Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Ezekiel (Full Book)
Conventions
- French Term = the required destination-language rendering for this curriculum.
- Terms marked (baseline TM) are already fixed in the Romans
translation_memory.jsonand are reused exactly, with no deviation. - Terms marked (NEW) are introduced by this curriculum and must be added to translation memory before Phase 2 processing, per the pipeline’s new-term protocol.
- Risk uses the Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and definitions from
doctrine_risk_registry.json. Where a baseline-shared term’s risk tier is reassessed for Ezekiel’s doctrinal context, the baseline tier is noted alongside for transparency; the French rendering itself is never altered. - YHWH-family terms follow the reconciliation established in
07_semantic_analysis.md: YHWH → “le SEIGNEUR” (small caps); Adonai → “Seigneur”; Adonai YHWH → “Seigneur DIEU.”
Category 1 — Divine Presence, Glory, and Sovereignty
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dieu (baseline TM) | אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) | θεός (theos) | Critical (baseline) | throughout | Reuse baseline exactly |
| le SEIGNEUR (NEW convention, extends baseline “Seigneur”) | יְהוָה (YHWH) | κύριος (kyrios) | Critical | throughout (~430x) | Small-caps convention marks the divine name distinct from ordinary “Seigneur” (NT kyrios confession) |
| Seigneur DIEU (NEW) | אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה (Adonai YHWH) | κύριος κύριος / κύριος ὁ θεός | Critical | ~217 occurrences throughout | Ezekiel’s characteristic double divine title; TOB/NBS convention |
| gloire (baseline TM, reassessed) | כָּבוֹד (kavod) | δόξα (doxa) | High in this curriculum (Medium in Romans baseline) | 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 43, 44 | Departure/return arc is the book’s doctrinal spine; render identically at every occurrence |
| main du SEIGNEUR (NEW) | יַד־יְהוָה (yad-YHWH) | χεῖρ κυρίου | Low | 1, 3, 8, 37, 40 | Prophetic-visionary onset formula |
| gloire et souveraineté de Dieu (doctrine label) (NEW) | — | — | High | 1, 8-11, 20, 36, 39, 43, 48 | Umbrella doctrine name for this curriculum, not a single Hebrew term |
| providence-adjacent: “pour l’amour de mon nom” (NEW) | לְמַעַן שְׁמִי (lema’an shemi) | — | High | 20, 36 | God’s self-referential, merit-independent motive formula; conceptual parallel to baseline grace |
| habiter/demeurer (NEW) | שָׁכַן (shakan) | κατασκηνόω | High | 43, 48 | Root behind post-biblical “Shekhinah”; God’s promised permanent dwelling |
| Le-SEIGNEUR-est-ici (YHWH-Shammah) (NEW) | וַיהוָה שָׁמָּה | καὶ ἔσται τὸ ὄνομα τῆς πόλεως … κύριος ἐκεῖ | Critical | 48:35 | Book’s climactic closing name; compound-name rendering (cf. “Emmanuel”) |
Category 2 — Spirit, Life, and Restoration
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esprit / souffle / vent (NEW, single Hebrew root split across three French words) | רוּחַ (ruach) | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | Critical | 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 36, 37, 39 | Deliberate polysemy (Spirit/breath/wind) largely unrecoverable in French; flag every occurrence |
| Esprit Saint (baseline TM, conceptual bridge only) | — (Ezekiel uses “mon Esprit,” not “ruach ha-qodesh”) | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Critical (baseline) | cf. 36:27, 37:14, 39:29 | Ezekiel’s “my Spirit” is the OT canonical anticipation of the NT Holy Spirit; capitalize consistently, but note the OT phrasing itself lacks “Saint” |
| vivre / revivre (NEW) | חָיָה (chayah) | ζάω / ἀναζάω | High | 3, 18, 20, 33, 37, 47 | Do NOT render as “résurrection”; at least three distinct applications in the book (individual-ethical, ch.18; national-restorative, ch.37; cosmic-ecological, ch.47) |
| résurrection (baseline TM — cross-reference only, not used to translate chayah) | ἀνάστασις-equivalent concept, not present as a direct term in Ezekiel’s Hebrew | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | Critical (baseline) | cf. typological reading of 37:1-14 | Keep the baseline’s bodily/historical/individual sense fenced off from Ezekiel 37’s own national-restoration referent; teach as later canonical extension only |
| un cœur nouveau et un esprit nouveau (NEW) | לֵב חָדָשׁ וְרוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה | καρδίαν καινήν καὶ πνεῦμα καινόν | Critical | 11:19, 18:31, 36:26 | Render identically at every occurrence |
| cœur de pierre / cœur de chair (NEW) | לֵב הָאֶבֶן / לֵב בָּשָׂר | καρδίαν λιθίνην / καρδίαν σαρκίνην | High | 11:19, 36:26 | Word-for-word consistency required |
| adoption filiale (baseline TM, conceptual bridge only) | “ils seront mon peuple, je serai leur Dieu” formula | — | Medium-High | 11:20, 36:28, 37:23,27 | Covenant-formula echo of family/belonging theology, though Ezekiel does not use a term equivalent to huiothesia |
Category 3 — Sin, Righteousness, and Individual Responsibility (Ezekiel 18)
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| péché (baseline TM) | חַטָּאָה / חֵטְא (chattah/chet) | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | High (baseline) | 3, 18, 33 | Reuse baseline; note Hebrew’s three overlapping sin-terms (chattah, avon, pesha) collapse into one French word |
| iniquité (NEW) | עָוֹן (avon) | ἀδικία / ἀνομία | Medium | 4, 7, 14, 18 | Distinct nuance (“guilt/bent wrongdoing”) from chattah; both usually rendered “péché”/“iniquité” |
| âme (la personne) (NEW) | נֶפֶשׁ (nephesh) | ψυχή (psychē) | High | 18 | French “âme” imports Cartesian/Catholic soul-body dualism absent from Hebrew’s holistic “living person” sense; recommend clarifying gloss |
| justice (baseline TM, CRITICAL curriculum-specific caveat) | צְדָקָה (tzedakah) / צַדִּיק (tzaddik) | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | Critical | 18, 45 | MUST be taught as retributive, works-based individual accounting under Mosaic covenant — explicitly distinct from the baseline’s forensic, imputed, faith-apart-from-works sense fixed for Romans. Do not silently harmonize. |
| justice imputée (baseline TM — explicit CONTRAST reference) | — (no direct equivalent in Ezekiel 18) | ἐλογίσθη … εἰς δικαιοσύνην | Critical (baseline) | cf. 18:20 contrast | Ezekiel 18’s “righteousness of the righteous shall be upon himself” is the opposite structure of imputed righteousness (credited from outside); flag this contrast explicitly for theologian review |
| méchant / méchanceté (NEW) | רָשָׁע / רִשְׁעָה (rasha/rish’ah) | ἄνομος / ἀσέβεια | Medium | 18, 33 | Paired antonym to tzaddik/tzedakah |
