Core Glossary

Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians | English → French

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all 13 chapters of 2 Corinthians. Risk tiers follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline Romans doctrine_risk_registry.json. Terms already recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and must use the exact recorded French rendering; this document does not alter any baseline entry, only extends it.

Review routing convention (per baseline): Critical/High → human theologian review; Medium → native speaker review; Low → automated review.

Section A — Baseline Terms Reused in 2 Corinthians

Term	French Rendering	Risk	Chapters (2 Cor)	Notes on 2 Corinthians-specific usage
grace	grâce	High	1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13	Extends to mean concrete generosity/gift in giving contexts (chs. 8-9); the theological grounding (unmerited divine favor) must remain explicit even in fundraising material.
faith	foi	Medium	1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13	”Walk by faith, not by sight” (5:7); “examine whether you are in the faith” (13:5) — personal trust and its examinable reality, not institutional religious identity.
righteousness	justice	High (Critical at 5:21)	3, 5, 6, 9, 11	Both forensic (5:21, imputed righteousness) and ethical-fruit (9:9-10) senses occur; disambiguate contextually — see semantic analysis ch.9 note.
imputed_righteousness	justice imputée	Critical	5 (v.21)	Direct conceptual parallel via λογίζομαι (5:19); reuse exactly.
salvation	salut	Medium	1, 6, 7	”Now is the day of salvation” (6:2); godly grief “leads to salvation” (7:10).
apostle	apôtre	Low baseline / High in context	1, 11, 12	Contextual risk elevated by “Genuine versus False Apostleship” doctrine; reuse term, elevate review routing to Human theologian wherever apostolic legitimacy is being argued (chs. 10-12).
saints	saints (gloss: tous les croyants)	High	1, 8, 9, 13	Collection “for the saints” (ch.8-9), greeting “all the saints” (13:12); apply baseline’s mandatory clarifying gloss to avoid the canonized-intercessor reading.
holy	saint	Medium	1, 6, 7	”Holy kiss” (13:12, see below); “perfecting holiness” (7:1).
church	Église	High	1, 8, 11, 12	Reuse baseline caution distinguishing body-of-Christ sense from the institution; note ch.6’s “temple” collision (Section B below) as a related but distinct risk.
glory	gloire	High	3, 4, 5 (implicit)	Fading vs. abiding glory contrast (ch.3) is unique to this letter; “eternal weight of glory” (ch.4).
sin	péché	Medium (Critical at 5:21)	5, 11, 12	5:21’s “made him to be sin” elevates risk to Critical for that specific verse; general uses elsewhere remain Medium per baseline.
holy_spirit	Esprit Saint	Medium	1, 3, 5, 6, 13	Guarantee/seal of the Spirit (ch.1, ch.5); trinitarian benediction (13:14).
father	Père	Medium	1, 6	”Father of mercies” (1:3); “I will be a father to you” (6:18).
covenant	alliance	High (Critical for “new covenant”)	3	See Section B “new covenant” entry — elevated to Critical specifically for καινὴ διαθήκη.
power_of_god	puissance de Dieu	Medium (High in ch.12 context)	4, 6, 12, 13	Elevated risk where paired with “weakness” (ch.12) — see Section B.
resurrection	résurrection	Medium	4, 5	”Raised us with Jesus” (4:14); paired with substitutionary death (5:15).
lord	Seigneur	High	throughout	Frequent; no new risk beyond baseline.
fellowship	communion fraternelle	Medium	8, 9, 13	Extends to “participation in the collection” (ch.8-9) — see Section B “κοινωνία (in giving)“.
thanksgiving	action de grâce	Low	1, 2, 4, 9	Standard usage; no new risk.
adoption	adoption filiale	Medium	6	”Sons and daughters” (6:18) echoes the adoption doctrine without using the exact Greek term.
israel	Israël	Medium	11	”Are they Israelites? So am I” (11:22) — Paul’s own Jewish credentials; reuse baseline caution on historical/theological (not political) referent.
exhort	exhorter	Low (High in ch.1/ch.5:20 context)	1, 5, 6, 7	Same root as “comfort/consolation” family (παρακαλέω) — see Section B; context determines “exhorter” vs. “consoler” vs. “supplier.”
god	Dieu	Critical	throughout	Note ch.4’s “the god of this age” requires deliberate lower-case “dieu” — see Section B.
jesus	Jésus	Low	throughout	No new risk.

