speculative misuse; same Catholic natural-law vs. Reformed law-gospel collision risk as Romans.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Reinforced climactically at 6:15 (‘Roi des rois et Seigneur des seigneurs’); French ‘Seigneur’ carries the same feudal-historical resonance risk documented in the baseline.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Underlies ‘holy hands’ (2:8, new entry) where ὅσιος, a distinct Greek lexeme, converges on the same French word.
Saints
Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs at 5:10 (‘lavé les pieds des saints’); reuse the baseline’s mandatory gloss (‘tous les croyants’) to prevent the canonized-intercessor reading in this care-for-widows context.
Elder
Approved rendering: ancien
Transliteration: ancien
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: prêtre (forbidden false friend)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church Leadership
New term, office sense of πρεσβύτερος (5:17,19; implied throughout ch.3). NEVER ‘prêtre’ — denotes the distinct, later, sacramentally-ordained Catholic priesthood.
Deacon
Approved rendering: diacre
Transliteration: diacre
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:8,10,12,13). French Catholic usage denotes a specific sacramental order within holy orders; French Protestant/evangelical usage is typically a lay, non-ordained service role. Mandatory teaching gloss distinguishing Paul’s congregational service-office from the Catholic sacramental order.
Council Of Elders
Approved rendering: collège des anciens
Transliteration: collège des anciens
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: presbytère (forbidden false friend = rectory building)
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Church Leadership
New term (4:14, πρεσβυτέριον). NEVER render ‘presbytère’ — in modern French this means the parish priest’s house/rectory, a serious false-friend trap.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: mari d’une seule femme
Transliteration: mari d’une seule femme
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: fidèle à sa femme (resolving paraphrase, forbidden), jamais divorcé (resolving paraphrase, forbidden)
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:2,12; cf. 5:9 ‘one husband’). Preserve the Greek’s literal ambiguity (spans polygamy, remarriage, and character-fidelity debates); do not silently resolve. Human theologian review and translator note mandatory.
Slanderous Adjective
Approved rendering: non calomniatrices
Transliteration: non calomniatrices
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: des diablesses (serious mistranslation, forbidden)
Original: διάβολος (adjective)
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:11). Adjectival use of διάβολος (‘slanderous’), a DIFFERENT sense from the noun ‘the devil’ used at 3:6-7. A translator working mechanically from the devil-noun glossary entry could wrongly render this ‘des diablesses’. Explicit translator note mandatory.
Household Leadership
Approved rendering: diriger
Transliteration: diriger
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: gouverner (breaks consistency), s’occuper de (breaks consistency)
Original: προΐστημι
Category: Church Leadership
New term (προΐστημι, 3:4,5,12; 5:17). This SAME verb governs both household management and eldership; the argument of 3:4-5 depends on this verbal identity. French must use ONE consistent verb across all four occurrences or Paul’s deliberate analogy is lost.
Children In Submission
Approved rendering: des enfants soumis
Transliteration: des enfants soumis
Doctrine: Christian Conduct in Household and Society
Original: τέκνα ἐν ὑποταγῇ
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:4, τέκνα ἐν ὑποταγῇ). Parental authority over MINOR CHILDREN only, not conjugal submission. French ‘soumission’ is culturally loaded by contemporary domestic-authority/abuse-awareness discourse; translator note required to keep the referent explicit.
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: amour de l’argent
Transliteration: amour de l’argent
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: φιλαργυρία
Category: Godliness
New term (φιλαργυρία, 6:10). Same root as ἀφιλάργυρος (3:3, not_lover_of_money); render with a related French word-family for consistency. High risk owing to the famous 6:10 ‘root of all evils’ crux (see ‘root_of_all_evils’).
Recent Convert
Approved rendering: nouveau converti
Transliteration: nouveau converti
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: novice (forbidden false friend — Catholic monastic postulant)
Original: νεόφυτος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (νεόφυτος, 3:6). NEVER ‘novice’ — imports an entirely foreign institutional category (formal trial period before entering a Catholic monastic/religious order).
