Core Glossary
Galatians — Core Glossary (English → Marathi)
This glossary lists every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Galatians 1–6 in full. Terms marked “Reused — Romans TM” carry forward the baseline rendering exactly, with no deviation permitted; only the Galatians-specific risk note is new. Terms marked “NEW” must be added to translation memory before Phase 2 processing of Galatians begins, following the same schema as translation_memory.json.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (no change permitted)
| Term | Marathi | Risk | Doctrine(s) in Galatians | Galatians-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | शुभवर्तमान | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | Contrasted repeatedly with “a different gospel” (1:6–9); anchor term for the whole letter |
| grace | कृपा | Critical | Law and Grace; Justification by Faith | Gal. 2:21, 5:4 are among the sharpest grace-vs-law contrast statements in Paul |
| faith | विश्वास | High | Justification by Faith; Faith Working through Love | Core passage anchor (2:16, 2:20); pistis Christou ambiguity requires theologian review |
| righteousness | नीतिमत्त्व | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:21, 3:6, 3:11, 3:21, 5:5 |
| justification / justified | नीतिमान ठरवणे | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16 (×3), 2:17, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4 |
| salvation | तारण | Critical | (implicit, via eternal life / deliverance language) | 1:4’s “deliver,” 6:8’s “eternal life” both relate |
| apostle | प्रेषित | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:1 — “not from men nor through man” strengthens the divine-commission sense |
| called / calling | बोलावलेले / पाचारण | High | Divine Calling (Paul’s, and believers’) | 1:6, 1:15, 5:8, 5:13 |
| holy_spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | Flesh vs. Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit; Adoption | Pervasive from ch.3 onward; must remain the personal, divine Spirit, never rendered generically |
| adoption | दत्तक पुत्रत्व | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:5 — Galatians’ own key adoption text, alongside abba/Father in 4:6 |
| resurrection | पुनरुत्थान | Critical | (background, Christ’s resurrection assumed) | 1:1 |
| lord | प्रभू | Critical | Lordship of Christ (background) | Used throughout greetings and closings |
| son_of_god | देवाचा पुत्र | Critical | Sonship of Christ; Incarnation | 2:20, 4:4 — must be kept distinct from believers’ plural “sons of God” (3:26) |
| incarnation | देहधारण | Critical | Incarnation | 4:4 “born of woman, born under the law” — Galatians’ incarnation text |
| peace | शांती | Medium | (greeting/benediction formula) | 1:3, 6:16 |
| church | मंडळी | Medium | (background) | 1:13, 1:22 |
| law | नियमशास्त्र | High | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | The single most frequent theological term in the letter; never धर्म/धम्म |
| sin | पाप | High | Justification by Faith; Universal Human Accountability (background) | 1:4, 2:17, 3:22 |
| gentiles | अन्यजातीय | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles (background) | 2:2, 2:8, 2:12, 2:14, 2:15, 3:8, 3:14 |
| glory | गौरव | High | (doxology) | 1:5, 1:24 |
| covenant | करार | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:15, 3:17, 4:24 — kept distinct from “promise” (वचन) |
| god | परमेश्वर | Critical | (pervasive) | Never देव/भगवान alone in doctrinal contexts |
| father | पिता | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | 1:1, 1:3, 4:6 |
| abba | अब्बा | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:6 — must match Romans 8:15 rendering exactly |
| jesus | येशू | Critical | (pervasive) | Never ईसा |
| israel | इस्राएल | Medium | (background); “Israel of God” (6:16) raises new High-risk interpretive question specific to Galatians | See “Israel of God” entry below |
| imputed_righteousness | आरोपित नीतिमत्त्व | Critical | Justification by Faith; Abrahamic Covenant | 3:6, quoting Gen. 15:6 — must match any other curriculum citation of this verse verbatim |
| election | देवाची निवड | High | Divine Calling (background) | Related to 1:15 “set apart from my mother’s womb” |
B. New Terms Established for the Galatians Curriculum
| Term | Greek (translit.) | Marathi | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives rejected | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| christ (proper name/title) | Χριστός (Christos) | ख्रिस्त | Khrist | Critical | Sonship/Lordship of Christ (background) | — | Standard Marathi Bible form per established transliteration conventions; paired constantly with येशू |
| cross | σταυρός (stauros) | क्रूस | krūs | High | Crucified with Christ | — | Not present as a standalone term in the Romans baseline; foundational to Galatians (2:20, 3:1, 5:11, 6:12, 14) |
| crucified with Christ | συνεσταύρωμαι (synestaurōmai) | ख्रिस्तासोबत क्रूसावर खिळलेला | Khristāsobat krūsāvar khiḷlelā | Critical | Crucified with Christ | ”moral imitation” language rejected — this is real, once-for-all union with Christ’s death | Gal. 2:20; must not be assimilated to ascetic self-mortification |
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου (erga nomou) | नियमशास्त्राची कर्मे | niyamśāstrācī karme | Critical | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | ”good deeds” (too broad) | 2:16 (×3), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10; must not drift toward कर्मफळ/karma-merit framing |
| faith of/in Christ (pistis Christou) | πίστις Χριστοῦ | ख्रिस्तावरील विश्वास | Khristāvarīl viśvāsa | Critical | Justification by Faith | subjective-genitive rendering (“Christ’s own faithfulness”) recorded as alternative, not adopted as default | 2:16, 2:20, 3:22 — flag every occurrence for theologian review per ambiguity-handling protocol |
| no flesh (Hebraic idiom = “no one”) | πᾶσα σάρξ (pasa sarx) | कोणीही मनुष्य | koṇīhī manuṣya | Medium-High | Justification by Faith | literal देह rejected — imports doctrinal “flesh” sense wrongly | 2:16; distinguish from doctrinal flesh (ch.5) |
| servant/minister of sin | ἁμαρτίας διάκονος | पापाचा सेवक | pāpācā sevak | Medium | Justification by Faith (rhetorical) | — | 2:17, hypothetical Paul rejects |
| transgressor | παραβάτης (parabatēs) | नियमशास्त्राचे उल्लंघन करणारा | niyamśāstrāce ullaṅghan karṇārā | High | The Law’s Purpose | अपराधी alone (too generic) | 2:18 |
| died to the law | διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον | नियमशास्त्राद्वारे नियमशास्त्रासाठी मरणे | niyamśāstrādvāre niyamśāstrāsāṭhī maraṇe | High | Law and Grace; Crucified with Christ | — | 2:19; paradoxical, requires translator note |
