Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Mark 1–16 (French)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Mark, chapters 1–16, with the core passage (Mark 10:35–45) terms marked as anchor entries. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused and copied verbatim; new terms introduced by this Mark curriculum are marked New and proposed here for addition to translation memory at Phase 2 Step 16 (per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md’s new-term protocol).
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly: Critical = human theologian review every occurrence; High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review; Low = automated review sufficient.
Reused Baseline Terms (render exactly as in translation_memory.json)
| English Term | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Key Mark Passages | TM Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Évangile | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Reused |
| Son of God | Fils de Dieu | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61, 15:39 | Reused |
| Holy Spirit | Esprit Saint | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Reused |
| kingdom of God | Royaume de Dieu | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-30, 9:1, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43 | Reused |
| God | Dieu | Medium | (all doctrines) | throughout | Reused |
| Father | Père | Medium | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | Reused |
| Abba | Abba | Medium | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 14:36 | Reused |
| Jesus | Jésus | Low | (all doctrines) | throughout | Reused |
| Lord | Seigneur | High | Messianic Secret / Authority | 1:3, 2:28, 5:19, 7:28, 11:3, 12:36-37, 13:35 | Reused |
| faith | foi | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22 | Reused |
| apostle | apôtre | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:14, 6:30 | Reused |
| holy | saint | Medium | Messianic Secret | 1:24, 6:20, 8:38 | Reused |
| resurrection | résurrection | Medium | Ransom for Many / Suffering Servant | 12:18-27, 16:6 | Reused |
| glory | gloire | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | Reused |
| messiah / Christ | Messie / Christ | Medium/High | Messianic Secret | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61, 15:32 | Reused |
| prophet | prophète | Low | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 | Reused |
| covenant | alliance | High | Ransom for Many | 14:24 | Reused |
| election / elect | élection / élus | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Reused |
| Gentiles / nations | païens / les nations | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 7:26, 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 | Reused |
| David | David | Low | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 | Reused |
| Israel | Israël | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 12:29, 15:32 | Reused |
| peace | paix | Low | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 5:34, 9:50 | Reused |
New Terms Introduced by Mark (proposed additions to translation memory)
Core Passage Anchor Terms (Mark 10:35–45)
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teacher | Διδάσκαλε | Didaskale | Maître | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Rejected: “Seigneur” (would prematurely collapse into the Lordship confession) |
| cup (suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | coupe | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | Metaphorical extension from OT wrath/suffering cup imagery; context must carry the metaphor |
| baptism (metaphorical) | βάπτισμα | baptisma | baptême | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | Same French term as literal rite (ch. 1); metaphorical sense must be flagged in teaching notes |
| lord over / dominate | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | dominer | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Must not echo positive “Seigneur”/“seigneurie” vocabulary; this is illegitimate domination |
| exercise authority over (negative) | κατεξουσιάζω | katexousiazō | exercer un pouvoir autoritaire sur | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (contrast case) | Must not echo positive “autorité” (ἐξουσία) Jesus legitimately holds |
| servant | διάκονος | diakonos | serviteur | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Rejected: “diacre” (wrongly narrows to later ecclesial office) |
| slave | δοῦλος | doulos | esclave | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness / Ransom for Many | Rejected: “serviteur” (erases deliberate escalation from διάκονος); live French historical-cultural weight (esclavage) requires careful pastoral framing |
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | Fils de l’homme | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | Must retain fixed-title force (Daniel 7), not a generic “a human being” reading |
| soul / life (given up) | ψυχή | psychē | vie | Medium | Ransom for Many | Prefer “vie” over “âme” to avoid dualism that only the immaterial part is given |
| ransom | λύτρον | lytron | rançon | Critical | Ransom for Many | Risk of collapsing into modern kidnapping-ransom news association; anchor with Isaiah 53 cross-reference |
| in place of / instead of | ἀντί | anti | à la place de | Critical | Ransom for Many | Must not soften to generic “pour” (loses substitutionary sense) |
| many | πολλῶν | pollōn | beaucoup | High | Ransom for Many | Do not expand to “tous” or narrow to “quelques-uns”; preserve exact scope, flag atonement-scope debate |
Terms by Chapter of First Occurrence
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | French Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | First Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baptism (literal rite) | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | baptême / baptiser | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:4-11 |
| repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | repentance / se repentir | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:4, 1:15 |
| disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | disciple | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:16-20 |
| authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | autorité | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 1:27 |
| unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | esprit impur / démon | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23-27 |
| Holy One of God | ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ | ho hagios tou theou | le Saint de Dieu | High | Messianic Secret | 1:24 |
| strictly charge / silence | ἐπιτιμάω / φιμόω / διαστέλλομαι | epitimaō / phimoō / diastellomai | réduire au silence / ordonner strictement | High | Messianic Secret | 1:25, 1:34, 1:43-44; recurs 3:12, 5:43, 7:36, 8:30, 9:9 |