Mystery Of Godliness
Approved rendering: le mystère de la piété
Transliteration: le mystère de la piété
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Original: τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον
Category: Godliness
New term (τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον, 3:16). Related, though less direct, Catholic-liturgy collision risk to ‘mystère de la foi’ (3:9); benefits from the same clarifying framing.
Godliness
Approved rendering: piété
Transliteration: piété
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: religion (too institutional), dévotion (too narrow)
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness
HIGH RISK, new term (εὐσέβεια; 2:2,10; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3,5,6,11 — 10 occurrences, the Pastorals’ favored term). French ‘piété’ in ordinary and Catholic usage narrows to DEVOTIONAL PRACTICES rather than Paul’s comprehensive God-oriented life-category. Single most load-bearing new term in the book. Mandatory first-occurrence gloss: ‘la piété : une disposition et une conduite tournées vers Dieu dans tous les domaines de la vie, non seulement des pratiques de dévotion.’ Human theologian review at first occurrence; native speaker thereafter.
Contentment
Approved rendering: contentement
Transliteration: contentement
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: autosuffisance (loses relational/God-centered ground)
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness
New term (αὐτάρκεια, 6:6). A Stoic ethical ideal (self-sufficiency) repurposed by Paul: true contentment is grounded in godliness before God. Pair consistently with ‘piété’ at 6:6. Teaching note on Stoic background recommended, not a lexical change.
Ransom
Approved rendering: rançon
Transliteration: rançon
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Christology
New term (ἀντίλυτρον, 2:6). French ‘rançon’ evokes contemporary hostage/kidnapping news register; frame toward the costliness of substitutionary payment, not the crime-drama connotation. Treat with the escalation care the baseline gives Romans 3:25’s propitiation language.
Savior
Approved rendering: Sauveur
Transliteration: Sauveur
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term (σωτήρ; 1:1; 2:3; 4:10). Applied in 1 Timothy to BOTH God the Father and, elsewhere in the Pastorals, to Christ; French readers default to a Jesus-only association — must not be flattened. Also echoes the Greco-Roman imperial σωτήρ honorific (emperors titled ‘savior’), reinforcing the letter’s implicit polemic that true saving lordship belongs to God, not Caesar.
Modest Attire
Approved rendering: tenue, pudeur, maîtrise de soi
Transliteration: tenue, pudeur, maîtrise de soi
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: καταστολή, αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη
Category: Worship
New term (καταστολή, αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη, 2:9). Contemporary secular French culture reads biblical dress-modesty teaching as culturally dated/patriarchal; frame as a call to humility and non-ostentation (the passage’s own contrast with gold, pearls, costly clothing), not a legalistic dress code.
Christ Vindicated In The Spirit
Approved rendering: justifié par l’Esprit
Transliteration: justifié par l’Esprit
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Original: ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι
Category: Christology
HIGH RISK, new term (ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι, 3:16). Applies δικαιόω to CHRIST’s own vindication (likely via the resurrection), NOT the believer’s forensic justification (baseline Romans Critical-risk sense). Cross-curriculum consistency hazard: French uses the identical word ‘justifié’ for both. Mandatory translator note wherever 3:16 is taught alongside Romans, to prevent readers concluding Christ himself needed to be ‘justified’ from sin.
Depart From The Faith
Approved rendering: s’écarter de la foi
Transliteration: s’écarter de la foi
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Warning of Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: abandonner la foi (acceptable variant)
Original: ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (ἀφίστημι τῆς πίστεως, 4:1; cf. 6:10’s ἀποπλανάω). Anchors the apostasy-warning sub-theme; must convey decisive departure, not mere doubt or wavering.
Deceitful Spirits Teachings Of Demons
Approved rendering: esprits séducteurs, doctrines de démons
Transliteration: esprits séducteurs / doctrines de démons
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Warning of Apostasy
Original: πνεύματα πλάνα καὶ διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (πνεύματα πλάνα καὶ διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων, 4:1). Sits awkwardly between a secularizing French audience likely to dismiss it as superstition and a charismatic-renewal audience likely to over-literalize it into an exorcism-centered reading; requires balanced teaching framing.
