Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Gospel of Mark (English → Marathi)
This glossary registers every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the whole book of Mark (chs. 1–16) and the core passage (Mark 10:35-45).
Status key:
- [BASELINE REUSE] — term already fixed in the Romans
translation_memory.json; rendering reused exactly, no deviation permitted. - [NEW — Mark] — term not present in the Romans baseline; proposed here for formal addition to the Language Package’s translation memory before Phase 2 begins.
Risk tiers follow doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Table 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Language Package
| Term (EN) | Greek | Marathi | Risk | Doctrine Link | Occurs in Mark (chapters) | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | शुभवर्तमान | High | Gospel | 1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16 | Book-opening title term (1:1); must not be qualified or softened |
| Faith | πίστις | विश्वास | High | Faith and Discipleship | 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 | Paired repeatedly with “fear” (φοβέομαι) as Mark’s central discipleship contrast |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | Deity/Sanctification | 1, 3, 12(implied), 13 | Never परमात्मा/ब्रह्म; keep visually distinct from अशुद्ध आत्मा (unclean spirit) |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | देवाचे राज्य | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In | 1, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 | Central Mark theme; render ἤγγικεν (1:15) as “जवळ आले आहे,” neither fully arrived nor merely future |
| Law | νόμος (implied in Sabbath/tradition disputes) | नियमशास्त्र | High | Sabbath, Tradition | 2, 7, 10, 12 | Never धर्म/धम्म |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | पाप | High | Forgiveness, Universal Accountability | 1, 2, 14 | Guard against caste-karma birth framing |
| Gentiles | ἔθνη (in the salvation-history sense) | अन्यजातीय | Medium | Unity of Jew/Gentile | 7, 11(cf.), 15 | Distinguish from ἔθνη’s other sense (“the nations’” rulers) at 10:42 — see New Table entry |
| Glory | δόξα | गौरव | High | Deity of Christ, Kingdom | 8, 10, 13 | Avoid light-only imagery |
| Messiah | Χριστός (titular use) | मसीहा | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 | Use मसीहा for titular confession (“You are the Christ”); ख्रिस्त retained for the proper-name compound “Jesus Christ” per baseline transliteration standard — see disambiguation note under Ch.8 |
| Prophet | προφήτης | संदेष्टा | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1, 6, 8 (Elijah/Moses at Transfiguration), 11 | Standard rendering |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | करार | High | Davidic Covenant, Last Supper | 11, 14 | ”Blood of the covenant” (14:24) echoes 10:45’s “for many” |
| David | Δαυίδ | दावीद | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 2, 10, 11, 12 | Base for compound “Son of David” (new term, below) |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | इस्राएल | Medium | Covenant People | 12 (implied), 15 | Standard proper name |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | येशू | Critical | Lordship/Christology | throughout | Never ईसा |
| God | θεός | परमेश्वर | Critical | Deity | throughout | Never देव/भगवान alone in doctrinal contexts |
| Father | πατήρ | पिता | Critical | Adoption, Prayer | 8 (implied), 11, 13, 14 | Paired with अब्बा at Gethsemane (14:36) |
| Abba | Ἀββά | अब्बा | High | Intimacy in Prayer | 14 | Retained transliteration alongside पिता |
| Lord | κύριος | प्रभू | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1 (implied, “prepare the way of the Lord”), 2, 11, 12 | Must be kept lexically distinct from the negative “lord it over” (κατακυριεύω) in 10:42 — see New Table |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | देवाचा पुत्र | Critical | Sonship, Deity of Christ | 1, 3(implied), 9, 14, 15 | Exact phrase required at all three key declarations: 1:11, 9:7, 15:39 |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | पुनरुत्थान | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 6(implied via John), 9, 10, 12, 16 | Never पुनर्जन्म/पुनर्भव; keep distinct from lesser “raise up” (ἐγείρω) resuscitations at 5:41-42 |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | प्रेषित | Medium | Apostleship | 3, 6 | Founding appointment of the Twelve at 3:14 |
| Power of God | δύναμις (implied, e.g. 13:26 “power and glory”) | देवाचे सामर्थ्य | High | Authority over Nature | 5(implied), 6, 9, 13 | Never शक्ती |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced for the Mark Curriculum (Proposed for Translation Memory Addition)
| Term (EN) | Greek | Translit. | Marathi | Risk | Doctrine Link | Occurs (chapters) | Alternatives Rejected | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | मनुष्याचा पुत्र | Critical | Suffering Servant/Son of God; Necessity of Cross; Ransom | 2, 8, 9, 10 (core), 13, 14 | ”मनुष्य” alone (loses title force) | Must be kept visibly distinct from देवाचा पुत्र though referring to the same person; needs Daniel 7 background supplied by teaching material, or reads as merely “a human being” |
| Ransom | λύτρον | lytron | खंडणी | Critical | Ransom for Many | 10 (core, v.45) | बली (Hindu sacrificial-offering term — imports appeasement framework, rejected) | Contemporary Marathi खंडणी = kidnapper/extortion ransom; must be taught with explicit safeguards against (a) God-as-captor implication, (b) loss of substitutionary sense. Human theologian review required every occurrence. |
| Instead of / in place of | ἀντί | anti | च्या ऐवजी / च्या बदल्यात | Critical | Ransom for Many; Necessity of Cross | 10 (core, v.45) | साठी (“for the sake of” — theologically weaker, non-substitutionary) | Preserves substitutionary force; do not flatten to a general-benefit preposition |
| Slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | दास | Critical | Servanthood vs. Greatness | 10 (core, v.44) | — (no viable substitute exists) | Collides with Warkari bhakti self-designation and with caste-bondage social memory; requires explicit teaching that Jesus voluntarily occupies, and thereby subverts rather than endorses, the lowest social rank |