| forgive (sins) | ἀφίημι | aphiēmi | pardonner | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2:5-10 |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | sabbat | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:21, 2:23-28 |
| fasting | νηστεύω / νηστεία | nēsteuō / nēsteia | jeûner / le jeûne | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 2:18-20 |
| bridegroom | νυμφίος | nymphios | époux | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 2:19-20 |
| the Twelve | οἱ δώδεκα | hoi dōdeka | les douze | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:14-19 |
| Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ | Beelzeboul | Béelzébul | Low | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 3:22 |
| blasphemy | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | blasphème | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 3:28-29 |
| parable | παραβολή | parabolē | parabole | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:2-34 |
| mystery | μυστήριον | mystērion | mystère | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:11 |
| fear | φόβος / φοβέομαι | phobos / phobeomai | peur / crainte | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:41; recurs 5:15, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8 |
| save / heal (dual sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | sauver / guérir | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 3:4, 5:23-34, 6:56, 8:35, 10:52 |
| Talitha cumi | Ταλιθά κούμ | Talitha koum | Talitha koum | Low | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 5:41 |
| to send (commission) | ἀποστέλλω | apostellō | envoyer (en mission) | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 6:7 |
| bless | εὐλογέω | eulogeō | bénir | Low | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 6:41 |
| tradition | παράδοσις | paradosis | tradition | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7:1-13 |
| defile / common | κοινός / κοινόω | koinos / koinoō | souiller / impur | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7:14-23 |
| Corban | κορβάν | korban | Corban | Low/Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7:11 |
| heart | καρδία | kardia | cœur | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7:6, 7:19, 7:21 |
| sign | σημεῖον | sēmeion | signe | Medium | Messianic Secret | 8:11-12 |
| must (divine necessity) | δεῖ | dei | il faut / il est nécessaire | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:31; recurs 9:11, 13:7, 13:10, 14:31 |
| suffer | πάσχω / παθεῖν | paschō / pathein | souffrir | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 8:31 |
| cross / crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω | stauros / stauroō | croix / crucifier | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34; 15:20-27 |
| deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | aparneomai heauton | renoncer à soi-même | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8:34 |
| soul / life | ψυχή | psychē | vie / âme | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8:35-37 |
| transfigured | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | être transfiguré / la Transfiguration | Medium | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:2-3 |
| beloved | ἀγαπητός | agapētos | bien-aimé | High | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:7 |
| Gehenna | γέεννα | geenna | géhenne | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 9:43-47 |
| divorce | ἀπολύω | apolyō | divorcer / répudier | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 10:2-12 |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | vie éternelle | High | Ransom for Many | 10:17, 10:30 |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | Fils de David | High | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 10:47-48 |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | Hosanna | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 11:9-10 |
| chief priests / scribes / elders | ἀρχιερεῖς / γραμματεῖς / πρεσβύτεροι | archiereis / grammateis / presbyteroi | grands prêtres / scribes / anciens | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 11:27 |
| love (Great Commandment) | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη | agapaō / agapē | aimer / amour | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 12:29-31 |
| Caesar | Καῖσαρ | Kaisar | César | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 12:14-17 |
| tribulation | θλῖψις | thlipsis | tribulation / détresse | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 13:19, 13:24 |
| false messiahs / false prophets | ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται | pseudochristoi / pseudoprophētai | faux messies / faux prophètes | High | Messianic Secret | 13:21-22 |
| watch / be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | veiller | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 13:35-37; 14:34-38 |
| Passover | πάσχα | pascha | Pâque | Low | Ransom for Many | 14:1, 14:12-16 |
| body / blood (Last Supper) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | corps / sang | High | Ransom for Many | 14:22-24 |
| hand over / betray | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | livrer / trahir | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 14:10-11, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41 |
| King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | le roi des Juifs | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 15:2-26 |
| Golgotha | Γολγοθᾶ | Golgotha | Golgotha | Low | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:22 |
| Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani | Ἐλωὶ ἐλωὶ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί | Elōi elōi lema sabachthani | Éloï, Éloï, lama sabachthani | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 |
| temple veil | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | voile du temple | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:38 |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (new Mark terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (Son of Man, slave, ransom, in place of, suffer, cross/crucify — 6 total counting core-passage + ch.8) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 18 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker |
| Low | 11 | Automated review |
Notes for Phase 2
- Every term marked Reused must be copied character-for-character from
translation_memory.json; no re-translation or stylistic variation is permitted. - Every term marked New must be added to
translation_memory.jsonat Phase 2 Step 16 with an incremented version number, following the new-term protocol in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - The Messianic Secret silencing formula, the fear motif, and the δεῖ (“must”) necessity marker each recur across multiple chapters and must receive identical French renderings at every occurrence to preserve the reader’s ability to trace these motifs across the whole Gospel.