| se détourner (NEW) | שׁוּב (shuv) | ἐπιστρέφω | Medium | 3, 14, 18, 33 | Prefer over “se repentir” to avoid drawing too close to French Catholic sacramental “pénitence” vocabulary |
| justes mesures (NEW) | מִשְׁפַּט־צֶדֶק (mishpat-tzedeq) | κρίσις δικαία | Medium | 45 | Commercial-ethical extension of the tzedeq root; keep distinct from doctrinal “justice/justification” |
Category 4 — Covenant, Israel, and the Nations
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alliance (baseline TM) | בְּרִית (berit) | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | High (baseline) | 16, 17, 20, 34, 36, 37 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| alliance éternelle (NEW) | בְּרִית עוֹלָם (berit olam) | διαθήκη αἰωνία | Medium-High | 16:60, 37:26 | Permanence of restoration promise |
| alliance de paix (NEW) | בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם (berit shalom) | διαθήκη εἰρήνης | Medium-High | 34:25, 37:26 | Security/flourishing under the Davidic shepherd |
| Israël (baseline TM) | יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisra’el) | Ἰσραήλ | Medium (baseline) | throughout | Reuse baseline; contemporary political sensitivity heightened here given Ezekiel’s literal land/border content (chs.47-48) |
| pays d’Israël / terre d’Israël (NEW) | אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל (eretz Yisrael) | γῆ Ἰσραήλ | Medium | 37:12, 40-48 | Keep referent historical-theological, per baseline note on “Israël” |
| nations (NEW — explicitly NOT baseline “païens”) | גּוֹיִם (goyim) | ἔθνη (ethnē) | Medium | 25-32, 36, 38-39 | Deliberately diverges from baseline’s gentiles=“païens” (Romans’ Jew-Gentile unity context); Ezekiel’s goyim denotes specific historical pagan nations under judgment/recognition, a different theological frame — use “nations,” not “païens” |
| David (baseline TM, reassessed) | דָּוִד (David) | Δαυίδ | High in this curriculum (Low in Romans baseline) | 34, 37 | Elevated due to explicit messianic-shepherd-king promise (“mon serviteur David”) |
| prince (NEW) | נָשִׂיא (nasi) | ἀφηγούμενος / ἄρχων | High | 34, 37, 40-48 | Deliberately distinct from melek (“roi”); a limited, sacrificing, non-divine ruling figure in the temple vision — do not flatten into a univocal “the Messiah” |
| Gog et Magog (NEW) | גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג | Γωγ καὶ Μαγωγ | High | 38-39 | Stable transliteration; heavy contested-eschatology and popular-culture baggage around surrounding doctrine, not the name itself |
Category 5 — Holiness, Temple, and Worship
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| saint / sanctification (baseline TM) | קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh) / קִדֵּשׁ (qiddesh) | ἅγιος / ἁγιάζω | High/Medium (baseline) | 20, 36, 43-46 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| sanctuaire / temple (NEW) | מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash) / הֵיכָל (heikhal) | ἁγίασμα / ναός | Medium | 8-11, 37, 40-48 | Distinguish Ezekiel’s future/symbolic temple vision from NT temple-as-body/Church theology; note baseline’s church caution about institutional vs. body-of-believers senses is analogously relevant |
| lieu très saint (NEW) | קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים (qodesh ha-qodashim) | ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων | Medium | 41 | Reuse baseline holy; architectural application |
| chérubins (NEW) | כְּרוּבִים (keruvim) | χερουβίμ (cheroubim) | Medium | 1 (as “êtres vivants”), 10, 28, 41 | French “chérubin” colloquially trivializes into “adorable child”; teach as fearsome throne-guardians |
| idoles (NEW) | גִּלּוּלִים (gillulim) | βδελύγματα / εἴδωλα | Medium | 6, 8, 14, 16, 20, 23, 36, 37 | Loses the Hebrew’s derogatory scatological-pun force |
| abomination(s) (NEW) | תּוֹעֵבָה (to’evah) | βδέλυγμα (bdelygma) | Medium | 5-23, 33, 36, 44 | Guard against narrow moralistic (sexual-sin-only) misreading |
| prostitution (NEW) | זְנוּת / זָנָה (zenut/zanah) | πορνεία (porneia) | High | 16, 23 | Covenant-unfaithfulness metaphor; sensitive explicit imagery, risk of literalist misreading |
| incirconcis / incirconcis de cœur et de chair (NEW) | עֲרֵלִים / עַרְלֵי־לֵב וְעַרְלֵי בָשָׂר | ἀπερίτμητοι | High | 32, 44 | Double literal/figurative sense; handle with pastoral sensitivity |
| sabbats (NEW) | שַׁבָּתוֹת (shabbatot) | σάββατα | Medium | 20, 44-46 | Covenant-sign observance |
Category 6 — Prophecy, Judgment, and Eschatology
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prophète / prophétie (baseline TM) | נָבִיא (nabi) / נָבָא (naba) | προφήτης / προφητεία | Low (baseline) | throughout (~90+ occurrences of the verb) | Reuse baseline exactly |
| fils d’homme (NEW) | בֶּן־אָדָם (ben-adam) | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου | High | throughout (~93x) | Collides visually/lexically with the NT Christological title “le Fils de l’homme”; must be taught as address to a mortal prophet, never messianic in Ezekiel |
| vous saurez que je suis le SEIGNEUR (recognition formula) (NEW) | וִידַעְתֶּם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה | καὶ γνώσεσθε ὅτι ἐγὼ κύριος | Medium | ~60+ occurrences throughout | Render identically at every occurrence for pedagogical tracking |
| sentinelle (NEW) | צֹפֶה (tsofeh) | σκοπός (skopos) | Medium | 3, 33 | Active warning-responsibility role, not passive observation |
| signe (NEW) | אוֹת (ot) | σημεῖον (sēmeion) | Medium | 4, 12, 24, 37 | Names the enacted-prophecy genre structuring much of the book |
| séjour des morts / le shéol (NEW) | שְׁאוֹל (she’ol) | ᾅδης (Hadēs) | Medium-High | 31, 32 | Avoid anachronistic import of later, more developed NT hell-imagery |
| dans les derniers jours (NEW) | בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים (be-acharit ha-yamim) | ἐπ’ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν | Medium | 38 | Standard prophetic-eschatological time formula |
| grand dragon / monstre (NEW) | הַתַּנִּים הַגָּדוֹל (ha-tannim ha-gadol) | ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας | Medium | 29, 32 | ANE chaos-monster background; avoid over-identifying with Revelation’s distinct dragon imagery |
| chérubin protecteur (Eden oracle) (NEW) | הַכְּרוּב הַסֹּכֵךְ (ha-keruv ha-sokhekh) | τὸ χερουβ | High | 28 | Distinguish oracle’s plain sense (Tyre’s king) from later traditional typological reading as Satan’s fall |
Category 7 — Restoration and the New Temple (Ezekiel 34-48)
| French Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Risk | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bergers / berger (NEW) | רֹעִים / רֹעֶה (ro’im/ro’eh) | ποιμένες / ποιμήν | Medium | 34 | Metaphor for leaders vs. God’s own promised shepherding |