Forbidding Marriage And Foods
Approved rendering: interdisant le mariage, prescrivant l’abstinence de certains aliments
Transliteration: interdisant le mariage, prescrivant l’abstinence de certains aliments
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Warning of Apostasy
Original: κωλυόντων γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (4:3). Must NOT be read as an endorsement or critique of the distinct, later Catholic discipline of priestly celibacy; teaching material must make this historical distinction explicit.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: l’imposition des mains
Transliteration: l’imposition des mains
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Guarding the Deposit
New term (ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν, 4:14; cf. 5:22 caution against haste). This is also the precise term for the sacramental gesture in Catholic ordination rites — a positive shared vocabulary point that risks importing ex-opere-operato sacramental efficacy. Frame as commissioning/recognition of a gift already given by the Spirit, not the conferral of grace itself.
Widow Widow Indeed
Approved rendering: veuve / veuve authentique
Transliteration: veuve / veuve authentique / véritablement veuve
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα / ὄντως χήρα
Category: Care for Widows and Household of Faith
New term (χήρα / ὄντως χήρα; 5:3,5,9,16). This qualifying force (ὄντως) is the entire hinge of the doctrine, restricting church support to widows genuinely without family means; losing it either over-obligates the church or undercuts the family-responsibility teaching (5:4,8,16). Human theologian review required.
Denied The Faith
Approved rendering: a renié la foi et est pire qu’un incroyant
Transliteration: a renié la foi et est pire qu’un incroyant
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a négligé la foi (softening, forbidden)
Original: τὴν πίστιν ἤρνηται καὶ ἔστιν ἀπίστου χείρων
Category: Care for Widows and Household of Faith
New term (5:8). Uses the same verb-family used elsewhere in the NT for apostasy (2 Timothy 2:12; Titus 1:16); French must not soften ‘renié’ toward mere negligence.
Double Honor
Approved rendering: double honneur
Transliteration: double honneur
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: διπλῆ τιμή
Category: Care for Widows and Household of Faith
New term (διπλῆ τιμή, 5:17-18). French ‘honneur’ alone risks sounding merely ceremonial; must make explicit, via 5:18’s wage-citation, that concrete financial/practical support is included.
Slave Under The Yoke
Approved rendering: esclaves sous le joug
Transliteration: esclaves sous le joug
Doctrine: Christian Conduct in Household and Society
Original: δοῦλοι ὑπὸ ζυγόν
Category: Christian Conduct
New term (δοῦλοι ὑπὸ ζυγόν, 6:1-2). Significant contemporary ethical sensitivity in francophone contexts shaped by France’s colonial and transatlantic-slave-trade history; must be contextualized as pastoral instruction for believers within an existing first-century institution, never as endorsement of slavery. Combined human-theologian and native-speaker review.
Teach A Different Doctrine
Approved rendering: enseigner une autre doctrine
Transliteration: enseigner une autre doctrine
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω, 1:3; 6:3). Negative counterpart of ‘sound doctrine’; must be rendered so as to be clearly its opposite in French, not a neutral synonym for ‘teach differently.‘
Godliness As Means Of Gain
Approved rendering: considérant la piété comme une source de profit
Transliteration: considérant la piété comme une source de profit
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: νομίζοντες πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν
Category: Godliness
New term (νομίζοντες πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν, 6:5). A direct, textually explicit critique of prosperity-gospel teaching, live in French-speaking Africa and increasingly metropolitan France; frame pastorally, never as an attack on a named contemporary movement.
Root Of All Evils
Approved rendering: une racine de toute sorte de maux
Transliteration: une racine de toute sorte de maux
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: la racine de tous les maux (overclaims exhaustive/absolute sense, forbidden)
Original: ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν
Category: Godliness
New term (ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν, 6:10). The Greek’s force is QUALITATIVE, not exhaustive; the older Segond 1910 definite-article rendering overstates the claim. Mandatory qualitative rendering given this verse’s high public-quotation frequency.
Good Confession
Approved rendering: la belle confession
Transliteration: la belle / bonne confession
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν
Category: Christology
New term (καλὴ ὁμολογία, 6:12-13). Same word-family as Romans 10:9’s confession of Christ’s Lordship (‘Jésus est Seigneur’); should be taught in explicit cross-reference per the baseline’s verbatim-consistency rule for that confession.