- Six terms (Fils de l’homme, esclave, rançon, à la place de, souffrir, croix/crucifier) are assessed Critical because mistranslation would alter or destroy the Ransom for Many, Necessity of the Cross, or Suffering Servant and Son of God doctrines outright — these require human theologian review at every single occurrence without exception, consistent with the baseline’s Critical-tier definition.
Critical Risk Terms
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Forms an inclusio across Mark: opening declaration (1:1), baptismal voice (1:11), demon confessions (3:11, 5:7), Transfiguration (9:7), the high priest’s question (14:61), and the Gentile centurion’s climactic confession (15:39). Must never read as metaphorical, adoptive, or honorary sonship. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Suffer
Approved rendering: souffrir
Transliteration: paschō / pathein
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: πάσχω (aor. inf. παθεῖν)
Category: Christology
Mark 8:31 and recurring Passion predictions. Straightforward French verb carrying no inherent redemptive-suffering connotation; must be paired with explicit Isaiah 53 cross-referencing at every occurrence. Human theologian review required.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: croix / crucifier
Transliteration: stauros / stauroō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Atonement
Mark 8:34; literal narration 15:20-27. Chief risk is the secularized idiom ‘porter sa croix’ (used for any life hardship); the concrete, historical, execution-instrument meaning must be reasserted before any metaphorical discipleship extension. Human theologian review required.
Slave
Approved rendering: esclave
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness / The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: serviteur (erases the deliberate escalation from diakonos)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
Core passage term, Mark 10:44. France’s own historical memory of slavery (le Code Noir, 1848 abolition, the 2001 loi Taubira) makes ‘esclave’ a live, weighted word, not a neutral archaism. Do NOT soften to ‘serviteur’. Human theologian review required with explicit pastoral framing.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Fils de l’homme
Transliteration: ho huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: quelqu’un d’humain (loses Daniel 7 title force)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Occurs at authority claims (2:10, 2:28) and every Passion prediction (8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34, 10:45, 14:21, 14:41), roughly 14 times total. Established French rendering (Segond, TOB, Bible de Jérusalem), but the literal phrase risks reading as plain description of humanity rather than a fixed, capitalized title carrying the full Daniel 7:13-14 authority-and-suffering freight. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Ransom
Approved rendering: rançon
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
Core passage term, Mark 10:45, the single most theologically loaded word in the curriculum. Contemporary French ‘rançon’ is dominated by kidnapping/hostage news usage; must be anchored with mandatory Isaiah 53 cross-reference at every occurrence. Also guard against the Watchtower/TMN ‘ransom-sacrifice’ doctrinal reframing documented in 05_translation_landscape.md. Human theologian review required.
In Place Of
Approved rendering: à la place de
Transliteration: anti
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: pour (loses the specific substitutionary sense)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Atonement
Core passage term, Mark 10:45. Grammatically encodes substitutionary atonement — one life exchanged for others — and is distinct from and stronger than the ‘on behalf of’ (hyper) used at 14:24. Must never be softened to generic ‘pour’. Human theologian review required.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: The Lordship of Christ (Psalm 110 Confession)
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the Isaiah citation (1:3), Sabbath lordship (2:28), Gerasene commissioning (5:19), the Syrophoenician woman’s address (7:28), Palm Sunday preparations (11:3), and the Psalm 110 double-Kyrios riddle (12:36-37). Must be kept strictly distinct from ‘Maître’ (the Teacher-address didaskalos, e.g. 10:35) so readers do not collapse the two registers prematurely.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / Institution of the Lord’s Supper and the New Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. ‘This is my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’ (14:24) directly echoes 10:45’s ransom saying’s ‘for many’ language; cross-reference both for internal consistency. Follow the critical-text tradition (no ‘nouvelle’) per 05_translation_landscape.md.
