Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Peter — Pashto Destination Language
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering 1 Peter chapters 1–5 in full. Terms already fixed in the Romans translation_memory.json are marked (Reused — Romans TM) and must be applied exactly as recorded there; no alternative renderings are permitted for these. All other terms are new to this curriculum and are proposed here for adoption into an updated translation_memory.json in a later phase, pending human theologian review per risk tier.
Risk tiers follow the Romans doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Section A — Reused Terms from Romans Translation Memory
These terms recur in 1 Peter and MUST use the exact Pashto rendering already fixed in the baseline. No new analysis is required; citation locations in 1 Peter are given for reference.
| English Term | Pashto (Reused) | Risk (baseline) | 1 Peter Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | خدای (Khudai) | Critical | 1:2, 1:3, 1:21, 2:4-5, 3:18, 4:2, 4:11, 4:17, 5:2, 5:5-6, 5:10, etc. (pervasive) |
| Father | پلار (plar) | Critical | 1:2, 1:3, 1:17 |
| Lord | خداوند (Khudawand) | Critical | 1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 2:13, 3:15 |
| Jesus | عیسی (Isa) | Critical | throughout |
| Messiah/Christ | مسیح (Masih) | Critical | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | روح القدس (Rooh-ul-Qudus) | Critical | 1:12 |
| Resurrection | بیا راژوندي کیدل | Critical | 1:3, 3:21 |
| Faith | ایمان (iman) | High | 1:5, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:21, 5:9 |
| Grace | فضل (fazal) | High | 1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 2:19-20, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12 |
| Salvation | نجات (nejat) | Critical | 1:5, 1:9, 1:10 |
| Righteousness | صداقت (sadaqat) | Critical | 2:24, 3:14, 3:18 |
| Sin | ګناه (gunah) | High | 2:22, 2:24, 4:1, 4:8 |
| Holy | مقدس (moqaddas) | High | 1:15-16, 2:5, 2:9, 3:5 |
| Sanctification | تقدیس (taqdis) | High | 1:2 |
| Glory | جلال (jalal) | Medium | 1:7-8, 1:11, 1:21, 1:24, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10 |
| Called/Calling | بلل شوی / بلنه | High | 1:15, 2:9, 2:21, 3:9, 5:10 |
| Election (chosen) | غوره کول (root) | High | 1:1-2, 2:9 (see also new terms below for compound forms) |
| Power of God | د خدای قدرت | Medium | 1:5 |
| Prophet/Prophecy | پیغمبر / نبوت | High/Low | 1:10-12 |
| Gentiles | غیر یهودیان | Medium | 2:12, 4:3 |
| Peace | سوله (sola) | Medium | 1:2, 5:14 |
| Spiritual Gifts | روحاني ورکړې | Medium | 4:10 |
| Fellowship | ملګرتیا (root) | Low | 4:13 (verbal form κοινωνέω) |
| Exhort | هڅول (root) | Low | 2:11, 5:1, 5:12 |
| Gospel | انجیل (Injil) | High | 1:12, 1:25, 4:6, 4:17 |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by 1 Peter
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Pashto Rendering (Translit.) | Risk | Doctrine Link | Key Citations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elect / chosen (adj., of persons) | ἐκλεκτός (eklektos) | غوره شوی (ghwara shaway) | High | Election; Church as Priesthood | 1:1, 2:9 | Must not be read as tied to Pashtun tribal/lineage chosenness (qawm/khel); same collision documented for “election” in Romans baseline. |
| Exile / sojourner | παρεπίδημος, πάροικος (parepidēmos, paroikos) | پردیسی (pardaisi) | High | Christian Identity; Suffering for Righteousness | 1:1, 1:17, 2:11 | Avoid مهاجر (muhajir) — reserved in regional usage for Muhammad’s Hijra emigrants; use native پردیسی to avoid collision. |
| Foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις (prognōsis) | مخکینی پوهه (makhkeni pohana) | Medium | Providence; Election | 1:2, 1:20 | Distinguish from impersonal qadar fatalism; personal, purposive divine knowledge. |
| Hope / Living hope | ἐλπίς, ἐλπὶς ζῶσα (elpis, elpis zōsa) | امید / ژوندۍ امید (umed / zhwandai umed) | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3, 1:13, 1:21, 3:15 | Collides with Sunni piety’s caution against presuming certainty of final salvation; must be taught as objectively grounded, not subjectively presumptuous. |
| Born again / regeneration | ἀναγεννάω (anagennaō) | بیا زیږیدل / بیا زیږون (bya zeghedal / bya zeghun) | Critical | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3, 1:23 | No settled Islamic-theological equivalent; must be kept visibly distinct from بیا راژوندي کیدل (resurrection) despite the shared بیا- prefix pattern. Foundational curriculum term — mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| Inheritance | κληρονομία (klēronomia) | میراث (miras) | High | Living Hope; Adoption (cross-ref. Romans) | 1:4, 3:7, 3:9 | Collides with Islamic mirath/fara’idh inheritance-law formulas; teach as wholly given, undivided, equally secured for all believers. |
| Guarded / kept (by God’s power) | φρουρέω (phroureō) | ساتل شوی (satal shaway) | Low | Assurance | 1:5 | Positive protective-custody image; ensure not misread as guaranteed physical safety from persecution. |
| Trial / testing | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | ازموینه (azmoina) | Medium | Suffering; Endurance | 1:6, 4:12 | Must consistently carry the “testing,” not “temptation-to-sin,” sense throughout. |
| Genuineness / proven character of faith | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | د ایمان ازمویل شوی والی (da iman azmoyal shaway wali) | Medium | Living Hope; Endurance | 1:7 | Refining/proof of what is already genuine, not a pass/fail salvation test. |
| Suffering (noun/verb) | πάσχω, πάθημα (paschō, pathēma) | تکلیف / تکلیف ایستل (takleef / takleef aistel) | High | Suffering for Righteousness’; Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Christlike Endurance | 1:11, 2:19-23, 3:14-18, 4:1, 4:13, 4:15-19, 5:1, 5:9-10 | Dominant verb of the letter. Must be distinguished from fatalistic qadar-acceptance; purposive, Christ-modeled suffering, not meaningless fate. |