Appearing Of Christ
Approved rendering: avènement
Transliteration: avènement / manifestation
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: épiphanie (ABSOLUTE FORBIDDEN — fixed Catholic liturgical Feast of the Epiphany, Christ’s FIRST coming)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term (ἐπιφάνεια, 6:14). NEVER ‘épiphanie’ — this word is fixed almost exclusively to the Catholic/Orthodox liturgical Feast of the Epiphany (6 January), which would wrongly conflate Christ’s first and second comings. Absolute forbidden substitution.
Guard The Deposit
Approved rendering: le dépôt
Transliteration: le dépôt
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον
Category: Guarding the Deposit
New term (τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον, 6:20). French Catholic theology already possesses the near-identical ‘dépôt de la foi’ (depositum fidei) — genuinely useful shared ecumenical vocabulary, but risks importing an institutional-Magisterium framing onto a text addressing Timothy PERSONALLY. Human theologian review required; acknowledge and calibrate the parallel rather than ignore it.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1 Timothy adds a nuance absent from Romans: πίστις used OBJECTIVELY for the body of apostolic doctrine to be guarded (‘la foi’, 1:19; 3:9; 4:1,6; 6:10,12,21), not only personal trust. French ‘la foi’ covers both senses without lexical distinction; flag which sense is active per occurrence in teaching notes.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: σωτηρία / σῷζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 4:16 (‘sauver soi-même et ses auditeurs’) uses σῷζω in a perseverance/sanctification sense, not initial justification; teach alongside the forensic-justification doctrine so ministerial diligence is not read as earning salvation.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1:15’s ‘premier des pécheurs’ is rhetorically emphatic and must not be softened toward ‘l’un des pécheurs’ (see also new entry ‘foremost_of_sinners’).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Apostleship and Pauline Ministry
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Appears at 2:7 and 3:16; prefer ‘les nations’ in mission-emphasis contexts per baseline note.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs in the ch.1 doxology (1:17) and the Christ-hymn’s ascension clause (3:16, ‘élevé dans la gloire’).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 4:1 (‘l’Esprit dit’) lacks the explicit adjective ἅγιον in the Greek but the referent is the Holy Spirit; must not render as an impersonal prophetic force.
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Present in the greeting formula tradition (1:2) depending on textual witness.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. At 2:1 (ἔντευξις) this is CORPORATE congregational prayer for rulers, not the Catholic devotional practice of intercession of the saints; distinction must be reinforced in teaching.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: communion fraternelle
Transliteration: communion fraternelle
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: communion (bare)
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Conceptually related to κοινωνικός at 6:18 (readiness to share material goods), a distinct nuance from the noun κοινωνία itself; do not force the same French phrase onto 6:18 (see new entry ‘rich_haughty’ context / generosity terms).
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1 Timothy applies the honorific σωτήρ (‘Sauveur’) to God the Father independently of Christ (1:1; 2:3; 4:10) — must not be flattened to a Jesus-only association (see new entry ‘savior’).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dons spirituels
Transliteration: dons spirituels
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: talents
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. 1 Timothy 4:14 uses the singular χάρισμα (‘the gift that is in you’) — see new entry ‘spiritual_gift_singular’ for the singular-application rendering ‘le don’.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not directly named as a phrase in 1 Timothy but conceptually reinforced by the royal title ‘Roi des rois’ at 6:15; distinguish from any political/territorial kingdom association.
Devil Noun
Approved rendering: le diable
Transliteration: le diable
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Warning of Apostasy
Original: διάβολος (noun)
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:6-7; cf. 5:15). Distinguish clearly from the adjectival ‘slanderous’ sense at 3:11.
Snare Of The Devil
Approved rendering: piège du diable
Transliteration: piège du diable / piège
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Warning of Apostasy
Original: παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου / παγίς
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:7; echoed at 6:9). Must be rendered with the SAME French noun (‘piège’) at both occurrences to preserve the intra-book thread linking leadership qualifications to the love-of-money warning.