Election
Approved rendering: élus / élection
Transliteration: élus / élection
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / Eschatological Watchfulness
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. ‘The elect’ recur three times in the Olivet Discourse (13:20, 13:22, 13:27); the baseline caution about French ‘élection’ evoking political/democratic elections applies with equal force.
Authority
Approved rendering: autorité
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: pouvoir (too generic)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
First applied to Jesus’ teaching (1:22) and command over unclean spirits (1:27); central to the authority-challenge at 11:28-33. French ‘autorité’ can default to bureaucratic/administrative authority, losing the astonishment the Greek conveys.
Holy One Of God
Approved rendering: le Saint de Dieu
Transliteration: ho hagios tou theou
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Messianic Secret
Mark 1:24, the demon’s involuntary confession — the first of several premature, suppressed identity-disclosures structuring the Messianic Secret. Must retain capital-letter title force, not a generic description of moral purity.
Silence Command
Approved rendering: réduire au silence / ordonner strictement
Transliteration: epitimaō / phimoō / diastellomai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / φιμόω / διαστέλλομαι
Category: Messianic Secret
Recurs at 1:25, 1:34, 1:44, 3:12, 5:43, 7:36, 8:30, 9:9. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence so French readers can trace the recurring narrative pattern; force must be emphatic and authoritative, not a gentle request for quiet.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: pardonner
Transliteration: aphiēmi
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins as a Divine Prerogative
Original: ἀφίημι
Category: Authority
Mark 2:5-10. Must read as a direct, unmediated divine act performed by Jesus himself, not general moral sentiment or something requiring separate priestly mediation, to preserve the force of the scribes’ blasphemy objection.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: blasphème
Transliteration: blasphēmia
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
Mark 3:28-29. Contemporary French public discourse has strongly politicized ‘blasphème’ as a free-expression/censorship issue since the 2015 Charlie Hebdo attacks; must keep the referent narrowly to willful, hardened rejection of the Spirit’s manifest work.
Fear
Approved rendering: peur / crainte
Transliteration: phobos / phobeomai
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Discipleship
Recurs at 4:41, 5:15, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8. French distinguishes self-protective fright (‘peur’) from reverential awe (‘crainte’); Mark’s phobos regularly straddles both — judge per occurrence, since the doctrine’s arc (fear giving way to, or coexisting with, faith) depends on getting this right.
Tradition
Approved rendering: tradition
Transliteration: paradosis
Doctrine: Tradition versus the Commandment of God
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
Mark 7:1-13’s critique of ‘the tradition of men’ overriding ‘the commandment of God’ sits close to the historically fraught French Catholic-Protestant sola scriptura debate. Must render Jesus’ specific first-century critique without appearing to adjudicate the broader confessional distinction.
Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: il faut / il est nécessaire
Transliteration: dei
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ
Category: Atonement
Mark 8:31 and recurrences 9:11, 13:7, 13:10, 14:31. French ‘il faut’ is ordinary circumstantial-obligation vocabulary; reinforce every occurrence with explicit divine-plan framing (‘selon le plan de Dieu’).
Beloved
Approved rendering: bien-aimé
Transliteration: agapētos
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Mark 9:7 echoes 1:11’s baptismal declaration. Must be read together with ‘Fils de Dieu’ as reinforcing the unique, eternal, chosen-love relationship within the Godhead, not a generic term of affection.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: vie éternelle
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
Mark 10:17, 10:30. Must be safeguarded against a merit-earned reading, echoing and correcting the rich man’s own mistaken assumption — a transplant of the baseline’s grace-apart-from-merit concern into Mark’s narrative.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Fils de David
Transliteration: huios Dauid / huie Dauid
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / The Messianic Secret
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ (voc. υἱὲ Δαυίδ)
Category: Christology
Mark 10:47-48, blind Bartimaeus’s vocative messianic address, notably NOT silenced by Jesus — a turning point in the Messianic Secret pattern. Distinguish from bare genealogical ‘descendance de David’.
Lord Over Dominate
Approved rendering: dominer
Transliteration: katakyrieuō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Servanthood
Core passage term, Mark 10:42. Deliberately built on the kyrios (‘Seigneur’) root intensified with ‘down upon’; French readers must not hear any echo of Christ’s own legitimate Seigneurie in this negative example of illegitimate domination.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: exercer un pouvoir autoritaire sur
Transliteration: katexousiazō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
Core passage term, Mark 10:42. Shares its root with the positive ‘autorité’ (exousia) Jesus legitimately holds and grants elsewhere (1:22, 1:27, 2:10); must not blur into that legitimate delegated divine authority.