| Endurance / endure | ὑπομένω, ὑπομονή (hypomenō) | زغم (zaghm) | High | Christlike Endurance | 2:20 | Directly contrasts Pashtunwali’s badal (revenge) expectation; central counter-cultural teaching point. |
| Lamb (of Christ) | ἀμνός (amnos) | ورهٔ (wara) | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:19 | Collides with Eid al-Adha qurbani sacrificial-lamb associations; teach as once-for-all, unrepeatable, perfect sacrifice. |
| Redemption / redeemed | λυτρόω (lytroō) | خلاصون (khalasun) | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Salvation (cross-ref. Romans) | 1:18 | Never render with فدیه (fidya) — the Islamic legal ransom/compensation term; خلاصون avoids this collision while preserving costliness. |
| Blood (of Christ) | αἷμα (haima) | وینه (wina) | Medium | Substitutionary Suffering | 1:2, 1:19 | Compatible vocabulary; anchor specifically to Christ’s unique, once-for-all sacrifice. |
| Word of God / Word (Logos/Rhema) | λόγος, ῥῆμα (logos, rhēma) | کلام / د خدای کلام (kalam / da Khudai kalam) | Critical | Living Hope; Inspiration of Scripture (cross-ref. Romans) | 1:23-25, 2:2, 2:8, 3:1, 4:11 | Collides with the Islamic doctrine of Kalam Allah, the eternal uncreated speech of God historically identified with the Qur’an; must be explicitly distinguished at first teaching. |
| Milk (spiritual) | γάλα, λογικόν (gala, logikon) | خالص روحاني شيدې (khalis rohani shede) | Low | Holiness in Conduct | 2:2 | λογικός wordplay with λόγος largely untranslatable; render descriptively. |
| Living stone | λίθος ζῶν (lithos zōn) | ژوندۍ ډبره (zhwandai dabara) | High | Church as Priesthood; Deity/Lordship of Christ | 2:4-8 | Must be clearly Christ-identified, not confused with literal shrine-stone veneration practices. |
| Priesthood / Holy priesthood / Royal priesthood | ἱεράτευμα, βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα (hierateuma, basileion hierateuma) | کهانت / مقدس کهانت / پاچايي کهانت (kihanat / moqaddas kihanat / pachahi kihanat) | Critical | Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood (core curriculum doctrine) | 2:5, 2:9 | Collides with (a) mainstream Sunni Islam’s rejection of clergy/priestly mediation, and (b) the pre-Islamic pagan “kahin” (soothsayer) association of the root; requires extensive explanatory teaching, not translation alone. |
| Chosen race / lineage | γένος ἐκλεκτόν (genos eklekton) | غوره نسل (ghwara nasl) | Critical | Church as Priesthood; Election | 2:9 | Same tribal-lineage (qawm/khel) collision risk as “election” in the Romans baseline, intensified by pairing with نسل (lineage/race). |
| Holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον (ethnos hagion) | مقدس ملت (moqaddas milat) | Critical | Church as Priesthood; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 2:9 | ملت (millat) risks the same pan-Islamic-community resonance the baseline explicitly rejects for امت (Ummah); must be bounded strictly to the new-covenant community. |
| People for God’s own possession | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν (laos eis peripoiēsin) | د خدای ځانګړی قوم (da Khudai dzangari qawm) | Medium | Church as Priesthood | 2:9 | Compatible descriptive phrase; low independent risk beyond the surrounding cluster. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | رحمت (rahmat) | Medium | Living Hope; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1:3, 2:10 | Shared vocabulary with Islamic divine-attribute language (Ar-Rahman/Ar-Rahim); anchor to Christ’s specific saving mercy. |
| Conduct / manner of life | ἀναστροφή (anastrophē) | چلند (chalend) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct (core curriculum doctrine) | 1:15, 1:18, 2:12, 3:1-2, 3:16 | The letter’s single most-repeated ethical term; low lexical risk but high doctrinal weight — visible, public behavior under a hostile gaze. |
| Submit / submission | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | تابع کیدل (tabe kedal) | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance (core curriculum doctrine) | 2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:5, 5:5 | Shares root-family resonance with “Islam” (submission to God); object of submission (human institutions/spouses/elders, “for the Lord’s sake”) must be kept explicit to avoid conflation with religious submission to a different lord. |
| Human institution / authority | ἀνθρωπίνη κτίσις (anthrōpinē ktisis) | بشري نظام (bashari nizam) | High | Submission to Authority | 2:13 | Politically sensitive given contemporary “Islamic Emirate” governance framing in parts of the region (cross-ref. Romans kingdom_of_god note). |
| King / governor | βασιλεύς, ἡγεμών (basileus, hēgemōn) | پاچا / والي (pacha / wali) | Medium | Submission to Authority | 2:13-14, 2:17 | Avoid implying blanket endorsement of any specific current regime. |
| Free / freedom | ἐλεύθερος (eleutheros) | آزاد (azad) | Low | Submission to Authority | 2:16 | Paradox of freedom-through-service to God should be taught explicitly. |
| Servant/slave of God | δοῦλος θεοῦ (doulos theou) | د خدای بنده (da Khudai banda) | Low | Submission to Authority | 2:16 | Positive shared vocabulary (banda-i-Khuda); low collision. |
| Household servant | οἰκέτης (oiketēs) | کورنی نوکر (kornai nokar) | Low | Submission to Authority | 2:18 | Domestic-servant address; low risk. |
| Honor | τιμή, τιμάω (timē, timaō) | عزت / درناوی (izzat / dranawi) | High | Submission to Authority; Suffering for Righteousness | 1:7, 2:7, 2:17, 3:7 | Central Pashtunwali honor-code vocabulary (nang/izzat); teach as God-given/God-directed honor, not honor defended by retaliation. |
