Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Daniel — English → French
Section 1: Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Deviation Permitted)
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Risk (Baseline) | Daniel Occurrences | Daniel-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kingdom (God’s/Messiah’s eternal kingdom sense) | Royaume de Dieu | Medium | 2:44; 4:3; 7:14, 18, 27 | Reserve capitalized “Royaume de Dieu” alignment for the everlasting/divine sense only; use lowercase “royaume” for Babylon/Persia/Greece/Rome. |
| messiah | Messie | Medium (raised to High in Dan 9:25-26 context) | 9:25-26 | 9:26’s “cut off” carries direct crucifixion-typology weight; theologian review required. |
| covenant | alliance | Medium | 9:4, 27; 11:22, 28, 30, 32 | Disambiguate “the holy covenant” (Mosaic/salvation-historical) from “prince of the covenant” (11:22, historical-political referent). |
| righteousness | justice | Critical | 9:24; 12:3 | Retain forensic/gift sense; “conduire…à la justice” (12:3) must not read as human moral achievement. |
| sin | péché | Medium | 9:5-16, 20, 24 | Daniel’s prayer of confession; guard against colloquial trivialization as in baseline note. |
| glory | gloire | High | 2:37; 4:30, 36; 7:14 | Distinguish God’s/Messiah’s gloire from Nebuchadnezzar’s self-glorification (4:30), which the text explicitly condemns. |
| god | Dieu | Medium | throughout | — |
| holy (adjective) | saint | Medium | throughout | — |
| saints (corporate believer sense) | saints (with mandatory gloss “tous les croyants” / “le peuple fidèle de Dieu”) | High | 7:18, 21, 22, 25, 27; 8:24 | Intensified risk vs. Romans: “les saints du Très-Haut” strengthens the canonized-intercessor pull in French. Disambiguate from angelic “saint” in ch. 4 (see Section 2). |
| holy_spirit | Esprit Saint | Critical | Not applicable as a direct rendering — see “spirit of the holy gods” below, Section 2, for the specific Daniel collision risk. | |
| lord | Seigneur | High | 9:8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19 (“the Lord our God,” Adonai in Daniel’s Hebrew prayer) | Same feudal-resonance caution as baseline; reinforced by “Prince of princes” (8:25) needing similar exclusive-supremacy framing. |
| law | loi | High | 6:5, 8, 12, 15 (Persian civil law); 9:11, 13 (Mosaic Law) | Two distinct referents in the same book — civil decree-law of the Medes/Persians vs. the Law of Moses. Must disambiguate every occurrence; capitalize “la Loi” only for the Mosaic sense per baseline convention. |
| resurrection | résurrection | Medium (raised to High in Dan 12:2) | 12:2 (concept; base text uses “se réveiller”) | Base verb is “s’éveiller/se réveiller” — doctrinal notes must explicitly supply “résurrection” terminology or the historical, bodily claim risks being read as metaphor. |
| faith | foi | Medium | contextual (e.g., 6:23 Daniel’s trust in God) | Distinct from new term “fidélité” (faithfulness/steadfastness) — see Section 2. |
Section 2: New Terms Required for Daniel (Proposed for Translation Memory Addition)
A. God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Most High | le Très-Haut | עִלָּיָא / עֶלְיוֹן (Aramaic Illaya / Hebrew Elyon) | Illaya / Elyon | Medium | 3:26; 4:2, 17, 24-25, 32, 34; 5:18, 21; 7:18, 22, 25, 27 | Well-established French Bible title (cf. Luc 1:32); risk is that readers hear one honorific among several rather than Daniel’s polemical dethroning claim against imperial self-deification. |
| dominion | domination | שָׁלְטָן (Aramaic sholtan) | sholtan | High | 2:37-38; 4:3, 17, 22, 25-26, 31-32, 34; 6:26; 7:6, 12, 14, 26-27 | Do not render as “puissance” (reserved by baseline for dynamis theou). Must be read with “royaume”/“gloire” as a total-sovereignty investiture formula at 7:14. |
| kingdom (political/generic) | royaume | מַלְכוּ (malku) | malku | High | throughout | Lowercase for human political kingdoms; see Section 1 for the “Royaume de Dieu”-aligned eschatological sense. |
| God of heaven | Dieu des cieux | אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיִּן (Elah Shemayin) | Elah Shemayin | Medium | 2:18-19, 28, 37, 44 | Polemical exilic title distinguishing Israel’s God from territorial pagan deities; must not flatten into deist “Dieu du ciel” abstraction (cf. baseline “providence” caution). |
| decree (royal/divine) | décret | פִּתְגָם / גְּזֵרָה (pithgam / gezerah) | pithgam / gezerah | Low-Medium | 2:13, 15; 3:10, 29; 4:24; 6:8-9, 12-13, 15, 26 | Distinguish royal decrees (Nebuchadnezzar, Darius) from decrees “of the Most High” (4:24) — the latter carries theological weight the former lacks. |
B. Faithfulness under Persecution
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| worship / bow down | se prosterner (devant) / adorer | סְגִד (Aramaic segid) | segid | Critical | 2:46; 3:5-7, 10-12, 14-15, 18, 28 | Reserve “adorer” for true worship of God; use “se prosterner devant” for the forced act before the image. High French-cultural sensitivity given Catholic devotional veneration practices before statues/images — flag every occurrence for theologian review. |
| serve (cultic/worship sense) | servir | פְלַח (Aramaic pelach) | pelach | Critical | 3:12, 14, 17-18, 28; 6:16, 20; 7:14, 27 | Identical root spans idol-worship refusal (ch. 3) and universal worship of the Son of Man (7:14) — the single most important cross-chapter term-link in the book; must be flagged and glossed at every occurrence. |
| fiery furnace | fournaise ardente | נוּרָא יָקִדְתָּא (nura yaqidta) | nura yaqidta | Low | 3:6, 11, 15, 17, 20-23, 26 | Stable, iconic French Bible phrase. |
| den of lions | fosse aux lions | גֹּב אַרְיָוָתָא (gov aryevata) | gov aryevata | Low | 6:7, 12, 16-17, 19-24 | Stable idiom. |
| faithfulness / steadfastness | fidélité | (concept; no single fixed Aramaic/Hebrew lexeme in Daniel) | — | Medium | 6:4, 10 (Daniel’s consistent practice); implicit throughout chs. 1, 3, 6 | Distinct from “foi” (trust/belief) — this is behavioral perseverance and loyalty under threat; French cleanly distinguishes “foi” and “fidélité,” but translators must select the correct one deliberately rather than defaulting to “foi” for both. |
| defile (oneself) | se souiller | גָּעַל (ga’al) | ga’al | Low-Medium | 1:8 | Frame as covenant loyalty, not dietary legalism. |