Servant
Approved rendering: serviteur
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: diacre (wrongly narrows to the later ecclesial office)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
First occurs 9:35, reinforced at the core passage 10:43. Must NOT be rendered ‘diacre’: that reading would wrongly narrow Jesus’ universal community ethic to a specific Catholic ecclesial office (le diaconat).
Many
Approved rendering: beaucoup
Transliteration: pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: tous (universalizing drift), quelques-uns (narrowing drift), plusieurs (archaic, ambiguous), une multitude (scope-blurring expansion, per NBS/TOB/BJ)
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Atonement
Mark 10:45 and 14:24. Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12 LXX’s ‘the many’. Must preserve the exact indefinite-but-bounded scope of the source; flag for theologian review given live atonement-scope debates. Follow S21’s ‘beaucoup’, never LSG’s ‘plusieurs’ or the ecumenical family’s ‘une multitude’.
Love Great Commandment
Approved rendering: aimer / amour
Transliteration: agapaō / agapē
Doctrine: The Great Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Discipleship
Mark 12:29-31. French ‘amour’ carries strong romantic/eros connotations from popular song and poetry; anchor by object (Dieu, le prochain) and command-form (‘tu aimeras’) to keep the volitional, self-giving sense clear.
False Messiahs Prophets
Approved rendering: faux messies / faux prophètes
Transliteration: pseudochristoi / pseudoprophētai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Messianic Secret
Mark 13:21-22. Must be clearly distinguished from ‘Messie’ (true, singular, OT-fulfilling figure); the ‘faux’ prefix is doctrinally essential and must never be dropped or softened.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: corps / sang
Transliteration: sōma / haima
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper and the New Covenant
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Atonement
Mark 14:22-24. A live, historically fierce French confessional flashpoint (transubstantiation vs. memorial/spiritual-presence views). Render the words plainly and let the Passion-narrative context carry the meaning; flag for theologian review rather than resolving the sacramental debate in translation.
Hand Over Betray
Approved rendering: livrer / trahir
Transliteration: paradidōmi
Doctrine: Betrayal and the Sovereign Plan of God
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Atonement
Used repeatedly 14:10-11, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41, 14:44, 15:1, 15:10, 15:15. Distinguish contextually between Judas’s culpable betrayal (‘trahir’) and the theologically loaded ‘livrer’ (hand over/deliver up) used of the divine plan overall, while using a consistent root where Mark repeats the same Greek verb.
Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: Éloï, Éloï, lama sabachthani
Transliteration: Elōi elōi lema sabachthani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωὶ ἐλωὶ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Atonement
Mark 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1. Retain the Aramaic transliteration exactly as Mark preserves it, immediately followed by Mark’s own gloss. The doctrinal weight of the cry of dereliction is best flagged for theologian review rather than resolved by translation choice alone.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Descends visibly at Jesus’ baptism (1:10), drives him into the wilderness (1:12), empowers exorcism (3:29-30), and promises speech under persecution (13:11). Always use personal-agent syntax (‘l’Esprit descend’, ‘l’Esprit dit’) and capitalize; never render as an impersonal force, per the TMN/Jehovah’s Witnesses collision risk documented in 05_translation_landscape.md.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:15’s programmatic ‘the kingdom of God has come near’ anchors this doctrine for the whole book; echoed in parables (4:11, 4:26-32), the child-sayings (10:14-15), and the eschatological banquet (14:25). France’s laïcité and republican vocabulary risk a nostalgic-monarchical or political misreading; must retain dynamic, in-breaking force.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: (all doctrines)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package.
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Father’s voice confirms Sonship (1:11, 9:7) and is addressed by Jesus in Gethsemane’s anguished prayer (14:36).
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Preserved untranslated by Mark himself (14:36), Jesus’ own Gethsemane cry; later echoed in Romans 8:15’s believer’s cry.