| Gentle and quiet spirit | πραΰς καὶ ἡσύχιος (praus kai hēsychios) | نرم او آرام روح (narm aw aram rooh) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 3:4 | Present as a Christlike virtue commended broadly (cf. 3:16’s gentleness for all), not an exclusively gender-mandated trait implying passivity. |
| Joint-heir | συγκληρονόμος (sygklēronomos) | ګډ وارث (gada waris) | High | Adoption/Inheritance (cross-ref. Romans); Holiness in Conduct | 3:7 | Collides with Islamic mirath’s unequal gendered inheritance-share formulas; asserts full spiritual co-equality in inheritance. |
| Defense / reasoned account | ἀπολογία (apologia) | دفاع / ځواب (difa / dzawab) | High | Suffering for Righteousness; Evangelism (cross-ref. Romans) | 3:15 | Public explanation of Christian hope carries severe safety risk in restrictive contexts; pair teaching with safety/wisdom guidance. |
| Good conscience | συνείδησις ἀγαθή (syneidēsis agathē) | ښه وجدان (kha wijdan) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:16, 3:21 | Generally compatible term; ensure it denotes moral awareness before God specifically. |
| Put to shame | καταισχύνω (kataischynō) | شرمول (shrmawul) | High | Suffering for Righteousness (honor-shame reversal) | 3:16 | Reverses honor-shame dynamic: slanderers, not the suffering believer, are ultimately shamed. |
| Once (for all) | ἅπαξ (hapax) | یو ځل او تل لپاره (yo dzal aw tel lapara) | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3:18 | Must preserve unrepeatable finality, countering assimilation to repeatable qurbani-style sacrifice patterns. |
| Made alive in the spirit | ζῳοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι (zōopoiētheis pneumati) | په روح کې ژوندی شو (pa rooh ke zhwandai sho) | High | Living Hope; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:18 | Must not be read as denying Christ’s bodily resurrection; refers to his own resurrected life. |
| Spirits in prison / proclaimed to the spirits | πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ, ἐκήρυξεν (pneumata en phylakē, ekēryxen) | په زندان کې ارواح / اعلان وکړ (pa zindan ke arwah / elan wakr) | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (core curriculum doctrine) | 3:19-20 | Genuinely disputed even among orthodox interpreters; risks collision with folk-Islamic jinn/binding beliefs and the Islamic doctrine of Barzakh. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence; never teach in isolation from careful doctrinal framing. |
| Ark | κιβωτός (kibōtos) | کشتۍ (kashti) | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:20 | Shared narrative background with the Qur’anic Noah account; theological particulars differ and must be distinguished. |
| Soul | ψυχή (psychē) | ساه (saah) | Medium | Living Hope; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 1:9, 3:20, 4:19 | Prefer ساه over نفس, which carries a specifically negative charge (nafs al-ammara) in Islamic anthropology. |
| Baptism | βάπτισμα (baptisma) | تعمید (ta’mid) | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:21 | The passage’s own internal clarification (not removal of bodily dirt) must be preserved intact to prevent conflation with Islamic ritual washing (wudu/ghusl). |
| Antitype / corresponding type | ἀντίτυπον (antitypon) | مثال (misal) | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:21 | Technical typological term; requires explanation of the OT-type/NT-fulfillment structure for readers unfamiliar with it. |
| Pledge / appeal (of conscience) | ἐπερώτημα (eperōtēma) | ژمنه (zmana) | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:21 | Rare technical/legal term; render as a descriptive phrase rather than forcing a single equivalent. |
| Angels, authorities, powers | ἄγγελοι, ἐξουσίαι, δυνάμεις (angeloi, exousiai, dynameis) | پرښتې، واکونه (preshte, wakuna) | Medium | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits; Lordship of Christ | 3:22 | Do not collapse into “angels” alone; preserve the broader claim of supremacy over every spiritual/political power. |
| Idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία (eidōlolatria) | بت پرستي (but-parasti) | Low | Holiness in Conduct | 4:3 | Shared condemnation with Islamic anti-shirk theology; genuine common ground, an asset rather than a risk. |
| Reviling / slandering | βλασφημέω (blasphēmeō) | توهین کول (tohin kawul) | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness | 4:4, 4:14 | Avoid کفر (kufr), which denotes the specific Islamic status of unbelief/apostasy, not mere verbal insult. |
| Preached to the dead (crux passage) | νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη (nekrois euēngelisthē) | مړو ته انجیل اعلان شو (marro ta Injil elan sho) | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 4:6 | Linked exegetically to 3:19; must not be used to teach an unqualified post-mortem “second chance” doctrine. |
| Love covers sins | ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν (agapē kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn) | مینه د ډېرو ګناهونو پرده کوي (mina da dero gunahuno parda kawi) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 4:8 | Relational/communal covering, not atoning; must not collide with justification-by-faith doctrine. |
| Hospitality | φιλοξενία (philoxenia) | مېلمه پالنه (melma palana) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 4:9 | Genuine positive bridge to Pashtunwali’s melmastia; teach as freely given, not reciprocity-creating. |
| Steward | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | منتظم (muntazim) | Low | Church as Priesthood | 4:10 | Household-manager image; low collision. |