| deux bâtons (NEW) | שְׁנֵי עֲצִים (shnei etzim) | δύο ῥάβδοι | Medium | 37:15-28 | Sign-act of national reunification |
| roseau à mesurer / portes / cours (NEW) | קְנֵה הַמִּדָּה / שְׁעָרִים / חֲצֵרוֹת | κάλαμος τοῦ μέτρου / πύλαι / αὐλαί | Low | 40-42 | Architectural vocabulary of the ordered restoration vision |
| fleuve sortant du temple (NEW) | נַחַל יוֹצֵא מִתַּחַת הַבַּיִת | ποταμὸς ἐκπορευόμενος | Medium-High | 47 | Edenic/eschatological typology; cross-reference Genesis 2, Revelation 22 |
| feuilles pour la guérison (NEW) | עֳלֵהוּ לִתְרוּפָה | φύλλα εἰς θεραπείαν | Medium | 47 | Direct source for Revelation 22:2 |
Coverage Confirmation
Every chapter of Ezekiel (1-48) has been reviewed and is represented above or explicitly noted in 07_semantic_analysis.md as reusing prior terms without new theological vocabulary (chapters 5, 12, 19, 21, 23, 26-27, 30, 33, 35, 42, 46 are explicitly flagged as primarily reuse chapters with minor or no new load-bearing terms). The core passage (Ezekiel 37:1-14) receives full verse-by-verse treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md, Part A.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu / du juste)
Doctrine: Salvation / Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Original: צְדָקָה / צַדִּיק
Category: Salvation
Inherited French rendering from Romans package, but risk tier is REASSESSED to Critical for this curriculum. Ezekiel 18 uses the identical French word ‘justice’ for a retributive, works-based, non-transferable individual accounting under the Mosaic covenant (‘the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon himself,’ 18:20) — the structural OPPOSITE of the baseline’s forensic, imputed, faith-apart-from-works sense fixed for Romans. This must be explicitly taught as a contrast, never silently harmonized in either direction.
Justification
Approved rendering: justification
Transliteration: justification
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: sanctification (conflation), salut (too generic)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel itself contains no direct equivalent term; retained so teaching material can explicitly contrast Romans’ forensic justification with Ezekiel 18’s individual-accounting righteousness without conflating the two French-language doctrines.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ / Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones (contrast reference)
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: ἀνάστασις (concept, not present as a Hebrew term in Ezekiel)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. CRITICAL GUARDRAIL for this curriculum: this word must NEVER be used to translate Ezekiel’s ‘chayah’ (vivre/revivre) in 37:1-14. It may be used ONLY as an explicit, clearly bracketed forward cross-reference to the later canonical/typological extension of the dry-bones vision, never as the vision’s own primary-sense rendering, since 37:11 explicitly identifies the referent as national/corporate (‘toute la maison d’Israël’), not individual bodily resurrection.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term; retained because Ezekiel’s Davidic shepherd-king promise (chs. 34, 37) is a legitimate NT cross-reference point for teaching material discussing Christ’s sonship and kingship together.
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited French rendering from Romans package; risk tier is set to Critical for this curriculum consistent with this book’s own bible_term_registry.json entry, given the density and doctrinal weight of divine self-revelation throughout Ezekiel. Always distinguish from the small-capitals ‘le SEIGNEUR’ (YHWH) and ‘Seigneur DIEU’ (Adonai YHWH) conventions below.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Outpouring of the Spirit
Original: רוּחִי (rendered conceptually as πνεῦμα ἅγιον in later reception)
Category: Spirit
Inherited from Romans package as a CROSS-REFERENCE ONLY. Ezekiel’s Hebrew never writes ‘ruach ha-qodesh’; it writes simply ‘my Spirit’ (ruchi). Use ‘Esprit Saint’ only when explicitly teaching the canonical trajectory toward Pentecost (Acts 2; cf. Ezekiel 39:29); never retroactively insert ‘Saint’ into a direct rendering of Ezekiel’s own text — see new entry ‘spirit_breath_wind’ below for the direct-rendering rule.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice imputée
Transliteration: justice imputée
Doctrine: Justification by Faith / Individual Responsibility for Sin (contrast)
Rejected alternatives: justice méritée
Original: no direct Hebrew equivalent in Ezekiel 18 (contrast reference only)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used in this curriculum ONLY as an explicit CONTRAST reference against Ezekiel 18:20’s self-contained, non-transferable righteousness — the structural opposite of credited/imputed righteousness. Flag every joint occurrence of Ezekiel 18 and this term for theologian review.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: Yahvé (opaque without gloss), l’Éternel (older Segond convention, not used in this curriculum)
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW. The covenant divine name, ~430 occurrences in Ezekiel — far denser than anywhere in Romans. Rendered with small capitals (TOB/NBS convention) to keep the divine NAME visually distinct from the ordinary title ‘Seigneur’ used for the NT Lordship confession (baseline’s ‘lord’ entry). Losing this typographic distinction at scale would silently erase Ezekiel’s insistent name-theology (‘you shall know that I am YHWH’).
Adonai Yhwh
Approved rendering: Seigneur DIEU
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: Seigneur Éternel
Original: אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
Category: God
NEW. Ezekiel’s characteristic double divine title (~217 occurrences), ‘my Lord, YHWH.’ Rendered per TOB/NBS convention. Without a fixed typographic distinction French readers cannot tell this compound formula apart from ordinary ‘Seigneur’ or ‘Dieu’ occurrences, flattening one of the book’s most repeated theological markers.
Yhwh Shammah
Approved rendering: Le-SEIGNEUR-est-ici
Transliteration: va-YHWH shammah
Doctrine: Divine Presence Named Forever (YHWH-Shammah)
Rejected alternatives: le SEIGNEUR est là (descriptive sentence, loses proper-name function), Yahvé-Shammah (opaque transliteration)
Original: וַיהוָה שָׁמָּה
Category: God
NEW. The restored city’s climactic new name (48:35), the book’s theological capstone resolving the departure (chs. 8-11) and return (ch. 43) of the glory. Rendered as a fixed hyphenated compound proper name, paralleling French Bible tradition’s retention of ‘Emmanuel’ = ‘Dieu avec nous’ as a name rather than a dissolved sentence.