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Credited with healing at 5:34 and 10:52 (‘your faith has healed/saved you’); contrasted with fear at 4:40 and 9:23-24. Personal trust, not religious affiliation.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the unclean spirit’s confession ‘the Holy One of God’ (1:24), Herod’s fear of John (6:20), and the Son of Man’s coming ‘with the holy angels’ (8:38).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / Bodily Resurrection Hope
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Defended against Sadducean denial (12:18-27) and announced at the empty tomb (16:6); must never be rendered as a naturalistic metaphor for renewal.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. James and John request seats in Christ’s coming enthronement ‘glory’ (10:37) without grasping it is entered through suffering; also names the Son of Man’s future coming (8:38, 13:26).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (8:29) is Mark’s narrative turning point; recurs in the false-messiah warnings (13:21) and the Sanhedrin’s question (14:61) and mocking (15:32). Also rendered ‘Christ’ interchangeably per established French Bible convention.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens / les nations
Transliteration: païens / les nations
Doctrine: Inclusion of the Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to the Syrophoenician woman’s ethnicity (7:26), the negative-foil Gentile rulers (10:42), the Temple’s court of the nations (11:17), and the mission scope (13:10). Prefer the neutral ‘les nations’ over pejorative-tending ‘païens’ where the sense is broad/non-pejorative, especially 10:42.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Named in the Shema citation (12:29) and the mocking title at the cross, ‘King of Israel’ (15:32); keep the referent historical/theological, distinct from the modern nation-state.
Mission
Approved rendering: mission
Transliteration: mission
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package. Ties to the sending of the Twelve (6:7, ‘envoyer en mission’) and the mission-scope statements (13:10). France’s colonial missionary history carries live postcolonial critique; frame strictly as gospel proclamation, never conquest.
Teacher
Approved rendering: Maître
Transliteration: Didaskale
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: Seigneur (would prematurely collapse into the Lordship confession)
Original: διδάσκαλος (voc. Διδάσκαλε)
Category: Discipleship
Core passage term, Mark 10:35. Disciple-address for Jesus (didaskalos); French ‘Maître’ can also denote an employer, slave-owner, or professional expert, so it must be kept distinct from ‘Seigneur’ (reserved for kyrios/Lordship).
Cup Suffering
Approved rendering: coupe
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Atonement
Core passage term, Mark 10:38-39, recurs 14:36. OT metaphor for one’s allotted portion of suffering/wrath (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17); French ‘coupe’ is a neutral drinking vessel and carries no built-in suffering connotation — must be anchored by explicit teaching context, not the word alone.
Baptism
Approved rendering: baptême / baptiser
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross / Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Kingdom
Literal rite at 1:4-11 (John’s repentance-baptism, Jesus’ own unique baptism); metaphorical extension to being overwhelmed by suffering at 10:38-39. Catholic sacramental theology and Reformed believer’s-baptism emphases differ; keep the literal referent narrow and flag the metaphorical sense explicitly in teaching notes.
Repentance
Approved rendering: repentance / se repentir
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Repentance and the Nearness of the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: pénitence (sacramental confession risk)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
Mark 1:4, 1:15. Total reorientation of mind and life toward God; Catholic French readers may associate this vocabulary with the sacrament of penance/confession. Must remain an immediate, inward turning to God, not a sacramental act requiring priestly mediation.
Disciple
Approved rendering: disciple
Transliteration: mathētēs
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
Mark 1:16-20’s calling of the first disciples: immediate, costly, total abandonment of livelihood. Secular French usage (‘les disciples d’un philosophe/gourou’) can flatten this to intellectual allegiance rather than whole-life following of a person.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: esprit impur / démon
Transliteration: pneuma akatharton / daimonion
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Authority
First exorcism at 1:23-27; Gerasene demoniac at 5:1-20. Secularizing French culture risks reading ‘démon’ as folkloric or metaphorical (‘avoir des démons’ = personal struggles) rather than a real personal malevolent being subject to Christ’s authority.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: sabbat
Transliteration: sabbaton
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
Mark 1:21, 2:23-28. France-specific collision: ‘le sabbat des sorcières’ (witches’ gathering) is a live folkloric/horror association; flag for catechetical footnoting at first occurrence.
Bridegroom
Approved rendering: époux
Transliteration: nymphios
Doctrine: Fasting in Light of the Bridegroom’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: mari (loses festive resonance)
Original: νυμφίος
Category: Kingdom
Mark 2:19-20. Must retain the festive, celebratory wedding-banquet resonance, not a merely domestic ‘husband’ sense, to preserve the messianic-joy contrast.
The Twelve
Approved rendering: les douze
Transliteration: hoi dōdeka
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: οἱ δώδεκα
Category: Church
Mark 3:14-19. The symbolic link to Israel’s twelve tribes is not self-evident to a biblically low-literacy French reader and needs occasional explicit cross-referencing.
