Core Glossary
Core Glossary: James — English → Marathi
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, citing terms from every chapter of James (1–5), including the core passage (2:14–26). It extends — and must never contradict — the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Terms already present in the baseline are marked [BASELINE] and their recorded rendering is reused exactly, with no alternative permitted. Terms newly proposed for the James curriculum are marked [NEW] and are risk-classified using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
How to Read This Table
- Risk follows baseline definitions: Critical = human theologian review every occurrence; High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review; Low = automated review.
- Doctrine maps each term to the nine James curriculum doctrines: Faith and Works (FW); Trials and Testing (TT); Wisdom from Above (WA); Favoritism and the Poor (FP); Taming the Tongue (TG); Worldliness vs. Friendship with God (WF); Prayer and Healing (PH); Patience and the Lord’s Return (LR); Confession and Restoration (CR).
- Chapters lists every chapter in which the term is load-bearing.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No New Rendering Permitted)
| English Gloss | Greek | Translit. | Marathi (Baseline) | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | πίστις | pistis | विश्वास | High | FW | 1, 2, 5 | Reuse baseline विश्वास exactly; never श्रद्धा/भक्ति. |
| grace | χάρις | charis | कृपा | Critical | WF | 4 | Reuse exactly; Jas 4:6 “greater grace” directly contrasts grace with pride/self-sufficiency. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | dikaiosynē | नीतिमत्त्व | Critical | FW, TG | 2, 3, 5 | Reuse exactly across 2:23 (imputed), 3:18 (“fruit of righteousness”), 5:16 (“prayer of a righteous person”). |
| justification / justified | δικαιόω | dikaioō | नीतिमान ठरवणे | Critical | FW | 2 | Reuse exactly; requires mandatory harmonizing translator note distinguishing James’s demonstrative sense from Paul’s forensic sense (see 07_semantic_analysis.md, 2:21/2:24). |
| imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην | elogisthē eis dikaiosynēn | आरोपित नीतिमत्त्व | Critical | FW | 2 | Reuse exactly; James 2:23 quotes the same Gen 15:6 text Paul uses in Romans 4:3 — the strongest proof-text of doctrinal continuity. |
| salvation / save | σωτηρία / σῴζω | sōtēria/sōzō | तारण (noun); तारणे (verb) | Critical | FW, PH, CR | 2, 5 | Reuse तारण root exactly; never मोक्ष/मुक्ती/निर्वाण. In 5:15, σῴζω carries a healing sense (बरे करणे) alongside the salvific root — see High-risk NEW entry below for the healing-specific rendering. |
| law | νόμος | nomos | नियमशास्त्र | High | FP | 1, 2 | Reuse exactly; never धर्म/धम्म. Used in compounds: “perfect law of liberty” (1:25), “royal law” (2:8). |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | hamartia | पाप | High | FW, TT, CR | 1, 2, 5 | Reuse exactly across the “desire conceives sin” sequence (1:15) and mutual confession (5:16, 5:20). |
| god | θεός | theos | परमेश्वर | Critical | WA, FP, WF | 1, 2, 4 | Reuse exactly; never देव alone in doctrinally precise contexts (e.g., “God is one,” 2:19). |
| lord | κύριος | kyrios | प्रभू | Critical | FW, LR, PH | 2, 5 | Reuse exactly; compounds with OT title “Lord of Sabaoth” (5:4) and governs the “coming of the Lord” (5:7-8, see NEW entry). |
| holy spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | pneuma hagion | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | FW | 2 | Reuse exactly, but note: James 2:26’s πνεῦμα (“body without spirit”) refers to the generic life-breath/spirit animating a body, NOT the Holy Spirit — do not render with पवित्र आत्मा there; use आत्मा/जीव instead (see NEW entry below). |
| father | πατήρ | patēr | पिता | High | WA | 1 | Reuse exactly in “Father of lights” (1:17) and “God and Father” (1:27, 3:9). |
| church | ἐκκλησία | ekklēsia | मंडळी | Medium | PH | 5 | Reuse exactly for “elders of the church” (5:14). |
| peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | शांती | Medium | FW, TG | 2, 3 | Reuse exactly; James 2:16’s “go in peace” is an ironic hollow blessing; 3:17-18 “peaceable”/“sown in peace” is the positive wisdom-fruit sense. |
| gospel (conceptual anchor, not directly lexical in James) | εὐαγγέλιον | euangelion | शुभवर्तमान | High | WA | 1 | Conceptually anchors “the implanted word” (1:21) though the term itself does not recur lexically in James; reuse exactly if referenced in teaching notes. |
| jesus / christ | Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός | Iēsous/Christos | येशू / ख्रिस्त | Critical | FW, FP | 1, 2 | Reuse exactly; “the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ of glory” (2:1) and “servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ” (1:1). |
| glory | δόξα | doxa | गौरव | High | FP | 2 | Reuse exactly; James 2:1 describes Jesus Christ as “the Lord of glory” (τῆς δόξης). |
| power (of God, “power” in prayer) | δύναμις/ἐνεργέω roots (σαμर्थ्य) | — | सामर्थ्य | High | PH | 5 | Reuse exactly, never शक्ती, when describing the effectual power of a righteous person’s prayer (5:16). |
B. New Terms Proposed for James (Risk-Classified)
| English Gloss | Greek | Translit. | Marathi (Proposed) | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| works (deeds) | ἔργα | erga | कृती | High | FW | 2 | कर्म, कर्मफळ | कर्म carries karma-doctrine associations (merit/demerit across rebirths); कृती keeps concrete “deeds” sense without invoking the karma economy. |
| dead (faith) | νεκρός/νεκρά | nekros/nekra | मृत / निर्जीव | Critical | FW | 2 | कमकुवत (weak) | Must retain James’s stark diagnosis: faith without works is not weak but lifeless/counterfeit. |
| useless, barren | ἀργός/ἀργή | argos/argē | निष्फळ / निरुपयोगी | High | FW | 2 | — | Retains total unproductiveness, not partial deficiency. |
| show, demonstrate | δείκνυμι | deiknymi | दाखवणे | High | FW | 2 | उत्पन्न करणे (produce/generate) | Works must be shown as evidence of faith, never as what produces faith. |