Spirit Breath Wind
Approved rendering: Esprit / souffle / vent
Transliteration: ruach
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit / Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Original: רוּחַ
Category: Spirit
NEW. Single Hebrew root spanning ‘Spirit,’ ‘breath,’ and ‘wind,’ deliberately exploited across Ezekiel 37:1-14 (vv.1,5,9,14) and elsewhere (2:2, 3:12, 11:5, 39:29). French requires three distinct lexemes, unavoidably fracturing the wordplay linking creation-breath, resurrection-breath, and indwelling Spirit. Flag every occurrence in ch. 37 with a translator’s note explaining the underlying single-root unity.
New Heart And New Spirit
Approved rendering: un cœur nouveau et un esprit nouveau
Transliteration: lev chadash ve-ruach chadashah
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: לֵב חָדָשׁ וְרוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה
Category: Sanctification
NEW. The doctrine’s canonical statement (11:19; 18:31; 36:26; echoed 37:14). Must be rendered identically, word for word, at every occurrence so students can trace the promise from its first statement to its climax in the core passage; any variation weakens the traceable arc.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Critical conceptual bridge to Ezekiel’s ‘pour l’amour de mon nom’ (Ezekiel 20, 36) — the OT’s strongest merit-denial statement, which never uses this French word. Teach the bridge explicitly; do not silently insert ‘grâce’ into Ezekiel’s own text where the Hebrew has no charis-cognate.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reused throughout Ezekiel’s temple-holiness vocabulary (chs. 20, 36, 40-46) and ‘le lieu très saint’ (ch. 41).
Saints
Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly used in Ezekiel’s own vocabulary; retained for cross-curriculum consistency should teaching material draw a New Testament comparison.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. This curriculum extends the same term family with a typographic convention for OT usage: see new entries ‘yhwh’ (le SEIGNEUR) and ‘adonai_yhwh’ (Seigneur DIEU) below. Ordinary-case ‘Seigneur’ is reserved for Adonai alone and must never be used silently for the Tetragrammaton.
Church
Approved rendering: Église
Transliteration: Église
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Serves as the analogous caution point for Ezekiel’s ‘sanctuaire/temple’ vision (chs. 40-48): French Catholic institutional associations with ‘l’Église’ are the closest baseline parallel to the risk of collapsing Ezekiel’s future/symbolic temple into NT temple-as-body/Church theology.
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel’s ethical vocabulary (chs. 18, 20, 45) presupposes the Mosaic Law as the accounting standard behind ‘juste/méchant’ and ‘justes mesures’; keep the referent narrowly Mosaic per the baseline’s own note.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Judgment on Jerusalem
Original: חַטָּאָה / חֵטְא
Category: Sin
Inherited French rendering from Romans package, but risk tier is REASSESSED to High for this curriculum. Hebrew deploys at least three overlapping sin-terms (chattah, avon, pesha) that French collapses into ‘péché’/‘iniquité,’ losing nuance; density and catalog-style enumeration in chs. 18, 22, 33 elevate the practical stakes. Colloquial French trivialization (‘péché mignon’) risks softening the severity of judgment Ezekiel insists is real and historical.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited French rendering from Romans package, but risk tier is REASSESSED to High for this curriculum (Medium in Romans). The departure (chs. 8-11) and return (ch. 43) of ‘la gloire du SEIGNEUR’ is this book’s doctrinal spine; French secular usage (‘la gloire de Napoléon,’ celebrity fame) risks a triumphalist, self-achieved reading that misses the vulnerability of a glory that can depart and the grace of a glory that returns. Render identically at every occurrence.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obéissance de la foi
Transliteration: obéissance de la foi
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: devoir religieux
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term; retained for cross-curriculum consistency, especially useful when contrasting Ezekiel 36’s Spirit-enabled obedience with Romans’ obedience flowing from faith.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to Ezekiel’s marriage-covenant allegory (ch. 16), the everlasting covenant (16:60, 37:26), and the covenant of peace (34:25, 37:26) — see new entries below.
Election
Approved rendering: élection
Transliteration: élection
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: chance, destin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly used in Ezekiel’s own text, though conceptually related to God’s sovereign choice of Israel presupposed throughout the book’s covenant-renewal promises.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / The Davidic Shepherd-King
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Christology
Inherited French rendering from Romans package, but risk tier is REASSESSED to High for this curriculum (Low in Romans, a bare proper name). In Ezekiel 34 and 37, ‘mon serviteur David’ names a promised FUTURE Davidic shepherd-king figure, not the historical king — explicit messianic-typological freight (Christ as Good Shepherd, John 10) that French readers must be taught to recognize as future/typological. Must also be kept distinct from the more limited ‘prince’ (nasi) of chs. 40-48.
For My Names Sake
Approved rendering: pour l’amour de mon nom
Transliteration: lema’an shemi
Doctrine: Grace Apart from Merit (“For My Name’s Sake”)
Rejected alternatives: pour votre bien (wrongly reward-oriented)
Original: לְמַעַן שְׁמִי
Category: God
NEW. God’s self-referential motive formula for acting graciously despite Israel’s unworthiness (chs. 20, 36) — the OT’s strongest explicit merit-denial statement, a direct conceptual parallel to the baseline’s ‘grâce’ doctrine, yet using no French word cognate with ‘grâce.’ Must be explicitly taught as a bridge or it becomes invisible precisely where it is most emphatic.
Dwell
Approved rendering: habiter / demeurer
Transliteration: shakan
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: שָׁכַן
Category: God
NEW. Root behind the post-biblical noun ‘Shekhinah.’ French Catholic devotional vocabulary readily supplies ‘la présence réelle’ (Eucharistic real presence) as an unconscious association; must be anchored explicitly to Ezekiel’s own temple/land referent (chs. 43, 48), never silently absorbed into sacramental categories.
Live Revive
Approved rendering: vivre / revivre
Transliteration: chayah
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: résurrection (forbidden substitution — see ‘resurrection’ entry above)
Original: חָיָה
Category: Restoration
NEW. ‘To live, come to life, revive’ — used in at least three distinct senses: individual ethical life (ch. 18), national restoration from exile (ch. 37), cosmic-ecological renewal (ch. 47). Must NEVER be rendered ‘résurrection’; require a standing teaching note fencing the three senses apart from one another and from the Romans baseline’s bodily-resurrection doctrine.
Heart Of Stone Heart Of Flesh
Approved rendering: cœur de pierre / cœur de chair
Transliteration: lev ha-even / lev basar
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: לֵב הָאֶבֶן / לֵב בָּשָׂר
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Contrast metaphor of hardened unresponsiveness versus living responsiveness to God (11:19, 36:26). Must match word-for-word between both occurrences; inconsistent phrasing would obscure the deliberate verbatim repetition the Hebrew itself preserves.