Section B — New Terms Introduced in 2 Corinthians

#	Term (English)	Original Greek	Transliteration	French Rendering	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Rationale / Grounded Risk Note
1	Reconciliation	καταλλαγή	katallagē	réconciliation	High	Reconciliation with God	5	Secular French usage frames reconciliation as mutual/negotiated (national reconciliation, couples counseling); Paul’s usage is unilateral divine action.
2	Reconciled (verb, God as subject)	καταλλάσσω	katallassō	réconcilier	High	Reconciliation with God	5	Same collision as #1; the passive imperative “be reconciled” (καταλλάγητε) especially at risk of an active/reflexive misreading in French — flagged Critical at that specific verse (5:20).
3	New Creation	καινὴ κτίσις	kainē ktisis	nouvelle création	High	New Creation in Christ	5	Risk of collision with French self-help/personal-development “se réinventer” culture; must anchor to God’s creative act.
4	Ambassador	πρεσβεύω / πρέσβυς	presbeuō / presbys	ambassadeur	Medium	Reconciliation with God; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	5	Risk of a merely ceremonial “goodwill ambassador” reading rather than authoritative royal representation.
5	Fear of the Lord	φόβος (τοῦ) Κυρίου	phobos (tou) Kyriou	crainte du Seigneur	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	5, 7	Risk of collapsing “crainte” (reverence) into “peur” (raw terror).
6	Made to be sin / imputed guilt to Christ	ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν	hamartian epoiēsen	il l’a fait péché (pour nous)	Critical	Reconciliation with God	5	Forensic imputation of guilt to the sinless Christ; must not be softened to a generic sin-bearing image nor imply moral corruption of Christ’s character.
7	Not counting trespasses (non-imputation)	λογιζόμενος (μὴ)	(mē) logizomenos	ne tenant pas compte de (leurs fautes)	Critical	Reconciliation with God	5	Same forensic-accounting verb root as Romans’ imputed righteousness; must preserve ledger/reckoning sense, not vague “forgiving.”
8	Died for all / substitutionary death	ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν	hyper pantōn apethanen	mort pour tous	Critical	Reconciliation with God	5	ὑπέρ (“for/on behalf of”) must retain substitutionary, not merely exemplary, force.
9	Comfort / consolation	παράκλησις / παρακαλέω	paraklēsis / parakaleō	consolation / consoler	High	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	1, 5:20, 7	Same root family as baseline “exhort”; risk of flattening to mere physical ease (“confort”) rather than sustaining divine presence in affliction.
10	Affliction / suffering	θλῖψις	thlipsis	affliction	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	1, 4, 6, 7, 8	Risk of generic-hardship reading detached from gospel-ministry context.
11	Sufferings of Christ	παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	pathēmata tou Christou	souffrances du Christ	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	1	Participatory union with Christ’s sufferings, not mere imitation.
12	Guarantee / down payment (of the Spirit)	ἀρραβών	arrabōn	arrhes / gage	High	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; New Creation in Christ	1, 5	”Arrhes” is a live French commercial-deposit term; risk of purely transactional reading losing relational depth.
13	Seal	σφραγίς	sphragis	sceau	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	1	Minor risk of a purely decorative reading without the ownership/authentication sense.
14	Sincerity	ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια	haplotēs / eilikrineia	sincérité	High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	1, 2, 11	Named curriculum doctrine; risk of psychologizing into mere self-honesty rather than relational/missional integrity before God and the church.
15	Forgive (grace-rooted)	χαρίζομαι	charizomai	pardonner / faire grâce	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving (root link)	2	Same root as χάρις; must retain the gracious, unmerited character of the act.
16	Triumphal procession	θριαμβεύω	thriambeuō	cortège triomphal / triomphe	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	2	Requires background explanation of the Roman triumph custom for French readers with low familiarity.
17	Fragrance / aroma of Christ	ὀσμή / εὐωδία	osmē / euōdia	parfum / bonne odeur	Medium	Genuine versus False Apostleship	2	Must retain the double-edged life/death effect on hearers, not just a pleasant image.
18	Peddle / corrupt the word	καπηλεύω	kapēleuō	frelater / falsifier la parole de Dieu	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine versus False Apostleship	2	Must retain the profit-motive/adulteration nuance, not just generic doctrinal error.
19	Sufficient / sufficiency	ἱκανός / ἱκανότης	hikanos / hikanotēs	capable / capacité	High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Power in Weakness	2, 3	FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never render as “suffisance” — that French noun means smug self-satisfaction, the opposite of God-given adequacy Paul intends.
20	New Covenant	καινὴ διαθήκη	kainē diathēkē	nouvelle alliance	Critical	The New Covenant versus the Old	3	Dual risk: (a) supersessionist misreading re: Israel; (b) Catholic Eucharistic liturgical resonance (“le sang de la nouvelle alliance” at every Mass) may reframe as sacramental rather than covenant-historical language.
21	Letter and Spirit	γράμμα / πνεῦμα	gramma / pneuma	la lettre / l’Esprit	High	The New Covenant versus the Old	3	”La lettre” defaults to “a written letter/correspondence” in ordinary French; requires explicit gloss to “the Law’s external code.”
22	Veil	κάλυμμα	kalymma	voile	High	The New Covenant versus the Old	3	Contemporary French political/social charge around “le voile” (hijab/headscarf debates) risks unintended resonance; requires explicit Exodus-narrative framing.
23	Transformed	μεταμορφούμεθα	metamorphoumetha	transformés	Medium	New Creation in Christ; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	3	Reserve “transfiguré/Transfiguration” for the unique Gospel event to avoid suggesting a repeatable Christ-level occurrence.
24	Freedom	ἐλευθερία	eleutheria	liberté	Medium	The New Covenant versus the Old	3	Minor risk of conflation with purely civic/political “liberté” (Republican motto resonance).
25	Jars of clay	ὄστρακινα σκεύη	ostrakina skeuē	vases d’argile	Low	Power in Weakness	4	Vivid, transparent imagery; low risk.
26	The god of this age	ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου	ho theos tou aiōnos toutou	le dieu de ce monde / de ce siècle	High	Genuine versus False Apostleship	4	Lower-case “dieu” applied to Satan is doctrinally essential; capitalization discipline (Dieu vs. dieu) must be consistent and clearly glossed.
27	Outer man / inner man	ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος	exō / esō anthrōpos	homme extérieur / homme intérieur	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	4	Risk of importing Cartesian body-soul dualism rather than Paul’s holistic decay/renewal framing.
28	Eternal weight of glory	βάρος δόξης	baros doxēs	poids éternel de gloire	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	4	Hebrew/Greek kabod (weight=glory) wordplay not recoverable in French; ensure “weightiness” sense is not lost.
29	Tent (earthly body)	σκῆνος	skēnos	tente	Low	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	5	Transparent imagery.
30	Judgment seat of Christ	βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	bēma tou Christou	tribunal du Christ	High	Power in Weakness (accountability); Genuine versus False Apostleship	5	”Tribunal” evokes punitive civil/criminal court in French; risks confusion with condemnatory final judgment already excluded for believers (baseline Assurance of Salvation).
31	Unequally yoked	ἑτεροζυγέω	heterozygeō	ne pas se mettre sous un même joug que…	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	6	Pastoral sensitivity: frequently over-applied narrowly to interfaith/mixed marriage in French evangelical usage; retain Paul’s broader partnership scope.
32	Temple of the living God	ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος	naos Theou zōntos	temple du Dieu vivant	High	New Creation in Christ; Reconciliation with God	6	Collides with existing French Protestant usage of “temple” for the worship building (per baseline church/temple note) — risk of confusing corporate-believer referent with a literal church building.
33	Sons and daughters	υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες	huioi kai thygateres	fils et filles	Medium	New Creation in Christ	6	Ensure inclusive “et filles” retained per the source text, not merged into generic masculine plural.
34	Repentance	μετάνοια	metanoia	repentance	High	Reconciliation with God	7	Risk of narrowing to the formal Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance rather than an inward, Spirit-produced reorientation available directly through the gospel.
35	Godly grief vs. worldly grief	λύπη κατὰ Θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου	lypē kata Theon / lypē tou kosmou	tristesse selon Dieu / tristesse du monde	Medium	Reconciliation with God	7	Preserve outcome-contrast (leads to salvation vs. leads to death), not just emotional-intensity difference.
36	Grace (as generosity/gift)	χάρις	charis	grâce [BASELINE REUSE, extended sense]	High	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8, 9	Extension to material generosity risks flattening into mere social courtesy; keep the theological grounding (grace received → grace given) explicit.
37	Equality	ἰσότης	isotēs	égalité	High	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8	”Égalité” is a core term of France’s Republican national motto and political discourse; risks importing an ideological equal-redistribution framework foreign to Paul’s modest mutual-aid principle. Recommend qualifying phrase over bare noun.
38	Christ became poor	Χριστὸς ἐπτώχευσεν	Christos eptōcheusen	il s’est fait pauvre	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8	Voluntary, purposive self-giving; distinct from a general statement about Jesus’ economic circumstances.
39	Fellowship / participation (in giving)	κοινωνία	koinōnia	communion fraternelle / participation	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	8, 9	In fundraising context “participation à cette œuvre” may communicate more clearly than the bare “communion fraternelle.”
40	The collection	λογία	logia	collecte	Medium	Generosity and Grace in Giving	9	Avoid “quête” (the Mass/service offering-basket term), which trivializes into a routine weekly ritual rather than the letter’s cross-congregational relief project.
41	Cheerful giver	ἱλαρὸς δότης	hilaros dotēs	donateur joyeux	Low	Generosity and Grace in Giving	9	Transparent, stable.
42	Meekness and gentleness of Christ	πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια	prautēs kai epieikeia	douceur et bonté	Medium	Power in Weakness	10	French “douceur” can trend toward passive mildness; preserve the paradox of restrained strength.
43	Weapons / strongholds	ὅπλα / ὀχυρώματα	hopla / ochyrōmata	armes / forteresses	Medium	Genuine versus False Apostleship	10	Frame as intellectual-spiritual persuasion, not literal conquest, given France’s mission-colonial sensitivities.
44	Measure / assigned sphere	κανών	kanōn	mesure / champ d’action	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	10	Minor risk of confusion with the later technical sense “biblical canon” (same root).
45	Boasting (spectrum: sinful pride to godly exultation)	καύχησις / καυχάομαι	kauchēsis / kauchaomai	se glorifier (positive pole) / se vanter, fierté (negative pole, contextual)	High	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine versus False Apostleship	1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12	No single French word spans the full Greek semantic range; requires consistent contextual disambiguation across every occurrence in the letter — flag for native speaker review at each instance.
46	Godly jealousy	ζῆλος Θεοῦ	zēlos Theou	jalousie de Dieu / zèle jaloux	High	Genuine versus False Apostleship	11	Ordinary French “jalousie” is almost uniformly negative (possessive/envious); recommend “zèle” with explicit gloss distinguishing from sinful jealousy.
47	Another Jesus / different spirit / different gospel	ἄλλον Ἰησοῦν / πνεῦμα ἕτερον / εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον	allon Iēsoun / pneuma heteron / euangelion heteron	un autre Jésus / un autre esprit / un autre évangile	Critical	Genuine versus False Apostleship	11	Must not be softened into stylistic/denominational-preference language; names outright substitution of the gospel’s central realities.
48	False apostles	ψευδαπόστολοι	pseudapostoloi	faux apôtres	High	Genuine versus False Apostleship	11	Low linguistic ambiguity, high doctrinal weight; teaching material must supply Paul’s discernment criteria, not leave “false” as a vague accusation.
49	Super-apostles (ironic)	ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι	hyperlian apostoloi	apôtres par excellence / archi-apôtres	Medium	Genuine versus False Apostleship	11, 12	Sarcastic tone easily lost; recommend translator’s note flagging irony.
50	Angel of light	ἄγγελος φωτός	angelos phōtos	ange de lumière	Medium	Genuine versus False Apostleship	11	Minor risk of a benign-guardian-angel misreading outside context.
51	Free of charge (gospel ministry)	δωρεάν	dōrean	gratuitement	Medium	Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	11	Preserve the grace-vocabulary resonance (unearned gift), not merely commercial “free.”
52	Thorn in the flesh	σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	skolops tē sarki	écharde dans la chair	Medium	Power in Weakness	12	Well-known French Christian cultural idiom; avoid over-literalizing into a specific medical diagnosis the text deliberately leaves unspecified.
53	My grace is sufficient	ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου	arkei hē charis mou	ma grâce te suffit	Critical	Power in Weakness	12	Reuses baseline “grâce”; verb “suffire” is safe, but never substitute the noun “suffisance” (see #19). One of the letter’s most quoted verses.
54	Power made perfect in weakness	δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ	dynamis en astheneia	puissance / faiblesse	High	Power in Weakness	12	French performance-culture context offers no ready category praising weakness as power’s locus; the paradox must be actively taught.
55	Signs, wonders, and mighty works	σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα καὶ δυνάμεις	sēmeia kai terata kai dynameis	signes, prodiges et miracles	Medium	Genuine versus False Apostleship	12	Reuse baseline caution on charismatic-renewal vs. cessationist-leaning reading streams.
56	Examine yourselves	δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς	dokimazete heautous	examinez-vous vous-mêmes	Medium	Genuine versus False Apostleship	13	Risk of narrowing to Catholic sacramental “examen de conscience” before confession, rather than the broader “are you even in the faith” question.
57	Restoration / completeness	κατάρτισις	katartisis	restauration / perfectionnement	Medium	Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	13	Preserve relational-restoration sense, not abstract moral-perfectionism.
58	Holy kiss	ἅγιον φίλημα	hagion philēma	saint baiser	Medium-High	New Creation in Christ (church-family identity)	13	Noun form is standard French, but the verb “baiser” is strong vulgar slang in colloquial modern French; requires explicit framing as an ancient greeting custom.
59	Fellowship of the Holy Spirit (benediction)	κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος	koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos	communion du Saint-Esprit	Low	Reconciliation with God; Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	13	Stable, established cross-tradition liturgical formula; reuse baseline “Esprit Saint” consistency note.