| nullify grace / in vain | ἀθετῶ…χάριν / δωρεὰν | कृपा निरर्थक ठरवणे / व्यर्थ | kṛpā nirarthak ṭharavaṇe / vyartha | Critical | Law and Grace | ”reduce” or “diminish” (too weak) | 2:21 — logical hinge of core passage |
| another/different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | दुसरे शुभवर्तमान | dusare śubhavartamān | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | — | 1:6 |
| distort/pervert the gospel | μεταστρέψαι | शुभवर्तमान विकृत करणे | śubhavartamān vikṛt karṇe | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | — | 1:7 |
| accursed/anathema | ἀνάθεμα | शापित | śāpit | Critical | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | ”wrong/mistaken” (far too weak) | 1:8–9, doubled for emphasis; theologian review mandatory |
| present evil age | ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός | सध्याचा दुष्ट काळ | sadhyācā duṣṭa kāḷ | High | (redemptive-historical background) | युग (yuga) rejected — imports Hindu cyclical cosmology | 1:4; use काळ, never युग |
| deliver/rescue | ἐξέληται (exelētai) | सोडवणे | soḍavaṇe | Medium | (background) | मुक्त-root rejected — drifts toward baseline-forbidden मुक्ती | 1:4 |
| bondservant/slave of Christ | δοῦλος Χριστοῦ | ख्रिस्ताचा दास | Khristācā dāsa | High | Paul’s Apostleship | — | 1:10; sensitive given caste-servitude history; frame as voluntary, dignified devotion |
| revelation | ἀποκάλυψις | प्रकटीकरण | prakaṭīkaraṇ | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | — | 1:12, 1:16 |
| persecute | διώκω (diōkō) | छळ करणे | chaḷ karṇe | Medium | (background) | — | 1:13, 1:23, 4:29, 5:11, 6:12 |
| Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός | यहूदी मत | Yahūdī mat | Medium | (background) | यहूदीधर्म (avoid where possible — धर्म carries caste-linked charge) | 1:13–14 |
| tradition(s) of the fathers | παράδοσις | वाडवडिलांची परंपरा | vāḍavaḍilāṃcī paramparā | Medium | (background) | — | 1:14; note resonance with guru-paramparā concept |
| set apart (from the womb) | ἀφορίσας | वेगळे केले | vegaḷe kele | High | Divine Calling; Paul’s Apostleship | — | 1:15; connect to देवाची निवड |
| flesh and blood (idiom) | σάρξ καὶ αἷμα | कोणत्याही मनुष्याचा सल्ला | koṇatyāhī manuṣyācā salla | Low-Medium | (background) | literal रक्तमांस alone (obscures idiom) | 1:16 |
| false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | खोटे बंधू | khoṭe bandhū | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | — | 2:4 |
| freedom/liberty | ἐλευθερία | स्वातंत्र्य | svātantrya | High | Freedom in Christ | — | 2:4, 5:1, 5:13; clarify soteriological, not political or moksha-liberation, sense |
| slavery/bondage | δουλεία / καταδουλόω | दास्यत्व / गुलामगिरी | dāsyatva / gulāmgirī | High | Freedom in Christ; Law’s Purpose | — | 2:4, 4:24–25, 5:1 |
| yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας | दास्याचे जू | dāsyāce jū | High | Freedom in Christ | — | 5:1 — central image |
| circumcision | περιτομή | सुंता | suntā | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | Pervasive (2:3, 5:2-3,6,11, 6:12-13,15); modern association with Islam requires historical framing note |
| pillars (church leaders) | στῦλοι | स्तंभ | stambha | Low | (background) | — | 2:9 |
| hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | दांभिकपणा | dāmbhikpaṇā | Medium | (background, Peter’s conduct) | — | 2:13 |
| bewitched | βασκαίνω | भुरळ घातली / जादू केली | bhuraḷ ghātlī / jādū kelī | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | — | 3:1; literal “evil eye” root — clarify rhetorical, not literal-curse, meaning |
| curse (of the law) | κατάρα | शाप | śāp | High | The Law’s Purpose | — | 3:10, 3:13 |
| redeem/redemption | ἐξαγοράζω | मोल देऊन सोडवणे | mol deūn soḍavaṇe | Critical | The Law’s Purpose; Adoption | मुक्त-root rejected | 3:13, 4:5 |
| tree/wood (cross typology) | ξύλον | झाडावर/लाकडावर टांगलेला | jhāḍāvar/lākḍāvar ṭāṅgalelā | Medium-High | The Law’s Purpose | — | 3:13, quoting Deut. 21:23 |
| blessing (of Abraham) | εὐλογία | आशीर्वाद | āśīrvād | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | 3:8-9, 14 |
| promise | ἐπαγγελία | वचन | vacan | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Kept distinct from करार (covenant); 3:14-22, 4:23,28 |
| seed/offspring | σπέρμα | वंशज | vaṃśaj | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | 3:16, 19, 29; singular/plural wordplay needs translator note |
| guardian/pedagogue | παιδαγωγός | पालक (नियमशास्त्ररूपी पालक) | pālak (niyamśāstra-rūpī pālak) | High | The Law’s Purpose | गुरू (rejected — implies ongoing authority) | 3:24-25 |
| heir | κληρονόμος | वारस | vāras | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | — | 3:29, 4:1, 4:7 |
| sons of God (corporate, believers) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ (plural) | देवाचे पुत्र (विश्वासणारे) | Devāce putra (viśvāsaṇāre) | High | Adoption and Sonship | — | 3:26; must stay distinct from Christ’s unique देवाचा पुत्र |
| baptized / put on Christ | βαπτίζω / ἐνδύω | बाप्तिस्मा घेणे / ख्रिस्ताला परिधान करणे | bāptismā gheṇe / Khristālā paridhān karṇe | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | — | 3:27 |
| unity formula (Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female) | οὐκ ἔνι…οὐδὲ… | यहूदी व ग्रीक, दास व स्वतंत्र यांच्यात भेद नाही | Yahūdī va Grīk, dāsa va svatantra yāṃcyāt bhed nāhī | High | Unity in Christ; Freedom in Christ | — | 3:28; retain full, unqualified force — parallels Ambedkarite caste-rejection context |
| elemental spirits/principles | στοιχεῖα | जगाची प्राथमिक तत्त्वे | jagācī prāthamik tattve | High | The Law’s Purpose | — | 4:3, 4:9 |
| fullness of time | τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | काळाची पूर्णता | kāḷācī pūrṇatā | Medium | Incarnation (background) | — | 4:4 |
| calendar observance (days/months/seasons/years) | ἡμέρας…μῆνας…καιροὺς…ἐνιαυτούς | दिवस, महिने, ऋतू, वर्षे पाळणे | divas, mahine, ṛtū, varṣe pāḷaṇe | High | The Law’s Purpose | — | 4:10; direct parallel to Hindu panchāng observance, requires framing note |
| formed in you (Christ) | μορφωθῇ Χριστός | ख्रिस्त आकार घेणे | Khrist ākār gheṇe | Medium | (pastoral, background) | — | 4:19 |
| allegory | ἀλληγορούμενα | रूपकात्मक अर्थाने | rūpakātmak arthāne | Low | (hermeneutical, background) | — | 4:24 |
| Jerusalem above | ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ | वरील/स्वर्गीय यरुशलेम | varīl/svargīya Yaruśalem | Medium-High | Abrahamic Covenant (typological) | — | 4:26; note structural (not equivalence) parallel to Pandharpur in Warkari devotion |