Covenant People Formula
Approved rendering: ils seront mon peuple, et je serai leur Dieu
Transliteration: ve-hayu li le-am va-ani ehyeh lahem le-Elohim
Doctrine: New Heart and New Spirit / Gathering and Reunification of Israel
Original: וְהָיוּ־לִי לְעָם וַאֲנִי אֶהְיֶה לָהֶם לֵאלֹהִים
Category: Covenant
NEW. The Sinai covenant-relationship formula, reaffirmed after judgment (11:20; 36:28; 37:23, 27). Conceptually parallels the baseline’s ‘adoption filiale’ doctrine but uses no term equivalent to huiothesia; render identically at every occurrence.
Soul Person
Approved rendering: âme (glosé : la personne)
Transliteration: nephesh
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: personne (bare, loses Bible-translation-tradition register)
Original: נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Sin
NEW. The holistic living being — person, life, self — NOT a detachable, immortal soul distinct from the body. French ‘âme’ imports centuries of Cartesian-philosophical and Catholic-catechetical dualism absent from Hebrew nephesh. Mandate the clarifying gloss ‘(la personne)’ wherever ch. 18’s individual-responsibility doctrine is in view.
Everlasting Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance éternelle
Transliteration: berit olam
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry / Restoration
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
NEW. Permanent, unbreakable covenant promise (16:60; 37:26); ensure the permanence sense is not softened toward a merely renewable arrangement.
Covenant Of Peace
Approved rendering: alliance de paix
Transliteration: berit shalom
Doctrine: The Davidic Shepherd-King
Original: בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם
Category: Covenant
NEW. Security and flourishing under the future Davidic shepherd (34:25; 37:26); retain the security/flourishing sense, not merely absence of conflict, per the baseline’s own ‘peace’ caution.
Prince
Approved rendering: le prince
Transliteration: nasi
Doctrine: The Davidic Shepherd-King / The Vision of the New Temple
Rejected alternatives: roi (conflates with melek, wrongly implying full kingship), le Messie (wrongly conflates with ‘David’)
Original: נָשִׂיא
Category: Christology
NEW. A limited, sacrificing, non-divine ruling figure in the temple vision (chs. 40-46), deliberately distinct from melek (‘roi’). Must be taught as a distinct, limited office and never flattened into the fully messianic ‘servant David’ of chs. 34, 37.
Gog And Magog
Approved rendering: Gog et Magog
Transliteration: Gog u-Magog
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment: Gog and Magog
Original: גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג
Category: Eschatology
NEW. A symbolic eschatological adversary-coalition (chs. 38-39), reused in Revelation 20:8. Stable transliteration across French Bible traditions; the name itself is low-risk, but popular French Christian and dispensationalist-influenced media frequently identify it with specific modern nations — render the name faithfully without adjudicating any contested end-times scheme.
Prostitution
Approved rendering: prostitution
Transliteration: zenut / zanah
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
Original: זְנוּת / זָנָה
Category: Sin
NEW. Covenant-unfaithfulness metaphor for idolatry and foreign alliances (chs. 16, 23). Explicit imagery risks a literalist misreading among a mixed Catholic/Protestant/secular audience that obscures the covenant-infidelity metaphor at stake; requires pastoral framing.
Uncircumcised
Approved rendering: incirconcis / incirconcis de cœur et de chair
Transliteration: arelim / arlei-lev ve-arlei basar
Doctrine: Holiness of Worship and Priesthood
Original: עֲרֵלִים / עַרְלֵי־לֵב וְעַרְלֵי בָשָׂר
Category: Covenant
NEW. Those lacking the covenant sign of circumcision, used literally (ch. 32, dishonored dead nations) and figuratively (ch. 44, unfaithful hearts). Requires pastoral sensitivity given contemporary discomfort with the term in secular French discourse, while preserving its precise double covenant-sign meaning.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: fils d’homme
Transliteration: ben-adam
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Prophetic Commission
Rejected alternatives: un mortel, un simple humain (both lose established Bible-translation-tradition weight)
Original: בֶּן־אָדָם
Category: Prophecy
NEW. God’s habitual address to Ezekiel (~93 occurrences), meaning simply ‘mortal human being.’ The identical French phrase collides visually and lexically with the NT Christological title ‘le Fils de l’homme’ (Daniel 7:13, 80+ Gospel occurrences). Every occurrence, especially first introduction (ch. 2), requires a disambiguating teaching note: Ezekiel’s usage is never a divine self-designation.
Guardian Cherub
Approved rendering: le chérubin protecteur
Transliteration: ha-keruv ha-sokhekh
Doctrine: Pride and the Fall of the Proud
Original: הַכְּרוּב הַסֹּכֵךְ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. A glorious, Eden-dwelling figure in the Tyre oracle (ch. 28) who falls through iniquity. French popular Christian culture readily reads this as a direct account of Satan’s primordial fall; teaching must distinguish the oracle’s plain sense (judgment on the king of Tyre) from this later, legitimate but distinct typological extension.
Whole House Of Israel
Approved rendering: toute la maison d’Israël
Transliteration: kol-beit Yisrael
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. The vision’s own explicit interpretive key (37:11): this is a corporate, national image, not primarily an individual-afterlife teaching. Must be clearly taught as the passage’s own stated referent to prevent premature collapse into individual-resurrection doctrine.
One Heart
Approved rendering: un seul cœur
Transliteration: lev echad
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
NEW. Paired with ‘un esprit nouveau’ at the first occurrence of the doctrine’s promise (11:19); render consistently alongside the fixed compound phrase to preserve the promise’s full original scope.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No Ezekiel-specific doctrinal collision; retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel’s ‘vivre/revivre’ (chayah) doctrine is conceptually adjacent but must not be rendered with this word; keep ‘salut’ reserved for its baseline NT sense.
Called
Approved rendering: appelé
Transliteration: appelé
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: invité
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel’s own commissioning vocabulary (‘fils d’homme,’ sign-acts) is treated as a distinct new term below rather than folded into this baseline entry.
Calling
Approved rendering: appel
Transliteration: appel
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocation (clergy-narrowing risk)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Continue the baseline’s fence against ‘vocation’; prefer ‘l’appel prophétique’ or ‘le ministère prophétique’ when describing Ezekiel’s own commissioning (chs. 2-3).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sanctification
Transliteration: sanctification
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purification
Original: קִדֵּשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel 36 applies the underlying Hebrew root primarily to GOD’S OWN self-vindication (‘I will sanctify my great name’) rather than to believers’ moral transformation — a nuance absent from the baseline’s Romans usage; note this distinction in teaching without altering the French rendering.