| Fiery trial | πύρωσις (pyrōsis) | د اور ازموینه (da aur azmoina) | Medium | Suffering for Righteousness | 4:12 | Echoes 1:7’s refining-fire image; keep consistent. |
| Reproached for the name of Christ | ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ (oneidizesthe en onomati Christou) | د مسیح د نوم له امله ملامتیا (da Masih da noom la amla malamatia) | High | Suffering for Righteousness (doctrinal climax) | 4:14 | Sharpest honor-shame reversal statement in the letter; recommended primary teaching text. |
| Christian (name) | Χριστιανός (Christianos) | مسیحي (Masihi) | Critical | Suffering for Righteousness; Evangelism (cross-ref. Romans) | 4:16 | Carries real, severe apostasy-related danger in restrictive contexts; teach with full pastoral/safety awareness. |
| Judgment (beginning at God’s household) | κρίμα (krima) | قضاوت / محاکمه (qazawat / muhakama) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 4:17 | Compatible with shared Qiyamah/Judgment Day framework; specify Christ as Judge. |
| Faithful Creator | πιστὸς κτίστης (pistos ktistēs) | امین پیدا کوونکی (amin paida kawunkay) | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Providence | 4:19 | Minor echo of Muhammad’s “Al-Amin” honorific; low-severity, not a doctrinal collision. |
| Elder | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | مشر (mashar) | High | Elders and Humility (core curriculum doctrine) | 5:1, 5:5 | Strong bridge/risk with Pashtunwali jirga tribal-elder authority structure; servant-leadership model must be explicitly distinguished from consensus/tribal-law jirga authority. |
| Shepherd (verb/noun) / Flock | ποιμαίνω, ποίμνιον (poimainō, poimnion) | شپون کول / شپون / پاچايي که (shpon kawul / shpon / poimnion) | High | Elders and Humility | 2:25, 5:2 | Reprises Christ’s own title (2:25) before application to human elders; ordering must be preserved in teaching. |
| Overseer / exercising oversight | ἐπίσκοπος, ἐπισκοπέω (episkopos, episkopeō) | نګران (nigaran) | High | Elders and Humility | 2:25, 5:2 | Avoid clergy-hierarchy overtones inconsistent with the priesthood-of-all-believers ecclesiology of ch. 2. |
| Domineering / lording over | κατακυριεύω (katakyrieuō) | واکمني کول (wakmani kawul) | High | Elders and Humility | 5:3 | Prohibited leadership manner, contrasted implicitly with tribal khan/chieftain authority-by-dominance patterns. |
| Example / pattern (for the flock) | τύπος (typos) | بېلګه (belga) | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5:3 | Positive counter-model to domineering leadership. |
| Chief Shepherd | ἀρχιποίμην (archipoimēn) | لوی شپون (loi shpon) | High | Elders and Humility; Lordship of Christ | 5:4 | Unique Christological title; must never be assumed or claimed by any human elder. |
| Crown of glory | στέφανος τῆς δόξης (stephanos tēs doxēs) | د جلال تاج (da jalal taj) | Low | Elders and Humility | 5:4 | Victor’s-wreath image; low collision. |
| Humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη (tapeinophrosynē) | عاجزي (ajezi) | High | Elders and Humility (core curriculum doctrine) | 3:8, 5:5 | Compatible with Islamic tawadhu’ virtue-language, but the concrete “tying on a servant’s garment” image and its mutual, reciprocal direction (elders toward younger too) must be preserved, not flattened into generic piety. |
| Proud / arrogant | ὑπερήφανος (hyperēphanos) | مغرور (maghrur) | Low | Elders and Humility | 5:5 | Avoid متکبر (mutakabbir), a divine-attribute name (Al-Mutakabbir) in Islamic theology when applied to God, though acceptable as a vice-term for humans; مغرور is the safer general choice. |
| Anxiety / care | μέριμνα (merimna) | اندېښنه (andeshna) | Low | Providence (cross-ref. Romans) | 5:7 | Standard vocabulary; low risk. |
| Adversary / devil | ἀντίδικος, διάβολος (antidikos, diabolos) | دښمن / شیطان (dushman / shaitan) | Low | Christlike Endurance | 5:8 | Shared, compatible demonological vocabulary. |
| Roaring lion | λέων ὠρυόμενος (leōn ōryomenos) | غاړونکی زمری (gharunkay zmaray) | Low | Christlike Endurance | 5:8 | زمری is a positive Pashtun courage-symbol deliberately inverted here; brief teaching note recommended. |
| Firm / steadfast (in faith) | στερεός (stereos) | کلک (kalak) | Low | Christlike Endurance | 5:9 | Low collision. |
| Brotherhood | ἀδελφότης (adelphotēs) | د وروڼو ډله (da wruno dala) | Medium | Church as Priesthood; Christlike Endurance | 2:17, 5:9 | Corporate family-of-faith identity, valuable for dispersed/persecuted house-church solidarity. |
| Restore, confirm, strengthen, establish | καταρτίζω, στηρίζω, σθενόω, θεμελιόω | جوړ کول، ټینګول، زورور کول، بنسټ درکول | Medium | Christlike Endurance; Suffering for Righteousness | 5:10 | Preserve as a distinct four-verb chain rather than collapsing to one generic “strengthen.” |
| Dominion (doxology) | κράτος (kratos) | واک (wak) | Low | — | 5:11 | Standard doxological vocabulary. |
| Babylon (cryptonym) | Βαβυλών (Babylōn) | بابل (Babil) | Medium | — | 5:13 | Likely code for Rome; distinguish from the unrelated Qur’anic Babil-sorcery association (Surah 2:102). |
| Kiss of love (greeting) | φίλημα ἀγάπης (philēma agapēs) | د مینې ښکل (da mine shkul) | Low | Church as Priesthood | 5:14 | Culturally compatible closing greeting custom. |
Section C — Risk Tier Summary (New 1 Peter Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 21 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 17 | Automated review sufficient |
Critical-tier new terms requiring mandatory theologian review at every occurrence: born again/regeneration (بیا زیږیدل), redemption (خلاصون), word of God/kalam (کلام), priesthood/royal priesthood (کهانت), chosen race (غوره نسل), holy nation (مقدس ملت), spirits in prison (ارواح), baptism (تعمید), Christian-name confession (مسیحي).