| love (agapē) | ἀγάπη | प्रीती | prīti | High | Faith Working through Love; Fruit of the Spirit | प्रेम (secondary option, less established in Bible tradition) | 5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22; distinguish from Warkari premalakṣaṇā bhakti vocabulary |
| leaven | ζύμη | खमीर | khamīr | Low | True Gospel vs. False Gospels (metaphor) | — | 5:9 |
| mutilate/cut off | ἀποκόπτω | स्वतःला कापून घेणे | svataḥlā kāpūn gheṇe | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation (polemic) | — | 5:12; ironic/hyperbolic force |
| flesh (neutral, bodily) | σάρξ (neutral sense) | देह | deha | High | (background, 2:20) | — | Must be distinguished by context from the doctrinal sense below |
| flesh (doctrinal, sin-inclined nature) | σάρξ (opposed to Spirit) | देह | deha | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | — | 5:13-24; central doctrinal pairing with आत्मा/पवित्र आत्मा |
| desires/passions (of the flesh) | ἐπιθυμία | इच्छा (देहाची इच्छा) | icchā (dehācī icchā) | High | Flesh versus Spirit | वासना (risk of importing kāma/taṇhā frameworks) | 5:16, 5:24 |
| idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | मूर्तिपूजा | mūrtipūjā | CRITICAL | Flesh versus Spirit (works of the flesh list) | — | 5:20; extremely sensitive — direct collision with mainstream Hindu/Warkari image-devotion; mandatory theologian review and pastoral framing |
| sorcery | φαρμακεία | जादूटोणा | jādūṭoṇā | High | Flesh versus Spirit (works of the flesh list) | — | 5:20; live legal/cultural category in Maharashtra (Anti-Superstition Act) |
| works of the flesh (remaining list items) | ἔχθραι, ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, διχοστασίαι, αἱρέσεις, φθόνοι, μέθαι, κῶμοι | वैर, कलह, मत्सर, क्रोधाचे भर, स्पर्धावृत्ती, फूट, गटबाजी, हेवा, मद्यपान, चैनबाजी | — | Low-Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | — | 5:20-21 |
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | आत्म्याचे फळ | ātmyāce phaḷ | High | Fruit of the Spirit | — | 5:22-23; Spirit-produced, not self-cultivated (parallel caution to आत्मिक कृपादान) |
| fruit of the Spirit (9 items) | χαρά, εἰρήνη, μακροθυμία, χρηστότης, ἀγαθωσύνη, πίστις (reliability), πραΰτης, ἐγκράτεια | आनंद, शांती, सहनशीलता, दयाळूपणा, चांगुलपणा, विश्वासूपणा, सौम्यता, आत्मसंयम | — | Low-Medium (each); इंद्रियनिग्रह rejected for self-control (yogic-ascetic resonance) | Fruit of the Spirit | — | 5:22-23 |
| works of the flesh (phrase) | τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | देहाची कर्मे | dehācī karme | High | Flesh versus Spirit | — | 5:19; parallel construction to नियमशास्त्राची कर्मे, must stay distinguishable |
| keep in step with the Spirit | στοιχῶμεν πνεύματι | आत्म्याच्या मार्गदर्शनाप्रमाणे चालणे | ātmyācyā mārgadarśanāpramāṇe cālaṇe | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | — | 5:25 |
| burden (shared/communal) | βάρος | ओझे | oje | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | 6:2 |
| law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | ख्रिस्ताचे नियमशास्त्र | Khristāce niyamśāstra | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | 6:2 |
| load (individual) | φορτίον | आपापला भार | āpāpalā bhār | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | 6:5; keep distinct from ओझे (6:2) |
| sow and reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | पेरणे / कापणी करणे | pereṇe / kāpaṇī karṇe | High | (moral consequence, background) | — | 6:7-9; strong karma-proverb resonance requires framing note |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | अनंतकाळचे जीवन | anantakāḷce jīvan | High | (background, via Spirit’s harvest) | — | 6:8; distinguish from moksha/mukti/nirvāṇa per baseline salvation caution |
| household of faith | οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως | विश्वासाचे कुटुंब | viśvāsāce kuṭumb | Low-Medium | (background, church community) | — | 6:10 |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | नवीन सृष्टी | navīn sṛṣṭī | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | 6:15; distinguish from Hindu sṛṣṭi-pralaya cycle and Buddhist anicca |
| Israel of God | Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | देवाचे इस्राएल | Devāce Isrāel | High | (background, unresolved interpretive question) | — | 6:16; render literally, do not resolve debate; mandatory theologian review |
| marks of Jesus (stigmata) | στίγματα | येशूचे व्रण/खुणा | Yeśūce vraṇ/khuṇā | Low-Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | — | 6:17 |
| by nature (physei) | φύσει | जन्मतः | janmataḥ | High | (core passage, background) | स्वभावतः (rejected as primary — caste-svabhāva resonance) | 2:15 |
C. Risk Summary for Galatians-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 (crucified with Christ, works of the law, faith of/in Christ, nullify grace/in vain, anathema/accursed, redeem, idolatry, flesh [doctrinal sense]) | Human theologian — mandatory |
| High | 27 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 21 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 10 | Automated review |
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) and cross-checked against doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions before Phase 2 processing of Galatians begins. All terms in Section A are non-negotiable carry-overs from the Romans baseline; all terms in Section B require formal addition to translation memory with the risk tier and review routing recorded above.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: कर्मफळ, पुण्य, स्वतःच्या प्रयत्नाने मिळवलेले
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:21 (‘I do not nullify the grace of God’) and 5:4 (‘you have fallen away from grace’) are among the sharpest grace-vs-law contrast statements in Paul, sharper than anything in Romans; every occurrence must reinforce that this favor is unearned and Christ-specific, resisting कृपा’s familiar Warkari-bhakti devotional resonance (Vitthal’s कृपा).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: नीतिमत्त्व
Transliteration: nītimattva
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never धर्म. Occurs at Galatians 2:21, 3:6, 3:11, 3:21, 5:5 as the sustained thesis-term of the letter’s justification argument.
Justification
Approved rendering: नीतिमान ठरवणे
Transliteration: nītimān ṭharavaṇe
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: माफी मिळणे, पुण्य कमावणे
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs three times in Galatians 2:16 alone plus 2:17, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4 — the single most concentrated cluster of this verb anywhere in Paul’s letters. Every occurrence must use the full compound phrase, never abbreviated, even at the cost of repetitive phrasing in 2:16.