Adoption
Approved rendering: adoption filiale
Transliteration: adoption filiale
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: adoption (bare, legal-procedural)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Serves only as a conceptual cross-reference bridge to Ezekiel’s covenant-relationship formula (‘ils seront mon peuple, et je serai leur Dieu’); Ezekiel itself uses no term equivalent to huiothesia.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: incarnation
Transliteration: incarnation
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly used in Ezekiel; retained for cross-curriculum consistency in any teaching material linking Ezekiel’s dwelling/presence theology to the Incarnation.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dons spirituels
Transliteration: dons spirituels
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: talents
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: communion fraternelle
Transliteration: communion fraternelle
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: communion (bare)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term, though conceptually related to the Davidic shepherd-king’s promised reign (chs. 34, 37).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: païens
Transliteration: païens
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: étrangers
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged — and DELIBERATELY NOT reused for Ezekiel’s own ‘goyim’ (see new entry ‘nations’ below). Ezekiel’s goyim denotes specific named historical pagan nations under judgment, a different theological frame from Romans’ Jew-Gentile mission-unity context; using ‘païens’ for Ezekiel would misleadingly import the wrong frame.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptually resonant with the sheer divine power reanimating the dry bones (37:1-14), though Ezekiel’s own text does not use this exact phrase.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel itself never uses this title; the promised figure is ‘mon serviteur David’ (see new entry below). Use ‘Messie’ only in explicit forward cross-reference teaching notes, never as a direct translation of Ezekiel’s own text.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel 14:14, 20 explicitly denies that Noah, Daniel, or Job’s righteousness could intercede to save others by proxy — a direct background text for teaching the baseline’s caution against saint/Marian intercession.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptually resonant with Ezekiel’s sovereign orchestration of judgment and restoration (chs. 20, 36-37) though Ezekiel’s own text uses no single equivalent term.
Mission
Approved rendering: mission
Transliteration: mission
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel’s oracles against the nations (chs. 25-32, 38-39) are judgment-oracles, not mission-proclamation texts; do not conflate the two doctrinal frames when this word appears in teaching material.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Gathering and Reunification of Israel
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Contemporary political sensitivity is heightened in Ezekiel given the book’s literal land/border content (chs. 47-48); keep the referent historical-theological, consistent with the baseline’s existing caution.
Father
Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term; Ezekiel’s covenant-relationship formula (‘je serai leur Dieu’) is the nearest conceptual analogue.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not present in Ezekiel; retained for cross-curriculum consistency only.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: descendance de David
Transliteration: descendance de David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: semence de David (archaic)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptually related to but not identical with Ezekiel’s ‘mon serviteur David’ promise; that promise concerns a future shepherd-king, not merely lineage.
Iniquity
Approved rendering: iniquité
Transliteration: avon
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
NEW. Distinct nuance (‘bent/twisted wrongdoing’) from chattah/chet (‘péché’); Ezekiel symbolically ‘bears’ this iniquity (ch. 4) as vicarious enactment, not vicarious atonement.
Wicked
Approved rendering: méchant / méchanceté
Transliteration: rasha / rish’ah
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: רָשָׁע / רִשְׁעָה
Category: Sin
NEW. Paired antonym to tzaddik/tzedakah (‘juste/justice’) in chapter 18’s accounting logic; ensure consistent pairing in teaching material.
Turn Repent
Approved rendering: se détourner
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Rejected alternatives: se repentir (draws too close to sacramental ‘pénitence’)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Sin
NEW. Moral reversal available to any individual at any time (chs. 3, 14, 18, 33). Prefer ‘se détourner’ over ‘se repentir’ to avoid drawing the term too close to French Catholic sacramental vocabulary of confession/penance; Ezekiel’s shuv is unmediated moral reversal.
Just Measures
Approved rendering: des mesures justes
Transliteration: mishpat-tzedeq / moznei-tzedeq
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: מִשְׁפַּט־צֶדֶק / מֹאזְנֵי־צֶדֶק
Category: Sin
NEW. Commercial-ethical extension of the tzedeq root (ch. 45); keep distinct from the doctrinal ‘justice/justification’ vocabulary.
Land Of Israel
Approved rendering: le pays d’Israël / la terre d’Israël
Transliteration: eretz Yisrael
Doctrine: Gathering and Reunification of Israel
Original: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
NEW. Keep the referent historical-theological (the covenant promise to exiled Israel), consistent with the baseline’s Israël note, given heightened contemporary political sensitivity around this phrase in French public discourse.
Nations
Approved rendering: nations
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Rejected alternatives: païens (reserved for baseline Gentile-mission context; would misimport Romans’ Jew-Gentile unity frame)
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Covenant
NEW. Deliberately diverges from the baseline’s ‘gentiles’=‘païens’. Ezekiel’s goyim denotes specific named historical pagan nations under judgment and eventual recognition, a different theological frame than Romans’ mission-field Gentiles; use ‘nations,’ never ‘païens.‘
Sanctuary Temple
Approved rendering: sanctuaire / temple
Transliteration: miqdash / heikhal
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: מִקְדָּשׁ / הֵיכָל
Category: Temple
NEW. The Jerusalem temple precinct, later the future/symbolic temple of chs. 40-48. Distinguish from NT temple-as-body/Church theology; French Catholic ‘sanctuaire/temple’ vocabulary readily evokes institutional church-building categories.
Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: le lieu très saint
Transliteration: qodesh ha-qodashim
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים
Category: Temple
NEW. The innermost, most sacred chamber (ch. 41), toward which the returning glory (ch. 43) proceeds. Reuses baseline ‘holy’ root; architectural application requires no additional French vocabulary risk.
Cherubim
Approved rendering: chérubins
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: créatures ailées (loses cross-reference recognizability with Genesis 3:24, Exodus 25)
Original: כְּרוּבִים
Category: Temple
NEW. Composite, four-faced throne-attendant creatures (ch. 1 as ‘êtres vivants,’ chs. 10, 28, 41). French ‘chérubin’ colloquially denotes an adorable baby (‘un petit chérubin’); teaching material must correct this trivializing association.
Idols
Approved rendering: idoles
Transliteration: gillulim
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: invented scatological coinage (unintelligible, inconsistent with all French Bible tradition)
Original: גִּלּוּלִים
Category: Sin
NEW. A deliberately contemptuous coinage, literally ‘dung-pellets/log-things,’ distinct from neutral ‘images’ (pesel). Standard French ‘idoles’ loses this derogatory pun entirely; a footnote is recommended in teaching contexts.
Abomination
Approved rendering: abomination(s)
Transliteration: to’evah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem / Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
Original: תּוֹעֵבָה
Category: Sin
NEW. A covenant-violating practice spanning idolatry, certain sexual sins, and unjust dealing (chs. 5-23, 33, 36, 44). Guard against a narrow moralistic reading limited to sexual sin.
Sabbaths
Approved rendering: sabbats
Transliteration: shabbatot
Doctrine: Holiness of Worship and Priesthood
Original: שַׁבָּתוֹת
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Weekly and calendrical Sabbath observance as a paradigmatic covenant sign (chs. 20, 44-46); low independent French ambiguity.