| Servant (table-servant/deacon) | διάκονος | diakonos | सेवक | High | Servanthood vs. Greatness | 9, 10 (core, v.43) | — | Comfortable devotional/civic word in Marathi; must be filled with the specific status-inversion sense of 10:42-45, not left as generic pious service |
| Lord it over (domineer) | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | स्वामीत्व गाजवणे | Critical | Servanthood vs. Greatness | 10 (core, v.42) | प्रभुत्व गाजवणे (rejected — shares root with the positive, reserved प्रभू) | Must use a different root than प्रभू so Christ’s true Lordship is not associatively muddied with worldly domineering |
| Exercise authority over (domineer) | κατεξουσιάζω | katexousiazō | अधिकार गाजवणे | High | Servanthood vs. Greatness; Authority | 10 (core, v.42) | — | Same root (ἐξουσία) as Jesus’ own positive authority (ch.1); must be distinguished contextually as a negative, coercive use of that root |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | अधिकार | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | 1, 2, 3, 6, 11 | शक्ती (rejected, per baseline power_of_god precedent) | Distinguish Jesus’ inherent authority from guru-style attained authority |
| Suffer | πάσχω | paschō | दुःख सहन करणे | Critical | Suffering Servant; Necessity of Cross | 8, 9, 10 | भोगणे (rejected — evokes karma-retribution “bhog”) | Must read as voluntary, vicarious, purposeful, never retributive for Christ’s own deeds |
| It is necessary (must) | δεῖ | dei | अगत्याचे आहे / आवश्यक आहे | Critical | Necessity of the Cross | 8 (v.31), 9 (v.31, implied), 10 (v.33-34) | — | Divine redemptive necessity, not fatalistic/karmic inevitability |
| Deny oneself / take up the cross | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / αἴρω τὸν σταυρόν | aparneomai heauton / airō ton stauron | स्वतःला नाकारणे / आपला वधस्तंभ उचलणे | Critical | Discipleship; Necessity of Cross | 8 | — | Retain the literal, shame-laden force of carrying one’s own execution-beam; do not soften to “hardship in general” |
| Cross | σταυρός | stauros | वधस्तंभ (alt. क्रूस) | High | Necessity of the Cross | 8, 15 | — | Standardize one form per church tradition; preserve honor/shame weight of Roman crucifixion |
| Crucify | σταυρόω | staurōō | वधस्तंभावर खिळणे (alt. क्रूसावर खिळणे) | High | Necessity of the Cross | 10 (v.33-34), 15 | — | Same weight as “cross,” above |
| Disciple / follow | μαθητής / ἀκολουθέω | mathētēs / akoloutheō | शिष्य / अनुसरण करणे, मागे येणे | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 | — (no viable substitute for शिष्य exists in Marathi) | Must be repeatedly re-filled with Mark’s distinctive content (following to the cross) against the guru-shishya paramparā default sense |
| Fear | φοβέομαι | phobeomai | भीती / भय | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16 | — | Ordinary human fear, contrasted with (not a species of) विश्वास |
| Repentance / repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | पश्चात्ताप / पश्चात्ताप करणे | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 1, 6 | — | Decisive moral turning toward God, not mere emotional regret; no equivalent turning-to-a-personal-God category in Buddhist ethics |
| Baptism / baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | बाप्तिस्मा | High | Kingdom Breaking In; Necessity of Cross (metaphorical sense, 10:38-39) | 1, 10 (core, v.38-39) | स्नान (rejected — imports Hindu ritual-bathing/purification sense) | Track both literal (water rite, ch.1) and metaphorical (suffering/death, 10:38-39) senses with a translator note distinguishing them |
| Unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | pneuma akatharton | अशुद्ध आत्मा (alt. दुष्ट आत्मा) | High | Authority over Sin, Sickness, Nature | 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 | — | Guard against confusion with पवित्र आत्मा (shared root) and against collapse into generic folk bhūt-pichāsh belief |
| Clean / unclean (ritual purity) | καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος, κοινός | katharos / akathartos, koinos | शुद्ध / अशुद्ध | Critical | Authority over Sickness; universal accountability parallels | 1 (leper), 5 (bleeding woman), 7 (defilement teaching) | — | Highest cultural-sensitivity term in the book: strong resonance with, and necessary difference from, caste purity/pollution categories; human theologian review required at every occurrence |
| Parable | παραβολή | parabolē | दाखला | Medium-High | Kingdom Breaking In; Messianic Secret | 3(implied), 4, 12, 13 | बोधकथा (rejected as too generic, loses concealing/revealing dual function) | Must teach the concealing-for-outsiders/revealing-for-disciples dual function (4:11-12), not just “illustrative story” |
| Rebuke / strictly charge (silencing) | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | निक्षून ताकीद देणे / धमकावणे | High | Messianic Secret; Authority over Nature | 1, 3(implied), 4, 8, 9(implied) | — | Same verb used for silencing demons, silencing disciples about his identity, rebuking wind/waves, and (ironically) exchanged between Peter and Jesus at 8:32-33 — keep consistent |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | सार्वकालिक जीवन | Critical | Ransom/Salvation (adjacent) | 10 | — | Same guard as baseline तारण: never मोक्ष/मुक्ती/निर्वाण |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | शब्बाथ | High | Authority; Law | 1(implied), 2, 3 | विश्रामवार (acceptable descriptive gloss, not primary term) | Mosaic covenant institution, not a generic day-off nor a Hindu fasting/observance day |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | दावीदाचा पुत्र | High | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Promise | 10, 11, 12 | — | Requires 2 Samuel 7 background explanation for Marathi readers |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | यहुद्यांचा राजा | High | Kingdom; Suffering Servant | 15 | — | Mocking title repeated 5x that is narratively true; keep consistent across all occurrences |