Salvation
Approved rendering: तारण
Transliteration: tāraṇ
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: मोक्ष, मुक्ती, निर्वाण
Original: σωτηρία (implicit; cf. ἐξέληται, ζωὴ αἰώνιος)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not a frequent explicit noun in Galatians but present in substance at 1:4 (‘deliver us’) and 6:8 (‘eternal life’); the CRITICAL forbidden-substitution list (मोक्ष, मुक्ती, निर्वाण) applies without exception.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: परमात्मा, ब्रह्म
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive from Galatians 3 onward (3:2-5, 14; 4:6, 29; 5:16-25; 6:8); must remain the personal, divine Spirit, never rendered generically as an impersonal life-force.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punarutthān
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्भव
Original: ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostolic authority in the God ‘who raised him from the dead.‘
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभू
Transliteration: prabhū
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Galatians’ greetings and closings (1:3, 6:14, 6:18); must convey exclusive, supreme, presently-reigning Lordship, not one more beloved personal deity alongside Vitthal.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचा पुत्र
Transliteration: devācā putra
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: देवपुरुष, अवतारी पुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:20, 4:4. Must be kept doctrinally distinct from believers’ plural, corporate sonship (देवाचे पुत्र, 3:26) despite sharing the root noun पुत्र.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇ
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, बोधिसत्त्वाचा पुनर्जन्म
Original: ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός, γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:4 (‘God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law’) is Galatians’ own incarnation text, pairing incarnation directly with ‘born under the law’ to reinforce a one-time, historically located event, not a repeatable cosmic descent. Never अवतार; guard also against the Bodhisattva-rebirth reading.
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvar
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: देव, भगवान
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never देव/भगवान alone in doctrinally precise contexts; pervasive throughout Galatians.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: निर्माता
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1, 1:3, 4:6.
Jesus
Approved rendering: येशू
Transliteration: Yeśū
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ईसा
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ईसा; pervasive throughout Galatians, constantly paired with ख्रिस्त.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित नीतिमत्त्व
Transliteration: āropit nītimattva
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: स्वकष्टार्जित नीतिमत्त्व
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:6 quotes Genesis 15:6; must match verbatim any other curriculum-document rendering of this same quotation (cross-reference to Romans 4:3).
Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रिस्त
Transliteration: Khrist
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW standalone entry for this curriculum (not separately listed in Romans baseline). Standard Marathi Bible form, paired constantly with येशू throughout Galatians.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रिस्तासोबत क्रूसावर खिळलेला
Transliteration: Khristāsobat krūsāvar khiḷlelā
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: moral-imitation paraphrase (rejected)
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 2:20’s central claim: the believer’s real, once-for-all identification with Christ’s death, ending the old self’s standing under the law’s condemnation and sin’s dominion. Must never be assimilated to moral imitation of Christ’s suffering or to generic devotional self-mortification/asceticism (Hindu tapasya, Buddhist ascetic self-denial); this is God’s decisive act in history, not a discipline the believer performs or repeats. Reused at 3:1 (implied), 5:24, 6:14.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्राची कर्मे
Transliteration: niyamśāstrācī karme
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: कर्मे (alone, too generic), good deeds (too broad)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law
NEW. Occurs at Galatians 2:16 (×3), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10 — the specific, repeated target of Paul’s polemic, more concentrated than anywhere in Romans. कर्मे must never be allowed to drift toward the Hindu karma-merit economy (कर्मफळ) already flagged in the baseline grace entry, nor toward the Buddhist self-cultivation path; never abbreviate to कर्मे alone — the compound with नियमशास्त्र is the fence itself.
Faith Of Christ
Approved rendering: येशू ख्रिस्तावरील विश्वास
Transliteration: Yeśū Khristāvarīl viśvāsa
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ख्रिस्ताचा विश्वासूपणा (subjective-genitive reading — recorded as alternatives_considered, not adopted as default)
Original: πίστις Χριστοῦ / πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
NEW. The famous pistis Christou genitive (Galatians 2:16, 2:20, 3:22), grammatically ambiguous between an objective genitive (faith directed at Christ) and a subjective genitive (Christ’s own faithfulness). The objective-genitive rendering is adopted as the doctrinal default per Romans-consistency; every occurrence must be flagged for mandatory human theologian review, with the subjective alternative recorded as alternatives_considered.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: देवाची कृपा निरर्थक ठरवणे
Transliteration: Devācī kṛpā nirarthak ṭharavaṇe
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: reduce/diminish (too weak)
Original: ἀθετῶ τὴν χάριν τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 2:21 — the logical hinge of the core passage: if law-righteousness were possible, grace itself would be rendered void. Must retain full legal/formal force, never softened.
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: ख्रिस्त व्यर्थ मरण पावला
Transliteration: Khrist vyartha maraṇ pāvalā
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ‘died without much benefit’ (rejected — badly understates the claim)
Original: δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 2:21’s conclusion: if righteousness came through the law, the cross itself becomes pointless. Must retain full argumentative force.
Anathema
Approved rendering: शापित
Transliteration: śāpit
Doctrine: Curse on False Teachers (Anathema)
Rejected alternatives: तो चुकीचा आहे (far too weak — mere disapproval, not a curse-pronouncement)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 1:8-9, doubled for emphasis — Paul’s strongest possible condemnation (LXX ḥerem background). Marathi’s ordinary curse-vocabulary is folk/superstition-inflected and understates this formal, covenantal-judgment force; every occurrence requires an accompanying explanatory clause/note and mandatory theologian review.
Redeem
Approved rendering: मोल देऊन सोडवणे
Transliteration: mol deūn soḍavaṇe
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: मुक्त-root renderings (rejected — drift toward baseline-forbidden मोक्ष/मुक्ती Hindu-liberation association)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:13, 4:5. Christ redeeming those under the law by becoming a curse; emphasis must fall on a price paid, a legal/commercial transaction of release, not a self-attained spiritual liberation.