Recognition Formula
Approved rendering: vous saurez que je suis le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: vi-yda’tem ki-ani YHWH
Doctrine: Universal Recognition of YHWH
Rejected alternatives: vous verrez/comprendrez (flattens covenantal self-revelation into generic perception)
Original: וִידַעְתֶּם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW. Ezekiel’s signature ‘recognition formula,’ occurring 60+ times, tying every act of judgment or restoration to God’s self-revelation. Render identically at every occurrence for pedagogical tracking; the formula also extends to the nations (chs. 25, 38-39), universalizing the theme.
Watchman
Approved rendering: sentinelle
Transliteration: tsofeh
Doctrine: Watchman Accountability
Original: צֹפֶה
Category: Prophecy
NEW. One posted to see danger and sound the alarm (3:17-21, fully developed ch. 33). French ‘sentinelle’ can read as merely stationed/passive; must clarify this is an active warning-responsibility role whose failure incurs real bloodguilt.
Sign Act
Approved rendering: signe
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Sign-Act Prophetic Ministry
Original: אוֹת
Category: Prophecy
NEW. A prophetic sign-act or symbol (chs. 4, 12, 24, 37); names the enacted-prophecy genre structuring much of Ezekiel’s ministry, distinct from spoken oracle.
Sheol
Approved rendering: le séjour des morts / le shéol
Transliteration: she’ol
Doctrine: Sheol and the Realm of the Dead
Rejected alternatives: l’enfer (anachronistically imports developed NT hell imagery)
Original: שְׁאוֹל
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The realm/abode of the dead in Hebrew cosmology — shadowy, diminished existence, distinct from later NT hell/Hades imagery (chs. 31, 32). Keep the concepts distinct in teaching material.
Latter Days
Approved rendering: dans les derniers jours
Transliteration: be-acharit ha-yamim
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment: Gog and Magog
Original: בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Standard prophetic-eschatological time formula (ch. 38); marks the Gog oracle as addressing a future, climactic era.
Great Dragon
Approved rendering: le grand dragon / le grand monstre
Transliteration: ha-tannim ha-gadol
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: הַתַּנִּים הַגָּדוֹל
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Chaos-monster imagery applied to Pharaoh (ch. 29), drawn from broader ANE sea-monster motif; avoid over-identifying with Revelation’s distinct dragon imagery in teaching, though thematically related.
Shepherds
Approved rendering: bergers
Transliteration: ro’im / ro’eh
Doctrine: The Davidic Shepherd-King
Original: רֹעִים / רֹעֶה
Category: Restoration
NEW. Metaphor for Israel’s kings/leaders (ch. 34), indicted for neglect and exploitation, contrasted with God’s own promised shepherding.
Two Sticks
Approved rendering: deux bâtons
Transliteration: shnei etzim
Doctrine: Gathering and Reunification of Israel
Original: שְׁנֵי עֲצִים
Category: Restoration
NEW. Sign-act of two sticks (Judah, Israel) joined into one (37:15-28), the political-covenantal counterpart to the dry-bones vision.
River Of Life
Approved rendering: un fleuve sortant du temple
Transliteration: nachal yotze mi-tachat ha-bayit
Doctrine: River of Life and Cosmic Renewal
Original: נַחַל יוֹצֵא מִתַּחַת הַבַּיִת
Category: Restoration
NEW. A life-giving river flowing from the temple, growing progressively deeper (ch. 47). Strong Edenic echo and direct forerunner of Revelation 22:1-2; cross-reference without forcing a false one-to-one doctrinal equivalence.
Leaves For Healing
Approved rendering: des feuilles pour la guérison
Transliteration: oalehu li-terufah
Doctrine: River of Life and Cosmic Renewal
Original: עֳלֵהוּ לִתְרוּפָה
Category: Restoration
NEW. The medicinal/restorative leaves of the river’s trees (ch. 47), a direct source for Revelation 22:2.
Remnant
Approved rendering: un reste
Transliteration: she’erit
Doctrine: Gathering and Reunification of Israel
Original: שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Covenant
NEW. Survivors preserved through judgment (ch. 5); must retain covenant-hope nuance, not read as mere statistical survival — judgment in Ezekiel is never total annihilation.
Wrath
Approved rendering: fureur / colère
Transliteration: chemah / ebrah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
Original: חֵמָה / עֶבְרָה
Category: God
NEW. Intense divine anger, a settled covenant-justice response, not capricious rage (ch. 7). Avoid rendering as impersonal or capricious anger, a drift risk in French secular usage.
Jealousy
Approved rendering: jalousie
Transliteration: qin’ah
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
Original: קִנְאָה
Category: Covenant
NEW. God’s covenant-jealousy provoked by rival worship inside his own temple (ch. 8); frame as covenant-exclusivity (marriage-fidelity language, chs. 16, 23), not petty human jealousy.
Mark Tav
Approved rendering: une marque
Transliteration: tav
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
Original: תָּו
Category: Prophecy
NEW. A protective mark placed on the foreheads of those who grieve over sin (ch. 9); note the typological echo in Revelation 7:3, 9:4 for teaching cross-reference.
Pride
Approved rendering: orgueil
Transliteration: ge’ut / rum lev
Doctrine: Pride and the Fall of the Proud
Original: גֵּאוּת / רוּם לֵב
Category: Sin
NEW. Self-exaltation, claiming divine status (ch. 28’s king of Tyre); the paradigmatic sin triggering judgment, paired with the guardian-cherub caution.
Eden Garden Of God
Approved rendering: Éden, le jardin de Dieu
Transliteration: Eden / gan-Elohim
Doctrine: Pride and the Fall of the Proud / River of Life and Cosmic Renewal
Original: עֵדֶן / גַּן־אֱלֹהִים
Category: Restoration
NEW. The primordial paradise, applied variously to a pagan king’s former glory (ch. 28), Assyria (ch. 31), and the restored land (chs. 36, 47); track its varied applications for teaching coherence.
Dry Bones
Approved rendering: ossements très secs
Transliteration: atzamot yeveshot
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: de vieux os, des restes (both soften the desiccated, utterly-dead force driving the vision’s rhetorical shock)
NEW. The core passage’s anchoring image (37:1-2). Prefer the stronger intensifier ‘très secs’ (following Segond/TOB) over a milder ‘desséchés’ to preserve the total, long-standing hopelessness the vision requires before its reversal.
Four Winds
Approved rendering: des quatre vents
Transliteration: arba ruchot
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Compass directions personified as winds (37:9) — the same root rendered ‘Esprit’ moments earlier, which French readers cannot recover as the same word without a footnote; universal gathering anticipates the ingathering of exiles from every nation.
Army Host
Approved rendering: une armée
Transliteration: chayil
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. The restored nation stands organized, purposeful, and strong (37:10) — full covenant-national restoration, not bare survival; avoid triumphalist militaristic over-reading in teaching material.