| Blood of the covenant | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | haima tēs diathēkēs | कराराचे रक्त | Critical | Ransom for Many; Necessity of Cross | 14 | — | Must echo “for many” (πολλῶν) link to 10:45; guard against Hindu bali/yajna sacrificial-appeasement framing |
| Truly this was the Son of God (confession) | ἀληθῶς υἱὸς θεοῦ ἦν | alēthōs huios theou ēn | खरोखर हा देवाचा पुत्र होता | Critical | Son of God; Universal Scope of Gospel | 15 | — | Climactic Gentile confession; must match 1:11/9:7 phrasing exactly for देवाचा पुत्र |
| Love (God/neighbor) | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη | agapaō / agapē | प्रीती | Medium | Greatest Commandment | 12 | — | Distinguish covenantal obedience-love from purely affective bhakti devotion, while allowing pastoral overlap |
| Tradition (of the elders) | παράδοσις | paradosis | परंपरा | Medium | Authority; Law vs. Grace | 7 | — | Critique targets tradition that nullifies God’s command specifically, not tradition/lineage generally |
| Legion | Λεγιών | Legiōn | लीगन | Low-Medium | Authority over Nature/Demons | 5 | — | Requires footnote on Roman military referent |
| Hosanna | Ὡσαννά | Hōsanna | होसान्ना | Low-Medium | Kingdom Breaking In | 11 | — | Gloss original meaning (“save now”) to show the crowd’s (mis)understanding |
| Ephphatha / Talitha koum | Ἐφφαθά / Ταλιθὰ κούμ | Ephphatha / Talitha koum | इफ्फाथा / तलिथा कूम | Low | (literary/authenticity marker) | 5, 7 | — | Preserved Aramaic, transliterated, parallel treatment to अब्बा |
| Your faith has saved/healed you | ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε | hē pistis sou sesōken se | तुझ्या विश्वासाने तुला तारले आहे | High-Critical | Faith and Discipleship; Ransom (σῴζω double sense) | 5, 10 | बरे केले (rejected alone — loses salvific double meaning) | Deliberately built on तारण-root to preserve Mark’s intentional heal/save double meaning |
| Soul / life (whole self) | ψυχή | psychē | जीव | High-Critical | Ransom for Many; Discipleship | 8, 10 (core, v.45) | आत्मा (rejected — collides with reserved पवित्र आत्मा and Hindu/Jain transmigrating-soul concept) | Render “give his जीव” as a voluntary, whole-self, one-time self-gift, not a metaphysical soul-transfer claim |
| Cup (of suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | प्याला | Medium-High | Necessity of the Cross | 10 (core, v.38-39), 14 (Gethsemane) | — | OT background (cup of wrath/suffering) must be supplied by teaching material; no independent Marathi idiom carries this sense |
| Transfigured | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | रूपांतर झाले | Medium-High | Son of God; Kingdom Breaking In | 9 | — | Momentary unveiling of pre-existing divine glory, not an avatar-like new descent |
| Christ / Messiah (titular confession) | Χριστός (ὁ Χριστός) | ho Christos | मसीहा | Critical | Messianic Promise | 8, 14 | ख्रिस्त (retained separately for the Jesus-Christ proper-name compound, per baseline transliteration standard) | Disambiguation flag: titular confession uses मसीहा; compound proper name uses ख्रिस्त — apply consistently at 8:29 and 14:61-62 |
| Rulers of the nations (worldly rulers, distinct from “Gentiles” salvation-history sense) | ἔθνη (10:42 sense) | ethnē | राष्ट्रांचे अधिकारी / शासक | Medium | Servanthood vs. Greatness | 10 (core, v.42) | अन्यजातीय (reserved for the Jew/Gentile salvation-history sense; would import wrong doctrinal frame here) | Same Greek word, different semantic use than baseline gentiles; disambiguate in translator notes |
Risk Summary (Mark-Specific New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian (every occurrence) |
| High | 15 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 8 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 5 | Native speaker or automated review |
Highest-priority terms for Phase 2 human theologian review, in order of doctrinal centrality to the core passage (Mark 10:35-45):
- λύτρον → खंडणी (Ransom)
- δοῦλος → दास (Slave/bondservant)
- ἀντί → च्या ऐवजी (substitutionary “instead of”)
- υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου → मनुष्याचा पुत्र (Son of Man)
- πάσχω / δεῖ → दुःख सहन करणे / अगत्याचे आहे (Suffering / Necessity)
- शुद्ध/अशुद्ध (clean/unclean purity vocabulary, chs. 1, 5, 7)
- κατακυριεύω → स्वामीत्व गाजवणे (must not share प्रभू’s root)
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) and cross-checked against bible_term_registry.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation of Mark begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कर्मफळ, पुण्य, स्वतःच्या प्रयत्नाने मिळवलेले
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark 10:17-31 (rich young ruler): salvation is impossible by human effort (‘with God all things are possible,’ 10:27) even though the Greek word χάρις itself does not occur in this pericope; the contrast against merit still applies.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: नीतिमत्त्व
Transliteration: nītimattva
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for canon-wide consistency; not a distinct narrative emphasis within Mark’s own text.
Justification
Approved rendering: नीतिमान ठरवणे
Transliteration: nītimān ṭharavaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: माफी मिळणे, पुण्य कमावणे
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for canon-wide consistency.
Salvation
Approved rendering: तारण
Transliteration: tāraṇ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मोक्ष, मुक्ती, निर्वाण
Inherited from Romans package. Root of Mark’s repeated ‘your faith has saved/healed you’ (5:34; 10:52, σῴζω) and background to the rich young ruler’s ‘eternal life’ question (10:17); never मोक्ष/मुक्ती/निर्वाण.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punarutthān
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्भव
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Mark 12:18-27 (resurrection debate) and 16:1-8 (the resurrection itself); keep distinct from the lesser resuscitation of Jairus’ daughter (5:41-42, उठ/उठली) and from the Passion-prediction verb family (8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34).