Flesh Doctrinal
Approved rendering: देह
Transliteration: deha
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ (opposed to πνεῦμα)
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:13-24, the sin-inclined human nature in conflict with the Holy Spirit. Same Marathi word देह as the neutral sense requires context-dependent translator notes at every occurrence to prevent doctrinal conflation between the two senses — this is the single highest-priority disambiguation task for Phase 2 in this letter, since lexical fencing alone cannot resolve it.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: मूर्तिपूजा
Transliteration: mūrtipūjā
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 5:20, among the ‘works of the flesh.’ Arguably the single most culturally sensitive term-collision in the entire letter: मूर्तिपूजा names, in ordinary Marathi usage, the central devotional practice of mainstream Hindu religion generally and of Warkari devotion to the Vitthal mūrti at Pandharpur specifically. The word cannot be substituted, but curriculum material MUST supply extensive pastoral framing distinguishing the theological point (worship belongs to God alone) from any reading that denounces the reader’s own family, community, or cultural heritage. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: शुभवर्तमान
Transliteration: śubhavartamān
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: बातमी, खबर
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:6-9 sharpens the stakes beyond Romans by contrasting the true gospel with ‘another gospel’ and pronouncing anathema on distorters (1:8-9); must read as one exclusive, historically-fixed proclamation, not one devotional option among Warkari bhakti’s or Navayana Buddhist liberation teaching’s own ‘good news’ vocabularies.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ति
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Anchor term of the core passage (2:16, 2:20); the pistis Christou genitive ambiguity (see faith_of_christ) requires theologian review at every Galatians occurrence.
Called
Approved rendering: बोलावलेले
Transliteration: bolāvlele
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: आमंत्रित
Original: καλέω / κλητός
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across Galatians 1:6 (calling to the gospel), 1:15 (Paul’s apostolic calling), 5:8, 5:13 (calling to freedom).
Calling
Approved rendering: पाचारण
Transliteration: pācāraṇ
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: आवाहन
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; pair with बोलावलेले for the participle, consistent with baseline usage.
Adoption
Approved rendering: दत्तक पुत्रत्व
Transliteration: dattak putratva
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: दत्तक घेणे
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Adoption
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5 is a key adoption text, paired with abba/Father in 4:6. The anatta/no-fixed-self conceptual hurdle already flagged in the Romans baseline recurs; teach adoption relationally, not resting on a particular prior metaphysics of the soul.
Law
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्र
Transliteration: niyamśāstra
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, धम्म
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package. The single most frequent theological term in Galatians; never धर्म or धम्म. Root for compound new terms: नियमशास्त्राची कर्मे, नियमशास्त्राचा शाप, ख्रिस्ताचे नियमशास्त्र.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:4, 2:17, 3:22.
Glory
Approved rendering: गौरव
Transliteration: gaurav
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: तेज, प्रकाश
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:5, 1:24 doxology.
Covenant
Approved rendering: करार
Transliteration: karār
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: वचन
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:15, 3:17, 4:24; kept terminologically distinct from वचन (promise, ἐπαγγελία) so Paul’s argument that a covenant-promise cannot be annulled by a later-arriving law remains legible in Marathi.
Election
Approved rendering: देवाची निवड
Transliteration: devācī nivaḍ
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: नशीब, दैव, कर्मफळ
Original: ἐκλογή / ἀφορίζω
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Connects to Galatians 1:15 (‘set apart… from my mother’s womb’); must never echo the karma-birth explanation of social station that Ambedkarite Buddhist communities explicitly rejected.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: Adoption
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:6 is a near-verbatim parallel to Romans 8:15; the Marathi rendering here must match that established form exactly.
Cross
Approved rendering: क्रूस
Transliteration: krūs
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW. Not present as a standalone entry in the Romans baseline; foundational to Galatians (2:20, 3:1, 5:11, 6:12, 6:14).
Transgressor
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्राचे उल्लंघन करणारा
Transliteration: niyamśāstrāce ullaṅghan karṇārā
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: अपराधी (alone, too generic)
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 2:18. Deliberately built on the root नियमशास्त्र so the connection to ‘law’ remains visible in Marathi as it is in Greek (παραβάτης).
Died To The Law
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्राद्वारे नियमशास्त्रासाठी मरणे
Transliteration: niyamśāstrādvāre niyamśāstrāsāṭhī maraṇe
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ‘I stopped following religious rules’ (rejected — flattens the paradox)
Original: διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 2:19’s deliberate Pauline paradox: the law’s own condemning verdict drove Paul to the death that ends the law’s claim over him, fulfilled in union with Christ’s death (v.20). Requires a mandatory translator note; must not be flattened to mere disaffiliation from religious rules.
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: दुसरे शुभवर्तमान
Transliteration: dusare śubhavartamān
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 1:6. Must read as a rival, false proclamation Paul rejects, never as a legitimate variant or a second valid path alongside the true gospel — a live risk in a pluralistic religious landscape offering multiple ‘good news’ claims (Warkari bhakti, Navayana Buddhism).
Distort The Gospel
Approved rendering: शुभवर्तमान विकृत करणे
Transliteration: śubhavartamān vikṛt karṇe
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: μεταστρέψαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 1:7. Must retain the sense of active corruption of a fixed message, not mere difference of emphasis or style.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: सध्याचा दुष्ट काळ
Transliteration: sadhyācā duṣṭa kāḷ
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: युग (yuga) — rejected: imports the Hindu cyclical-cosmology framework (Satya/Tretā/Dvāpara/Kali Yuga) directly contrary to the letter’s linear eschatology
Original: ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 1:4. Use काळ, never युग.
Bondservant Of Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रिस्ताचा दास
Transliteration: Khristācā dāsa
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 1:10. Paul’s self-designation as Christ’s owned slave is a positive, honorific self-description in NT idiom, but दास carries painful historical resonance of caste-based bonded servitude in the Marathi/Indian context, sensitive for Ambedkarite Buddhist-background readers who explicitly rejected such subjugated identity. Must be framed as voluntary, dignified, exclusive devotion to Christ, never degrading bondage; pair with 1:1’s divine-commission emphasis.
Set Apart
Approved rendering: वेगळे केले
Transliteration: vegaḷe kele
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Original: ἀφορίσας
Category: Divine Calling
NEW. Galatians 1:15, ‘set apart from my mother’s womb.’ God’s initiating, sovereign choice must not be phrased so as to echo a karma-birth framework of predetermined status; connects directly to देवाची निवड.
Freedom
Approved rendering: स्वातंत्र्य
Transliteration: svātantrya
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13. स्वातंत्र्य is the standard, secular-political Marathi word for freedom/independence (स्वातंत्र्य दिन, Independence Day); teaching material must clarify this is freedom specifically from the law’s condemnation and sin’s dominion, not political liberty and not मोक्ष/मुक्ती-style liberation from a rebirth cycle.