| worked together (with) | συνεργέω | synergeō | सहकार्य केले | High | FW | 2 | — | Must not suggest faith and works are two independent, competing meritorious causes of salvation. |
| made complete/perfected | τελειόω | teleioō | पूर्णत्वास पोहोचला | High | FW, TT | 1, 2 | पूर्ण झाला (in a way implying prior insufficiency) | Faith’s telos/maturity realized in action, echoing 1:4’s τέλειος. |
| friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | philos theou | देवाचा मित्र | Critical | FW, WF | 2 | — | CRITICAL collision with Vaishnav sakhya-bhāva (“friendship” bhakti-mode toward Krishna/Vishnu); must be taught as God’s sovereign declaration following imputed righteousness, not a devotee-chosen devotional posture. |
| demons | δαιμόνια | daimonia | दुरात्मे | Medium | FW | 2 | भूत (folk-spirit ambiguity) | Distinguish from generic folk-belief ghosts/spirits. |
| servant, bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | दास | Medium-High | — | 1 | — | Established epistolary-opening term; clarify as honored covenant posture, not caste/social-status marker. |
| trial, testing (positive) | πειρασμός/πειράζω | peirasmos/peirazō | परीक्षा | High | TT | 1 | — | Positive, God-permitted refining sense; keep distinct from temptation sense below. |
| temptation (negative) | πειρασμός/πειράζω | peirasmos/peirazō | मोह | Critical | TT | 1 | परीक्षा (would wrongly imply God tempts toward sin) | Same Greek root as “trial” — James’s wordplay (1:2-4 vs 1:13-15) cannot be fully preserved in Marathi; requires translator note. |
| proven genuineness | δοκίμιον/δόκιμος | dokimion/dokimos | खरेपणा / सिद्ध झालेला | Medium | TT | 1 | — | Metallurgical refining background available for teaching. |
| endurance (active, under trial) | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | धीर | Medium | TT, LR | 1, 5 | — | Distinguished from μακροθυμία (सहनशीलता, patience toward people/circumstances). |
| complete, mature | τέλειος/ὁλόκληρος | teleios/holoklēros | परिपूर्ण | High | TT | 1, 3 | — | Must not merge with self-attained yogic/ascetic/Buddhist perfection frameworks. |
| wisdom | σοφία | sophia | ज्ञान | Critical | WA | 1, 3 | — | Must be built up as God-given (asked for, received), not self-attained gnosis/prajñā; central “Wisdom from Above” doctrine term. |
| double-minded | δίψυχος | dipsychos | दुमनाचा / द्विमनस्क | Medium | TT, WF | 1, 4 | — | Instability of loyalty/trust, not mere indecisiveness. |
| blessed | μακάριος | makarios | धन्य | Low | TT | 1 | — | Established Marathi Christian term. |
| crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς | stephanos tēs zōēs | जीवनाचा मुकुट | Medium | TT, LR | 1 | — | Eschatological reward image, not earthly/political crown. |
| desire, lust | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | वासना / दुष्ट इच्छा | High | TT, WF | 1, 4 | — | Ensure negative, sin-producing sense is contextually clear. |
| Father of lights | πατὴρ τῶν φώτων | patēr tōn phōtōn | ज्योतींचा पिता | High | WA | 1 | — | Avoid merging with generic divine-radiance/bodhi-enlightenment imagery per baseline “glory” caution. |
| implanted word | λόγος ἔμφυτος | logos emphytos | रोवलेले वचन | Medium | WA | 1 | — | Connects conceptually to शुभवर्तमान (gospel). |
| doer of the word / hearer only | ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής | poiētēs logou/akroatēs | वचन आचरणारा / केवळ ऐकणारा | High | FW, WA | 1 | — | Render consistently with Chapter 2’s faith-and-works vocabulary. |
| religion (pure/undefiled) | θρησκεία | thrēskeia | धार्मिकता | High | WA, FP | 1 | भक्ति, धर्म | भक्ति too devotionally loaded (Warkari); धर्म caste-linked (rejected per baseline convention). |
| orphan / widow | ὀρφανός / χήρα | orphanos/chēra | अनाथ / विधवा | Low | FP | 1 | — | Standard terms. |
| favoritism, partiality | προσωπολημψία | prosōpolēmpsia | पक्षपात | Critical | FP | 2 | — | Direct mapping onto caste/class discrimination; mandatory theologian review. |
| poor / rich | πτωχός / πλούσιος | ptōchos/plousios | गरीब / श्रीमंत | High | FP | 1, 2, 5 | — | Must not be softened; God’s status-blind reversal is doctrinally central. |
| royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | nomos basilikos | राजमान्य नियम | High | FP | 2 | — | Compound with नियमशास्त्र (baseline); summarizes/supersedes favoritism-permitting readings of law. |
| neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | शेजारी | Low | FP | 2 | — | Standard term. |
| transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | नियम मोडणारा | Medium | FP | 2 | — | — |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | दया | Critical | FP | 2, 5 | करुणा | करुणा is the specific named cardinal Navayana Buddhist ethical virtue; दया keeps mercy distinctively grounded in the personal God’s character without implying restatement of that separate ethical ideal. Must also stay clearly distinct from कृपा (grace). |
| merciless judgment | κρίσις ἀνέλεος | krisis aneleos | दयेविरहित न्याय | Medium | FP | 2 | — | — |
| teacher | διδάσκαλος | didaskalos | शिक्षक | Low | TG | 3 | — | — |
| tongue | γλῶσσα | glōssa | जीभ | High | TG | 3 | — | Central image of an entire doctrine; render consistently across 3:2-12. |
| fire | πῦρ | pyr | अग्नी / आग | Medium | TG | 3 | — | Standard figurative use. |
| Gehenna, hell | γέεννα | geenna | नरक | Critical | TG | 3 | — | Must be distinguished from Hindu/Buddhist cyclical, temporary hell-realm (naraka within saṃsāra); this is final, non-cyclical divine judgment. |
| earthly/unspiritual/demonic wisdom | ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης (σοφία) | epigeios/psychikē/daimoniōdēs | पार्थिव / स्वाभाविक / भूतबाधित ज्ञान | Critical | WA | 3 | — | The negative pole of the “two wisdoms” contrast; must remain sharply distinguished from “wisdom from above.” |
| bitter jealousy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος πικρός / ἐριθεία | zēlos pikros/eritheia | कडवट मत्सर / स्वार्थी महत्त्वाकांक्षा | Medium | TG, WF | 3 | — | — |
| peaceable | εἰρηνικός | eirēnikos | शांतिप्रिय | Medium | TG | 3 | — | Reuse शांती root. |
| fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης | karpos tēs dikaiosynēs | नीतिमत्त्वाचे फळ | Critical | TG | 3 | — | Reuse नीतिमत्त्व root exactly (baseline). |
| blessing / cursing | εὐλογία / κατάρα | eulogia/katara | आशीर्वाद / शाप | Medium | TG | 3 | — | Anchor in imago Dei (people made in God’s likeness). |
| friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | philia tou kosmou | जगाशी मैत्री | Critical | WF | 4 | — | Direct antithetical pairing with 2:23 “friend of God”; distinguish from ascetic वैराग्य (renunciation). |
| enmity | ἔχθρα | echthra | वैर | High | WF | 4 | — | Retain forceful either/or logic. |
| devil | διάβολος | diabolos | सैतान | Medium | WF | 4 | — | Distinguish from folk-belief malevolent spirits. |
| adulteresses (spiritual) | μοιχαλίδες | moichalides | व्यभिचारिणी (metaphorical) | Medium-High | WF | 4 | — | Corporate covenant-unfaithfulness metaphor, not literal/gender-specific. |
| slander | καταλαλέω | katalaleō | निंदा करणे | Low-Medium | TG, WF | 4 | — | — |
| Lord of Sabaoth/Hosts | Κύριος Σαβαώθ | Kyrios Sabaōth | सेनाधीश प्रभू | Medium-High | FP | 5 | — | Requires OT background note. |
| patience, longsuffering | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | सहनशीलता | Medium | LR | 5 | — | Distinguished from धीर (ὑπομονή). |
| the Lord’s coming | παρουσία (τοῦ κυρίου) | parousia (tou kyriou) | प्रभूचे आगमन / पुनरागमन | Critical | LR | 4, 5 | — | Must be distinguished from the Vaishnav Kalki-avatar cyclical future-coming expectation; unique, personal, historical return of the same incarnate, risen Lord. |
| oath, to swear | ὅρκος / ὀμνύω | horkos/omnyō | शपथ | Low-Medium | TG | 5 | — | Addresses habitual oath-taking for credibility, not blanket prohibition. |
| prayer | προσευχή / εὔχομαι | proseuchē/euchomai | प्रार्थना | Medium | PH | 5 | — | Distinguish from bhakti puja/kirtan and Buddhist chanting/meditation, per baseline note on prayer/intercession. |
| sick, weak | ἀσθενέω | astheneō | आजारी | Low | PH | 5 | — | — |
| elders (of the church) | πρεσβύτεροι (τῆς ἐκκλησίας) | presbyteroi (tēs ekklēsias) | मंडळीचे वडीलजन | Medium | PH | 5 | — | Distinguish from generic/caste-panchayat elders. |
| anoint with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | aleiphō elaiō | तेल लावणे | High | PH | 5 | अभिषेक करणे | अभिषेक carries strong Hindu temple-ritual (deity-anointing) associations; plain descriptive phrase preferred. |
| save/heal (physical sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | बरे करणे | Critical | PH | 5 | — | Dual save/heal sense of the baseline तारण root; requires translator note preserving salvific undertone without collapsing into folk/godman healing categories. |
| confess (sins) | ἐξομολογέω | exomologeō | पापांची कबुली देणे | High | CR | 5 | — | Mutual, communal confession among believers, not sacramental/priestly confession to a single mediating office. |
| heal | ἰάομαι | iaomai | बरे होणे / चंगाई | High | PH | 5 | — | Distinguish from folk-healing, godman miracle claims, and exorcism practices. |
| effectual prayer (of a righteous person) | δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη | deēsis dikaiou energoumenē | नीतिमान माणसाची प्रभावी प्रार्थना | High | PH | 5 | — | Reuse नीतिमत्त्व root; use सामर्थ्य (never शक्ती) for “power/effect.” |
| turn back, restore | ἐπιστρέφω | epistrephō | परत आणणे | High | CR | 5 | धर्मांतर | धर्मांतर (“religious conversion”) is a politically sensitive term (anti-conversion law contexts); this is intra-community restoration of a straying believer, not conversion of an outsider. |
| body without spirit (generic breath/spirit) | σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος | sōma chōris pneumatos | आत्म्याशिवाय शरीर | Critical | FW | 2 | पवित्र आत्माशिवाय (would wrongly invoke Holy Spirit) | πνεῦμα here = generic life-breath, not the Holy Spirit; must not use पवित्र आत्मा (baseline term reserved for the third Person of the Trinity). |
| twelve tribes | δώδεκα φυλαί | dōdeka phylai | बारा वंश | Medium | — | 1 | — | Requires OT covenant background note (cf. baseline seed_of_david approach). |
| altar | θυσιαστήριον | thysiastērion | वेदी | Medium | FW | 2 | — | Anchor clearly as the biblical/OT sacrificial altar (Abraham/Isaac), given वेदी’s overlap with Hindu यज्ञवेदी. |
| Rahab the prostitute | Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη | Rhaab hē pornē | राहाब वेश्या | Medium-High | FW, FP | 2 | — | Do not decouple name from occupation; the social contrast is the point of the illustration. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Index
| Doctrine | Primary Terms (Marathi) | Chapters | Overall Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Faith and Works | विश्वास, कृती, मृत/निर्जीव, नीतिमान ठरवणे, आरोपित नीतिमत्त्व, दाखवणे, सहकार्य केले, पूर्णत्वास पोहोचला, देवाचा मित्र | 2 (core) | Critical |
| Trials and the Testing of Faith | परीक्षा, मोह, खरेपणा, धीर, परिपूर्ण, धन्य, जीवनाचा मुकुट, वासना | 1 | High-Critical |
| Wisdom from Above | ज्ञान, ज्योतींचा पिता, रोवलेले वचन, वचन आचरणारा, धार्मिकता, पार्थिव/स्वाभाविक/भूतबाधित ज्ञान | 1, 3 | Critical |
| Favoritism and the Poor | पक्षपात, गरीब/श्रीमंत, राजमान्य नियम, दया, अनाथ/विधवा | 1, 2, 5 | Critical |
| Taming the Tongue | जीभ, अग्नी, नरक, आशीर्वाद/शाप, शांतिप्रिय, नीतिमत्त्वाचे फळ | 3 | Critical |
| Worldliness versus Friendship with God | जगाशी मैत्री, वैर, सैतान, कृपा, नम्र, देवाचा मित्र (cross-ref) | 2, 4 | Critical |
| Prayer and Healing | प्रार्थना, आजारी, मंडळीचे वडीलजन, तेल लावणे, बरे करणे, चंगाई, सामर्थ्य | 5 | Critical |
| Patience and the Lord’s Return | सहनशीलता, धीर, प्रभूचे आगमन/पुनरागमन | 1, 4, 5 | Critical |
| Confession and Restoration | पापांची कबुली देणे, बरे होणे, परत आणणे, तारील, पांघरूण घालणे | 5 | Critical |
D. Chapters With No New Load-Bearing Terms
None. Every chapter of James (1–5) introduces or redeploys load-bearing theological vocabulary; no chapter is without new-term or cross-reference significance. (Chapter 2’s second half, 2:14–26, is the core passage and is treated verse-by-verse in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md Part A; its terms are consolidated into Section A/B above and not duplicated.)