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभू
Transliteration: prabhū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Present implicitly throughout Mark (1:3; 2:28 ‘Lord of the Sabbath’; 12:36-37 David’s Lord); must remain lexically distinct from the negative ‘lord it over’ (κατακυριεύω, 10:42, स्वामीत्व गाजवणे).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचा पुत्र
Transliteration: devācā putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: देवपुरुष, अवतारी पुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Exact phrase required at all three of Mark’s key declarations: the Father’s testimony at the baptism (1:11), at the Transfiguration (9:7), and the centurion’s confession at the cross (15:39). Must remain visibly distinct from मनुष्याचा पुत्र (Son of Man) even though both refer to Jesus.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇ
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, बोधिसत्त्वाचा पुनर्जन्म
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark’s Transfiguration (9:2-8) — guard against अवतार-style temporary/repeatable descent framing even though Mark does not narrate the nativity directly.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीहा
Transliteration: Masīhā
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अवतारी पुरुष
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Use for the titular confession at Mark 8:29 (‘You are the Christ’) and 14:61-62 (‘Are you the Christ?’); ख्रिस्त is retained only for the proper-name compound ‘Jesus Christ’ per the established transliteration standard.
Jesus
Approved rendering: येशू
Transliteration: Yeśū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईसा
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark; never ईसा.
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: देव, भगवान
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark for doctrinally precise reference to the one true God; never देव/भगवान alone in doctrinal contexts.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: परमात्मा, ब्रह्म
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Descends on Jesus at his baptism (1:8,10,12) and is named in the unforgivable-blasphemy warning (3:29); keep visually/lexically distinct from अशुद्ध आत्मा (unclean spirit), which shares the root आत्मा.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: निर्माता
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed by Jesus in Gethsemane (14:36), paired with अब्बा.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित नीतिमत्त्व
Transliteration: āropit nītimattva
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: स्वकष्टार्जित नीतिमत्त्व
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly narrated in Mark but relevant background for the rich young ruler pericope (10:17-31), where the impossibility of self-earned right standing is dramatized narratively.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: मनुष्याचा पुत्र
Transliteration: manuṣyācā putra
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: मनुष्य (loses title force)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark. Occurs 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62. Requires Daniel 7:13-14 background supplied by teaching material, or reads as merely ‘a human being.’ Must remain visibly distinct from देवाचा पुत्र even though both refer to Jesus — Mark deliberately trades on the tension between the titles.
Ransom
Approved rendering: खंडणी
Transliteration: khaṇḍaṇī
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: बली (Hindu yajna sacrificial-offering, imports an appeasement framework)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Ransom
NEW — Mark, 10:45. Highest-risk lexical choice in the curriculum. Contemporary Marathi खंडणी = kidnapper/extortionist ransom demand. Must be paired with explicit teaching guarding against (a) implying God the Father is a hostile captor, (b) collapsing into a vague ‘sacrifice’ that loses the substitutionary, releasing transaction. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Instead Of
Approved rendering: च्या ऐवजी / च्या बदल्यात
Transliteration: cyā aivajī / cyā badalyāt
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: साठी (weaker, non-substitutionary ‘for the sake of/for the benefit of’)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Ransom
NEW — Mark, 10:45. Grammatical marker of substitution; do not flatten to साठी, which loses the substitutionary force ἀντί requires.
Doulos Slave
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dās
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark, 10:44. No viable substitute exists in Marathi. Collides with the Warkari bhakti poet-saints’ devotional self-designation (Tukaram’s ‘Tukyā dāsa’) and with historic caste-bondage/untouchability memory explicitly renounced in the 1956 Ambedkarite Buddhist conversion. Must be taught as Jesus’ voluntary embrace, not endorsement, of the lowest social rank. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Katakyrieuo
Approved rendering: स्वामीत्व गाजवणे
Transliteration: svāmītva gājavṇe
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: प्रभुत्व गाजवणे (rejected — shares root with reserved, positive प्रभू)
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark, 10:42. Must use a different Marathi root than प्रभू so worldly domineering ‘lordship’ is never associatively muddied with Christ’s true, self-giving Lordship.
Suffer
Approved rendering: दुःख सहन करणे
Transliteration: duḥkha sahan karaṇe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: भोगणे (rejected — evokes कर्मभोग, ‘experiencing the fruit of one’s own karma’)
Original: πάσχω
Category: Suffering
NEW — Mark, 8:31; 9:12; 10:33-34. Christ’s suffering is voluntary, vicarious, and purposeful (fulfilling Isaiah 53 and providing the ransom of 10:45), never retributive for his own deeds.
Dei Necessity
Approved rendering: अगत्याचे आहे / आवश्यक आहे
Transliteration: agatyāce āhe / āvaśyak āhe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ
Category: Suffering
NEW — Mark, 8:31 (and implied 9:31; 10:33-34). Textual anchor of the Necessity-of-the-Cross doctrine; must be distinguished from a fatalistic or karma-determined inevitability. Jesus’ suffering is necessary because it accomplishes the Father’s saving purpose (cf. 10:45’s ransom), not because an impersonal cosmic law compels it.