C. The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man / one like a son of man | Fils de l’homme (titular) / quelqu’un de semblable à un fils d’homme (verse-level) | כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ (Aramaic kevar enash) | kevar enash | Critical | 7:13 | Keep terminologically distinct from baseline “Fils de Dieu” (Critical); both point to the same person but preserve Daniel’s own human-appearance-yet-worshiped paradox. Direct verbal bridge to Jesus’ Gospel self-title. |
| Ancient of Days | l’Ancien des jours | עַתִּיק יוֹמִין (Attiq Yomin) | Attiq Yomin | High | 7:9, 13, 22 | Lexically stable across all French Bible traditions; theological risk is a folkloric/fairy-tale misreading rather than recognizing the eternal divine Judge. |
| Prince of princes | le Prince des princes | שַׂר־שָׂרִים (sar sarim) | sar sarim | Medium-High | 8:25 | Supreme-authority title, not a merely aristocratic rank; cross-reference baseline’s “lord” caution on feudal resonance. |
| clouds of heaven | les nuées du ciel | עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא (anane shemaya) | anane shemaya | Medium | 7:13 | Theophanic vehicle; matches established French Gospel rendering (Matthieu 24:30). |
| everlasting dominion / kingdom that will not be destroyed | domination éternelle / royaume qui ne sera jamais détruit | שָׁלְטָן עָלַם / מַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּי־לָא תִתְחַבַּל | sholtan alam / malkuteh di-la titchabbal | Medium-High | 2:44; 7:14, 27 | Universal-permanence language; must not be softened, per baseline’s universality-preservation rule. |
| one like a son of the gods | semblable à un fils des dieux | בַּר־אֱלָהִין (bar-elahin) | bar-elahin | Medium-High | 3:25 | Pagan king’s polytheistic vocabulary; do not silently upgrade to “Fils de Dieu” in the base text — keep doctrinal identification in teaching notes only. |
| a man clothed in linen | un homme vêtu de lin | אִישׁ־לָבוּשׁ בַּדִּים (ish-lavush baddim) | ish-lavush baddim | Medium-High | 10:5 | Formally ambiguous figure (angel or Christophany); preserve the text’s own ambiguity. |
D. Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mystery | mystère | רָז (raz) | raz | High | 2:18-19, 27-30, 47 | Direct collision with Catholic sacramental/devotional “mystère” (mystères du Rosaire, mystère eucharistique); requires clarifying gloss, structurally parallel to baseline’s “communion” caution. |
| beast | bête | חֵיוְתָא (cheivta) | cheivta | Medium | 7:3-8, 11-12, 17, 19, 23 | Symbolic-imperial referent; must not be conflated automatically with Revelation’s beast without explanation, nor read zoologically. |
| little horn (ch. 7) | petite corne | קֶרֶן זְעֵירָה (qeren ze’eira) | qeren ze’eira | Medium-High | 7:8, 11, 20-21, 24-25 | Distinct referent from the ch. 8 “little horn” — never merge the two in notes. |
| little horn (ch. 8) | petite corne | קֶרֶן (qeren, qualified) | qeren | Medium-High | 8:9-12, 23-25 | Historically identified with Antiochus IV Epiphanes; distinct from the ch. 7 figure. |
| saints of the Most High | les saints du Très-Haut (with mandatory gloss) | קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין (qaddishe elyonin) | qaddishe elyonin | High | 7:18, 21-22, 25, 27 | See Section 1 “saints” entry; intensified French risk. |
| time, times, and half a time | un temps, des temps, et la moitié d’un temps | עִדָּן וְעִדָּנִין וּפְלַג עִדָּן (iddan ve-iddanin u-felag iddan) | iddan ve-iddanin u-felag iddan | Medium | 7:25; 12:7 | Preserve literally; do not embed a specific chronological resolution in the base translation. |
| seventy weeks | soixante-dix semaines | שִׁבְעִים שָׁבֻעִים (shivim shavu’im) | shivim shavu’im | High | 9:24-27 | Multiple interpretive schools exist; render literally without embedding one scheme. Theologian review required wherever teaching notes attach a chronology. |
| abomination that causes desolation | l’abomination qui cause la désolation | שִׁקּוּץ מְשׁמֵם (shiqquts meshomem) | shiqquts meshomem | Critical | 9:27; 11:31; 12:11 | Double-horizon prophecy (historical + eschatological); matches French Gospel tradition (Matthieu 24:15) for OT-NT continuity. |
| time of the end | le temps de la fin | עֵת קֵץ (et qets) | et qets | Medium | 8:17, 19; 11:35, 40; 12:4, 9 | Standard apocalyptic-horizon phrase. |
| the court was seated / judgment | le tribunal s’assit / le jugement | דִּינָא יְתִב (dina yetiv) | dina yetiv | Medium | 7:10, 22, 26 | Either “tribunal” (TOB-style) or “jugement” (Segond-style) acceptable; fix one choice for curriculum-wide consistency. |
| books were opened | les livres furent ouverts | סִפְרִין פְּתִיחוּ (sifrin peticha) | sifrin peticha | Low | 7:10 | Cross-reference Revelation 20:12 for teaching notes. |
| image/statue (vision sense) | statue | צֶלֶם (tselem) | tselem | Medium | 2:31-35, 41-45 | Distinguish from the idolatrous “statue” of ch. 3 (same word, different referent). |
| sanctuary | sanctuaire | מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash) | miqdash | Low-Medium | 8:11, 13-14; 9:17, 26 | Both historical (Antiochus) and typological/eschatological senses in play; do not conflate silently. |
| sealing of the book | sceller (le livre) | חתם (chatam) | chatam | Low-Medium | 12:4, 9 | Contrast with Revelation 22:10’s “unsealing” for teaching purposes. |
| resurrection / awaking | se réveiller (base text) → résurrection (doctrinal gloss) | יָקִיצוּ (yaqitzun) | yaqitzun | High | 12:2 | See Section 1 entry; requires explicit doctrinal bridging language in study notes. |
E. Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prayer | prière | צְלוֹ (Aramaic tzelo) / תְּפִלָּה (Hebrew tefillah) | tzelo / tefillah | Low-Medium | 6:10-13; 9:3-19 | Distinct from baseline’s “intercession” (prayer on behalf of others, e.g. Christ’s/Spirit’s heavenly intercession) — Daniel’s prayer is personal petition/confession. |
| confession (of sin) | confession (des péchés) | וְאֶתְוַדֶּה (vidui, verb form) | vidui | Low-Medium | 9:4-19 | Paired with [BASELINE REUSE “péché”]. |
| the living God | le Dieu vivant | אֱלָהָא חַיָּא (Elaha Chaya) | Elaha Chaya | Low | 6:20, 26 | Standard, stable. |
| exile / captivity | exil | גָּלָה / גּוֹלָה (galah / golah) | galah / golah | Low | 1:1-3; 9:2 (via Jeremiah’s “seventy years”) | Frame for the whole book. |