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of James begins. New terms proposed in Section B require formal addition to a James-specific translation memory extension file prior to Phase 2 processing, per the version-increment procedure described in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: कर्मफळ, पुण्य, स्वतःच्या प्रयत्नाने मिळवलेले
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34: God ‘gives more grace’ / ‘greater grace’ (μείζονα χάριν) to the humble, directly contrasted with human pride and self-sufficiency. Reinforces the baseline caution: never merit-earned, never a devotional practice cultivated within a karma-shaped framework.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: नीतिमत्त्व
Transliteration: nītimattva
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Reused across three James contexts: Abraham’s imputed righteousness (2:23), the ‘fruit of righteousness’ sown in peace (3:18), and the powerful prayer ‘of a righteous person’ (5:16). Never धर्म in any of these.
Justification
Approved rendering: नीतिमान ठरवणे
Transliteration: nītimān ṭharavaṇe
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: माफी मिळणे, पुण्य कमावणे
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged) but requires a MANDATORY harmonizing translator/theologian note at every occurrence in James 2:21, 2:23, 2:24-25: James uses the identical Greek verb δικαιόω for the public, observable vindication of a faith already credited righteous (Gen 15:6/Rom 4:3), not a second, separate, works-based justification competing with Paul. Without this note Marathi readers may conclude James contradicts Romans.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित नीतिमत्त्व
Transliteration: āropit nītimattva
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: स्वकष्टार्जित नीतिमत्त्व
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:23 quotes Genesis 15:6 verbatim — the identical text Paul cites in Romans 4:3 — making this the strongest textual proof that James assumes, rather than denies, Pauline forensic justification.
Salvation
Approved rendering: तारण
Transliteration: tāraṇ
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: मोक्ष, मुक्ती, निर्वाण
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:14’s rhetorical question (‘can that faith save him?’) must not be smoothed into a claim that works earn तारण. James 5:15 uses the same σῴζω root with a primary physical-healing sense — see the new save_heal_physical entry for that specific handling.
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvar
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: देव, भगवान
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:19’s monotheistic confession ‘God is one’ (परमेश्वर एकच आहे) makes the point that correct belief about परमेश्वर, even shared by demons, is not by itself saving faith.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभू
Transliteration: prabhū
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Governs the compound OT title ‘Lord of Sabaoth’ (5:4, सेनाधीश प्रभू) and ‘the coming of the Lord’ (5:7-8, प्रभूचे आगमन/पुनरागमन). Must convey exclusive, presently-reigning Lordship, never one deity among others alongside Vitthal.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: परमात्मा, ब्रह्म
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged), BUT with a critical James-specific caution: James 2:26’s πνεῦμα (‘body without spirit’) refers to the generic life-breath animating a corpse, NOT the Holy Spirit. पवित्र आत्मा must NEVER be used to render that phrase — see the new body_without_spirit entry.
Jesus
Approved rendering: येशू
Transliteration: Yeśū
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ईसा
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged).
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: येशू ख्रिस्त
Transliteration: Yeśū Khrist
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ईसा मसीह
New compound entry for James, built from baseline येशू plus established Marathi ख्रिस्त for Χριστός. James 1:1 identifies the author as ‘servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ’; 2:1 names him ‘our Lord Jesus Christ of glory’ (गौरवी प्रभू येशू ख्रिस्त).
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: मृत / निर्जीव
Transliteration: mṛt / nirjīv
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: कमकुवत विश्वास
NEW. James 2:17, 2:20 (ἀργή), 2:26: faith without works is not weak but no living faith at all. Must be rendered forcefully as मृत/निर्जीव; never softened to ‘weak’ or ‘incomplete belief,’ which would blunt the passage’s central diagnostic claim.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचा मित्र
Transliteration: devācā mitra
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW — CRITICAL COLLISION. James 2:23’s φίλος θεοῦ. Vaishnav bhakti theology (the wider devotional family including Warkari devotion to Vitthal) names sakhya-bhāva (सख्यभाव), ‘the friendship mode of devotion,’ as one of five classical bhakti-rasas toward a chosen personal deity. Marathi readers may assimilate ‘friend of God’ into this devotee-chosen emotional posture. Must be taught as God’s own sovereign declaration over Abraham following his imputed righteousness, not a devotional stance a worshiper cultivates. Direct antithetical pairing with ‘friendship with the world’ (James 4:4) must be preserved.