Section C — Forbidden Substitution List (2 Corinthians-Specific Additions)

In addition to the baseline’s forbidden substitutions (justice méritée; unglossed les saints; bare l’Église; unglossed élection; vocation for general calling), the following are forbidden for this curriculum:

Never use	For this term	Reason
suffisance	ἱκανότης / ἱκανός (sufficiency/sufficient), including “ma grâce te suffit” context	French “suffisance” means smug self-satisfaction/arrogance — the opposite of God-given adequacy. Use “capacité” or “capable.”
quête	λογία (the collection)	Trivializes Paul’s cross-congregational relief fund into the routine Mass/service offering-basket ritual. Use “collecte.”
réconciliez-vous (reflexive/active imperative)	καταλλάγητε (5:20, passive imperative “be reconciled”)	Implies humans perform the reconciling act themselves, contradicting v.18’s “God… reconciled us.” Use a passive-preserving construction: “soyez réconciliés avec Dieu.”
une autre façon de voir (a different way of seeing)	ἄλλον Ἰησοῦν / εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον (11:4)	Softens outright substitution of the gospel’s central realities into acceptable stylistic diversity. Use “un autre Jésus… un autre évangile” unqualified.
jalousie unglossed	ζῆλος Θεοῦ (11:2, godly jealousy)	Reads as sinful possessive envy in ordinary French with no positive register. Use “zèle jaloux” with an explicit gloss.