Slavery Bondage
Approved rendering: दास्यत्व / गुलामगिरी
Transliteration: dāsyatva / gulāmgirī
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία / καταδουλόω
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4, 4:24-25, 5:1. Carries the same caste-servitude sensitivity noted for दास (bondservant) elsewhere in the letter and requires careful framing.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: दास्याचे जू
Transliteration: dāsyāce jū
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 5:1. Central image for the Freedom in Christ doctrine; the vivid agrarian metaphor (still culturally familiar in rural Maharashtra) should be preserved rather than replaced with an abstract paraphrase.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: सुंता
Transliteration: suntā
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW. Pervasive (2:3, 5:2-3, 5:6, 5:11, 6:12-13, 6:15). In the contemporary Marathi/Indian cultural context, सुंता is most immediately associated with Islamic practice, not Hindu or Buddhist tradition; without explicit historical-covenantal framing, readers risk misreading Paul’s argument as inter-religious polemic against Islam rather than its actual first-century target (the Judaizing demand on Gentile converts). Mandatory historical-framing note at every occurrence.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: भुरळ घातली / जादू केली
Transliteration: bhuraḷ ghātlī / jādū kelī
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: βασκαίνω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:1. The Greek term is itself literally ‘evil-eye’ language, closely paralleling the Marathi/Indian folk concept of नजर लागणे; this resonance can help communicate Paul’s sense of malicious deception, but risks being read as endorsing literal folk sorcery/curse belief rather than exposing false teachers’ persuasive deception. Requires a translator/teacher note clarifying this is rhetorical astonishment, not a literal-curse claim.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्राचा शाप
Transliteration: niyamśāstrācā śāp
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:10, 3:13. The law’s condemning function on those who fail to keep it perfectly, not a magical or astrological curse in the Marathi folk sense.
Promise
Approved rendering: वचन
Transliteration: vacan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:14-22, 4:23, 4:28. Must be kept terminologically distinct from करार (covenant, διαθήκη) so Paul’s argument — a promise cannot be annulled by a law arriving 430 years later — remains legible in Marathi.
Seed Offspring
Approved rendering: वंशज
Transliteration: vaṃśaj
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:16, 3:19, 3:29. Marathi वंशज does not carry the same singular/plural grammatical ambiguity as the Greek/Hebrew noun on which Paul’s argument in 3:16 explicitly turns; requires an explanatory translator note preserving the argument’s logic rather than relying on Marathi grammar to carry it.
Guardian Pedagogue
Approved rendering: पालक (नियमशास्त्ररूपी पालक)
Transliteration: pālak (niyamśāstra-rūpī pālak)
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: गुरू (rejected — implies ongoing teaching authority, not a temporary custodial role)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25. A Greco-Roman household’s trusted child-attendant charged with escorting/disciplining/supervising a freeborn child until maturity, not a teacher of content. Must not be equated with a Hindu guru or Brahmin ritual authority figure, nor any caste-based custodial role; requires teaching notes explaining the Greco-Roman household custom.
Sons Of God Corporate
Approved rendering: देवाचे पुत्र (विश्वासणारे)
Transliteration: Devāce putra (viśvāsaṇāre)
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ (plural)
Category: Adoption
NEW. Galatians 3:26. Believers’ plural, corporate sonship through faith must be kept doctrinally distinct from Christ’s unique, singular, eternal Sonship (देवाचा पुत्र) even though both share the root noun पुत्र; maintain the qualifying parenthetical (विश्वासणारे) at every occurrence, especially where both senses appear close together (3:26-4:7).
Unity Formula
Approved rendering: यहूदी व ग्रीक, दास व स्वतंत्र, पुरुष व स्त्री यांच्यात भेद नाही
Transliteration: Yahūdī va Grīk, dāsa va svatantra, puruṣ va strī yāṃcyāt bhed nāhī
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ‘spiritually equal but socially unchanged’ softened paraphrase (rejected)
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:28. Carries unusually direct resonance in Maharashtra, where the 1956 Ambedkarite Buddhist mass conversion was itself a decisive rejection of caste hierarchy; must retain full, unqualified force.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: जगाची प्राथमिक तत्त्वे
Transliteration: jagācī prāthamik tattve
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 4:3, 4:9. Requires a translator note on the interpretive range (calendar/law-observance systems vs. quasi-personal cosmic powers); of particular cultural relevance because Paul immediately illustrates it with calendar observance (4:10).
Calendar Observance
Approved rendering: दिवस, महिने, ऋतू, वर्षे पाळणे
Transliteration: divas, mahine, ṛtū, varṣe pāḷaṇe
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἡμέρας καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 4:10. Has an unusually direct and specific parallel to Hindu panchāng (religious calendar) observance — auspicious dates, festival calendars, jyotiṣa/astrology are deeply embedded in Marathi religious life. Requires a clear translator/teacher note: Paul’s concern is reliance on calendar-observance as the basis of standing before God, not a blanket condemnation of marking time or celebrating festivals.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: प्रीती
Transliteration: prīti
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: प्रेम (secondary, less established in Bible tradition)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22. Warkari bhakti tradition has its own rich vocabulary of premalakṣaṇā bhakti (love-characterized devotion) directed at Vitthal; teaching material must clarify that the love here is (a) God’s own self-giving love shown at the cross (cf. 2:20) and (b) the believer’s resulting love for others flowing from faith, not primarily an emotional devotional experience directed at God.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: देह
Transliteration: deha
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σάρξ (neutral sense)
Category: Anthropology
NEW. Galatians 2:20 (‘the life I now live in the flesh’), ordinary, physical, bodily/mortal existence. Because the same Marathi word देह also renders the doctrinal ‘flesh vs. Spirit’ sense in chapter 5, a translator note is required at every occurrence distinguishing this neutral, bodily sense from the doctrinal sin-inclined sense to prevent conflation.
Desires Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: इच्छा (देहाची इच्छा)
Transliteration: icchā (dehācī icchā)
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: वासना (rejected — imports Hindu kāma / Buddhist taṇhā frameworks that locate the remedy in extinguishing desire itself)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:16, 5:24. इच्छा with the qualifying phrase देहाची इच्छा is preferred over वासना, which risks importing either framework’s full soteriology rather than Paul’s specific claim of a conflict between two personal powers (flesh, Spirit) resolved by the Spirit’s victory.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: जादूटोणा
Transliteration: jādūṭoṇā
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 5:20. Directly names a live category in contemporary Maharashtra religious and legal life (the 2013 Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act specifically targets जादूटोणा-related practices); requires careful, non-sensationalized framing.
Works Of The Flesh Phrase
Approved rendering: देहाची कर्मे
Transliteration: dehācī karme
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:19-21. Deliberately parallel in construction to नियमशास्त्राची कर्मे (works of the law) — both use कर्मे; translators must ensure the two phrases remain conceptually distinguishable, since they name two very different problems (legalism vs. moral corruption).
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: आत्म्याचे फळ
Transliteration: ātmyāce phaḷ
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23. Must reuse पवित्र आत्मा for ‘the Spirit’; presented as the Spirit’s own organic produce in the believer, not a self-cultivated virtue attained through disciplined practice (as in the Buddhist Eightfold Path’s cultivation of right conduct, or Hindu yogic/ascetic attainment) — parallel caution to the baseline’s spiritual_gifts entry (आत्मिक कृपादान vs. सिद्धी).