Dignity
Approved rendering: dignité
Transliteration: dignité
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: σεμνότης
Category: Church Leadership
New term (σεμνότης; 2:2, 3:4, 3:8, 3:11). Render consistently as ‘dignité’ across all four occurrences and register contexts (civic, household, deacon, women).
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: irréprochable
Transliteration: irréprochable
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (ἀνεπίλημπτος, 3:2). Reputational standard, not sinless moral perfectionism; must be glossed as such.
Sober Minded
Approved rendering: sobre
Transliteration: sobre
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: νηφάλιος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (νηφάλιος, 3:2,11). French ‘sobre’ defaults almost entirely to alcohol-abstinence; the metaphorical clear-headed/vigilant sense needs a clarifying gloss.
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: réfléchi
Transliteration: réfléchi / modéré
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: σώφρων
Category: Church Leadership
New term (σώφρων, 3:2). Risk of flattening into mere calm temperament rather than disciplined self-governance; cf. σωφροσύνη at 2:9 (modest_attire).
Respectable Orderly
Approved rendering: rangé
Transliteration: rangé
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: κόσμιος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (κόσμιος, 3:2). Risk of sounding merely prudish/moralistic rather than describing a well-ordered, gospel-commending life.
Able To Teach
Approved rendering: capable d’enseigner
Transliteration: capable d’enseigner
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: διδακτικός
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (διδακτικός, 3:2). Must not be reduced to mere public-speaking skill; implies doctrinal soundness (cf. 1:10; 4:6; 6:3).
Violent Striker
Approved rendering: violent
Transliteration: violent
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πλήκτης
Category: Church Leadership
New term (πλήκτης, 3:3). French must preserve the physical-force nuance, not merely ‘irritable’.
Gentle Forbearing
Approved rendering: conciliant
Transliteration: conciliant
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: doux (too weak, loses restrained-strength nuance)
Original: ἐπιεικής
Category: Church Leadership
New term (ἐπιεικής, 3:3). A leadership virtue of restrained strength under provocation.
Not Lover Of Money
Approved rendering: non attaché à l’argent
Transliteration: non attaché à l’argent
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: désintéressé (too vague)
Original: ἀφιλάργυρος
Category: Godliness
New term (ἀφιλάργυρος, 3:3). Must render with a related French word-family to φιλαργυρία (6:10, ‘amour de l’argent’) to preserve the intra-book love-of-money theme.
Good Testimony
Approved rendering: bon témoignage
Transliteration: bon témoignage
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: μαρτυρία καλή
Category: Church Leadership
New term (μαρτυρία καλή, 3:7). Reputational sense among OUTSIDERS, not the evangelical genre of personal conversion ‘témoignage’; translator note needed.
Greedy For Dishonest Gain
Approved rendering: avide de gain malhonnête
Transliteration: avide de gain malhonnête
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: αἰσχροκερδής
Category: Church Leadership
New term (αἰσχροκερδής, 3:8). Connects to the whole book’s love-of-money theme; must not be flattened to generic ‘cupide’.
Clean Conscience
Approved rendering: conscience pure
Transliteration: conscience pure
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: καθαρὰ συνείδησις
Category: Church Leadership
New term (καθαρὰ συνείδησις, 3:9; cf. 1:5,19; 4:2). French ‘conscience’ defaults to a secular, autonomous moral-compass sense; must be anchored to the gospel-informed conscience Paul describes.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: la maison de Dieu
Transliteration: la maison de Dieu
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: οἶκος θεοῦ
Category: Church
New term (οἶκος θεοῦ, 3:15). Should complement, not compete with, ‘l’Église de Dieu’ in the same verse — two images of one reality.
Prayer Types
Approved rendering: prières, supplications, intercessions, actions de grâce
Transliteration: prières, supplications, intercessions, actions de grâce
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: προσευχή, δέησις, ἔντευξις, εὐχαριστία
Category: Worship
New term (προσευχή, δέησις, ἔντευξις, εὐχαριστία, 2:1). ἔντευξις reuses the baseline’s flagged ‘intercession’ concern but here denotes CORPORATE congregational prayer FOR RULERS, not saintly intercession.