| fasting | jeûne | צוֹם (tzom) | tzom | Low | 9:3; 10:2-3 | Standard term; pairs with prayer in spiritual-discipline contexts. |
F. Wisdom and Discernment from God
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wisdom | sagesse | חָכְמָה (chokmah) | chokmah | Medium | 1:4, 17, 20; 2:20-23, 30; 5:11, 14 | God-given, contested against pagan wisdom-guilds throughout. |
| understanding / discernment | discernement / intelligence | שֵׂכֶל / מַדָּע (sekel / madda) | sekel / madda | Medium | 1:4, 17; 2:21; 9:22; 12:3, 10 | Avoid secular narrowing toward IQ/cleverness; anchor as Spirit-given insight (cf. baseline’s “dons spirituels” caution). |
| the wise (eschatological) | les sages | הַמַּשְׂכִּלִים (ha-maskilim) | ha-maskilim | Medium | 12:3, 10 | Ties wisdom to eschatological reward and to leading others “to righteousness” [BASELINE REUSE “justice”]. |
| revealer of mysteries | celui qui révèle les mystères | גָּלֵי רָזִין (galey razin) | galey razin | Medium | 2:28-29, 47 | Pairs with “mystère” entry above; God alone, not the pagan wisdom-guild, reveals. |
| wise men / magicians / enchanters / astrologers | magiciens, enchanteurs, astrologues, devins | חַרְטֻמִּים, אַשָּׁפִים, מְכַשְּׁפִים, כַּשְׂדִּים (chartummim, ashaphim, mekashephim, kasdim) | chartummim / ashaphim / mekashephim / kasdim | Medium | 1:20; 2:2, 10, 27; 4:7; 5:7, 11 | France’s own occult/astrology subculture makes neutral “wise men” risky; present explicitly as pagan occult practice contrasted with God-given wisdom. |
| spirit of the holy gods (pagan attribution) | un esprit des dieux saints (pagan-mouthed) | רוּחַ אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין (ruach elohin qadishin) | ruach elohin qadishin | Critical (disambiguation) | 4:8-9, 18; 5:11, 14 | MUST NOT be rendered “l’Esprit Saint.” This is Nebuchadnezzar’s/Belshazzar’s own polytheistic attribution to Daniel, not a Trinitarian confession. Rendering it with the baseline’s fixed “Esprit Saint” term would wrongly Christianize a pagan king’s speech and confuse readers about the Holy Spirit doctrine. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence. |
G. Angelic Beings (Cross-Doctrine Support Terms)
| Term (EN) | French Rendering | Original / Language | Transliteration | Risk | Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| watcher and holy one | un veilleur et un saint | עִיר וְקַדִּישׁ (ir veqaddish) | ir veqaddish | Medium-High | 4:13, 23 | Angelic beings; “saint” here is a third distinct sense alongside believer-saints (ch. 7) and canonized saints (French cultural default) — disambiguate explicitly for reviewers. Also gloss “veilleur” beyond its default “night watchman” sense. |
| Michael | Michel | מִיכָאֵל | Mikha’el | Low | 10:13, 21; 12:1 | Standard French archangel name. |
| Gabriel | Gabriel | גַּבְרִיאֵל | Gavri’el | Low | 8:16; 9:21 | Standard French form. |
| prince (spiritual/angelic sense) | prince (spirituel) | שַׂר (sar) | sar | Medium | 10:13, 20-21 | Distinct from political “princes” (chs. 9, 11); gloss as an angelic/spiritual power. |
H. Proper Names Requiring Denominational-Variant Awareness
| Term (EN) | Recommended French Rendering | Alternative French Forms | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nebuchadnezzar | Nebucadnetsar (Segond-aligned, per this curriculum’s register) | Nabuchodonosor (TOB, Bible de Jérusalem, and general French cultural memory — cf. Verdi’s opera Nabucco) | Medium | Genuine denominational/cultural variant, structurally parallel to the baseline’s Ésaïe/Isaïe note for Isaiah. Flag both forms for reviewers; fix one for curriculum-wide consistency. |
| Belshazzar | Belschatsar (Segond-aligned) | Baltasar (TOB) | Medium | Distinct risk: French Catholic folk tradition names one of the three Magi “Balthazar” (extra-biblical legend, Epiphany tradition) — a near-homophone that could cause confusion with the Babylonian king Belshazzar if the wrong French form is chosen. Recommend “Belschatsar” specifically to avoid this collision. |
| Darius | Darius | — | Low | Stable. |
| Cyrus | Cyrus | — | Low | Stable. |
| Daniel | Daniel | — | Low | Stable; note his Babylonian name “Belteshazzar” (Beltschatsar) is a separate, low-risk historical detail (1:7). |
Section 3: Risk Summary for This Curriculum Extension
| Risk Tier | Count (New Daniel Terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (Son of Man, worship/segid, serve/pelach, abomination that causes desolation, spirit of the holy gods disambiguation, [inherited] messiah in 9:25-26 context) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 9 (Ancient of Days, mystery, seventy weeks, saints of the Most High [inherited-intensified], dominion, kingdom, resurrection/awaking, law disambiguation [inherited-intensified], watcher-and-holy-one triple-sense) | Human theologian |
| Medium | 22 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 14 | Automated review |
This glossary extends but never contradicts translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json from the baseline Romans Language Package. All [BASELINE REUSE] terms are enforced exactly as recorded there; no alternative renderings are permitted for those entries within the Daniel curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Dieu
Transliteration: Dieu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלָהּ / אֱלֹהִים (elah / elohim) — throughout
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel’s polemical exilic contrast (the living God vs. the lifeless gods of Babylon, Media, Persia) sharpens the baseline’s caution against ‘Dieu’ drifting into an abstract, generic, or casual-interjection register.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Esprit Saint
Transliteration: Esprit Saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ (ruach qodsho, Hebrew, cf. 9’s prayer register) — not directly attested by this exact phrase in Daniel’s narrative text
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL Daniel-specific caution: this fixed term must NEVER be used to render the pagan king’s polytheistic attribution ‘a spirit of the holy gods’ (see new term ‘spirit_of_holy_gods_pagan’, 4:8-9, 18; 5:11, 14). Daniel’s narrative text never places ‘Esprit Saint’ in God’s or Daniel’s own mouth.