Deny Self Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: स्वतःला नाकारणे / आपला वधस्तंभ उचलणे
Transliteration: svataḥlā nākāraṇe / āpalā vadhastambha ucalaṇe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἀράτω τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark, 8:34. In first-century usage this meant literally carrying the crossbeam to one’s own Roman execution — a shame-laden public death march. Must not be softened into a metaphor for ‘hardship in general.‘
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: माझे रक्त, कराराचे रक्त
Transliteration: mājhe rakta, karārāce rakta
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Cross
NEW — Mark, 14:24. Must be rendered so its deliberate echo of 10:45 (‘poured out for many’ / ‘ransom for many,’ both πολλῶν) is visible. Guard against assimilation to Hindu bali/yajna blood-sacrifice traditions (an offering made to appease/honor a deity) — this is a covenant-inaugurating, once-for-all, self-given sacrifice.
Soul Life
Approved rendering: जीव
Transliteration: jīv
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा (rejected — collides with reserved पवित्र आत्मा and the Hindu/Jain transmigrating jīvātmā concept)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Ransom
NEW — Mark, 8:35-37; 10:45. Render ‘give his जीव’ as a voluntary, whole-self, one-time self-gift, not a metaphysical soul-transfer claim.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: सार्वकालिक जीवन
Transliteration: sārvakālik jīvan
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Grace over Self-Effort
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW — Mark, 10:17, 10:30. Requires the same guard as तारण: never मोक्ष/मुक्ती (liberation through bhakti devotion) or निर्वाण (extinguishing of craving). Unending relational life with a personal God, secured through Christ.
Faith Has Saved You
Approved rendering: तुझ्या विश्वासाने तुला तारले आहे
Transliteration: tujhyā viśvāsāne tulā tārale āhe
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: बरे केले (rejected alone — loses the salvific double meaning)
Original: ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark, 5:34; 10:52. Built on the तारण-root to preserve Mark’s intentional heal/save double meaning (σῴζω); a purely medical rendering severs the connection to तारण.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: शुद्ध / अशुद्ध
Transliteration: śuddha / aśuddha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος
Category: Purity
NEW — Mark, 1:40-42 (leper); 5:25-34 (bleeding woman). Extremely resonant with caste purity/pollution categories still socially live in Maharashtra, including pre-1956 Dalit exclusion. Teaching must affirm the genuine boundary-crossing compassion while preserving that Jesus personally bears and removes impurity by his own authority — an identity claim, not only social reform. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Defilement Heart
Approved rendering: अशुद्ध ठरवणे / अपवित्र करणे
Transliteration: aśuddha ṭharavaṇe / apavitra karaṇe
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: κοινόω / κοινός
Category: Purity
NEW — Mark, 7:15-23. Mark’s single most direct theological statement relocating ‘clean/unclean’ from external/birth-status categories to internal moral ones. Real good news for caste-purity-shaped readers if taught well; easily misread as merely ‘food rules don’t matter’ if not. Human theologian review required.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: क्षमा करणे
Transliteration: kṣamā karaṇe
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἀφίημι (τὰς ἁμαρτίας)
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark, 2:1-12. Jesus’ claim to personally forgive sins is a direct claim to divine authority; must not be flattened into pastoral reassurance. Tightly linked to मनुष्याचा पुत्र (2:10) and the deity of Christ doctrine.
Confession Son Of God
Approved rendering: खरोखर हा देवाचा पुत्र होता
Transliteration: kharokhar hā devācā putra hotā
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ἀληθῶς οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος υἱὸς θεοῦ ἦν
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark, 15:39. Must use the exact देवाचा पुत्र phrase from 1:11 and 9:7 so the reader recognizes this as the Gospel’s narrative resolution — spoken by a Gentile centurion, ties to the baseline unity_of_jews_and_gentiles / universal_scope_of_gospel doctrines.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: शुभवर्तमान
Transliteration: śubhavartamān
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: बातमी, खबर
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark 1:1 functions almost as a book-title term (‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God’); render identically at 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ति
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark repeatedly paired against भीती (fear) as the central discipleship contrast (4:40; 5:34,36; 6:6; 9:23-24; 10:52).
Called
Approved rendering: बोलावलेले
Transliteration: bolāvlele
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आमंत्रित
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually present in Jesus’ calling of the disciples (1:16-20; 2:14; 3:13).
Calling
Approved rendering: पाचारण
Transliteration: pācāraṇ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आवाहन
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for conceptual consistency with the disciple-calling narratives of Mark 1-3.
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्र
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्ध
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies पवित्र आत्मा (Holy Spirit) throughout Mark; keep distinct from शुद्ध (ritual/moral purity, chs. 1, 5, 7).
Saints
Approved rendering: पवित्र जन
Transliteration: pavitra jan
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: संत, मुनी
Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct explicit term in Mark’s narrative; retained for canon-wide ecclesiological consistency.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: पवित्रीकरण
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇ
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्धीकरण
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for canon-wide consistency.
Adoption
Approved rendering: दत्तक पुत्रत्व
Transliteration: dattak putratva
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: दत्तक घेणे
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually adjacent to Mark’s direct filial sonship declarations (1:11; 9:7; 15:39), though Mark itself does not use the adoption metaphor.
Law
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्र
Transliteration: niyamśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, धम्म
Original: νόμος (implied in Sabbath/tradition disputes)
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Mark’s Sabbath controversies (2:23-3:6) and the tradition-vs-commandment teaching (7:1-13). Never धर्म/धम्म.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Mark 2:1-12 (Jesus’ authority to forgive sins) and the ‘tax collectors and sinners’ narrative (2:15-17).
Glory
Approved rendering: गौरव
Transliteration: gaurav
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेज, प्रकाश
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used both of the disciples’ mistaken worldly-court sense (10:37) and the Son of Man’s true apocalyptic glory (8:38; 13:26); same Marathi word, contextual teaching must distinguish the two.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासाचे आज्ञापालन
Transliteration: viśvāsāce āgnāpālan
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: धार्मिक कर्तव्य
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for canon-wide consistency; conceptually present in Mark’s discipleship-call narratives.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचे सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: devāce sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्ती
Original: δύναμις (implied, e.g. 13:26 ‘power and glory’)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Displayed throughout Mark in Jesus’ authority over nature, disease, and demons, and in the Son of Man’s apocalyptic coming (13:26); never शक्ती.