Temptation Negative
Approved rendering: मोह
Transliteration: moh
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: परीक्षा (would wrongly imply God tempts toward sin)
NEW. James 1:13-15’s negative sense of πειρασμός: inward enticement to sin, explicitly said NOT to come from God. Must NEVER be rendered परीक्षा. Requires a mandatory translator note on the single-root Greek wordplay with trial_testing_positive.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: ज्ञान
Transliteration: jñān
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:5-8, 3:13-18’s σοφία. ज्ञान is also the term for the Hindu jñāna-mārga (‘path of knowledge/gnosis’ toward mokṣa) and closely parallels Buddhist prajñā, both self-attained through meditative discipline or study. Must be taught explicitly as freely given by a personal God to those who ask in faith (1:5-6), never self-attained — the same structural distinction the baseline draws for grace vs. self-cultivation ethics. Every load-bearing occurrence should be paired with the ‘ask…it will be given’ construction.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: पक्षपात
Transliteration: pakṣapāt
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:1, 2:9’s προσωπολημψία. Maps directly onto caste- and class-based discrimination, a matter of intense, recent, painful lived history in Maharashtra (1956 Ambedkarite mass conversion away from caste hierarchy). Must be translated and taught with full, unsoftened force.
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: करुणा
NEW. James 2:13’s ἔλεος. Must stay clearly distinct from कृपा (baseline grace, the unmerited gift of salvation). Avoid करुणा as the primary rendering: it is the specific named cardinal virtue of Navayana Buddhist ethics central to Ambedkarite teaching, and defaulting to it risks implying James merely restates that established ethical ideal rather than grounding mercy in the mercy-judgment logic of the personal God of Israel.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: नरक
Transliteration: narak
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:6’s γέεννα. नरक is ALSO the standard Hindu/Buddhist cosmological term for one of many temporary hell-realms endured within the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), a fundamentally different, cyclical framework from James’s final, personal, non-cyclical divine judgment. Every occurrence requires the same forbidden-substitution-style caution the baseline applies to मोक्ष/निर्वाण/पुनर्जन्म — this hell is fixed and final, never a purgative stage before further rebirth.
Earthly Wisdom
Approved rendering: पार्थिव / स्वाभाविक / भूतबाधित ज्ञान
Transliteration: pārthiv / svābhāvik / bhūtabādhit jñān
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15’s σοφία ἐπίγειος/ψυχική/δαιμονιώδης. The negative pole of the ‘two wisdoms’ contrast (3:13-18); must be kept sharply distinguished from ज्ञान ‘from above’ (3:17) — the same ‘two economies’ structure the baseline uses for grace vs. self-cultivation.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: नीतिमत्त्वाचे फळ
Transliteration: nītimattvāce phaḷ
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:18’s καρπὸς τῆς δικαιοσύνης. Reuses baseline नीतिमत्त्व root exactly; must retain the forensic/relational sense established there, not slip into ‘righteous deeds’ alone or a karma-phala (merit-fruit) reading.
Friendship With World
Approved rendering: जगाशी मैत्री
Transliteration: jagāśī maitrī
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4’s φιλία τοῦ κόσμου. Deliberate antithetical pairing with 2:23’s ‘friend of God’ (देवाचा मित्र) — the paired structure must be visible in translation. Distinguish from the Hindu-Buddhist ascetic ideal of वैराग्य (renunciation through disciplined self-effort): James’s call is relational allegiance to a personal God, not an ascetic withdrawal technique.
Lords Coming Parousia
Approved rendering: प्रभूचे आगमन / पुनरागमन
Transliteration: prabhūce āgaman / punarāgaman
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8’s ἡ παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου. Must not be conflated with the cyclical-avatar framework of Vaishnav theology (the future Kalki avatar of Vishnu at the end of the current cosmic age) — a structurally similar-sounding ‘future divine coming’ within a very different, cyclical (yuga-based) cosmology. James’s παρουσία is Christ’s own unique, personal, historical return of the same Lord already incarnate, crucified, and risen. The पुनर्- prefix echoes पुनरुत्थान (approved resurrection root), not पुनर्जन्म (forbidden), but translators must retain awareness of the proximity.
Save Heal Physical
Approved rendering: बरे करणे
Transliteration: bare karaṇe
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15’s σῴζω in its physical-healing sense (‘the prayer of faith will save/heal the one who is sick’), the same verb used for eschatological salvation elsewhere in the epistle (baseline तारण root). Choose contextually between तारणे and बरे करणे with a mandatory translator note preserving the salvific undertone so healing is not read as a naturalistic/magical cure, nor conflated with folk-healing or godman ‘faith-healer’ practices.
Body Without Spirit
Approved rendering: आत्म्याशिवाय शरीर
Transliteration: ātmyāśivāy śarīr
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: पवित्र आत्माशिवाय शरीर
NEW. James 2:26’s σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος — the closing analogy, a corpse. πνεῦμα here means generic life-breath, NOT the Holy Spirit; must NEVER be rendered with पवित्र आत्मा (baseline term reserved for the third Person of the Trinity), which would wrongly imply the Holy Spirit departs from a living body.
Only Alone
Approved rendering: केवळ
Transliteration: kevaḷ
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:24’s μόνον (‘not by faith alone’). Excludes bare intellectual assent as sufficient evidence of saving faith; does NOT exclude sola fide as the means of the initial forensic declaration (see justification entry) — same mandatory explanatory note applies. Must never be rendered so as to contradict नीतिमान ठरवणे’s baseline Critical status in Romans.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: शुभवर्तमान
Transliteration: śubhavartamān
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: बातमी, खबर
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). In James, conceptually anchors ‘the implanted word’ (1:21) that has power to save souls, even though εὐαγγέλιον itself does not occur lexically in James. Retain for cross-curriculum teaching consistency.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ति
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:14-26 (core passage) tests whether a professed विश्वास is genuine, not whether devotional feeling (श्रद्धा/भक्ति) is present.
Law
Approved rendering: नियमशास्त्र
Transliteration: niyamśāstra
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, धम्म
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James compounds it as ‘the perfect law of liberty’ (1:25, स्वातंत्र्याचे परिपूर्ण नियमशास्त्र) and ‘the royal law’ (2:8, राजमान्य नियम) — both qualifiers must be retained so the law is never read as a merit-earning, caste-linked code.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 1:15’s gestation metaphor (desire conceives sin, sin gives birth to death) must be taught as originating in personal desire, never in birth-status or past-life karma. Also governs the mutual confession/covering of sins in 5:16, 5:20.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: निर्माता
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Used in James’s ‘Father of lights’ (1:17) and ‘God and Father’ (1:27, 3:9).