Manifested In Flesh
Approved rendering: manifesté dans la chair
Transliteration: manifesté dans la chair
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
New term (ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί, 3:16). Links directly to the baseline incarnation doctrine (Romans 1:3, 8:3). Risk is secular flattening via ‘incarner’ (an actor ‘embodies’ a role), not a competing religious concept.
Trained For Godliness
Approved rendering: s’entraîner à la piété
Transliteration: s’entraîner à la piété
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: γύμναζε σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν
Category: Godliness
New term (γύμναζε σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν, 4:7). Natural French athletic idiom; pairs with the load-bearing ‘godliness’ risk note.
Spiritual Gift Singular
Approved rendering: le don
Transliteration: le don
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Guarding the Deposit
New term (χάρισμα, 4:14, singular). Singular application of baseline plural ‘dons spirituels’; must remain explicitly Spirit-given, not natural talent.
Rebuke Gentle Vs Public
Approved rendering: réprimander durement / réprimander publiquement
Transliteration: réprimander [durement] / réprimander publiquement
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: ἐπιπλήσσω / ἐλέγχω
Category: Care for Widows and Household of Faith
New term: two distinct verbs (ἐπιπλήσσω, 5:1, negatively commanded; ἐλέγχω, 5:20, commanded for sinning elders). The contrast (gentle appeal vs. formal public rebuke of proven, persistent sin) must remain visible; do not collapse into one French verb.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: la saine doctrine
Transliteration: la saine doctrine / les saines paroles
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι; 1:10; 6:3; cf. 4:6). Anchor term for the curriculum’s first named doctrine; the health metaphor is carried adequately by French ‘sain/saine.’ Secular readers may hear ‘doctrine’ primarily in its political/ideological sense; gloss at first occurrence as ‘enseignement apostolique reçu.‘
Sick With Disputes
Approved rendering: malade de disputes de mots
Transliteration: malade de disputes de mots
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: νοσῶν περὶ ζητήσεις καὶ λογομαχίας
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (νοσῶν περὶ ζητήσεις καὶ λογομαχίας, 6:4). Must preserve the ‘sick/diseased’ framing, pairing with ‘sound doctrine’ health metaphor, not merely ‘fond of’ or ‘obsessed with.‘
Myths And Endless Genealogies
Approved rendering: des fables et des généalogies sans fin
Transliteration: des fables et des généalogies sans fin
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: μῦθοι καὶ γενεαλογίαι ἀπέραντοι
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (μῦθοι καὶ γενεαλογίαι ἀπέραντοι, 1:4). Must be distinguished, in teaching notes, from the canonical genealogies (Genesis, Matthew 1), which are not the target of this criticism.
Handed Over To Satan
Approved rendering: livré à Satan
Transliteration: livré à Satan
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: παρέδωκα τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (παρέδωκα τῷ Σατανᾷ, 1:20; cf. 1 Corinthians 5:5). A church-discipline formula; the redemptive/disciplinary purpose must remain visible, not read as merely punitive.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: Roi des rois et Seigneur des seigneurs
Transliteration: Roi des rois et Seigneur des seigneurs
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων
Category: Christology
New term (βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων, 6:15). Well-established across French hymnody and Bible tradition (cf. Revelation 17:14; 19:16); reinforces the baseline’s High-risk ‘Seigneur’ exclusivity doctrine.
Storing Up Good Foundation
Approved rendering: un bon fondement pour l’avenir
Transliteration: un bon fondement pour l’avenir
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: ἀποθησαυρίζοντας ἑαυτοῖς θεμέλιον καλὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον
Category: Godliness
New term (ἀποθησαυρίζοντας ἑαυτοῖς θεμέλιον καλὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον, 6:19). Must be taught as the FRUIT of grace-given generosity, not a means of earning salvation; echoes 3:15’s foundation imagery with a different Greek word.
Falsely Called Knowledge
Approved rendering: connaissance faussement ainsi nommée
Transliteration: connaissance faussement ainsi nommée
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις, 6:20). Must clarify that not all ‘connaissance/savoir’ is condemned, only the false teachers’ pseudo-esoteric knowledge-claims; ‘la gnose’ as a historical-theological cross-reference is a helpful, low-risk shared term.