Section D — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Index

Curriculum Doctrine	Primary Terms (this glossary #)
Reconciliation with God	Reconciliation (1-2), Made to be sin (6), Not counting trespasses (7), Died for all (8), Repentance (34), Fellowship of the Holy Spirit (59)
New Creation in Christ	New Creation (3), Temple of the living God (32), Sons and daughters (33), Holy kiss (58)
Suffering and Comfort in Ministry	Comfort/consolation (9), Affliction (10), Sufferings of Christ (11), Guarantee (12), Seal (13), Outer/inner man (27), Eternal weight of glory (28), Tent (29), Restoration (57)
The New Covenant versus the Old	New Covenant (20), Letter and Spirit (21), Veil (22), Transformed (23), Freedom (24)
Sincerity and Apostolic Authority	Sincerity (14), Peddle the word (18), Sufficient/sufficiency (19), Ambassador (4), Unequally yoked (31), Measure/sphere (44), Free of charge (51), Fear of the Lord (5), Boasting (45)
Generosity and Grace in Giving	Grace-as-generosity (36), Equality (37), Christ became poor (38), Fellowship in giving (39), The collection (40), Cheerful giver (41)
Power in Weakness	Jars of clay (25), Judgment seat of Christ (30), Thorn in the flesh (52), Grace is sufficient (53), Power made perfect in weakness (54), Meekness and gentleness (42)
Genuine versus False Apostleship	The god of this age (26), Another Jesus/different spirit/different gospel (47), False apostles (48), Super-apostles (49), Angel of light (50), Godly jealousy (46), Signs and wonders (55), Examine yourselves (56), Weapons/strongholds (43)

Full-Book Coverage Confirmation

Chapters 1–13 of 2 Corinthians have each contributed load-bearing terms to this glossary. No chapter was silently omitted. Terms already governed by the baseline Romans Language Package are reused exactly per Section A; every genuinely new term introduced by 2 Corinthians is risk-rated and grounded in a specific French-language or French-culture collision in Section B.

Critical Risk Terms

Imputed Righteousness

Approved rendering: justice imputée
Transliteration: justice imputée
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: justice méritée
Original: λογίζομαι (cf. 5:19 μὴ λογιζόμενος)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: credited/attributed righteousness, not earned righteousness. 2 Corinthians-specific: the identical forensic-accounting verb root (λογίζομαι) underlies 5:19’s ‘not counting their trespasses against them’ and 5:21’s ‘become the righteousness of God’ — see new term ‘not_counting_trespasses’.

Christ

Approved rendering: Christ
Transliteration: Christ
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: Messie (reserved for explicit messianic-title contexts per baseline ‘messiah’ entry)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology

New term for this curriculum, added because 2 Corinthians uses ‘Christ’ pervasively both as a name and as a title carrying full messianic and divine freight (e.g. 5:14 ‘l’amour du Christ,’ 5:17 ‘en Christ,’ 5:20 ‘ambassadeurs pour Christ’). Render as ‘Christ’ per established French Bible convention; ensure consistency with baseline ‘jesus,’ ‘lord,’ and ‘son_of_god’ entries wherever the full name/title combination occurs.

Made To Be Sin

Approved rendering: il l’a fait péché (pour nous)
Transliteration: il l’a fait péché (pour nous)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: il l’a chargé de nos péchés (softens the forensic identification), il est devenu pécheur (implies moral corruption)
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Reconciliation with God

The stark, forensic construction ‘il l’a fait péché pour nous’ (5:21) must be retained rather than softened into a conventional sin-bearing image or overcorrected into implying Christ became sinful in nature. Requires an explanatory note distinguishing legal imputation from moral corruption; mandatory human theologian review.

Not Counting Trespasses

Approved rendering: ne tenant pas compte de (leurs fautes)
Transliteration: ne tenant pas compte de (leurs fautes)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: pardonner leurs erreurs (loses the ledger/reckoning sense), effacer leurs fautes (implies erasure, not non-imputation)
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα
Category: Reconciliation with God

Must preserve the forensic-accounting sense (5:19) using the identical verb root that credits righteousness in Romans 4, rather than softening to a vague emotional ‘pardonner’ (a different Greek verb, ἀφίημι, elsewhere). Mandatory human theologian review.

Died For All

Approved rendering: mort pour tous
Transliteration: mort pour tous
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: mort à cause de tous (loses substitution), mort pour l’exemple de tous (merely exemplary, not substitutionary)
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν
Category: Reconciliation with God

ὑπέρ (‘pour,’ 5:14-15) must retain its substitutionary, representative force and never soften into a merely exemplary sense. Flagged for mandatory human theologian review at the same tier as atonement language.

New Covenant

Approved rendering: nouvelle alliance
Transliteration: nouvelle alliance
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: testament (archaic, confusable with the ‘Old/New Testament’ book division)
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: The New Covenant versus the Old

Two compounding French risks (3:6): (1) supersessionist misreading regarding Israel; (2) exact overlap with the Catholic Mass’s Words of Institution (‘le sang de la nouvelle alliance’), risking a Eucharistic-liturgical reframing over Paul’s covenant-historical argument. Mandatory human theologian review.

Another Jesus Different Gospel

Approved rendering: un autre Jésus / un autre esprit / un autre évangile
Transliteration: un autre Jésus / un autre esprit / un autre évangile
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: une autre façon de voir Jésus (FORBIDDEN — softens outright substitution into stylistic diversity)
Original: ἄλλον Ἰησοῦν / πνεῦμα ἕτερον / εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

11:4 must never be softened into a merely stylistic or denominational-preference framing; Paul names outright substitution of the gospel’s central realities. Mandatory human theologian review, same escalation tier as baseline Critical Sonship/Deity-of-Christ entries.

Grace Is Sufficient

Approved rendering: ma grâce te suffit
Transliteration: ma grâce te suffit
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: ma grâce te donne de la suffisance (FORBIDDEN construction)
Original: ἀρκεῖ ἡ χάρις μου
Category: Power in Weakness

12:9, one of the letter’s most quoted verses. The verb ‘suffire’ is safe (‘te suffit’), but the related noun ‘suffisance’ must never be substituted — same false-friend trap as ‘sufficiency.’ Mandatory human theologian review.

High Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: faveur, mérite
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Same word used by Catholic and Protestant traditions, but the theology differs: Catholic catechesis ties grâce to sacramental mediation; Reformed/Segond tradition insists on grâce apart from any ecclesial mediation. Must render as wholly unmerited. 2 Corinthians-specific: extended to material generosity in giving (chs. 8-9, see ‘grace_as_generosity’) and reaches its climax in ‘ma grâce te suffit’ (12:9, see ‘grace_is_sufficient’); the noun ‘suffisance’ must never be substituted for any sufficiency-adjacent term.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice (de Dieu)
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Secular French ‘justice’ primarily denotes the legal system, risking a purely juridical reading if not clarified. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to Critical at 5:21 (forensic ‘become the righteousness of God’); also used in an ethical-fruit sense at 9:9-10 (righteous deeds flowing from generosity) — both senses use the identical French word and must be disambiguated contextually.

Saints

Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Must add a clarifying gloss (‘tous les croyants’) in teaching contexts. 2 Corinthians-specific: the collection ‘for the saints’ (8:4, 9:1, 9:12) and closing ‘all the saints greet you’ (13:12) risk the canonized-intercessor reading in a fundraising context specifically, wrongly suggesting support for a venerated elite rather than ordinary believers in Jerusalem.