Glory
Approved rendering: गौरव
Transliteration: gaurav
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: तेज, प्रकाश
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:1 names Jesus Christ ‘the Lord of glory.’ Avoid light-only imagery that could merge with divine-radiance or bodhi/enlightenment associations.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचे सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: devāce sāmarthya
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: शक्ती
Inherited from Romans package (root reused). James 5:16b’s ‘effectual, fervent prayer of a righteous person’ draws on the same सामर्थ्य root (never शक्ती) for the prayer’s power/effect — see the new effectual_prayer_righteous entry.
Covenant
Approved rendering: करार
Transliteration: karār
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: वचन
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Background term needed to explain James 1:1’s ‘twelve tribes’ (बारा वंश) as the OT covenant people, now scattered.
Providence
Approved rendering: देवाचे विधान
Transliteration: devāce vidhān
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: नशीब, कर्माचा नियम
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 5:11’s citation of Job and the Lord’s ‘compassion and mercy’ invokes God’s personal, purposive governance of suffering; must not be phrased so as to echo the karma-based explanation of misfortune Ambedkarite Buddhist communities specifically rejected.
Election
Approved rendering: देवाची निवड
Transliteration: devācī nivaḍ
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: नशीब, दैव, कर्मफळ
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:5: ‘has God not chosen (निवडले) the poor of this world to be rich in faith?’ — a direct textual match to the baseline election doctrine; must never echo the karma-birth explanation of social station.
Works Deeds
Approved rendering: कृती
Transliteration: kṛtī
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: कर्म, कर्मफळ
NEW. James 2:14-26’s ἔργα. Never कर्म/कर्मफळ, which carry the Hindu/Buddhist karma-doctrine sense of merit/demerit generated across rebirths — this would make James sound like he teaches merit-accumulation toward liberation. कृती keeps the sense of concrete, observable action without invoking the karma economy.
Useless Barren
Approved rendering: निष्फळ / निरुपयोगी
Transliteration: niṣphaḷ / nirupayogī
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:20’s ἀργή (idle, unproductive). Must retain total unproductiveness, not partial deficiency, reinforcing v.17’s ‘dead’ with an economic/agricultural metaphor.
Show Demonstrate
Approved rendering: दाखवणे
Transliteration: dākhavaṇe
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: उत्पन्न करणे
NEW. James 2:18’s δείκνυμι. Works are the evidence/demonstration of faith, never its supplement or cause. Must not be rendered so as to suggest works ‘produce’ or ‘generate’ faith rather than reveal it.
Worked Together
Approved rendering: सहकार्य केले
Transliteration: sahakārya kele
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22’s συνεργέω. Faith and works operate together as one living whole, not as two independent, competing meritorious causes of salvation — must not read as a synergistic-merit reading close to the karma-merit economy already flagged for grace/imputed_righteousness.
Made Complete Perfected
Approved rendering: पूर्णत्वास पोहोचला
Transliteration: pūrṇatvās pohocalā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: पूर्ण झाला (implying prior insufficiency)
NEW. James 2:22’s τελειόω, echoing 1:4’s τέλειος. Faith reaches its intended, mature, full expression through action — not that faith alone was previously insufficient for salvation, but that faith’s telos is realized in obedient action.
Trial Testing Positive
Approved rendering: परीक्षा
Transliteration: parīkṣā
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:2-4, 1:12’s positive, God-permitted sense of πειρασμός. Must be kept visibly distinct from the temptation sense (see temptation_negative), even though both translate the same Greek root; a translator note flagging the single root is required wherever both senses occur near each other.
Complete Mature
Approved rendering: परिपूर्ण
Transliteration: paripūrṇa
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:4, 1:17, 1:25, 3:2’s τέλειος/ὁλόκληρος. Must be clearly distinguished from self-attained perfection frameworks (yogic siddhi, Buddhist arahant-perfection, Jain kaivalya) reached through ascetic self-effort — James’s τέλειος is God-given, trial-refined maturity within ongoing dependence on God.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: वासना / दुष्ट इच्छा
Transliteration: vāsanā / duṣṭa icchā
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:14-15, 4:1-3’s ἐπιθυμία. वासना can carry neutral ‘desire’ connotations in ordinary Marathi; ensure the negative, sin-producing sense is contextually unambiguous.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: ज्योतींचा पिता
Transliteration: jyotīncā pitā
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:17’s πατὴρ τῶν φώτων. Per baseline’s caution on गौरव (glory), avoid light-metaphors that could merge with generic divine-radiance or bodhi/enlightenment imagery; anchor to God’s personal role as Creator and Father (baseline पिता).
Doer Of Word Hearer
Approved rendering: वचन आचरणारा / केवळ ऐकणारा
Transliteration: vacan ācaraṇārā / kevaḷ aikaṇārā
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:22-25’s ποιητὴς λόγου/ἀκροατής. Render consistently with chapter 2’s faith-and-works vocabulary given its direct doctrinal link to that argument.
Religion Pure
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmiktā
Doctrine: Pure and Undefiled Religion
Rejected alternatives: भक्ति, धर्म
NEW. James 1:26-27’s θρησκεία. भक्ति rejected as too devotionally loaded (Warkari/Vaishnav emotional-devotion connotations); धर्म rejected as caste-linked per baseline convention for νόμος. धार्मिकता keeps ‘religious practice/observance’ open for James’s ethical (not ritual) redefinition.
Poor Rich
Approved rendering: गरीब / श्रीमंत
Transliteration: garīb / śrīmant
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:9-11, 2:2-6, 5:1-6’s πτωχός/πλούσιος. God’s status-blind reversal of worldly valuation is doctrinally central and must not be softened.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: राजमान्य नियम
Transliteration: rājamānya niyam
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:8’s νόμος βασιλικός. Compound with baseline नियमशास्त्र; the ‘royal/supreme’ qualifier must be retained to convey its summarizing authority over the whole law and its exposure of favoritism as sin.
Tongue
Approved rendering: जीभ
Transliteration: jībh
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:2-12’s γλῶσσα. Central image of an entire doctrine unit; ensure consistent rendering across all of 3:2-12 (rudder, fire, spring metaphors) so the unifying image is not lost.