Lord
Approved rendering: Seigneur
Transliteration: Seigneur
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: maître, patron
Original: אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) — Daniel 9:8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs as ‘Adonai’ in Daniel’s Hebrew prayer (9:8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19). Reinforced in this book by the parallel title ‘le Prince des princes’ (8:25), which carries a similar exclusive-supremacy claim French court-title vocabulary risks softening.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: résurrection
Transliteration: résurrection
Doctrine: Resurrection and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: renaissance
Original: יָקִיצוּ (yaqitzun, ‘they will awake’) — Daniel 12:2
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel 12:2’s base Aramaic/Hebrew verb is ‘s’éveiller/se réveiller’ (see new term ‘awaking_from_the_dust’), not this noun. Study/teaching material must explicitly bridge the base-text verb to this doctrinal noun, or French readers may read 12:2 as merely metaphorical renewal rather than the historical, bodily, two-destiny claim it makes.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Fils de Dieu
Transliteration: Fils de Dieu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: envoyé de Dieu, homme divin
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL Daniel-specific caution: this fixed term must be kept terminologically distinct from the new term ‘son_of_man’ (‘Fils de l’homme’ / ‘quelqu’un de semblable à un fils d’homme’, Daniel 7:13). Both point to the same person in NT fulfillment, but Daniel’s own human-appearing-yet-worshiped paradox must never be collapsed by substituting this term for the base-text rendering at 7:13, nor for the pagan king’s ‘son of the gods’ vocabulary at 3:25 (see new term ‘son_of_the_gods_pagan’).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jésus
Transliteration: Jésus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Does not occur in Daniel’s own text but is the essential NT cross-reference for the Son of Man Christological bridge (Daniel 7:13 -> Jesus’ Gospel self-designation, used roughly eighty times). Must appear only in theologian-reviewed teaching notes, never inserted into the base translation of Daniel 7:13 itself.
Worship Bow Down
Approved rendering: se prosterner (devant) / adorer
Transliteration: segid
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: סְגִד (Aramaic segid)
Category: Worship
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic segid. Occurrences: 2:46; 3:5-7, 10-12, 14-15, 18, 28. Reserve ‘adorer’ exclusively for true worship of God alone; use ‘se prosterner (devant)’ for the forced act before Nebuchadnezzar’s image. Genuine, high-stakes French ecumenical sensitivity: this distinction directly collides with French Catholic devotional veneration practice before statues of saints/Mary using structurally similar vocabulary. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: servir
Transliteration: pelach
Doctrine: Deity and Worship of the Son of Man
Original: פְלַח (Aramaic pelach)
Category: Worship
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic pelach — identical root used for idolatrous worship-service refused in ch. 3 (3:12, 14, 17-18, 28) and universal worship rendered to the Son of Man in 7:14, plus 6:16, 20, 7:27. The single most important cross-chapter term-link in the book: bare ‘serviront’ reads as administrative service in modern French; without an explicit doctrinal gloss connecting Daniel 3 and 7:14, French readers will miss that 7:14 ascribes to the Son of Man the very worship the three exiled friends died rather than render to an idol. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Fils de l’homme (titular) / quelqu’un de semblable à un fils d’homme (verse-level)
Transliteration: kevar enash
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: Fils de Dieu (collapsing the two titles)
Original: כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ (kevar enash)
Category: Christology
New term for this curriculum — THE core-passage term. Aramaic kevar enash, Daniel 7:13. Verse-level rendering ‘quelqu’un de semblable à un fils d’homme’ preserves the text’s own simile/indirection; the titular capitalized form ‘le Fils de l’homme’ is reserved for cross-reference notes bridging to Jesus’ Gospel self-designation. Must never be collapsed into ‘Fils de Dieu’ in the base text — the two titles name the same person in NT fulfillment but must remain terminologically distinct in this curriculum. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: l’abomination qui cause la désolation
Transliteration: shiqquts meshomem
Doctrine: The Abomination that Causes Desolation
Original: שִׁקּוּץ מְשׁמֵם (shiqquts meshomem)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 9:27; 11:31; 12:11. Matches the established French Gospel rendering (Matthieu 24:15) for OT-NT continuity. Double-horizon prophecy (historical Antiochus IV fulfillment + further eschatological referent); the historical-versus-eschatological identification question must never be resolved silently by translation choice. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Spirit Of Holy Gods Pagan
Approved rendering: un esprit des dieux saints
Transliteration: ruach elohin qadishin
Doctrine: The ‘Spirit of the Holy Gods’ as Pagan Attribution
Rejected alternatives: Esprit Saint (forbidden substitution)
Original: רוּחַ אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין (ruach elohin qadishin)
Category: God
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic ruach elohin qadishin. Occurrences: 4:8-9, 18; 5:11, 14 — Nebuchadnezzar’s and Belshazzar’s own polytheistic attribution to Daniel. MUST NEVER be rendered ‘Esprit Saint’; doing so would wrongly Christianize a pagan king’s speech and confuse the genuine, Critical-risk Holy Spirit doctrine elsewhere in the curriculum. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justice
Transliteration: justice
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: vertu, droiture
Original: צְדָקָה / קְשֹׁט (tsedaqah, Hebrew 9:24; qeshot-adjacent contexts)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel 9:24 (‘to bring in everlasting righteousness’) and 12:3 (‘lead many to righteousness’) must not collapse into human moral achievement; 12:3’s ‘conduire beaucoup de gens à la justice’ parallels but is not identical to the baseline’s forensic-justification sense.
Glory
Approved rendering: gloire
Transliteration: gloire
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: יְקָר (yiqar) — Daniel 2:37; 4:30, 36; 7:14
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel-specific note: the text explicitly contrasts God-given/Son-of-Man-given gloire (7:14, positive, granted) with Nebuchadnezzar’s self-glorification (4:30, negative, condemned and punished); the same French word must carry this contrast through context, not vocabulary substitution.
Holy
Approved rendering: saint
Transliteration: saint
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: pur
Original: קַדִּישׁ / קָדוֹשׁ (qaddish / qadosh) — throughout
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel uses this root for at least three distinct referents: God’s own holiness, angelic ‘holy ones’ (see new term ‘watcher_and_holy_one’), and the corporate people of God (see new term ‘saints_of_the_most_high’). Each occurrence must be disambiguated in teaching notes.
Saints
Approved rendering: saints
Transliteration: les saints
Doctrine: Sainthood
Original: קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין (qaddishe elyonin) — Daniel 7:18, 21-22, 25, 27; 8:24
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel’s fuller phrase ‘les saints du Très-Haut’ (see new term ‘saints_of_the_most_high’) intensifies rather than resolves the baseline’s caution — the added divine epithet does not neutralize the canonized-intercessor pull in ordinary and Catholic French usage. Mandatory clarifying gloss (‘tous les croyants’ / ‘le peuple fidèle de Dieu’) required at every occurrence.
Law
Approved rendering: loi
Transliteration: loi (la Loi)
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: דָּת (Aramaic dat, civil decree-law, e.g. 6:5, 8, 12, 15) / תּוֹרָה (Hebrew torah, Mosaic Law, 9:11, 13)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel requires unusually careful disambiguation of two referents sharing one French word: the civil decree-law of the Medes and Persians (‘dat’, 6:5, 8, 12, 15) and the Mosaic Law/Torah (9:11, 13). Capitalize ‘la Loi’ strictly for the Mosaic sense; gloss the civil sense explicitly as ‘la loi des Mèdes et des Perses’.