Church

Approved rendering: Église
Transliteration: Église
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: temple (building only)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Must clarify the body-of-Christ sense distinct from the institution or building. 2 Corinthians-specific: 6:16 introduces a related but distinct ‘temple’ collision with French Protestant usage that reserves ‘temple’ for the worship building — see new term ‘temple_of_the_living_god’.

Lord

Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. ‘Seigneur’ carries feudal-historical resonance, risking a distant, archaic-title reading rather than a living confession. 2 Corinthians-specific: frequent throughout (1:2-3, 4:5, 5:11, 10:17-18, 13:14); the boasting resolution ‘let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord’ (10:17) requires ‘Seigneur’ to retain exclusive, supreme-authority force even inside the letter’s paradoxical boasting metaphor.

Reconciliation

Approved rendering: réconciliation
Transliteration: réconciliation
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: un accord mutuel (implies two-sided negotiation)
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation with God

Secular French usage (national ‘réconciliation,’ truth-and-reconciliation commissions, couples-counseling ‘réconciliation’) frames reconciliation as mutual/negotiated; Paul’s usage (5:18-19) is unilateral divine action with humanity as the passive reconciled object, never the co-negotiator. State this explicitly at every occurrence.

Reconciled

Approved rendering: réconcilier
Transliteration: réconcilier
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: réconciliez-vous (FORBIDDEN — active/reflexive imperative)
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation with God

The passive imperative ‘be reconciled’ (καταλλάγητε, 5:20) must never be rendered as the reflexive/active-sounding ‘réconciliez-vous avec Dieu,’ which implies humans perform the reconciling act themselves, contradicting v.18. Use a passive-preserving construction: ‘soyez réconciliés avec Dieu.‘

New Creation

Approved rendering: nouvelle création
Transliteration: nouvelle création
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: nouvelle vie (drifts toward vague renewal), se réinventer (secular self-help framing)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation in Christ

Contemporary French wellness/coaching culture readily uses ‘création,’ ‘se réinventer,’ and ‘nouvelle version de soi-même’ for self-help personal-development narratives (5:17); must be anchored explicitly to God’s own creative act, not human self-transformation.

Comfort

Approved rendering: consolation / consoler
Transliteration: consolation / consoler
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: confort (physical ease), réconfort seul (too mild)
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

Must be distinguished from mere physical ease (1:3-7, 7:6-7); the sense is God’s sustaining presence amid affliction, enabling comforted believers to comfort others. Shares its root with baseline ‘exhorter’.

Guarantee Of The Spirit

Approved rendering: arrhes / gage
Transliteration: arrhes / gage
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: dépôt (too commercial/cold), garantie seule (too abstract, loses relational sense)
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: New Creation in Christ

‘Arrhes’ (1:22, 5:5) is a live, everyday French commercial-deposit term (e.g. a hotel-booking deposit), usefully preserving ‘guarantee of more to come’ but risking a purely transactional reading. Recommend ‘les arrhes de l’Esprit’ with a brief relational gloss.

Sincerity

Approved rendering: sincérité
Transliteration: sincérité
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: honnêteté envers soi-même (psychologizing, loses relational/missional sense)
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

Named curriculum doctrine (1:12, 2:17, 11:3); risks collapsing into a merely psychological ‘being honest with oneself’ rather than the relational/missional integrity Paul intends before God and the church.

Sufficiency

Approved rendering: capable / capacité
Transliteration: capable / capacité
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: suffisance (FORBIDDEN — means smug self-satisfaction, arrogance)
Original: ἱκανός / ἱκανότης
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never render ἱκανός/ἱκανότης (2:16, 3:5) as ‘suffisance’ — that ordinary French noun is the exact opposite of Paul’s God-given adequacy. Use ‘capable’/‘capacité’ or a periphrasis (‘Dieu seul nous rend capables’). The verb ‘suffire’ remains safe (12:9).

Letter And Spirit

Approved rendering: la lettre / l’Esprit
Transliteration: la lettre / l’Esprit
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: la lettre (unglossed, defaults to ordinary correspondence)
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: The New Covenant versus the Old

‘La lettre’ (3:6) in ordinary French primarily means ‘a written letter’ or ‘to the letter’ (literal precision); must be glossed contextually as ‘le code écrit de la Loi mosaïque,’ cross-referenced to baseline’s ‘loi’ caution.

Veil

Approved rendering: voile
Transliteration: voile
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: voile (unglossed, risks hijab/laïcité political resonance without Exodus framing)
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: The New Covenant versus the Old

‘Le voile’ (3:13-16) is a live, politically and socially charged term in contemporary French public discourse; requires explicit Exodus-narrative (Moses’ face-covering) framing before any introduction of the term in teaching material.

God Of This Age

Approved rendering: le dieu de ce monde / de ce siècle
Transliteration: le dieu de ce monde / de ce siècle
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: Dieu de ce monde (capitalized — would wrongly deify Satan)
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

The deliberate lower-case ‘dieu’ applied ironically to Satan (4:4) requires strict, consistent French capitalization discipline (Dieu vs. dieu); inconsistency risks either deifying Satan or obscuring Paul’s irony. Watchtower apologetic literature cites this verse; teach the full canonical context.

Judgment Seat Of Christ

Approved rendering: tribunal du Christ
Transliteration: tribunal du Christ
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: cour de justice (overly punitive/criminal framing)
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Power in Weakness

French ‘tribunal’ (5:10) overwhelmingly evokes a punitive civil/criminal court, risking confusion with condemnatory final judgment already excluded for believers (baseline ‘Assurance of Salvation’), and risking Catholic purgatorial associations. Frame explicitly as reward/evaluation, not condemnation.

Temple Of The Living God

Approved rendering: temple du Dieu vivant
Transliteration: temple du Dieu vivant
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: temple (unqualified — collides with French Protestant building usage)
Original: ναὸς Θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: New Creation in Christ

Calling believers ‘le temple de Dieu’ (6:16) collides with French Protestant usage reserving ‘temple’ for the worship building; requires explicit clarification that the referent is the corporate believing community.

Repentance

Approved rendering: repentance
Transliteration: repentance
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: pénitence (sacramental Catholic rite connotation)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Reconciliation with God

In French Catholic usage ‘repentance/se repentir’ is closely tied to the Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance; 7:9-10 risks being heard as the formal sacramental rite rather than the inward, Spirit-produced reorientation available directly through the gospel.

Grace As Generosity

Approved rendering: grâce
Transliteration: grâce (sens étendu: don généreux)
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: une gracieuseté (mere social courtesy, severs the theological root)
Original: χάρις
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving

χάρις extended to mean ‘a generous financial gift’ (8:1, 8:6-7, 9:8, 9:14) risks flattening into a purely social-courtesy sense; keep the theological thread explicit — giving flows from having received grace, not social obligation.