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: मनुष्य जे काही पेरतो तेच त्याला कापणीत मिळेल
Transliteration: manuṣya je kāhī pereto tec tyālā kāpaṇīt miḷel
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὃ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 6:7-9. Closely parallels the common Marathi karma-proverb form (‘जसे कराल तसे भराल’/as you sow, so shall you reap); this resonance can be a genuine bridge, but risks collapsing Paul’s point (present, this-life moral consequence within a framework of grace and Spirit-given harvest) into an impersonal, mechanistic, cross-lifetime karma-ledger. Teaching material must make the personal, relational, single-lifetime framing explicit.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: अनंतकाळचे जीवन
Transliteration: anantakāḷce jīvan
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 6:8. Must be presented as everlasting relational life granted by God through the Spirit, not escape from a cycle of rebirth (moksha/mukti) nor cessation of craving (nirvāṇa) — the same caution already established for तारण (salvation) in the baseline package applies directly.
New Creation
Approved rendering: नवीन सृष्टी
Transliteration: navīn sṛṣṭī
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 6:15. Distinct from Hindu cosmological creation-dissolution cycles (sṛṣṭi-pralaya) and from Buddhist teaching on impermanence (anicca): this is a decisive, once-for-all, forward-moving transformation accomplished in Christ, not a recurring cosmic cycle nor a philosophical observation about transience.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचे इस्राएल
Transliteration: Devāce Isrāel
Doctrine: The Israel of God
Rejected alternatives: silently resolving the interpretive debate in either direction (rejected)
Original: ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 6:16. A phrase with genuine, unresolved interpretive debate (spiritual Israel of believing Jews and Gentiles together / ethnic Israel within the church / ethnic Israel distinct from ‘all who walk by this rule’). Render literally; do not silently resolve the debate. Carries the baseline’s flagged sensitivity to contemporary geopolitical associations of the proper name ‘Israel.’ Mandatory theologian review.
By Nature
Approved rendering: जन्मतः
Transliteration: janmataḥ
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: स्वभावतः (rejected as primary — स्वभाव is heavily loaded in Hindu philosophical vocabulary; Bhagavad Gita 18:41-44 grounds caste-duty in inborn svabhāva)
Original: φύσει
Category: Anthropology
NEW. Galatians 2:15, ‘Jews by nature.’ Rendering with स्वभावतः risks reading as an endorsement of a birth-determined spiritual hierarchy — precisely the caste framework Ambedkarite Buddhist converts rejected. जन्मतः preferred; a translator note is required at every occurrence.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेषित
Transliteration: preṣit
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: गुरू, संदेशवाहक
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 stresses ‘not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father’ — the surrounding clause must make this divine-commission emphasis visible in Marathi, not the noun alone.
Peace
Approved rendering: शांती
Transliteration: śāntī
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: मनःशांती
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:3 (greeting) and 6:16 (benediction); must match the register and rendering pattern of other Pauline benedictions across the curriculum.
Church
Approved rendering: मंडळी
Transliteration: maṇḍaḷī
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: देऊळ, मंदिर
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:13, 1:22.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजातीय
Transliteration: anyajātīya
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:2, 2:8, 2:12, 2:14, 2:15, 3:8, 3:14.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāel
Doctrine: The Israel of God
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:16’s ‘Israel of God’ phrase raises a new High-risk interpretive question specific to this letter — see israel_of_god entry.
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: पापाचा सेवक
Transliteration: pāpācā sevak
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:17, Paul’s rhetorical, indignantly-rejected hypothetical. Care needed that सेवक is not confused with the dignified sense of ‘minister of the gospel’ used elsewhere; context must make clear this is a hypothetical accusation Paul rejects.
Deliver Rescue
Approved rendering: सोडवणे
Transliteration: soḍavaṇe
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: मुक्त-root verbs (rejected — drift toward baseline-forbidden मुक्ती)
Original: ἐξέληται
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 1:4, Christ giving himself ‘to deliver us from the present evil age.‘
Revelation
Approved rendering: प्रकटीकरण
Transliteration: prakaṭīkaraṇ
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 1:12, 1:16. Paul’s gospel received directly from Christ, not through human tradition transmission; must convey direct divine disclosure, not a mystical or yogic ‘attainment’ experience.
Persecute
Approved rendering: छळ करणे
Transliteration: chaḷ karṇe
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: διώκω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 1:13, 1:23, 4:29, 5:11, 6:12. Standard vocabulary, minimal collision risk.
Judaism
Approved rendering: यहूदी मत
Transliteration: Yahūdī mat
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: यहूदीधर्म (avoid where possible — धर्म carries a politically loaded, caste-linked charge in Marathi)
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Background
NEW. Galatians 1:13-14. Names an actual historic religion, so some latitude exists relative to the धर्म prohibition for ‘law,’ but consistency and a clarifying note are still required.
Tradition Of Fathers
Approved rendering: वाडवडिलांची परंपरा
Transliteration: vāḍavaḍilāṃcī paramparā
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: αἱ πατρικαί μου παραδόσεις
Category: Background
NEW. Galatians 1:14. परंपरा resonates with Hindu guru-paramparā (teaching lineage) concepts; note the resonance without importing that specific religious-authority structure.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: खोटे बंधू
Transliteration: khoṭe bandhū
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:4. Straightforward compound; false believers who infiltrated to undermine gospel freedom.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: दांभिकपणा
Transliteration: dāmbhikpaṇā
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:11-14, Peter’s hypocrisy at Antioch. Must be rendered with enough force to preserve Paul’s public rebuke; directly models caste-table-fellowship dynamics familiar to Marathi readers.
Blessing
Approved rendering: आशीर्वाद
Transliteration: āśīrvād
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: εὐλογία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:8-9, 3:14. Standard Marathi word for blessing but carries strong association with a guru’s or elder’s personal blessing in Hindu devotional practice; teaching material should clarify this blessing is God’s covenantal favor tied to Abraham specifically, received by faith.
Abrahams Sons
Approved rendering: अब्राहामाचे पुत्र
Transliteration: Abrāhāmāce putra
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:7. Spiritual lineage by faith, distinct from ethnic/biological descent.
Heir
Approved rendering: वारस
Transliteration: vāras
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Adoption
NEW. Galatians 3:29, 4:1, 4:7. Standard covenant-inheritance vocabulary, connects to adoption doctrine.
Baptized Put On Christ
Approved rendering: बाप्तिस्मा घेणे / ख्रिस्ताला परिधान करणे
Transliteration: bāptismā gheṇe / Khristālā paridhān karṇe
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: ἐβαπτίσθητε…Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε
Category: Adoption
NEW. Galatians 3:27. बाप्तिस्मा is an established, low-risk Marathi Christian term; the ‘put on/clothed with Christ’ union-with-Christ metaphor is new and of moderate risk.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: काळाची पूर्णता
Transliteration: kāḷācī pūrṇatā
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 4:4. Reuses काळ (not युग) to keep linear-time vocabulary consistent with the ‘present evil age’ caution.