Covenant
Approved rendering: करार
Transliteration: karār
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: वचन
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Mark’s Last Supper institution (‘blood of the covenant,’ 14:24) and the Son of David background (10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37).
Election
Approved rendering: देवाची निवड
Transliteration: devācī nivaḍ
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: नशीब, दैव, कर्मफळ
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark 10:40 (‘it is not mine to grant… but it is for those for whom it has been prepared’) — must not echo the karma-based social-standing framework rejected by Ambedkarite Buddhist communities.
Providence
Approved rendering: देवाचे विधान
Transliteration: devāce vidhān
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: नशीब, कर्माचा नियम
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Mark 10:40’s ‘it has been prepared’ (ἡτοίμασται) — must not echo the karma-based explanation of social standing rejected by Ambedkarite Buddhist communities.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Preserved in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (14:36), paired with पिता.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: दावीदाच्या वंशातून
Transliteration: Dāvīdācyā vaṃśātūn
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually related to Mark’s ‘Son of David’ title (10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37) though Mark does not use this exact Romans 1:3 phrase.
Diakonos Servant
Approved rendering: सेवक
Transliteration: sevak
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark, 9:35; 10:43. Comfortable, positive word in Marathi religious vocabulary (a bhakta as Vitthal’s सेवक; a government सेवक); must be repeatedly re-filled with the specific status-inversion sense of these verses, not left as generic pious deference.
Katexousiazo
Approved rendering: अधिकार गाजवणे
Transliteration: adhikār gājavṇe
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark, 10:42. Built on the same root (ἐξουσία/अधिकार) as Jesus’ own positive authority (ch.1); must be contextually distinguished as a negative, coercive use of that root, not flattened into the same phrase as Jesus’ possession of authority.
Authority
Approved rendering: अधिकार
Transliteration: adhikār
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: शक्ती (rejected per baseline power_of_god precedent)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
NEW — Mark, 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-33. Distinguish Jesus’ inherent, possessed authority from a guru’s authority, popularly understood as attained through spiritual discipline/lineage.
Cross
Approved rendering: वधस्तंभ
Transliteration: vadhastambha
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός
Category: Cross
NEW — Mark, 8:34; 15:21, 30, 32. Alternate क्रूस (Catholic-tradition transliteration) in wide use — standardize one form per church-tradition context and apply it consistently. Preserve the honor/shame dimension of Roman crucifixion; do not sanitize.
Crucify
Approved rendering: वधस्तंभावर खिळणे
Transliteration: vadhastambhāvar khiḷaṇe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Cross
NEW — Mark, 10:33-34; 15:13-27. Alternate क्रूसावर खिळणे in Catholic usage; same honor/shame weight as ‘cross,’ above.
Cup
Approved rendering: प्याला
Transliteration: pyālā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: अनुभव (rejected — erases the judgment/suffering weight)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Cross
NEW — Mark, 10:38-39; 14:36. प्याला has no independent idiomatic force in Marathi outside Bible usage; the OT ‘cup of wrath/suffering’ background (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15) must be supplied by teaching material. Identical rendering required at both occurrences (10:38-39 and 14:36) to preserve the deliberate echo.
This Is My Body
Approved rendering: हे माझे शरीर आहे
Transliteration: he mājhe śarīr āhe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου
Category: Cross
NEW — Mark, 14:22. Primarily a cross-tradition theological-debate term (memorial vs. real presence) outside this project’s scope; flag for consistency with the destination church tradition’s own established liturgical rendering — do not innovate a new phrase.
Many
Approved rendering: पुष्कळांसाठी / पुष्कळांच्या बदल्यात
Transliteration: puṣkaḷāṃsāṭhī / puṣkaḷāṃcyā badalyāt
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Ransom
NEW — Mark, 10:45; 14:24. Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12’s inclusive ‘the many’; not a technical restriction to a limited number. Translator notes should flag the Isaiah 53 background so teaching material can make the OT connection explicit.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: अशुद्ध आत्मा
Transliteration: aśuddha ātmā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Authority
NEW — Mark, 1:23-27; 3:11; 5:2-13; 6:7; 7:25; 9:25. Alternate दुष्ट आत्मा used in some Marathi Bible editions to avoid the shared root with पवित्र आत्मा — standardize on one form and flag the alternative. Must be distinguished from generic folk bhūt-pichāsh (भूत-पिशाच्च) ghost-possession belief.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: निंदा
Transliteration: nindā
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark, 3:28-30; 14:64. At 3:28-30, present in its narrative context (deliberate, hardened rejection of the Spirit’s testimony), not a general doubt-anxiety warning. At 14:64, the irony (the charge is only valid if Jesus’ claim is false) must be visible.
Rebuke Silence
Approved rendering: निक्षून ताकीद देणे / धमकावणे
Transliteration: nikṣūn tākīd deṇe / dhamkāvaṇe
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW — Mark, 1:25, 1:34, 3:12, 4:39, 8:30, 8:32-33. Central verb of the Messianic Secret doctrine; keep one consistent Marathi verb across all four domains (demons, disciples’ speech, Peter/Jesus exchange, nature) so Mark’s intentional pattern remains traceable.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: शब्बाथ
Transliteration: śabbāth
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σάββατον
Category: Law
NEW — Mark, 2:23-28; 3:1-6. Transliterated Mosaic covenant institution; विश्रामवार permitted as a secondary descriptive gloss only. Never flattened to a generic ‘day off’ nor assimilated to Hindu observance days (e.g. Warkari Ekadashi).