Dominion
Approved rendering: domination
Transliteration: sholtan
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: puissance
Original: שָׁלְטָן (sholtan)
Category: Kingdom
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic sholtan. Occurrences: 2:37-38; 4:3, 17, 22, 25-26, 31-32, 34; 6:26; 7:6, 12, 14, 26-27. Never render as ‘puissance’ (reserved by the baseline for ‘puissance de Dieu’ / dynamis theou). At 7:14 must be read together with ‘gloire’ and ‘royaume’ as a single total-sovereignty investiture formula, not three separable partial grants.
Kingdom
Approved rendering: royaume
Transliteration: malku
Doctrine: God’s Kingdom versus Human Kingdoms
Original: מַלְכוּ (malku)
Category: Kingdom
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic malku, the same root underlying ‘Royaume de Dieu’ above. Use lowercase ‘royaume’ for every human political kingdom (Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome) throughout Daniel’s visions (chs. 2, 7, 8, 11). High risk because French offers no lexical distinction between this and the eschatological sense — only capitalization, which carries no force in oral/read-aloud delivery and must be reinforced by explicit gloss.
Ancient Of Days
Approved rendering: l’Ancien des jours
Transliteration: Attiq Yomin
Doctrine: The Ancient of Days and Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: le Vieillard des jours
Original: עַתִּיק יוֹמִין (Attiq Yomin)
Category: God
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic Attiq Yomin. Occurrences: 7:9, 13, 22. Lexically stable across Segond, TOB, and Bible de Jérusalem with no variance; the risk is theological, not lexical — readers with low OT literacy may read this as a folkloric wise-elder figure (French fantasy/fairy-tale register) rather than the eternal divine Judge worshiped throughout Scripture. Always this form; never variants.
Everlasting Dominion
Approved rendering: domination éternelle / royaume qui ne sera jamais détruit
Transliteration: sholtan alam / malkuteh di-la titchabbal
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Original: שָׁלְטָן עָלַם / מַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּי־לָא תִתְחַבַּל
Category: Kingdom
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 2:44; 7:14, 27. Universal-permanence language (‘éternelle,’ ‘jamais’) must not be softened, per the baseline’s universality-preservation rule already applied to Romans 3:23 and 10:12-13.
Son Of The Gods Pagan
Approved rendering: semblable à un fils des dieux
Transliteration: bar-elahin
Doctrine: Ambiguous Theophany/Christophany Figures
Rejected alternatives: Fils de Dieu (silent theological upgrade)
Original: בַּר־אֱלָהִין (bar-elahin)
Category: Christology
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic bar-elahin, Daniel 3:25 — Nebuchadnezzar’s own pagan-polytheistic description of the fourth figure in the furnace. Must not be silently upgraded to ‘Fils de Dieu’ (baseline Critical term) in the base translation; that is a theological inference belonging to teaching notes, not a translation of what the pagan king’s Aramaic speech actually says. Human theologian review required.
Man Clothed In Linen
Approved rendering: un homme vêtu de lin
Transliteration: ish-lavush baddim
Doctrine: Ambiguous Theophany/Christophany Figures
Rejected alternatives: le Christ (premature identification)
Original: אִישׁ־לָבוּשׁ בַּדִּים (ish-lavush baddim)
Category: Christology
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew ish-lavush baddim, Daniel 10:5-6, closely paralleling Revelation 1:13-16’s glorified Christ. The base translation must preserve the text’s own formal ambiguity (angel or Christophany) rather than pre-resolving it toward ‘le Christ’; identification belongs only in theologian-reviewed teaching notes.
Mystery
Approved rendering: mystère
Transliteration: raz
Doctrine: Mystery and Divine Revelation
Original: רָז (raz)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic raz. Occurrences: 2:18-19, 27-30, 47. Direct collision with Catholic sacramental/devotional ‘mystère’ usage (mystères du Rosaire, mystère eucharistique, mystère pascal); Daniel’s ‘raz’ is a revealed apocalyptic secret about world-history, not a mystery for devotional contemplation. Requires a clarifying gloss (‘un secret divin caché, désormais révélé’) at first occurrence per chapter, structurally parallel to the baseline’s caution on bare ‘communion’.
Little Horn Ch7
Approved rendering: petite corne
Transliteration: qeren ze’eira
Doctrine: The Little Horn as a Persecuting Power
Original: קֶרֶן זְעֵירָה (qeren ze’eira)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic qeren ze’eira. Occurrences: 7:8, 11, 20-21, 24-25. A persecuting anti-God power arising within the fourth kingdom. Distinct referent from the chapter 8 ‘little horn’ below despite identical French wording; never merge the two in teaching notes.
Little Horn Ch8
Approved rendering: petite corne
Transliteration: qeren (qualified)
Doctrine: The Little Horn as a Persecuting Power
Original: קֶרֶן (qeren, qualified)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 8:9-12, 23-25. Historically identified with Antiochus IV Epiphanes; distinct from the chapter 7 figure above. Requires its own contextual identification at every occurrence.
Saints Of The Most High
Approved rendering: les saints du Très-Haut
Transliteration: qaddishe elyonin
Doctrine: Sainthood of the People of God
Original: קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין (qaddishe elyonin)
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic qaddishe elyonin. Occurrences: 7:18, 21-22, 25, 27; 8:24. The covenant people of God collectively, given the kingdom through the Son of Man. Always accompanied by the baseline-mandated clarifying gloss (‘tous les croyants’ / ‘le peuple fidèle de Dieu’); the divine epithet does not neutralize the canonized-intercessor pull in French.
Seventy Weeks
Approved rendering: soixante-dix semaines
Transliteration: shivim shavu’im
Doctrine: The Seventy Weeks Prophetic Timetable
Original: שִׁבְעִים שָׁבֻעִים (shivim shavu’im)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 9:24-27. Multiple historical and futurist chronological schools attach specific dates; render literally without embedding any one interpretive scheme. Human theologian review required wherever teaching notes attach a chronological identification.
Awaking From The Dust
Approved rendering: se réveiller (texte) / résurrection (doctrine)
Transliteration: yaqitzun
Doctrine: Resurrection and Final Judgment
Original: יָקִיצוּ (yaqitzun)
Category: Eschatology
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic/Hebrew yaqitzun, Daniel 12:2 — the base-text verb. Always paired with the doctrinal noun ‘résurrection’ (see baseline-inherited entry above) in study/teaching material, or French readers may read 12:2 as a merely metaphorical figure of speech rather than the historical, bodily, two-destiny claim it makes.
Watcher And Holy One
Approved rendering: un veilleur et un saint
Transliteration: ir veqaddish
Doctrine: Angelic Mediation and Cosmic Conflict
Original: עִיר וְקַדִּישׁ (ir veqaddish)
Category: Angelology
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic ir veqaddish. Occurrences: 4:13, 23. Angelic beings, members of the heavenly council. ‘Veilleur’ defaults in ordinary French to ‘night watchman’ and needs an angelic-being gloss; ‘saint’ here is a third distinct sense alongside believer-saints (ch. 7) and the French cultural default (canonized saints).