Mystery
Approved rendering: mystère
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
Mark 4:11. Secular French usage (detective/thriller genre) suggests an unsolved puzzle awaiting human deduction rather than a divine truth disclosed to some and withheld from others; gloss at first occurrence to reverse the expected direction of disclosure.
Save Heal
Approved rendering: sauver / guérir
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σῴζω
Category: Authority
Recurs 3:4, 5:23-34, 6:56, 8:35, 10:52. French must choose contextually between ‘guérir’ (physical) and ‘sauver’ (spiritual/eschatological) where Greek allows both senses simultaneously; footnote the wordplay at 5:34 and 10:52.
Send Commission
Approved rendering: envoyer (en mission)
Transliteration: apostellō
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
Mark 6:7’s sending of the Twelve ‘with authority’ over unclean spirits. Keep tied to ‘apôtre’/‘mission’ vocabulary; frame strictly as gospel proclamation and Kingdom authority, not conquest, per baseline’s postcolonial caution.
Defile Common
Approved rendering: souiller / impur
Transliteration: koinos / koinoō
Doctrine: Purity of Heart over Ritual Defilement
Original: κοινός / κοινόω
Category: Sin
Mark 7:14-23’s relocation of defilement to the heart. Must be read as moral, heart-level defilement per Jesus’ explicit teaching, not merely external ritual impurity — risk of over-literalizing to food/ritual categories Jesus is explicitly overturning.
Heart
Approved rendering: cœur
Transliteration: kardia
Doctrine: Purity of Heart over Ritual Defilement
Original: καρδία
Category: Sin
Mark 7:6, 7:19, 7:21. French ‘cœur’ can drift toward a purely emotional/sentimental register; must be anchored as the whole inner moral center (will, thought, disposition), not just feelings.
Sign
Approved rendering: signe
Transliteration: sēmeion
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Messianic Secret
Mark 8:11-12. Must retain the sense of a marker pointing to Jesus’ identity/authority for those who will receive it in faith, not a magic trick demanded on skeptical terms — relevant to a French secular audience prone to demanding empirical proof.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: renoncer à soi-même
Transliteration: aparneomai heauton
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
Mark 8:34. Must not be softened into a vague self-improvement or humility idea; retains total self-abdication of one’s own will and rights, in the same rhetorical family as doulos (10:44).
Soul Life
Approved rendering: vie / âme
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: âme (alone at 10:45 — risks body/soul dualism)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Atonement
Prefer ‘vie’ over ‘âme’ at 10:45 to avoid a dualism reading (only the immaterial part given) foreign to the sense of a real death. At 8:35-37 the ambiguity between physical life and ultimate self/destiny is likely deliberate; either French word may be used there with a note that both render one Greek word.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: être transfiguré / la Transfiguration
Transliteration: metamorphoō
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: métamorphose (secularizing, Kafka/fairy-tale association)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
Mark 9:2-3. French Catholic liturgical tradition already has an established feast-day term ‘la Transfiguration’, which should be preferred over a secularizing ‘métamorphose’.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: géhenne
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
Mark 9:43-47. Without an explanatory gloss, French readers will likely read ‘géhenne’ as a generic literary ‘enfer’ (Dante-inflected) rather than grasping the concrete Hinnom Valley OT background; a brief historical-geographic footnote is recommended.
Divorce
Approved rendering: divorcer / répudier
Transliteration: apolyō / apolysai
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: ἀπολύω (aor. inf. ἀπολύσαι)
Category: Covenant
Mark 10:2-12. ‘Répudier’ matches the ancient one-sided-dismissal practice Jesus critiques; ‘divorcer’ is the modern legal-procedural term. Either is defensible; the creation-order argument must not be lost in a purely contemporary-legal framing.
Chief Priests Scribes Elders
Approved rendering: grands prêtres / scribes / anciens
Transliteration: archiereis / grammateis / presbyteroi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀρχιερεῖς / γραμματεῖς / πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Atonement
Mark 11:27’s authority challenge introduces this leadership triad. Given France’s significant Jewish community and history, keep the conflict located in specific first-century leadership groups’ response to Jesus’ claims, not generalized into a timeless anti-Jewish reading.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: tribulation / détresse
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
Mark 13:19, 13:24. ‘Tribulation’ is a recognized, slightly elevated French biblical-register term; ‘détresse’ is a contemporary alternative — either is acceptable but must retain the eschatological, not merely everyday-hardship, sense.