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: यहुद्यांचा राजा
Transliteration: Yahudyāncā rājā
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark, 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26. Repeated mocking title, narratively true; must be rendered identically at all five occurrences so the ironic refrain is visible.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: दावीदाचा पुत्र
Transliteration: Dāvīdācā putra
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark, 10:47-48; 11:10 (implied); 12:35-37. Requires 2 Samuel 7 covenant background explanation absent from Marathi readers’ default knowledge.
End Consummation
Approved rendering: अंत / समाप्ती
Transliteration: anta / samāptī
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: τὸ τέλος / συντέλεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Mark, 13:7, 13:13. Must not be assimilated to Hindu yuga-cycle cosmology or Buddhist cyclical time, in which no single historical end-point carries unrepeatable, final significance.
Temple Veil Torn
Approved rendering: मंदिराचा पडदा फाटला
Transliteration: mandirācā paḍdā phāṭalā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη
Category: Cross
NEW — Mark, 15:38. Signals access to God’s presence, previously restricted, has been opened through Christ’s death; resolves the purity-boundary-crossing pattern from chs. 1, 5, 7.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: रूपांतर झाले
Transliteration: rūpāntar jhāle
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW — Mark, 9:2-3. Momentary unveiling of Christ’s own pre-existing divine glory, not an avatar-like new descent or transformation of essence.
Disciple Follow
Approved rendering: शिष्य / अनुसरण करणे
Transliteration: śiṣya / anusaraṇ karṇe
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής / ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark, 1:16-20; 2:14; 3:13-19; 8:34; 10:21,28. No viable substitute exists for शिष्य in Marathi despite its guru-shishya paramparā resonance (a shishya typically seeks personal liberation under a chosen guru). Must be repeatedly re-filled with Mark’s distinctive content: abandoning livelihood to follow one specific, exclusive Lord to a costly destination.
Repentance
Approved rendering: पश्चात्ताप
Transliteration: paścāttāp
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark, 1:4, 1:15, 6:12. Must convey a decisive moral turning toward a personal God, not mere emotional regret; no equivalent category in Buddhist ethical self-cultivation along the Eightfold Path.
Baptism
Approved rendering: बाप्तिस्मा
Transliteration: bāptismā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: स्नान (rejected — imports Hindu ritual-bathing associations, e.g. Ganga snān/Kumbh Mela)
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark, 1:4-11; 10:38-39 (metaphorical, of Jesus’ coming suffering/death). Track both literal (water rite) and metaphorical senses with a translator note distinguishing them, since readers who learn बाप्तिस्मा first as the water rite may not recognize the metaphorical shift.
Parable
Approved rendering: दाखला
Transliteration: dākhalā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: बोधकथा (rejected — too generic, loses the concealing/revealing dual function)
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark, 4:1-34 (esp. 4:11-12); 12:1-12; 13:28. दाखला is popularly understood as a simple illustrative story — the opposite of 4:11-12’s concealing/revealing dual function (echoing Isaiah 6:9-10). Must be explicitly taught, not assumed from the word alone.
Arise Get Up
Approved rendering: उठ / उठली
Transliteration: uṭh / uṭhalī
Doctrine: Resurrection Power and Lesser Raisings
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Miracles
NEW — Mark, 5:41-42. A lesser resuscitation back to ordinary mortal life (she will die again someday), distinct from Christ’s own once-for-all पुनरुत्थान (16:6); keep the two categories lexically separate.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेषित
Transliteration: preṣit
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: गुरू, संदेशवाहक
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14 records the founding appointment of the Twelve as प्रेषित, prior to its Romans-era usage; also referenced at 6:30.
Peace
Approved rendering: शांती
Transliteration: śāntī
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: मनःशांती
Inherited from Romans package. Cf. Mark 5:34, ‘go in peace,’ following the bleeding woman’s healing.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: आत्मिक कृपादान
Transliteration: ātmik kṛpādān
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: वरदान, सिद्धी
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually adjacent to the delegated ἐξουσία given to the Twelve (Mark 6:7) though Mark does not use this exact compound.
Church
Approved rendering: मंडळी
Transliteration: maṇḍaḷī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: देऊळ, मंदिर
Inherited from Romans package. Note: ἐκκλησία itself does not occur in Mark’s Gospel; retained for canon-wide consistency and teaching material connecting Mark’s Twelve to the later church.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचे राज्य
Transliteration: devāce rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरी राष्ट्र
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Mark’s own ‘Kingdom Breaking In’ doctrine (1:15; 4:11,26,30; 9:1; 10:14-15; 14:25; 15:43); render ἤγγικεν (1:15) as जवळ आले आहे — neither fully arrived nor merely future.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजातीय
Transliteration: anyajātīya
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Original: ἔθνη (salvation-history sense)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Narratively present in the Syrophoenician woman episode (7:24-30) and ‘house of prayer for all nations’ (11:17); distinguish from the unrelated ἔθνη sense at 10:42 (see rulers_of_the_nations).
Intercession
Approved rendering: मध्यस्थी
Transliteration: madhyasthī
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for canon-wide consistency; cf. Jesus’ prayer life in Mark (1:35; 14:32-42).
Mission
Approved rendering: मिशन / सुवार्ता प्रसार
Transliteration: miśan / suvārtā prasār
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Cf. Jesus sending the Twelve (6:7-13) and the great-commission-adjacent language of the disputed longer ending (16:15).
David
Approved rendering: दावीद
Transliteration: Dāvīd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Base of the ‘Son of David’ compound (10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37).
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit covenant-people background throughout Mark, especially chs. 11-12.
Heart
Approved rendering: अंतःकरण
Transliteration: antaḥkaraṇa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: हृदय (leans toward romantic/emotional connotation in casual Marathi)
Original: καρδία
Category: Purity
NEW — Mark, 7:19, 7:21. अंतःकरण better conveys the moral-volitional sense Mark intends in doctrinal contexts.