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Royaume de Dieu
Transliteration: Royaume de Dieu
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: מַלְכוּ (malku) — Daniel 2:44; 4:3; 7:14, 18, 27
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. In Daniel, reserve this capitalized form strictly for the everlasting, divinely-established kingdom (2:44; 7:14, 18, 27); use lowercase ‘royaume’ (see new term ‘kingdom’ below) for every human political kingdom (Babylon, Persia, Greece). This capitalization fence is procedural, not lexical — French has no separate lexeme for the two senses.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messie
Transliteration: Messie
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach) — Daniel 9:25-26
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel-specific escalation: at 9:25-26 (‘the Anointed One will be cut off’), this is one of the OT’s most direct crucifixion-typology texts; doctrine_risk_registry.json escalates this specific occurrence to Critical and requires human theologian review at every occurrence. The base French rendering ‘Messie’ itself is unchanged; do not embed any specific chronological or fulfillment scheme in the base translation.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alliance
Transliteration: alliance
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrat
Original: בְּרִית (berith) — Daniel 9:4, 27; 11:22, 28, 30, 32
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel contains two distinct referents sharing this one French word: the Mosaic/salvation-historical covenant (9:4, 27) and the oblique political-historical ‘prince of the covenant’ (11:22). Disambiguate by context; do not let every occurrence default to full covenant theology.
Sin
Approved rendering: péché
Transliteration: péché
Doctrine: Confession and Corporate Repentance
Original: חַטָּאָה / חוֹב (chatta’ah / chov) — Daniel 9:5-16, 20, 24
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel 9’s sustained corporate confession requires ‘péché’ to retain full covenantal weight against the colloquial trivialization (‘péché mignon’) the baseline already flags.
Faith
Approved rendering: foi
Transliteration: foi
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: croyance, religion
Original: הֵימִן (haymin, root, cf. 6:23 ‘because he trusted in his God’)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Daniel, must be kept distinct from the new term ‘faithfulness’ (‘fidélité’) — Daniel’s personal trust in God (e.g. 6:23) and his behavioral perseverance under threat are related but not identical; do not default to ‘foi’ for both senses.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israël
Transliteration: Israël
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisra’el) — Daniel 9:6-7, 11, 20
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel 9:6-7, 11, 20 uses this as the object of Daniel’s corporate confession and intercession — the exiled covenant people, not the modern nation-state; the same contemporary political-conflation caution applies, intensified by France’s significant Jewish community.
Providence
Approved rendering: providence
Transliteration: providence
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: destin, hasard
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel’s detailed historical outworkings (especially chapter 11’s kings of the North and South) risk being read through an impersonal deist or fatalistic lens in French rather than as the personal, purposive governance of a covenant God who actively directs named kings and empires — the same Enlightenment-deist caution the baseline flags for Romans 8:28.
Intercession
Approved rendering: intercession
Transliteration: intercession
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package. Included here specifically to fence the new term ‘prayer’ (‘prière’): Daniel’s personal petition and corporate confession (chs. 6, 9) is a related but distinct category from this baseline term’s specific sense of prayer offered on behalf of others (Christ’s and the Spirit’s heavenly intercession). Do not substitute one for the other.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: puissance de Dieu
Transliteration: puissance de Dieu
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: force
Inherited from Romans package. Included here specifically to fence the new term ‘dominion’ (‘domination’): ‘puissance’ is reserved exclusively for this baseline concept (dynamis theou) and must never substitute for ‘domination’ (sholtan) in Daniel, which is a distinct concept of ruling authority/empire.
Salvation
Approved rendering: salut
Transliteration: salut
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: délivrance
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Daniel’s deliverance narratives (furnace, lions’ den) where God’s rescue of his faithful people prefigures but is not identical to the baseline’s forensic salvation doctrine; do not conflate physical deliverance in Daniel’s narratives with the full NT salvation doctrine without an explicit teaching-note bridge.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: incarnation
Transliteration: incarnation
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant as background for the two ambiguous theophany/Christophany figures in Daniel (the ‘fourth man’ in the furnace, 3:25; the ‘man clothed in linen’, 10:5-6): this doctrine’s full force must be reserved for theologian-reviewed teaching notes, never asserted in the base translation of either passage.
Most High
Approved rendering: le Très-Haut
Transliteration: Illaya / Elyon
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: עִלָּיָא (Aramaic Illaya) / עֶלְיוֹן (Hebrew Elyon)
Category: God
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic Illaya / Hebrew Elyon. Occurrences: 3:26; 4:2, 17, 24-25, 32, 34; 5:18, 21; 7:18, 22, 25, 27. Well-established in French Bible tradition (cf. Luc 1:32, ‘Fils du Très-Haut’), so lexically low-risk; the theological risk is that ‘le Très-Haut’ can be heard as one honorific among several rather than Daniel’s polemical dethroning claim against Nebuchadnezzar’s own imperial self-description.
God Of Heaven
Approved rendering: Dieu des cieux
Transliteration: Elah Shemayin
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: Dieu du ciel
Original: אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיִּן (Elah Shemayin)
Category: God
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic Elah Shemayin. Occurrences: 2:18-19, 28, 37, 44. A polemical exilic title distinguishing Israel’s God from territorial pagan deities before pagan courts; must not flatten into an Enlightenment-deist ‘Dieu du ciel’ abstraction (cf. baseline’s ‘providence’ caution) — the title here is personal and polemical, asserting sovereignty over every earthly power.
Decree
Approved rendering: décret
Transliteration: pithgam / gezerah
Doctrine: Divine Decree over Royal Decree
Original: פִּתְגָם / גְּזֵרָה (pithgam / gezerah)
Category: Kingdom
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic pithgam / gezerah. Occurrences: 2:13, 15; 3:10, 29; 4:24; 6:8-9, 12-13, 15, 26. Distinguish royal decrees (Nebuchadnezzar, Darius) from decrees ‘of the Most High’ (4:24), which carry theological weight the former lacks; do not let the same French word erase this distinction.
Faithfulness
Approved rendering: fidélité
Transliteration: —
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: foi (as a default substitute)
Original: (concept; no single fixed Aramaic/Hebrew lexeme) — cf. 6:4, 10
Category: Faithfulness
New term for this curriculum. No single fixed Aramaic/Hebrew lexeme; concept drawn from 6:4, 10 and implicit throughout chs. 1, 3, 6. Distinct from ‘foi’ (trust/belief) — this is behavioral perseverance and covenant loyalty under threat. French cleanly distinguishes the two; translators must select deliberately rather than defaulting to ‘foi’ for both senses.