These nine terms, together with the doctrines they carry — Living Hope of the Resurrection, Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering, The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood, and Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits — represent the highest-stakes translation decisions in this curriculum and must be prioritized for Phase 2 human review routing and for eventual incorporation into an updated translation_memory.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: صداقت
Transliteration: sadaqat
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Used both of the believer’s call to ‘die to sin, live to righteousness’ (2:24) and of unjust suffering endured ‘for righteousness’ sake’ (3:14); honor-shame bridging is intensified since righteous conduct is precisely what provokes social shaming in this letter’s persecution context. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Salvation
Approved rendering: نجات
Transliteration: nejat
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Described as an inheritance ‘ready to be revealed’ (1:5) and the outcome (‘telos’) of persisting faith (1:9); must not be conflated with a this-worldly rescue from persecution, since the letter’s audience continued to suffer after conversion. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Resurrection
Approved rendering: بیا راژوندي کیدل
Transliteration: bya rajwandi kedal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Named as the causal ground of the believer’s living hope (1:3) and prefigured typologically by Noah’s flood-deliverance (3:21); functions as the very foundation of the letter’s opening doctrine, given this causal role oral/narrative apologetic explanation is especially critical. Must be kept visibly distinct from the new coinage بیا زیږیدل (born again) despite sharing the بیا- prefix. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Lord
Approved rendering: خداوند
Transliteration: Khudawand
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: مالک
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Applied to Christ (1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 3:15). At 3:6 Sarah’s human-domestic address of Abraham as ‘lord’ must be rendered with a distinct word (خاوند, husband/master of the house), never خداوند, to prevent conflating ordinary marital address with Christ’s exclusive divine title. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Recurs very frequently in suffering-and-glory pairings throughout 1 Peter; every occurrence must actively assert Christ’s unique redemptive sufficiency against the Quranic honored-prophet, non-crucified, non-divine content already loaded onto Masih. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Jesus
Approved rendering: عیسی
Transliteration: Isa
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
The Quranic prophet-only, non-crucified, non-divine narrative attached to ‘Isa’ must be actively corrected at every substitutionary-suffering and resurrection occurrence throughout the letter. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
God
Approved rendering: خدای
Transliteration: Khudai
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الله
Original: θεός
Category: God
Named pervasively throughout the letter, including the opening Trinitarian formula (1:2) and the closing ‘God of all grace’ (5:10); strict tawhid theology must be distinguished from the Trinitarian conception at every Trinitarian-formula occurrence. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روح القدس
Transliteration: Rooh-ul-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Named in the opening Trinitarian formula (1:2) and as the one through whom the gospel was preached (1:12); the created-being-versus-divine-Person distinction against the Jibril identification must be made explicit at both occurrences. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Father
Approved rendering: پلار
Transliteration: plar
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Named in the letter’s opening blessing (1:3) and invoked as the impartial judge of each one’s deeds (1:17); this pairing with judgment risks reinforcing rather than counterbalancing the Pashtun patriarchal stern-authority default, so teaching must actively supply warm, intimate framing alongside the accountability emphasis. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Church
Approved rendering: کلیسا
Transliteration: kalisa
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: امت
1 Peter does not use ἐκκλησία directly but applies its concept through the priesthood/nation/people-of-God cluster (2:4-10); this baseline anchor term and its forbidden-substitution rule (NEVER امت) remain in force wherever the doctrine of the church as a dispersed, persecuted community is taught, including in 1 Peter’s own household-of-God (4:17) and brotherhood (5:9) language. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Born Again
Approved rendering: بیا زیږیدل
Transliteration: bya zeghedal
Doctrine: New Birth (Regeneration)
Rejected alternatives: فطرت-based phrasing, توبه
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation
God’s own act of causing a believer to be spiritually reborn, grounded in Christ’s resurrection (1:3) and effected through the living word of God (1:23). No settled Islamic-theological equivalent exists (Islam has fitrah, innate disposition, not rebirth). Must be kept visibly distinct from بیا راژوندي کیدل (resurrection) despite the shared بیا- prefix. Foundational curriculum term; mandatory theologian review every occurrence. NEVER gloss with fitrah-language or توبه (repentance), which name a different theological category entirely.