Formed In You
Approved rendering: ख्रिस्त आकार घेणे
Transliteration: Khrist ākār gheṇe
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 4:19. Paul’s pastoral longing for Christ’s character to take shape in believers.
Mutilate
Approved rendering: स्वतःला कापून घेणे
Transliteration: svataḥlā kāpūn gheṇe
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἀποκόπτω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 5:12. Paul’s ironic wish that the circumcision-agitators would ‘cut themselves off’ entirely; harsh, ironic polemic — must preserve rhetorical force without seeming to literally endorse self-harm; a note on its ironic/hyperbolic character is advisable.
Keep In Step With Spirit
Approved rendering: आत्म्याच्या मार्गदर्शनाप्रमाणे चालणे
Transliteration: ātmyācyā mārgadarśanāpramāṇe cālaṇe
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:25. Living in ongoing conformity to the Spirit’s guidance; standard idiomatic vocabulary, minor risk.
Burden
Approved rendering: ओझे
Transliteration: oje
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βάρος
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 6:2. A heavy, shared load too great to carry alone. Kept strictly distinct from आपापला भार (6:5, individual load) using two different Marathi words so Paul’s contrast between shared burden and personal accountability is not collapsed — never interchange the two.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रिस्ताचे नियमशास्त्र
Transliteration: Khristāce niyamśāstra
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Built on established नियमशास्त्र root but reframed under Christ; translator note recommended to prevent confusion with the Mosaic law critiqued throughout chapters 3-4 — fulfilled through love, not through Torah-observance.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: सहभागिता
Transliteration: sahabhāgitā
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Partnership in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: मैत्री
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:9, ‘right hand of fellowship’ — recognized ministry partnership among the apostles.
Pillars
Approved rendering: स्तंभ
Transliteration: stambha
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Partnership in Ministry
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:9. Metaphor for James, Cephas, John as recognized church leaders; low doctrinal risk, standard metaphor.
Allegory
Approved rendering: रूपकात्मक अर्थाने
Transliteration: rūpakātmak arthāne
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Hermeneutics
NEW. Galatians 4:24. Paul’s description of his Hagar/Sarah reading method; literary/hermeneutical, low doctrinal risk.
Leaven
Approved rendering: खमीर
Transliteration: khamīr
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ζύμη
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 5:9. Standard metaphor for how a small false teaching corrupts the whole community; brief explanation of the small-amount-affects-the-whole idiom may be needed.
Medium-High Risk Terms
No Flesh Idiom
Approved rendering: कोणीही मनुष्य
Transliteration: koṇīhī manuṣya
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: literal देह (rejected — imports the doctrinal ch.5 flesh sense wrongly)
Original: πᾶσα σάρξ
Category: Salvation
NEW. A Hebraic idiom (quoting Psalm 143:2 at Galatians 2:16) meaning ‘no human being,’ not a statement about the physical body. Must never use देह here, to avoid wrongly importing the doctrinal flesh-vs-Spirit conflict of chapter 5 into this idiomatic verse.
Tree Wood
Approved rendering: झाडावर/लाकडावर टांगलेला
Transliteration: jhāḍāvar/lākḍāvar ṭāṅgalelā
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ξύλον
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:13, quoting Deuteronomy 21:23. OT typological background (crucifixion as a form of the Deuteronomic curse-of-hanging) needs brief explanation for readers without OT narrative literacy.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: वरील/स्वर्गीय यरुशलेम
Transliteration: varīl/svargīya Yaruśalem
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:26. Teaching material should note (without forcing equivalence) the structural parallel to how a devotional ‘spiritual homeland’ functions in Warkari tradition (Pandharpur as the goal of the wārī pilgrimage), while making clear Paul’s ‘Jerusalem above’ is an eschatological reality, not a pilgrimage destination.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Flesh And Blood Idiom
Approved rendering: कोणत्याही मनुष्याचा सल्ला
Transliteration: koṇatyāhī manuṣyācā sallā
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: literal रक्तमांस alone (obscures the idiom)
NEW. Galatians 1:16, idiom for ‘human counsel/human beings.’ Footnote required to prevent confusion with the doctrinal ‘flesh’ sense used in chapter 5.
Works Of The Flesh Remaining Items
Approved rendering: वैर, कलह, मत्सर, क्रोधाचे भर, स्पर्धावृत्ती, फूट, गटबाजी, हेवा, मद्यपान, चैनबाजी
Transliteration: vair, kalah, matsar, krodhāce bhar, spardhāvṛtti, phūṭ, gaṭabāzī, hevā, madyapān, cainbāzī
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔχθραι, ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, διχοστασίαι, αἱρέσεις, φθόνοι, μέθαι, κῶμοι
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 5:20-21 (enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, factions, envy, drunkenness, orgies). Standard moral vocabulary, no major cross-religious collision beyond general ethical terminology.
Fruit Of The Spirit Items
Approved rendering: आनंद, शांती, सहनशीलता, दयाळूपणा, चांगुलपणा, विश्वासूपणा, सौम्यता, आत्मसंयम
Transliteration: ānand, śāntī, sahanaśīlatā, dayāḷūpaṇā, cāṅgulpaṇā, viśvāsūpaṇā, saumyatā, ātmasaṃyam
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: इंद्रियनिग्रह for self-control (rejected — strong Hindu/yogic ascetic sense-restraint resonance)
Original: χαρά, εἰρήνη, μακροθυμία, χρηστότης, ἀγαθωσύνη, πίστις, πραΰτης, ἐγκράτεια
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23 (joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control). Note πίστις here means trustworthy/reliable character, distinct from saving faith proper though the Marathi root is shared. आत्मसंयम preferred over इंद्रियनिग्रह, with a note that this self-control is the Spirit’s fruit, not self-achieved ascetic mastery.
Load Individual
Approved rendering: आपापला भार
Transliteration: āpāpalā bhār
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: φορτίον
Category: Ethics
NEW. Galatians 6:5. A lighter, more neutral term for one’s own proper responsibility/load. Distinguished from ओझे (6:2, shared burden) using a different Marathi word to preserve Paul’s wordplay contrasting communal support with individual accountability.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासाचे कुटुंब
Transliteration: viśvāsāce kuṭumb
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:10. Built on the established विश्वास root; fellow believers as a household bound by shared faith.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: येशूचे व्रण/खुणा
Transliteration: Yeśūce vraṇ/khuṇā
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:17. Paul’s physical scars from persecution, marks of ownership by and service to Christ; minor note that this differs from later Catholic devotional ‘stigmata’ phenomena and from Hindu sacred-mark practices (tilak), though no major doctrinal collision.
Referenced passages