Grave
Approved rendering: tombeau
Transliteration: qever
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Extends the exile-as-grave metaphor (37:12-13). A careless teaching gloss could read this as a literal individual-resurrection prooftext detached from its exile-restoration referent; keep the corporate-exile sense primary while noting its later canonical resonance only as an explicit extension.
My People
Approved rendering: mon peuple
Transliteration: ammi
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Covenant-relational designation (37:12-13), echoing the marriage/covenant formula; must retain covenantal weight, not read as a bare ethnic/national label.
Whitewash
Approved rendering: crépi / enduit
Transliteration: tafel
Doctrine: False Prophecy and True Prophecy
NEW. Cosmetic plastering concealing structural weakness (ch. 13); metaphor for false reassurance papering over coming judgment (‘peace when there is no peace’).
Oath
Approved rendering: serment
Transliteration: shevu’ah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
NEW. Solemn, binding promise (ch. 17); Zedekiah’s broken treaty-oath to Babylon is treated as a theological, not merely political, offense against God.
Bloodguilt
Approved rendering: le sang / les meurtres
Transliteration: damim
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
NEW. Intensive plural for bloodguilt, especially from murder/violence (ch. 22); catalogs Jerusalem’s social sins as covenant-breaking on par with idolatry.
Refine And Dross
Approved rendering: affiner / scories
Transliteration: tzaraph / sig
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
NEW. Metallurgical purification imagery (ch. 22); useful cross-reference for later purification/sanctification imagery (Malachi 3, 1 Peter 1).
Vengeance
Approved rendering: vengeance
Transliteration: naqam
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
NEW. Judicial retribution, not personal vendetta (ch. 25); frame as covenant-justice against nations exploiting Israel’s downfall, not capricious retaliation.
The Pit
Approved rendering: la Fosse
Transliteration: ha-bor
Doctrine: Sheol and the Realm of the Dead
NEW. Synonym/parallel term for Sheol’s depths (ch. 32), reinforcing the underworld-descent motif alongside she’ol.
False Prophecy Lie
Approved rendering: mensonge / de leur propre cœur
Transliteration: sheqer / mi-libbam
Doctrine: False Prophecy and True Prophecy
NEW. Prophesying from personal invention rather than divine commission (ch. 13); distinguishes true, God-given prophecy from self-generated religious speech — a contrast with divine commissioning, not a general critique of sincerity.
The End
Approved rendering: la fin
Transliteration: qets
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
NEW. Announces the imminent, decisive close of the pre-exilic era for Judah (ch. 7); terminal-point vocabulary also used elsewhere in eschatological contexts (Daniel).
Low Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant to Ezekiel curriculum only as forward canonical bridge when teaching material connects Ezekiel’s promises to their NT fulfillment; not itself an Ezekiel term.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Peace
Approved rendering: paix
Transliteration: paix
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root of Ezekiel’s ‘alliance de paix’ (covenant of peace, chs. 34, 37) — see new entry ‘covenant_of_peace’ below.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: action de grâce
Transliteration: action de grâce
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ezekiel is himself the paradigmatic case of this office; the verb form (‘prophétiser’) recurs throughout the book.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not an Ezekiel term; used only in NT cross-reference teaching notes (e.g., the Good Shepherd, John 10, alongside Ezekiel 34).
Exhort
Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Hand Of The Lord
Approved rendering: la main du SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: yad-YHWH
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Prophetic Commission
Original: יַד־יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW. Anthropomorphic idiom marking prophetic-visionary onset (1:3; 3:14, 22; 8:1; 37:1; 40:1); standard, low-ambiguity idiom in French.
Measuring Reed
Approved rendering: le roseau à mesurer
Transliteration: qaneh ha-middah
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: קְנֵה הַמִּדָּה
Category: Temple
NEW. The angelic guide’s surveying instrument (chs. 40-42); symbol of precise, divinely-ordered restoration.
Valley
Approved rendering: vallée
Transliteration: biq’ah
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Open lowland/plain setting of the core vision (37:1); low ambiguity.
Sinews Flesh Skin
Approved rendering: tendons / chair / peau
Transliteration: gid / basar / or
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. The physical reconstitution sequence (37:6, 8) — deliberately embodied restoration, not merely spiritual/metaphorical; order matters (form before animation, cf. Genesis 2:7).
Sound And Rattling
Approved rendering: un bruit / un tremblement
Transliteration: qol / ra’ash
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: tremblement de terre (over-translates ‘ra’ash’ as literal earthquake)
NEW. Marks the vision’s dramatic turning point (37:7); echoes theophany-tremor language elsewhere in Scripture (1 Kings 19:11) without narrowing to a literal earthquake.
Slain
Approved rendering: ces morts / ces victimes
Transliteration: chalalim
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Confirms the bones are the war-dead of a conquered, exiled nation (37:9), not merely deceased of natural causes.
Hope
Approved rendering: notre espérance / notre espoir
Transliteration: tiqvatenu
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Names precisely what exile had destroyed (37:11), the loss God’s answering promise addresses.
Cut Off
Approved rendering: nous sommes retranchés
Transliteration: nigzarnu
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Covenant-curse language of exclusion from the land and community (37:11; cf. Leviticus 26, Deuteronomy 28).
Declaration Formula
Approved rendering: — déclaration du SEIGNEUR / dit le SEIGNEUR
Transliteration: ne’um-YHWH
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
NEW. Formal prophetic oracle-closing formula (37:14) certifying the promise as authoritative, binding divine speech.
High Places
Approved rendering: hauts lieux
Transliteration: bamot
Doctrine: Covenant Unfaithfulness and Idolatry
NEW. Elevated open-air cultic sites for illicit worship (ch. 6), condemned throughout the book.
Coals Of Fire
Approved rendering: des charbons ardents
Transliteration: gachalei-esh
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
NEW. Judgment-fire scattered from among the cherubim as the glory departs (ch. 10); judgment and withdrawal are simultaneous.
Vine
Approved rendering: vigne
Transliteration: gephen
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
NEW. Israel/Jerusalem pictured as an unproductive vine fit only for burning (ch. 15); note but do not force a false equivalence with the NT ‘true vine’ (John 15).
Riddle Parable
Approved rendering: énigme / parabole
Transliteration: chidah / mashal
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem
NEW. Wisdom-genre terms for indirect teaching speech (ch. 17), reused as ‘proverb’ in ch. 18.
Lament Dirge
Approved rendering: complainte / lamentation
Transliteration: qinah
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
NEW. Funeral-dirge literary genre (ch. 19), reused for Tyre (ch. 27) and Pharaoh (ch. 32).
Gates And Courts
Approved rendering: portes / cours
Transliteration: she’arim / chatzerot
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
NEW. Architectural vocabulary structuring the temple vision (chs. 40-42); establishes ordered sacred geography restoring what was defiled and departed in chs. 8-11.
Referenced passages