Enmity
Approved rendering: वैर
Transliteration: vair
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4’s ἔχθρα. Must retain its forceful, exclusive either/or logic (friend of the world = enemy of God), not softened to mere distance or difference.
Adulteresses Spiritual
Approved rendering: व्यभिचारिणी
Transliteration: vyabhicāriṇī
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4’s opening address, μοιχαλίδες. Requires a translator note clarifying this is a corporate, covenant-unfaithfulness metaphor drawn from OT prophetic tradition (grammatically feminine plural per Hebrew/OT convention), not a literal or gender-specific accusation.
Lord Of Sabaoth
Approved rendering: सेनाधीश प्रभू
Transliteration: senādhīś prabhū
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:4’s Κύριος Σαβαώθ, the OT divine military-royal title (YHWH Tsevaot). God as ultimate vindicator of exploited laborers whose cries reach him. Requires OT background note per baseline’s seed_of_david approach; compounds baseline प्रभू.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: तेल लावणे
Transliteration: tel lāvṇe
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: अभिषेक करणे
NEW. James 5:14’s ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ. अभिषेक carries strong association with Hindu temple ritual (ceremonial anointing of deity-images with oil, milk, or water); using it risks assimilating this pastoral, prayer-accompanying act into that Hindu ritual-devotional category. Use the plain descriptive verb phrase तेल लावणे.
Confess Sins
Approved rendering: पापांची कबुली देणे
Transliteration: pāpāncī kabūlī deṇe
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:16’s ἐξομολογέω. Clarify this is mutual, horizontal confession among believers for the sake of healing and restoration, not a specific sacramental/priestly confession to a single mediating office — relevant given denominational differences among Marathi Christian traditions.
Heal
Approved rendering: बरे होणे / चंगाई
Transliteration: bare hoṇe / caṅgāī
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:16’s ἰάομαι. चंगाई is familiar in Marathi Pentecostal/charismatic usage; ensure it is not conflated with regional folk-healing, godman miracle-claims, or exorcism practices, and that healing here flows from a listening, personal God in response to believing, communal prayer — not a magical formula.
Effectual Prayer Righteous
Approved rendering: नीतिमान माणसाची प्रभावी प्रार्थना
Transliteration: nītimān māṇasācī prabhāvī prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:16b’s δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη, illustrated by Elijah. Reuses baseline नीतिमत्त्व/नीतिमान root; use सामर्थ्य, never शक्ती, for the prayer’s power/effect, per baseline power_of_god convention.
Turn Back Restore
Approved rendering: परत आणणे
Transliteration: parat āṇṇe
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: धर्मांतर
NEW. James 5:19-20’s ἐπιστρέφω. Must be carefully distinguished from धर्मांतर (‘religious conversion’ in the sociopolitical/legal sense, highly sensitive given anti-conversion legislation in several Indian states): this describes restoring an already-believing member of the community who has strayed, not converting an outsider from another religion.
Rahab The Prostitute
Approved rendering: राहाब वेश्या
Transliteration: Rāhāb veśyā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:25’s Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη. The stark social contrast (an OT patriarch and a Canaanite prostitute both vindicated by the same faith-and-works pattern) is doctrinally load-bearing for the ‘no distinction of status’ theme flagged High risk in the baseline given Maharashtra’s caste-status sensitivities; must not be softened or the name decoupled from her stated occupation.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: मंडळी
Transliteration: maṇḍaḷī
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: देऊळ, मंदिर
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 5:14: ‘elders of the church’ (मंडळीचे वडीलजन).
Peace
Approved rendering: शांती
Transliteration: śāntī
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: मनःशांती
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Two distinct James uses: the ironic hollow farewell blessing of 2:16 (शांतीने जा — pious words replacing concrete help) and the positive fruit of wisdom from above, ‘sown in peace,’ in 3:17-18.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāel
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Background for James 1:1’s ‘twelve tribes of the dispersion.‘
Intercession
Approved rendering: मध्यस्थी
Transliteration: madhyasthī
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Background concept for James 5:14-18’s mutual, elder-mediated prayer, though James’s own operative vocabulary is प्रार्थना (see new prayer entry) rather than मध्यस्थी.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचे राज्य
Transliteration: devāce rājya
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरी राष्ट्र
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 2:5: the poor who love God are ‘heirs of the kingdom’ (राज्याचे वारस) he promised — not a territorial or political kingdom.
Demons
Approved rendering: दुरात्मे
Transliteration: durātme
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: भूत
NEW. James 2:19’s δαιμόνια. Distinguish from भूत, the generic folk-belief ghost/ancestor/nature-spirit category in rural Maharashtrian folk religion; δαιμόνια are specifically evil, God-opposed spiritual beings who hold correct theology yet remain under judgment.
Servant Bondservant
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dās
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:1’s δοῦλος. दास is the established Marathi epistolary-opening rendering, but also historically functioned as a caste/servitude-linked social descriptor; context must make clear this is a voluntary, honored covenant posture toward Christ, given post-1956 Ambedkarite sensitivity around servitude language.
Twelve Tribes
Approved rendering: बारा वंश
Transliteration: bārā vaṃśa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:1’s δώδεκα φυλαί. Requires OT covenant-people background note, as with baseline’s seed_of_david approach; reuse इस्राएल where relevant.
Proven Genuineness
Approved rendering: खरेपणा / सिद्ध झालेला
Transliteration: khareparṇā / siddha jhālelā
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3, 1:12’s δοκίμιον/δόκιμος. Keep the metallurgical refining-metal background available for teaching contexts.
Endurance Active
Approved rendering: धीर
Transliteration: dhīr
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3-4, 1:12, 5:11’s ὑπομονή: active, patient endurance under acute pressure or trial. Distinguished from μακροθυμία (patience_longsuffering, सहनशीलता) — general forbearance toward people/circumstances over time, not acute-trial endurance.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: दुमनाचा / द्विमनस्क
Transliteration: dumanācā / dvimanaska
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:8, 4:8’s δίψυχος, a Greek coinage. Must read as instability of loyalty/trust toward God, not mere indecisiveness.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: जीवनाचा मुकुट
Transliteration: jīvanācā mukuṭ
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:12’s στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς. Clarify as an eschatological reward-image, not an earthly/political crown, and not a merit-badge earned independent of grace.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: रोवलेले वचन
Transliteration: rovlele vacan
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:21’s λόγος ἔμφυτος. Connect conceptually to शुभवर्तमान (baseline gospel term) while keeping वचन (word) as the operative noun.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: नियम मोडणारा
Transliteration: niyam moḍaṇārā
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:9, 2:11’s παραβάτης. Favoritism itself constitutes lawbreaking, not merely a social lapse.