Equality

Approved rendering: égalité (qualifié: une certaine égalité / un équilibre)
Transliteration: égalité
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: égalité (bare noun — imports Republican political-ideological framework)
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving

‘Égalité’ is one-third of France’s national motto, carrying heavy political-redistributive freight; rendering Paul’s modest, situational mutual-aid principle (8:13-14) with the bare noun risks importing a foreign ideological framework. Always qualify.

Boasting

Approved rendering: se glorifier (positive) / se vanter, fierté (negative, contextual)
Transliteration: se glorifier / se vanter
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: fierté seule (trends negative), se vanter pour le pôle positif (stays negative, unsuitable when the object is the Lord)
Original: καύχησις / καυχάομαι / καύχημα
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

No single French word spans the full Greek range from sinful self-glorying to legitimate, God-directed exultation, resolved in ‘let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord’ (10:17). Requires consistent contextual disambiguation across every occurrence (chs. 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12); reserve ‘se glorifier’ for the Lord-directed positive pole.

Godly Jealousy

Approved rendering: zèle jaloux (jamais ‘jalousie’ non glosée)
Transliteration: zèle jaloux
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: jalousie (FORBIDDEN unglossed — reads as sinful possessive envy)
Original: ζῆλος Θεοῦ
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

Ordinary French ‘jalousie’ (11:2) is almost uniformly negative with no positive register for covenant-guarding protectiveness. Use ‘zèle jaloux’ with an explicit gloss distinguishing it from sinful jealousy; mandatory human theologian review.

False Apostles

Approved rendering: faux apôtres
Transliteration: faux apôtres
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: prédicateurs douteux (too vague, loses the specific apostolic-legitimacy claim)
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

11:13 is a straightforward compound with low linguistic ambiguity but high doctrinal weight; teaching material must supply Paul’s discernment criteria, not leave ‘false’ as a vague accusation.

Power Made Perfect In Weakness

Approved rendering: puissance / faiblesse
Transliteration: puissance / faiblesse
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: puissance malgré la faiblesse (implies power despite weakness, not power located in and perfected through it)
Original: δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ
Category: Power in Weakness

Contemporary French performance-culture (‘culte de la réussite’) has no ready category praising weakness as power’s very locus (12:9-10); the paradox must be actively taught, not assumed intuitive.

Holy Kiss

Approved rendering: saint baiser
Transliteration: saint baiser
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: se baiser (FORBIDDEN verb-form construction — vulgar slang in modern colloquial French)
Original: ἅγιον φίλημα
Category: New Creation in Christ

As a noun, ‘un baiser’ (13:12) is standard, decorous French, but the corresponding verb is strong vulgar slang in contemporary colloquial French; use the noun form only, with explicit ancient-greeting-custom framing.

Medium Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Must specify personal trust in Christ, not adherence to a religious system. 2 Corinthians-specific: ‘we walk by faith, not by sight’ (5:7) and ‘test whether you are in the faith’ (13:5) both require this personal, examinable-trust sense, not institutional religious identity.

Salvation

Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Ground salvation explicitly in Christ’s work, not institutional membership. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to Critical usage in this curriculum’s registry; ‘now is the day of salvation’ (6:2) and ‘godly grief… leads to salvation’ (7:10) require the personal, God-ward reconciliation sense.

Holy

Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. Set apart for God and morally pure; ‘pur’ alone loses the set-apart sense. 2 Corinthians-specific: ‘perfecting holiness in the fear of God’ (7:1) and ‘holy kiss’ (13:12) both require the moral-relational, set-apart sense rather than ritual purity alone.

Glory

Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Secular ‘gloire’ (military, celebrity) risks a triumphalist, self-achieved reading. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to High-risk usage in chapter 3’s fading-versus-abiding-glory contrast (Moses’ veil, 3:7-11) and 4:17’s ‘eternal weight of glory’ (see new term ‘eternal_weight_of_glory’); a flat, static rendering loses these comparative and cumulative senses.

Sin

Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Colloquial French trivializes ‘péché’ (‘péché mignon’ = guilty pleasure); this must not bleed into weightier uses. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to Critical specifically at 5:21 (‘he made him to be sin who knew no sin’) — see new term ‘made_to_be_sin’; other uses in this letter (e.g. 11:7, 12:21) remain at the baseline Medium tier.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Both refer to the same personal third Person of the Trinity. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to Critical in this curriculum given the francophone Watchtower/Jehovah’s Witness tendency to render ‘esprit saint’ as an impersonal force; must remain the personal, divine Third Person, given as ‘seal’ and ‘guarantee’ (1:22, 5:5) and named in the closing trinitarian benediction (13:14).

Father

Approved rendering: Père
Transliteration: Père
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. God as personal Father; no competing deity-name risk in French. 2 Corinthians-specific: ‘Father of mercies’ (1:3) and ‘I will be a father to you’ (6:18, citing 2 Samuel 7) reinforce this letter’s New Creation and adoption themes.

Covenant

Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Relational covenant bond, more than a legal contract. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to Critical specifically for chapter 3’s ‘new covenant’ (καινὴ διαθήκη) — see new term ‘new_covenant’ — due to compounding French risks: supersessionist misreading regarding Israel and overlap with the Catholic Mass’s Words of Institution.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. ‘Puissance’ conveys sovereign capability; ‘force’ is too generic/physical. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to High-risk usage where paired with weakness at the letter’s theological climax (12:9-10) — see new term ‘power_made_perfect_in_weakness’.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from Romans package. Guard against secular naturalism flattening ‘résurrection’ into a metaphor. 2 Corinthians-specific: ‘he who raised the Lord Jesus will raise us also’ (4:14) and the pairing of Christ’s death and resurrection as one saving event (5:15) both require this bodily, historical guard.

Fellowship

Approved rendering: communion fraternelle
Transliteration: communion fraternelle
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: communion (bare)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Qualify with ‘fraternelle’ to convey koinonia rather than the sacrament. 2 Corinthians-specific: extended to ‘participation in the collection’ (8:4, 9:13) and the closing ‘fellowship of the Holy Spirit’ (13:14); in fundraising contexts ‘participation à cette œuvre’ may communicate more clearly than the bare phrase — see new term ‘fellowship_in_giving’.

Adoption

Approved rendering: adoption filiale
Transliteration: adoption filiale
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: adoption (bare, legal-procedural)
Original: υἱοθεσία (echoed at 6:18)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Qualify with ‘filiale’ to keep the full-son-status, full-inheritance sense. 2 Corinthians-specific: 6:18’s ‘you shall be my sons and daughters’ echoes this doctrine without using the exact Greek noun — see new term ‘sons_and_daughters’; ensure the inclusive ‘et filles’ is retained per the source text.

Israel

Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραηλίτης (11:22)
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Keep the referent historical/theological, not a contemporary political nation-state reference. 2 Corinthians-specific: Paul’s self-identification ‘Are they Israelites? So am I’ (11:22) forms part of his ironic credential-catalogue against rival teachers.