Redemption
Approved rendering: خلاصون
Transliteration: khalasun
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: فدیه
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
Believers were redeemed from a futile inherited way of life not with silver or gold but with Christ’s precious blood (1:18-19). NEVER فدیه, the standard Islamic legal term for a compensatory ransom payment (e.g., for a missed religious obligation); خلاصون (from a native root) avoids reducing Christ’s redemption to a legal-formula transaction while preserving its costliness.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: کلام
Transliteration: kalam
Doctrine: Inspiration and the Enduring Word of God
Rejected alternatives: پیغام, وحی
Original: λόγος / ῥῆμα
Category: Scripture
God’s living and abiding word, the effective agent of new birth (1:23), identified concretely with the gospel message preached (1:25), and the standard for growth (2:2) and speech (4:11). کلام intersects directly with the Islamic theological category of Kalam Allah, the eternal, uncreated speech of God historically identified with the Qur’an (the mihna controversy). Must proactively distinguish the living word identified with the gospel about Christ from this specific Islamic doctrine at every occurrence. پیغام is too weak for the ‘living and abiding’ sense; وحی wrongly implies verbatim dictation.
Priesthood
Approved rendering: کهانت
Transliteration: kihanat
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: امام, ملا
Original: ἱεράτευμα / βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church
The corporate priestly identity of all believers, offering spiritual sacrifices (2:5) as ‘a royal priesthood’ (2:9) — the curriculum’s own named doctrine. Collides with (a) mainstream Sunni Islam’s rejection of an ordained clergy mediating between God and believer, making ‘every believer a priest’ seem a category error rather than radical inclusion, and (b) the pre-Islamic pagan root ك-ه-ن (kahin, soothsayer) condemned by Islam. امام/ملا rejected as alternatives since they name specific Islamic clerical offices, not the corporate lay-priesthood concept intended. Requires extensive explanatory teaching at every occurrence, never translation alone.
Chosen Race
Approved rendering: غوره نسل
Transliteration: ghwara nasl
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν
Category: Church
One of four Exodus 19:6/Isaiah 43 titles applied to the church (2:9). نسل (lineage/race) risks being heard through the lens of Pashtun qawm/khel tribal descent, the same collision flagged for ‘election’ in the Romans baseline, intensified here by direct pairing with ‘chosen.‘
Holy Nation
Approved rendering: مقدس ملت
Transliteration: moqaddas milat
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: امت
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Church
A further Exodus 19:6 title applied to the church (2:9). ملت (millat) risks the same pan-Islamic-community resonance the baseline explicitly rejects for امت/Ummah in ‘church’ and ‘gentiles’; must be strictly bounded to ‘this new covenant community,’ never read as a call to religio-political nationhood.
Spirits In Prison
Approved rendering: زندان کې ارواح
Transliteration: zindan ke arwah
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: جن
Original: πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ
Category: Christology
The disputed referent of Christ’s proclamation (3:19-20). Carries three converging risks: genuine exegetical disagreement among orthodox interpreters; collision with regional folk-Islamic jinn/binding beliefs; possible confusion with the Islamic doctrine of Barzakh. NEVER جن (jinn) as a synonym or gloss under any circumstance. Requires mandatory theologian review at every occurrence and must never be taught in isolation from careful doctrinal framing.
Baptism
Approved rendering: تعمید
Transliteration: ta’mid
Doctrine: Baptism as an Appeal to God for a Good Conscience
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Church
The Christian ordinance that, corresponding typologically to Noah’s flood-deliverance, saves ‘not as a removal of dirt from the flesh, but as an appeal to God for a good conscience’ (3:21). The passage’s own internal clarifying clause must be preserved intact, since it directly and pre-emptively distinguishes Christian baptism from the widespread regional expectation that religious washing (wudu/ghusl) cleanses the body.
Preached To The Dead
Approved rendering: مړو ته انجیل اعلان شو
Transliteration: marro ta Injil elan sho
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη
Category: Christology
A disputed statement, exegetically linked to 3:19, that ‘the gospel was preached even to the dead’ (4:6). Must not be used, without extensive qualification, to teach an unqualified post-mortem ‘second chance’ doctrine, a live and contested interpretive question even among orthodox scholars.