Sinners
Approved rendering: पापी
Transliteration: pāpī
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Sin
NEW — Mark, 2:15-17. Must preserve the social-boundary-crossing force (eating with social outcasts) without uncritically collapsing into caste-outcaste categories; the text’s own point is moral/spiritual.
Tradition
Approved rendering: परंपरा
Transliteration: paramparā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Law
NEW — Mark, 7:3-13. Jesus’ critique targets tradition that nullifies God’s own commandment specifically (7:13), not custom or lineage-transmitted teaching as such.
Commandment
Approved rendering: आज्ञा
Transliteration: āgnā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Law
NEW — Mark, 7:8-9; 12:28-31. Standard rendering; connects to नियमशास्त्र context.
Will Of God True Family
Approved rendering: देवाची इच्छा
Transliteration: devācī icchā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kinship
NEW — Mark, 3:35. Kinship redefined around obedience to God’s will rather than bloodline; pastorally resonant for readers whose caste/family identity has been costly to leave.
What God Has Joined
Approved rendering: देवाने जोडलेले
Transliteration: devāne jodlele
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ὃ ὁ θεὸς συνέζευξεν
Category: Covenant
NEW — Mark, 10:9. Marriage as a divinely-joined covenant union; connects conceptually to करार though marriage-covenant is a related-but-distinct use.
Love
Approved rendering: प्रीती
Transliteration: prītī
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Law
NEW — Mark, 12:30-31, 33. Must include covenantal, whole-person obedience-love toward the personal God of Israel revealed in Christ, not only affective bhakti-style devotion, while allowing pastoral overlap.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: संकट / क्लेश
Transliteration: saṅkaṭ / kleś
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Mark, 13:19, 13:24. Standard eschatological-suffering term.
Watch Stay Alert
Approved rendering: जागृत राहा / सावध राहा
Transliteration: jāgṛt rāhā / sāvadh rāhā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: γρηγορεῖτε
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Mark, 13:33-37. Straightforward exhortation vocabulary.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: अडखळण होणे / पापात पाडणे
Transliteration: aḍakhaḷaṇ hoṇe / pāpāt pāḍaṇe
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — Mark, 9:42-47. Standard ‘stumbling block’ imagery, reasonably transparent with brief explanation.
Legion
Approved rendering: लीगन
Transliteration: līgan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Authority
NEW — Mark, 5:9, 5:15. Transliterated with gloss ‘सैन्याची तुकडी’ (a Roman military legion), otherwise opaque to Marathi readers.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: होसान्ना
Transliteration: Hōsānnā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark, 11:9-10. Established Marathi Christian liturgical transliteration; gloss its original meaning (‘save now’) so the crowd’s misunderstood messianic hope, contrasted with 10:45, is clear.
House Of Prayer Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: प्रार्थनेचे घर / लुटारूंची गुहा
Transliteration: prārthanece ghar / luṭārūñcī guhā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Mark, 11:17. Requires narrative/cultural context (temple commerce practices) rather than doctrinal caution.
High Priest Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: महायाजक / यहुदी सभा (सान्हेड्रिन)
Transliteration: mahāyājak / Yahudī sabhā (Sānhēḍrin)
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἀρχιερεύς / συνέδριον
Category: Trial
NEW — Mark, 14:53, 55. Historical-institutional vocabulary requiring brief explanatory gloss, not doctrinal caution.
Rulers Of The Nations
Approved rendering: राष्ट्रांचे अधिकारी / शासक
Transliteration: rāṣṭrāṃce adhikārī / śāsak
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: अन्यजातीय (reserved for the Jew/Gentile salvation-history sense; would import the wrong doctrinal frame here)
Original: ἔθνη (10:42 sense)
Category: Servanthood
NEW — Mark, 10:42. Same Greek word (ἔθνη) as ‘Gentiles’ but a different semantic use — worldly political rulers, not salvation-history Gentile inclusion.
Fear
Approved rendering: भीती
Transliteration: bhītī
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW — Mark, 4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:32; 10:32; 16:8. Ordinary human fear, contrasted with (not a species of) विश्वास; must not be conflated with reverent ‘fear of God.‘
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: उपकारस्तुती
Transliteration: upakārastutī
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Cf. Mark 6:41; 8:6, Jesus giving thanks before feeding the crowds.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: सहभागिता
Transliteration: sahabhāgitā
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: मैत्री
Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct emphasis within Mark’s narrative; retained for canon-wide consistency.
Prophet
Approved rendering: संदेष्टा
Transliteration: sandeṣṭā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Cf. Mark 6:4 and the appearance of Elijah and Moses at the Transfiguration (9:4).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: भविष्यवाणी
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavāṇī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: भविष्यफल
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for consistency with Mark’s Isaiah citations (1:2-3; 4:12; 7:6-7; 11:17).
Exhort
Approved rendering: उत्तेजन देणे
Transliteration: uttejan deṇe
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for canon-wide consistency; not a distinct emphasis in Mark.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: बालजबूल
Transliteration: Bāljabūl
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW — Mark, 3:22. Transliterated proper name; ensure consistent transliteration.
Talitha Koum
Approved rendering: तलिथा कूम
Transliteration: Talithā Kūm
Doctrine: Resurrection Power and Lesser Raisings
Original: Ταλιθὰ κούμ
Category: Miracles
NEW — Mark, 5:41. Preserved Aramaic, transliterated and glossed, paralleling अब्बा.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: इफ्फाथा
Transliteration: Iphphāthā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Miracles
NEW — Mark, 7:34. Preserved Aramaic, transliterated and glossed, paralleling तलिथा कूम and अब्बा.
Referenced passages