Merciless Judgment
Approved rendering: दयेविरहित न्याय
Transliteration: dayevirahit nyāya
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:13a’s κρίσις ἀνέλεος. Sets up the mercy/judgment contrast resolved in 2:13b.
Fire
Approved rendering: अग्नी / आग
Transliteration: agnī / āg
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:5-6’s πῦρ. Standard figurative use; the tongue compared to a small fire that sets ablaze the whole course of life.
Jealousy Ambition
Approved rendering: कडवट मत्सर / स्वार्थी महत्त्वाकांक्षा
Transliteration: kaḍvaṭ matsar / svārthī mahattvākāṅkṣā
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:14, 3:16’s ζῆλος πικρός/ἐριθεία. The fruit of earthly wisdom, producing disorder and every vile practice.
Peaceable
Approved rendering: शांतिप्रिय
Transliteration: śāntipriya
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:17’s εἰρηνικός. Reuse शांती root per baseline; first among the qualities of wisdom from above.
Blessing Cursing
Approved rendering: आशीर्वाद / शाप
Transliteration: āśīrvād / śāp
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:9-10’s εὐλογία/κατάρα. Anchor in the imago Dei (people made in God’s likeness) as the reason cursing people is so serious.
Devil
Approved rendering: सैतान
Transliteration: Saitān
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7’s διάβολος. Ensure not confused with generic folk-belief malevolent spirits (भूत, दुरात्मे); understood as the singular personal adversary named consistently across Scripture.
Slander
Approved rendering: निंदा करणे
Transliteration: nindā karaṇe
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:11’s καταλαλέω. Connects the tongue-doctrine (ch.3) to community relationships and to presuming to judge the law.
Patience Longsuffering
Approved rendering: सहनशीलता
Transliteration: sahanaśīlatā
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8, 5:10’s μακροθυμία. Distinguished from ὑπομονή (endurance_active, धीर): patient forbearance toward people/circumstances over time, not active endurance under acute trial. Modeled by the farmer awaiting harvest and the prophets.
Oath Swear
Approved rendering: शपथ
Transliteration: śapath
Doctrine: Oaths and Speech Integrity
NEW. James 5:12’s ὅρκος/ὀμνύω. Clarify this addresses habitual oath-taking for credibility (‘let your yes be yes’), not a blanket prohibition of all formal legal/civic oaths.
Prayer
Approved rendering: प्रार्थना
Transliteration: prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:13-18’s προσευχή/εὔχομαι. Keep distinct from bhakti-style puja/kirtan devotional address to Vitthal and from Buddhist chanting/meditation practice — James’s prayer presumes a personal, listening God who acts in response.
Elders Of Church
Approved rendering: मंडळीचे वडीलजन
Transliteration: maṇḍaḷīce vaḍīlajan
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14’s πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας. वडीलजन should be understood as a recognized church office (paired with baseline मंडळी), distinct from generic family/community elders or caste-panchayat elders, a socially loaded parallel institution in many Maharashtrian villages.
Altar
Approved rendering: वेदी
Transliteration: vedī
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:21’s θυσιαστήριον, the site of Abraham’s costly obedience (Gen 22). वेदी is also the standard Marathi word for a Hindu ritual sacrificial/fire altar (यज्ञवेदी); OT narrative context should sufficiently anchor it, but a brief background note is advisable.
Go In Peace Blessing
Approved rendering: शांतीने जा
Transliteration: śāntīne jā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:16’s Ὑπάγετε ἐν εἰρήνῃ. An ironic, religious-sounding farewell blessing given instead of actual material help. Preserve the biting irony: pious words substituting for concrete मदत (help).
Scripture Fulfilled
Approved rendering: शास्त्रलेख पूर्ण झाला
Transliteration: śāstralekh pūrṇa jhālā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:23’s ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφή. Genesis 15:6 treated as Scripture fulfilled/confirmed by Abraham’s later obedience — linear, historical fulfillment, not cyclical (yuga) time.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: संदेष्टा
Transliteration: sandeṣṭā
Doctrine: Suffering and Prophetic Endurance
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). James 5:10: the prophets held up as the example of suffering and patience.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: भविष्यवाणी
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavāṇī
Doctrine: Suffering and Prophetic Endurance
Rejected alternatives: भविष्यफल
Inherited from Romans package (unchanged). Background term for the OT prophetic tradition James draws on (e.g., the ‘adulteresses’ covenant-unfaithfulness imagery of 4:4, echoing Hosea).
Blessed
Approved rendering: धन्य
Transliteration: dhanya
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:12, 1:25’s μακάριος. Established Marathi Christian Beatitude-term; low risk.
Orphan Widow
Approved rendering: अनाथ / विधवा
Transliteration: anāth / vidhavā
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:27’s ὀρφανός/χήρα. Standard, low-ambiguity terms; the concrete ethical content of ‘pure religion.‘
Neighbor
Approved rendering: शेजारी
Transliteration: śejārī
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:8’s πλησίον. Standard term.
Teacher
Approved rendering: शिक्षक
Transliteration: śikṣak
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:1’s διδάσκαλος. Standard term; teachers face greater judgment.
Sick Weak
Approved rendering: आजारी
Transliteration: ājārī
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14’s ἀσθενέω. Standard term; triggers the call-the-elders/anointing instruction.
Profit Benefit
Approved rendering: उपयोग / फायदा
Transliteration: upayog / phāyadā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:14, 2:16’s ὄφελος. Generic, low-risk rhetorical term: a faith with no deeds yields no spiritual profit.
Naked Destitute
Approved rendering: उघडे-नागडे / वस्त्रहीन
Transliteration: ughaḍe-nāgaḍe / vastrahīn
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:15’s γυμνός. Concrete physical destitution, illustrating what ‘no works’ looks like in practice.
Referenced passages