Mercy
Approved rendering: miséricorde
Transliteration: miséricorde
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
New term (ἔλεος; 1:2,13,16). Absent from the Romans baseline greeting formula (‘grâce et paix’ only); 1 Timothy’s greeting uniquely adds ‘miséricorde’ and makes it the hinge of Paul’s testimony (1:13-16). Must NOT be conflated with ‘grâce’ — complementary, not synonymous. French ‘miséricorde’ carries rich, positively usable resonance in French Catholic devotional vocabulary (Divine Mercy devotion).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: vie éternelle
Transliteration: vie éternelle
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term (ζωὴ αἰώνιος; 1:16; 4:8; 6:12,19). Low risk of the reincarnation-confusion the baseline flags for résurrection, but risk of flattening to mere endless duration rather than covenantal, relational life with God.
Fight The Good Fight
Approved rendering: combattre le bon combat
Transliteration: combattre le bon combat
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: καλὴ στρατεία / καλὸς ἀγών
Category: Godliness
New term (καλὴ στρατεία, 1:18; καλὸς ἀγών, 6:12). Harmonize French wording across both occurrences; preserve the military/combative register, not a merely sporting one.
Foremost Of Sinners
Approved rendering: le premier des pécheurs
Transliteration: le premier des pécheurs
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
Rejected alternatives: l’un des pécheurs (forbidden softening)
New term, emphatic use (πρῶτος ἁμαρτωλῶν, 1:15). Rhetorically superlative self-designation; French must not soften ‘premier’ toward a mild ‘l’un des pécheurs’, which would blunt the testimony’s paradigmatic force.
Grace Mercy Peace Greeting
Approved rendering: grâce, miséricorde et paix
Transliteration: grâce, miséricorde et paix
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
New term (χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, 1:2). 1 Timothy’s expanded three-part greeting, unique among the curriculum’s Pauline letters compared with Romans’ two-part ‘grâce et paix.’ ‘Grâce’ and ‘paix’ reused exactly from Romans; ‘miséricorde’ is the new addition and must not be treated as a redundant synonym for ‘grâce.‘
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Not repeated as a bare noun in 1 Timothy but presupposed throughout (cf. 1:11 ‘glorious gospel of the blessed God’).
Apostle
Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship and Pauline Ministry
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Grounds Paul’s authority for the letter’s instructions (1:1; 2:7); pairs with new term ‘herald’ at 2:7.
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used at 4:13 in Timothy’s public-ministry triad (reading, exhortation, teaching).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: action de grâce
Transliteration: action de grâce
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. One of the four prayer-types commanded at 2:1.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ: Incarnation and Exaltation
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Stable across all French traditions; used throughout 1 Timothy in the fixed phrase ‘Christ Jésus’ / ‘Jésus-Christ’.
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy in Paul’s Conversion Testimony
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Closes the letter’s expanded three-part greeting ‘grâce, miséricorde et paix’ (1:2) — see new entry ‘grace_mercy_peace_greeting’.
Blameless
Approved rendering: irréprochable
Transliteration: irréprochable
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (ἀνέγκλητος, 3:10). Converges on the same French word as ‘above_reproach’ — a terminological-precision note for translators only, not a doctrinal problem.
Hospitable
Approved rendering: hospitalier
Transliteration: hospitalier
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: φιλόξενος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (φιλόξενος, 3:2). Stable; house-church culture background.
Not Given To Wine
Approved rendering: non adonné au vin
Transliteration: non adonné au vin
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πάροινος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (πάροινος, 3:3; cf. 3:8 of deacons). Stable, low-risk term.
Not Contentious
Approved rendering: pas querelleur
Transliteration: pas querelleur
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἄμαχος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (ἄμαχος, 3:3). Stable rendering.
Puffed Up With Conceit
Approved rendering: enflé d’orgueil
Transliteration: enflé d’orgueil
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: τυφόω
Category: Church Leadership
New term (τυφόω, 3:6; cf. 6:4). Vivid French idiom available; low doctrinal risk.