Watch Alert
Approved rendering: veiller
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
Mark 13:35-37, echoed at Gethsemane 14:34, 14:37-38. Link contextually via cross-reference so readers see the same call to vigilance applied first eschatologically, then in the immediate Passion crisis.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: le roi des Juifs
Transliteration: ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn
Doctrine: Messianic Kingship and Irony at the Cross
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Kingdom
Recurs 15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26. Given France’s Jewish community and historical sensitivities, this title’s ironic and mocking first-century Roman usage must be clearly contextualized as period-specific dramatic irony, not a general statement about Jewish people.
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: voile du temple
Transliteration: to katapetasma tou naou
Doctrine: Access to God through the Torn Veil
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ
Category: Atonement
Mark 15:38, torn ‘from top to bottom’ at Jesus’ death. Requires OT Tabernacle/Temple background that low-biblical-literacy French readers will generally lack; a brief explanatory note is recommended.
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel / Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark functions as the book’s own title and thesis word (1:1) and recurs at the cost-of-discipleship (8:35, 10:29), mission (13:10), memorial (14:9), and Great-Commission-parallel (16:15) passages.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: (all doctrines)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Twelve are named apostles at their commissioning (3:14) and report back after their mission (6:30).
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Prophetic Rejection of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus applies the category to himself amid his hometown’s rejection (6:4); popular opinion floats it as one possible identity for him (6:15, 8:28).
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Referenced in the grainfield controversy (2:25), Bartimaeus’s messianic address (10:47-48), the Triumphal Entry acclamation (11:10), and the Psalm 110 riddle (12:35-37).
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Concludes the healing account at 5:34 (‘go in peace’) and appears in the salt-saying at 9:50.
Fasting
Approved rendering: jeûner / le jeûne
Transliteration: nēsteuō / nēsteia
Doctrine: Fasting in Light of the Bridegroom’s Presence
Original: νηστεύω / νηστεία
Category: Kingdom
Mark 2:18-20; answered by the bridegroom analogy. Stable term across Catholic and Protestant French traditions.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Béelzébul
Transliteration: Beelzeboul
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Authority
Mark 3:22. Standard transliterated proper name; a brief gloss (‘le prince des démons’) is useful for readers unfamiliar with the name.
Parable
Approved rendering: parabole
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
Mark 4:2-34. Well-established French Bible term; minimal secular-drift risk.
Talitha Cumi
Approved rendering: Talitha koum
Transliteration: Talitha koum
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ταλιθά κούμ
Category: Authority
Mark 5:41. Retain the Aramaic transliteration exactly as Mark preserves it, immediately followed by Mark’s own gloss ‘petite fille, lève-toi’.
Bless
Approved rendering: bénir
Transliteration: eulogeō
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Blessing at the Table
Original: εὐλογέω
Category: Kingdom
Recurs at both feeding miracles (6:41, 8:6-7) and the Last Supper (14:22); invites deliberate cross-reference.
Corban
Approved rendering: Corban
Transliteration: korban
Doctrine: Tradition versus the Commandment of God
Original: κορβάν
Category: Covenant
Mark 7:11. Retain the transliteration with a brief explanatory gloss (‘une offrande vouée à Dieu’); no false-friend risk, only an information gap.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
Mark 11:9-10, the Triumphal Entry acclamation. Standard transliterated liturgical term across French Christian traditions; a brief gloss on the original ‘save now’ meaning is useful given low OT literacy.
Caesar
Approved rendering: César
Transliteration: Kaisar
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Kingdom
Mark 12:14-17. Standard transliterated proper name.
Passover
Approved rendering: Pâque
Transliteration: pascha
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: Pâques (wrong — this is the plural Christian Easter form)
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
Mark 14:1, 14:12-16. Use the singular ‘la Pâque’ for the Jewish feast; the orthographic distinction from plural ‘Pâques’ (Christian Easter) is doctrinally significant and must never be conflated.
Golgotha
Approved rendering: Golgotha
Transliteration: Golgotha
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Γολγοθᾶ
Category: Atonement
Mark 15:22. Standard transliteration; traditional gloss ‘lieu du crâne’ may be included.
Proclaim
Approved rendering: proclamer
Transliteration: kēryssō / kēryxate
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: κηρύσσω (aor. imv. κηρύξατε)
Category: Kingdom
Mark 16:15 (longer ending), echoing 1:1 and 13:10, framing Mark’s Gospel with a proclamation inclusio.
Referenced passages