God

Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Secularization risk: ‘Dieu’ used as casual interjection or abstract deist concept. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to Critical in this curriculum; chapter 4’s ironic title ‘the god of this age’ (4:4), applied to Satan, requires a deliberate lower-case ‘dieu’ with strict, consistent capitalization discipline (Dieu vs. dieu) — see new term ‘god_of_this_age’.

Ambassador

Approved rendering: ambassadeur
Transliteration: ambassadeur
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: porte-parole (too weak), représentant (loses royal-authority sense)
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

‘Ambassadeur’ (5:20) is stable in French with no negative religious collision, but risks a merely ceremonial ‘goodwill ambassador for a cause’ reading; anchor explicitly to Christ’s kingship and sovereign authority.

Fear Of The Lord

Approved rendering: crainte du Seigneur
Transliteration: crainte du Seigneur
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: peur du Seigneur (implies terror, not reverence)
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

French devotional usage distinguishes ‘crainte’ (reverential) from ‘peur’ (raw fear), but colloquial readers may default to ‘peur’; the established compound (5:11, 7:1) should be retained with contextual reinforcement of the accountability sense linked to the βῆμα/judgment seat (5:10).

Affliction

Approved rendering: affliction
Transliteration: affliction
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: difficulté (too generic), malchance (implies bad luck, not gospel suffering)
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

Risk of a generic-hardship reading in French detached from gospel-ministry context (1:4, 1:8, 4:17, 6:4, 8:2); tie explicitly to ministry suffering.

Sufferings Of Christ

Approved rendering: souffrances du Christ
Transliteration: souffrances du Christ
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: souffrances à l’image du Christ (mere imitation, not participation)
Original: παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

1:5 must guard against reduction to mere imitation-of-a-good-example; preserve the participatory ‘union with Christ’ sense contextually.

Seal

Approved rendering: sceau
Transliteration: sceau
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: cachet (purely administrative), marque (too generic)
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

1:22 is stable imagery; minor risk of a purely decorative/administrative reading without the ownership/authentication sense — a brief clarifying phrase is useful.

Forgive

Approved rendering: pardonner / faire grâce
Transliteration: pardonner / faire grâce
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: excuser (too weak, no grace connection)
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Reconciliation with God

χαρίζομαι (2:7, 2:10) shares its root with χάρις/grace and must retain a gracious, unmerited character, not a merely procedural pardon.

Triumphal Procession

Approved rendering: cortège triomphal / triomphe
Transliteration: cortège triomphal / triomphe
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: victoire seule (loses the specific Roman ritual and captive-imagery)
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

2:14 requires cultural-background explanation for French readers with low familiarity with the Roman triumph custom; without it, the metaphor’s double edge (captive AND participant in victory) is easily lost.

Fragrance Of Christ

Approved rendering: parfum / bonne odeur
Transliteration: parfum / bonne odeur
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: parfum agréable seul (loses the double-edged life/death effect)
Original: ὀσμή / εὐωδία
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

2:15-16 must retain the double-edged effect on hearers — life-giving to some, deathly to others — not just a pleasant image.

Peddle The Word

Approved rendering: frelater / falsifier la parole de Dieu
Transliteration: frelater / falsifier la parole de Dieu
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: falsifier seul (loses the profit-motive nuance)
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

καπηλεύω (2:17) must retain the commercial-profiteering nuance, not just generic doctrinal error.

Transformed

Approved rendering: transformés
Transliteration: transformés
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: transfigurés (reserved for the unique Gospel Transfiguration event)
Original: μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: New Creation in Christ

3:18’s ongoing, Spirit-wrought change into Christ’s likeness must use ‘transformés’; ‘transfiguré/la Transfiguration’ is a specific, capitalized liturgical feast-day term that would wrongly suggest a repeatable, Christ-level occurrence.

Freedom

Approved rendering: liberté
Transliteration: liberté
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: liberté (unqualified, risks Republican-motto political conflation)
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: The New Covenant versus the Old

3:17 carries minor risk of conflation with purely political/civic ‘liberté’ (echoing ‘Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité’) rather than freedom specifically from the Law’s condemnation.

Outer Inner Man

Approved rendering: homme extérieur / homme intérieur
Transliteration: homme extérieur / homme intérieur
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: corps et âme (imports Cartesian body-soul dualism)
Original: ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

4:16 risks importing a strict Cartesian body-soul substance dualism rather than Paul’s holistic decay/renewal framing.

Eternal Weight Of Glory

Approved rendering: poids éternel de gloire
Transliteration: poids éternel de gloire
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: gloire éternelle seule (loses the weightiness/substantiality sense)
Original: βάρος δόξης
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

The Hebrew/Greek kabod (weight=glory) wordplay (4:17-18) is unrecoverable in French; teaching material must actively supply the ‘weightiness/substantiality’ sense.

Unequally Yoked

Approved rendering: ne pas se mettre sous un même joug que…
Transliteration: ne pas se mettre sous un même joug que…
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: mariage mixte seul (narrows Paul’s broader partnership scope)
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

6:14 is frequently proof-texted in French evangelical circles specifically against interfaith or mixed marriage; retain Paul’s broader scope of compromising partnership generally alongside any marriage application.

Sons And Daughters

Approved rendering: fils et filles
Transliteration: fils et filles
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: fils (masculine plural alone, drops the explicit ‘et filles’)
Original: υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες
Category: New Creation in Christ

6:18 must retain the inclusive ‘et filles’ as in the source text, not merged into a generic masculine plural.

Godly Grief

Approved rendering: tristesse selon Dieu / tristesse du monde
Transliteration: tristesse selon Dieu / tristesse du monde
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: tristesse seule (loses the outcome-contrast between godly and worldly grief)
Original: λύπη κατὰ Θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Reconciliation with God

7:10 must preserve the outcome-contrast (leads to salvation vs. leads to death), not merely an emotional-intensity distinction.

Christ Became Poor

Approved rendering: il s’est fait pauvre
Transliteration: il s’est fait pauvre
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: il était pauvre (implies mere economic circumstance, not voluntary self-giving)
Original: Χριστὸς ἐπτώχευσεν
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving

8:9 must be read as voluntary, purposeful self-giving that patterns Christian generosity, distinct from a general statement about Jesus’ economic circumstances; guard against francophone prosperity-gospel material’s reciprocity-guarantee misuse.

Fellowship In Giving

Approved rendering: communion fraternelle / participation
Transliteration: communion fraternelle / participation
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: communion fraternelle seule (may not connect to fundraising context)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving

κοινωνία in this specific financial context (8:4, 9:13); ‘participation à cette œuvre’ may communicate more clearly than the bare ‘communion fraternelle.‘

The Collection

Approved rendering: collecte
Transliteration: collecte
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: quête (FORBIDDEN — trivializes into the routine Mass/service offering-basket ritual)
Original: λογία
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving

FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never use ‘quête’ for λογία (9:1-5); it denotes the routine liturgical offering basket. Use ‘collecte’ exclusively for Paul’s cross-congregational relief project.