Christian Name
Approved rendering: مسیحي
Transliteration: Masihi
Doctrine: The Confession of the Name “Christian”
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Christian Identity
The self-identifying label ‘Christian,’ to be borne without shame (4:16). Carries severe, concrete, real-world danger in much of the Pashto-speaking world, particularly Afghanistan under Taliban rule, where identifying as a convert from Islam can carry capital-offense-level apostasy risk. Must be taught with full pastoral awareness of mortal danger, never as an undifferentiated command to public disclosure.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیل
Transliteration: Injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: زیری
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Shares the same tahrif (corruption) assumption found across the Islamicate world; must be taught as the NT record itself. In 1 Peter 1:25 explicitly equated with ‘the living word of God that endures forever’; 4:6’s ‘gospel preached to the dead’ requires care not to imply the gospel’s content changes post-mortem. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Grace
Approved rendering: فضل
Transliteration: fazal
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Melmastia hospitality-reciprocity risk applies at 1:10, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12. A secondary commendatory sense at 2:19-20 (‘this is a gracious/commendable thing’) must be flagged with a translator’s note so it is not read as contradicting grace-versus-merit doctrine. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
At 1:8 faith is directed at an unseen Christ, intersecting directly with the Faith doctrine’s collision with both Islamic creedal iman and Pashtunwali nang-loyalty. Also grounds resistance to the devil (5:9). (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Peter identifies himself as ‘an apostle of Jesus Christ’ in the letter’s very first verse (1:1), establishing authorial authority; the Muhammad-rasul title collision applies with full force at this foundational occurrence. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Called
Approved rendering: بلل شوی
Transliteration: balal shaway
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive across at least three senses in 1 Peter alone: call to holiness (1:15), call to non-retaliation and blessing (2:21; 3:9), and call to eternal glory (5:10). Each occurrence must make the divine-summons direction explicit. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Sanctification
Approved rendering: تقدیس
Transliteration: taqdis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: پاکوالی
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Appears in the letter’s opening Trinitarian formula (1:2) alongside covenant-blood-sprinkling imagery; teach the Spirit’s active moral-transformation role distinctly from the following ritual-sounding clause. NEVER پاکوالی (ritual cleanliness). (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Sin
Approved rendering: ګناه
Transliteration: gunah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Christ ‘committed no sin’ (2:22), ‘bore our sins in his body on the tree’ (2:24), and suffering in the flesh is tied to having ‘ceased from sin’ (4:1); must be distinguished from Pashtunwali’s honor-shame-primary ethics, since the substitutionary-suffering argument depends on sin being a real debt before God requiring a real substitute. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Prophet
Approved rendering: پیغمبر
Transliteration: peghambar
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
The OT prophets ‘searched and inquired carefully’ concerning the grace that would come to believers (1:10-12); pair with fuller Christological titles so this anticipatory role does not overshadow Christ’s own final, superior identity. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Covenant
Approved rendering: تړون
Transliteration: tarun
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη (implied via ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος)
Category: Covenant
Invoked implicitly through the Sinai covenant-ratification image of blood-sprinkling applied to believers (1:2); this background is unfamiliar outside the OT narrative and must be explained, distinguishing this once-for-all covenant application from repeatable qurbani-style ritual. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Election
Approved rendering: غوره کول
Transliteration: ghwara kawul
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Root underlying the letter’s ‘elect exiles’ (1:1) and ‘chosen race’ (2:9) language; the tribal/lineage-chosenness collision risk is intensified in 1 Peter by direct pairing with نسل (race/lineage) at 2:9. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Elect
Approved rendering: غوره شوی
Transliteration: ghwara shaway
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Elect Exiles
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Describes the letter’s addressees (1:1), the church corporately as ‘a chosen race’ (2:9), and Christ himself as ‘chosen and precious’ (2:4, 2:6). Must not be read as tied to Pashtun tribal/lineage chosenness (qawm/khel); risk intensifies when paired with نسل at 2:9.
Exile
Approved rendering: پردیسی
Transliteration: pardaisi
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Elect Exiles
Rejected alternatives: مهاجر, مسافر
Original: παρεπίδημος / πάροικος
Category: Christian Identity
Describes believers’ social displacement (1:1, 1:17, 2:11). NEVER مهاجر, the specific Islamic term for those who emigrated with Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (the Hijra) — an unrelated, loaded referent. مسافر (traveler) is too weak/temporary to convey settled displaced-resident status.
Living Hope
Approved rendering: ژوندۍ امید
Transliteration: zhwandai umed
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Salvation
Confident expectation made vital and active because grounded in Christ’s resurrection (1:3), and the reason for the believer’s readiness to give an account (3:15). Collides with mainstream Sunni piety’s caution against presuming certainty of one’s own final salvation; must be taught as objective certainty grounded in a historical, accomplished resurrection, never a subjective feeling that could be labeled presumptuous.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: میراث
Transliteration: miras
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
An imperishable, undefiled, unfading eschatological possession kept in heaven for believers (1:4), and the shared blessing husband and wife are joint-heirs of (3:7). میراث is the exact term for Islamic inheritance law (mirath/fara’idh, fixed shares by relationship and gender); must be taught as qualitatively different — wholly given, undivided by human legal formula, equally secured for every believer regardless of kinship or gender status.