Defile
Approved rendering: se souiller
Transliteration: ga’al
Doctrine: Separation unto God’s Service in Exile
Original: גָּעַל (ga’al)
Category: Faithfulness
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew ga’al. Occurrence: 1:8. Must be framed as covenant loyalty within a pagan court, not dietary legalism or ascetic withdrawal.
Prince Of Princes
Approved rendering: le Prince des princes
Transliteration: sar sarim
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: שַׂר־שָׂרִים (sar sarim)
Category: God
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic sar sarim, Daniel 8:25. French ‘prince’ carries strong monarchical-court/fairy-tale connotations; this is a divine-supremacy title analogous in force to ‘Seigneur des seigneurs,’ not a merely aristocratic rank — cross-reference the baseline’s ‘lord’ caution on feudal resonance.
Clouds Of Heaven
Approved rendering: les nuées du ciel
Transliteration: anane shemaya
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: nuages (ordinary meteorological)
Original: עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא (anane shemaya)
Category: Christology
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic anane shemaya, Daniel 7:13. Matches the established French Gospel rendering (Matthieu 24:30) for OT-NT continuity. Must not be softened to ordinary meteorological ‘nuages’; ‘nuées’ preserves the theophanic register — riding the clouds was elsewhere claimed only by high gods in the ANE.
Beast
Approved rendering: bête
Transliteration: cheivta
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: חֵיוְתָא (cheivta)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic cheivta. Occurrences: 7:3-8, 11-12, 17, 19, 23. Symbolic-imperial referent (each beast = an empire); must not be read zoologically nor automatically equated with Revelation’s beast without explanation.
Time Times Half Time
Approved rendering: un temps, des temps, et la moitié d’un temps
Transliteration: iddan ve-iddanin u-felag iddan
Doctrine: Time, Times, and Half a Time
Rejected alternatives: trois ans et demi (premature numerical resolution)
Original: עִדָּן וְעִדָּנִין וּפְלַג עִדָּן (iddan ve-iddanin u-felag iddan)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 7:25; 12:7. Preserve literally; do not resolve the underlying numerical/chronological interpretive debate in the base translation.
Time Of The End
Approved rendering: le temps de la fin
Transliteration: et qets
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: עֵת קֵץ (et qets)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 8:17, 19; 11:35, 40; 12:4, 9. Standard apocalyptic-horizon phrase.
Court Seated Judgment
Approved rendering: le tribunal s’assit
Transliteration: dina yetiv
Doctrine: The Ancient of Days and Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: le jugement fut rendu (accepted Segond-style variant, not primary)
Original: דִּינָא יְתִב (dina yetiv)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 7:10, 22, 26. TOB-style rendering preferred for this curriculum’s consistency; grounds Apocalyptic Prophecy in a juridical, not merely visionary, register. Fixed choice must be applied curriculum-wide.
Image Statue
Approved rendering: statue
Transliteration: tselem
Doctrine: God’s Kingdom versus Human Kingdoms
Original: צֶלֶם (tselem)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic tselem. Occurrences: 2:31-35, 41-45 (vision-object); the same word denotes the idolatrous golden image of chapter 3. Must be distinguished contextually — same Aramaic word, different referent.
Sanctuary
Approved rendering: sanctuaire
Transliteration: miqdash
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: מִקְדָּשׁ (miqdash)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic/Hebrew miqdash. Occurrences: 8:11, 13-14; 9:17, 26. Both historical (Antiochus IV’s desecration) and typological/eschatological (NT abomination-of-desolation reuse) senses in play; do not conflate silently.
Prayer
Approved rendering: prière
Transliteration: tzelo / tefillah
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Original: צְלוֹ (Aramaic tzelo) / תְּפִלָּה (Hebrew tefillah)
Category: Prayer
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic tzelo / Hebrew tefillah. Occurrences: 6:10-13; 9:3-19. Daniel’s disciplined personal petition and corporate confession — distinct from the baseline’s ‘intercession’ (prayer specifically on behalf of others / Christ’s and the Spirit’s heavenly mediation).
Confession Of Sin
Approved rendering: confession (des péchés)
Transliteration: vidui
Doctrine: Confession and Corporate Repentance
Original: וְאֶתְוַדֶּה (vidui, verbal form)
Category: Prayer
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew vidui (verbal form). Occurrences: 9:4-19. Paired with the baseline-inherited ‘péché’.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: sagesse
Transliteration: chokmah
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: חָכְמָה (chokmah)
Category: Wisdom
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew chokmah. Occurrences: 1:4, 17, 20; 2:20-23, 30; 5:11, 14. God-given, contested throughout the book against the professional pagan wisdom-guilds of Babylon; not natural aptitude.
Understanding Discernment
Approved rendering: discernement / intelligence
Transliteration: sekel / madda
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: שֵׂכֶל / מַדָּע (sekel / madda)
Category: Wisdom
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew sekel / madda. Occurrences: 1:4, 17; 2:21; 9:22; 12:3, 10. Prefer ‘discernement’ over bare ‘intelligence’ wherever the Spirit-given sense is primary; modern French ‘intelligence’ skews toward IQ/cognitive-aptitude register.
The Wise Maskilim
Approved rendering: les sages
Transliteration: ha-maskilim
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: הַמַּשְׂכִּלִים (ha-maskilim)
Category: Wisdom
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew ha-maskilim. Occurrences: 12:3, 10. Ties wisdom directly to eschatological reward and to leading others to [baseline-inherited ‘justice’].
Revealer Of Mysteries
Approved rendering: celui qui révèle les mystères
Transliteration: galey razin
Doctrine: Mystery and Divine Revelation
Original: גָּלֵי רָזִין (galey razin)
Category: Wisdom
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic galey razin. Occurrences: 2:28-29, 47. Pairs with ‘mystery’ entry above; God alone, not the pagan wisdom-guild, reveals.
Pagan Wise Men
Approved rendering: magiciens, enchanteurs, astrologues, devins
Transliteration: chartummim / ashaphim / mekashephim / kasdim
Doctrine: Pagan Wisdom versus Divine Revelation
Rejected alternatives: sages/conseillers du roi (softened rendering)
Original: חַרְטֻמִּים, אַשָּׁפִים, מְכַשְּׁפִים, כַּשְׂדִּים (chartummim, ashaphim, mekashephim, kasdim)
Category: Wisdom
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 1:20; 2:2, 10, 27; 4:7; 5:7, 11. France’s own occult/astrology subculture makes a neutral ‘wise men’ rendering risky; present explicitly as pagan occult practice repeatedly shown powerless before God-given revelation.
Spiritual Prince
Approved rendering: prince (spirituel)
Transliteration: sar
Doctrine: Angelic Mediation and Cosmic Conflict
Original: שַׂר (sar)
Category: Angelology
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic/Hebrew sar. Occurrences: 10:13, 20-21. A spiritual/angelic power contending over nations, distinct from the political ‘princes’ of chapters 9 and 11; gloss explicitly as an angelic/spiritual power.