Meekness And Gentleness

Approved rendering: douceur et bonté
Transliteration: douceur et bonté
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: douceur seule (risks a passive-mildness reading, loses the restrained-strength paradox)
Original: πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια
Category: Power in Weakness

10:1’s French ‘douceur’ can trend toward passive mildness/sweetness in casual usage; preserve the paradoxical strength-under-restraint sense.

Weapons And Strongholds

Approved rendering: armes / forteresses
Transliteration: armes / forteresses
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: armes littérales (risks endorsing literal conquest, sensitive given France’s mission-colonial history)
Original: ὅπλα / ὀχυρώματα
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

10:4 must be framed as intellectual-spiritual persuasion demolishing proud arguments, not literal aggression; also guard against francophone deliverance-ministry amplification into territorial-spirit warfare well beyond Paul’s argument.

Assigned Measure

Approved rendering: mesure / champ d’action
Transliteration: mesure / champ d’action
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: canon (confusable with the later technical sense ‘canon biblique’)
Original: κανών
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

κανών (10:13) carries minor risk of confusion with the unrelated later technical sense ‘biblical canon,’ its etymological descendant; a footnote distinguishing the senses is prudent.

Super Apostles

Approved rendering: apôtres par excellence / archi-apôtres
Transliteration: apôtres par excellence / archi-apôtres
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: apôtres supérieurs (loses Paul’s ironic/sarcastic tone if presented neutrally)
Original: ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

Paul’s ironic/sarcastic title (11:5, 12:11) easily loses its irony if rendered as a neutral honorific; recommend a translator’s note flagging the sarcasm.

Angel Of Light

Approved rendering: ange de lumière
Transliteration: ange de lumière
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ange gardien (risks a benign-guardian-angel misreading)
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

11:14’s stable image in French Christian culture; minor risk if isolated from context of being read as a benign figure rather than a disguise for deception.

Free Of Charge

Approved rendering: gratuitement
Transliteration: gratuitement
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: gratuit (purely commercial, loses the grace-vocabulary resonance)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority

δωρεάν (11:7) shares its root with χάρις/δῶρον (grace/gift); a brief contextual note linking it to grace-vocabulary is worthwhile so it does not read as merely commercial.

Thorn In The Flesh

Approved rendering: écharde dans la chair
Transliteration: écharde dans la chair
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: maladie (over-literalizes into a specific diagnosis the text leaves unspecified)
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness

A well-established, familiar idiom in French Christian culture (12:7); guard against francophone deliverance-ministry/prosperity teaching that treats the thorn as something faith should always remove, contradicting Paul’s own point.

Signs And Wonders

Approved rendering: signes, prodiges et miracles
Transliteration: signes, prodiges et miracles
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: talents naturels (loses the Spirit-given, supernatural sense)
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα καὶ δυνάμεις
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

12:12 reuses the baseline caution on charismatic Catholic renewal vs. cessationist-leaning Reformed reading streams; note the divide without adjudicating it.

Examine Yourselves

Approved rendering: examinez-vous vous-mêmes
Transliteration: examinez-vous vous-mêmes
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: examen de conscience (narrows to the Catholic pre-confession sacramental practice)
Original: δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship

13:5 risks narrowing to the Catholic sacramental ‘examen de conscience’ before confession, rather than Paul’s broader ‘are you even in the faith at all’ question.

Restoration

Approved rendering: restauration / perfectionnement
Transliteration: restauration / perfectionnement
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: perfectionnement seul (risks an abstract moral-perfectionism reading)
Original: κατάρτισις
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

13:9,11 must retain a relational-restoration sense (mending what is broken) rather than abstract moral perfectionism.

Low Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: Évangile
Transliteration: Évangile
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: bonne nouvelle (informal only)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Shared, stable term across Catholic and Protestant French Bibles (Segond, TOB, Bible de Jérusalem). Low risk; ‘bonne nouvelle’ is acceptable as a plain-language gloss but not a substitute in doctrinal text. 2 Corinthians-specific: 11:4’s ‘a different gospel’ (εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον) names outright substitution of the gospel’s content, not a stylistic variant — see new term ‘another_jesus_different_gospel’.

Apostle

Approved rendering: apôtre
Transliteration: apôtre
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Stable, shared term across all French Bible traditions. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevate review routing above this baseline Low tier — the letter’s central ‘Genuine versus False Apostleship’ polemic (chs. 10-12) means every occurrence carries live contested-legitimacy weight; supply Paul’s discernment criteria (message content, self-giving conduct, endured suffering) rather than leaving the term as a bare title.

Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: action de grâce
Transliteration: action de grâce
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Context distinguishes general thanksgiving from the Eucharistic rite. 2 Corinthians-specific: recurring doxological refrain (1:11, 2:14, 4:15, 9:11-12); no new risk beyond baseline.

Exhort

Approved rendering: exhorter
Transliteration: exhorter
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Use ‘supplier’ for beseeching; ‘exhorter/encourager’ for building up. 2 Corinthians-specific: elevated to High-risk usage because this letter’s dominant ‘comfort/consolation’ vocabulary (ch.1, 5:20, 6:1, 7:6-7) shares the same root (παρακαλέω); context must determine ‘exhorter’ vs. ‘consoler’ vs. ‘supplier’ — see new term ‘comfort’.

Jesus

Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. No new risk beyond baseline. 2 Corinthians-specific: frequent throughout, especially paired with ‘Christ’ in opening/closing formulas.

Jars Of Clay

Approved rendering: vases d’argile
Transliteration: vases d’argile
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: récipients (too abstract, loses the fragility image)
Original: ὄστρακινα σκεύη
Category: Power in Weakness

4:7’s vivid, transparent imagery; minimal risk beyond ensuring the fragility-contrast-with-treasure point is retained.

Tent Earthly Body

Approved rendering: tente
Transliteration: tente
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: corps seul (loses the temporary-dwelling metaphor)
Original: σκῆνος
Category: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry

5:1’s transparent imagery; minor risk of losing the temporary-vs-permanent contrast if not paired with ‘édifice éternel.‘

Cheerful Giver

Approved rendering: donateur joyeux
Transliteration: donateur joyeux
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving

9:7’s joyful, willing generosity; transparent and stable in French.

Fellowship Of The Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: communion du Saint-Esprit
Transliteration: communion du Saint-Esprit
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Reconciliation with God

13:14’s long-established, stable liturgical formula used across Catholic, Reformed, and ecumenical French worship traditions; reuse baseline ‘Esprit Saint’/‘Saint-Esprit’ consistency. Guard against Watchtower-aligned subordinationist glossing of the trinitarian benediction.

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