Outsiders
Approved rendering: ceux du dehors
Transliteration: ceux du dehors
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: οἱ ἔξωθεν
Category: Church Leadership
New term (οἱ ἔξωθεν, 3:7). Stable rendering.
Double Tongued
Approved rendering: sans duplicité de langage
Transliteration: sans duplicité de langage
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: δίλογος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (δίλογος, 3:8, NT hapax). No single-word French equivalent exists; requires this descriptive periphrasis consistently.
Tested Proved
Approved rendering: être mis à l’épreuve
Transliteration: être mis à l’épreuve
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: δοκιμάζω
Category: Church Leadership
New term (δοκιμάζω, 3:10). Implies a probationary evaluation process before approval to office.
Holy Hands
Approved rendering: mains saintes
Transliteration: mains saintes / pures
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: ὅσιαι χεῖρες
Category: Worship
New term (ὅσιαι χεῖρες, 2:8). ὅσιος is a distinct Greek lexeme from ἅγιος; French cannot preserve the distinction (both render ‘saint(e)’) — a precision note for translators only, not a doctrinal risk.
Seared Conscience
Approved rendering: la conscience marquée au fer rouge
Transliteration: la conscience marquée au fer rouge
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Warning of Apostasy
Original: κεκαυστηριασμένων τὴν ἰδίαν συνείδησιν
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (κεκαυστηριασμένη συνείδησις, 4:2). Natural, vivid French idiom exists and preserves the cauterization imagery.
Enrolled Widows List
Approved rendering: être inscrite
Transliteration: être inscrite [sur le registre/la liste]
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: καταλέγεσθαι
Category: Care for Widows and Household of Faith
New term (καταλέγεσθαι, 5:9). Evidence of an early ‘order of widows’; helpful historical-background note for readers.
Two Or Three Witnesses
Approved rendering: sur le témoignage de deux ou trois témoins
Transliteration: deux ou trois témoins
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἐπὶ δύο ἢ τριῶν μαρτύρων
Category: Church Leadership
New term (Deuteronomy 19:15 principle applied at 5:19). Church-discipline due-process principle; low doctrinal risk but practically significant.
Immortality
Approved rendering: immortalité
Transliteration: immortalité
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: God
New term (ἀθανασία, 6:16). Minor risk of conflation with a Platonic immortal-soul doctrine rather than the biblical hope of bodily resurrection life; brief clarifying note useful.
Unapproachable Light
Approved rendering: lumière inaccessible
Transliteration: lumière inaccessible
Doctrine: The Return of Christ
Original: φῶς ἀπρόσιτον
Category: God
New term (φῶς ἀπρόσιτον, 6:16). Apophatic doxological language, stable in French.
Rich Haughty
Approved rendering: riche / orgueilleux
Transliteration: riche / orgueilleux
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: πλούσιος / ὑψηλοφρονεῖν
Category: Godliness
New term (πλούσιος / ὑψηλοφρονεῖν, 6:17). Low doctrinal risk; stable French rendering.
Love
Approved rendering: amour
Transliteration: amour
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
New term (ἀγάπη; 1:5; 6:11). Foundational term, stable across French traditions; not separately flagged in the Romans baseline.
Herald
Approved rendering: prédicateur
Transliteration: prédicateur / héraut
Doctrine: Apostleship and Pauline Ministry
Original: κῆρυξ
Category: Apostleship
New term (κῆρυξ, 2:7). Pairs with baseline ‘apôtre’; low-risk shared pairing, no French collision.
Household Stewardship Plan
Approved rendering: le dessein de Dieu
Transliteration: le dessein de Dieu / l’économie de Dieu
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: οἰκονομία θεοῦ
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (οἰκονομία θεοῦ, 1:4). ‘Économie du salut’ is a shared, positive Catholic-Protestant theological term, a helpful point of ecumenical common ground.
Shipwrecked Faith
Approved rendering: faire naufrage [quant à la foi]
Transliteration: faire naufrage [quant à la foi]
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ναυαγέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (ναυαγέω, 1:19). Natural French nautical idiom exists and preserves the vivid catastrophic-loss imagery.
Referenced passages