Nebuchadnezzar
Approved rendering: Nebucadnetsar
Transliteration: Nevukhadnetsar
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר (Nevukhadnetsar)
Category: Proper Names
New term for this curriculum. Segond-aligned form fixed for this curriculum’s register; TOB/Bible de Jérusalem and general cultural-memory variant ‘Nabuchodonosor’ (cf. Verdi’s opera Nabucco) is a documented but rejected alternative, structurally parallel to the baseline’s Ésaïe/Isaïe note. Must be applied uniformly across all Daniel curriculum materials.
Belshazzar
Approved rendering: Belschatsar
Transliteration: Belshatsar
Doctrine: The Living God versus the Gods of the Nations
Rejected alternatives: Baltasar
Original: בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (Belshatsar)
Category: Proper Names
New term for this curriculum. Segond-aligned form fixed to avoid collision with the French Catholic folk-legend name ‘Balthazar’ (one of the three Magi, extra-biblical Epiphany tradition), a near-homophone risk the TOB variant ‘Baltasar’ would create.
Mene Tekel Parsin
Approved rendering: Mené, Mené, Théqel, Parsin (glossed: compté, compté, pesé, divisé)
Transliteration: mene, mene, teqel, uparsin
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
New term for this curriculum. Daniel 5:25-28. Preserve the transliterated Aramaic with an immediate French gloss, following established French Bible practice for retained foreign terms (cf. baseline ‘Abba’). The peres/Persia wordplay does not transfer into French and must be explained in a translator’s note, not reproduced lexically.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: prophète
Transliteration: prophète
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: voyant
Original: נָבִיא (nabi) — Daniel 9:2, 6, 10, 24
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel 9:2, 6, 10, 24 explicitly cites Jeremiah’s prophetic writings, which Daniel reads and prays over.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prophétie
Transliteration: prophétie
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: נְבוּאָה (adjacent concept) / חָזוֹן (chazon, vision)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Daniel’s own preferred vocabulary is ‘vision’ (chazon; see new term ‘vision’) rather than a noun form of ‘prophesy’; both terms serve the same doctrinal category in this curriculum.
Fiery Furnace
Approved rendering: fournaise ardente
Transliteration: nura yaqidta
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: נוּרָא יָקִדְתָּא (nura yaqidta)
Category: Faithfulness
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 3:6, 11, 15, 17, 20-23, 26. Stable, iconic phrase in French Bible tradition.
Den Of Lions
Approved rendering: fosse aux lions
Transliteration: gov aryevata
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: גֹּב אַרְיָוָתָא (gov aryevata)
Category: Faithfulness
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 6:7, 12, 16-17, 19-24. Stable idiom in French Bible tradition.
Books Opened
Approved rendering: les livres furent ouverts
Transliteration: sifrin peticha
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: סִפְרִין פְּתִיחוּ (sifrin peticha)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrence: 7:10. Cross-reference Revelation 20:12 for teaching notes; heavenly record-books of deeds/destinies.
Sealing Of The Book
Approved rendering: sceller (le livre)
Transliteration: chatam
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: חתם (chatam)
Category: Apocalyptic
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 12:4, 9. Note the contrast with Revelation 22:10’s ‘unsealing’ for teaching purposes; not itself a translation risk.
Living God
Approved rendering: le Dieu vivant
Transliteration: Elaha Chaya
Doctrine: The Living God versus the Gods of the Nations
Original: אֱלָהָא חַיָּא (Elaha Chaya)
Category: God
New term for this curriculum. Aramaic Elaha Chaya. Occurrences: 6:20, 26. Darius’s climactic confession (6:26-27) unwittingly echoes 2:44 and 7:14’s kingdom language.
Exile
Approved rendering: exil
Transliteration: galah / golah
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Original: גָּלָה / גּוֹלָה (galah / golah)
Category: Exile
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew galah / golah. Frame for the entire book. No competing secular drift in French comparable to other curriculum risks.
Fasting
Approved rendering: jeûne
Transliteration: tzom
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Original: צוֹם (tzom)
Category: Prayer
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew tzom. Occurrences: 9:3; 10:2-3. Standard term, pairs with prayer in spiritual-discipline contexts.
Michael
Approved rendering: Michel
Transliteration: Mikha’el
Doctrine: Angelic Mediation and Cosmic Conflict
Original: מִיכָאֵל (Mikha’el)
Category: Angelology
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 10:13, 21; 12:1. Standard, stable French archangel name.
Gabriel
Approved rendering: Gabriel
Transliteration: Gavri’el
Doctrine: Angelic Mediation and Cosmic Conflict
Original: גַּבְרִיאֵל (Gavri’el)
Category: Angelology
New term for this curriculum. Occurrences: 8:16; 9:21. Standard, stable French form.
Darius
Approved rendering: Darius
Transliteration: Daryavesh
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: דָּרְיָוֶשׁ (Daryavesh)
Category: Proper Names
New term for this curriculum. Stable, standard French form. Chapter 6.
Cyrus
Approved rendering: Cyrus
Transliteration: Koresh
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: כּוֹרֶשׁ (Koresh)
Category: Proper Names
New term for this curriculum. Stable, standard French form. Chapters 1, 6, 10.
Daniel Name
Approved rendering: Daniel
Transliteration: Daniyyel
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: דָּנִיֵּאל (Daniyyel)
Category: Proper Names
New term for this curriculum. Stable, standard French form. Babylonian name ‘Beltschatsar’ (1:7) is a separate, low-risk historical detail — see entry below.
Beltschatsar
Approved rendering: Beltschatsar
Transliteration: Belteshatstsar
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
New term for this curriculum. Daniel’s Babylonian court name, Daniel 1:7. Low-risk historical detail; no competing cultural name exists to collide with, unlike Belshazzar/Balthazar.
Shadrach Meshach Abednego
Approved rendering: Schadrac, Méschac, Abed-Négo
Transliteration: Shadrak, Meshak, Aved-Nego
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
New term for this curriculum. Established Segond-aligned French forms, Daniel 1:7 and throughout chapter 3. Must be fixed explicitly since they recur through the central furnace narrative.
Chaldeans
Approved rendering: Chaldéens
Transliteration: Kasdim
Doctrine: Pagan Wisdom versus Divine Revelation
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew/Aramaic Kasdim. Ethnonym narrowing to the priestly-scholarly caste of Babylonian astrologer-diviners (see also ‘pagan_wise_men’). Historical/ethnographic term, low risk.
Vision
Approved rendering: vision
Transliteration: chazon
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
New term for this curriculum. Hebrew chazon. A revelatory visual experience distinct from an ordinary dream (chelem, chs. 2, 4). Daniel’s preferred vocabulary for what English often glosses as ‘prophecy’.
Referenced passages