Suffering
Approved rendering: تکلیف
Transliteration: takleef
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πάσχω / πάθημα
Category: Suffering
The letter’s dominant experiential category, describing both Christ’s own atoning suffering (2:21-24, 3:18) and the believer’s suffering for righteousness (1:11, 3:14-18, 4:1, 4:13, 4:15-19, 5:1, 5:9-10). Must be distinguished from fatalistic qadar-style acceptance of impersonal decree; 1 Peter’s suffering is purposive, Christ-modeled, and productive of glory.
Endurance
Approved rendering: زغم
Transliteration: zaghm
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑπομένω / ὑπομονή
Category: Suffering
To remain under and bear up patiently under unjust treatment (2:20). Directly contrasts Pashtunwali’s badal (revenge) expectation, under which dishonor customarily demands active retaliation to restore izzat; one of the highest-value counter-cultural teaching points in the curriculum.
Lamb
Approved rendering: ورهٔ
Transliteration: wara
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀμνός
Category: Christology
Christ as the precious, unblemished, spotless sacrificial lamb whose blood ransoms believers (1:19). Collides with Eid al-Adha qurbani sacrificial-lamb associations; a genuine bridge if explicitly taught as a once-for-all, perfect, historical sacrifice, not a repeatable ritual obligation.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: ژوندۍ ډبره
Transliteration: zhwandai dabara
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Christology
Christ as the living, rejected-yet-chosen cornerstone of the new spiritual house/temple (2:4-8). Must be clearly Christ-identified, not confused with literal sacred-stone or shrine-veneration practices found in regional religious culture.
Submission
Approved rendering: تابع کیدل
Transliteration: tabe kedal
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: غاړه ایښودل, منل
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Authority
Applied to civil institutions (2:13), household servants and masters (2:18), wives and husbands (3:1, 3:5), and younger to elders (5:5). Shares its conceptual field with the Arabic root generating ‘Islam’ and ‘Muslim’; the object of submission (‘for the Lord’s sake’) must be kept explicit at every occurrence. غاړه ایښودل implies forced submission; منل is too weak to carry the ordered, willing subordination sense.
Human Institution
Approved rendering: بشري نظام
Transliteration: bashari nizam
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἀνθρωπίνη κτίσις
Category: Authority
Every human civil authority structure to which believers are called to submit for the Lord’s sake (2:13). Politically sensitive given contemporary ‘Islamic Emirate’ governance framing in parts of the Pashto-speaking world; teaching must not imply endorsement of a specific regime’s religious legitimacy.
Honor
Approved rendering: عزت / درناوی
Transliteration: izzat / dranawi
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: τιμή / τιμάω
Category: Suffering
The eschatological outcome of tested faith (1:7), owed to all people (2:17), the king (2:17), and one’s wife as co-heir (3:7). Central Pashtunwali honor-code vocabulary (nang/izzat); must be taught as honor conferred by God at Christ’s revelation and owed relationally in the present, never honor defended or reclaimed by human retaliation, as badal logic would otherwise suggest.
Joint Heir
Approved rendering: ګډ وارث
Transliteration: gada waris
Doctrine: Marriage Relationships and Mutual Honor
Original: συγκληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
Husband and wife’s shared, equal status as co-heirs of the grace of life (3:7). Directly intersects with Islamic inheritance law’s (mirath) strict, unequal gendered share formulas; this full spiritual co-equality must be taught explicitly as a significant counter-cultural assertion, not left implicit.
Defense
Approved rendering: دفاع / ځواب
Transliteration: difa / dzawab
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: ἀπολογία
Category: Suffering
A reasoned, formal account of the hope believers hold, given with gentleness and respect when asked (3:15). Carries severe legal and social safety risk in restrictive contexts; teaching must be paired explicitly with wisdom/safety guidance favoring private, trusted, relational contexts over public proclamation.
Put To Shame
Approved rendering: شرمول
Transliteration: shrmawul
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: καταισχύνω
Category: Suffering
Those who slander believers’ good conduct will ultimately be the ones put to shame (3:16). Reverses the expected honor-shame dynamic: the slanderer, not the suffering believer, is shamed — a maximally counter-cultural claim against Pashtunwali’s nang-preservation instinct.
Once For All
Approved rendering: یو ځل او تل لپاره
Transliteration: yo dzal aw tel lapara
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Christology
Christ’s unrepeatable, decisive suffering ‘once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous’ (3:18). Must preserve full finality and non-repeatability, countering assimilation to a repeatable qurbani-style sacrificial pattern.
Made Alive In Spirit
Approved rendering: په روح کې ژوندی شو
Transliteration: pa rooh ke zhwandai sho
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: ζῳοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι
Category: Christology
Christ’s resurrected life following his death in the flesh (3:18). Must not be taught or mistranslated in a way that denies the bodily reality of Christ’s death and resurrection; this refers to Christ’s own resurrected life, not a merely spiritual, non-bodily survival.
Reproached For Christs Name
Approved rendering: د مسیح د نوم له امله ملامتیا
Transliteration: da Masih da noom la amla malamatia
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ
Category: Suffering
Public reproach borne for Christ’s name, met with the blessing of the Spirit of glory resting on the sufferer (4:14). The sharpest honor-shame reversal statement in the letter; recommended as a primary teaching text.
Elder
Approved rendering: مشر
Transliteration: mashar
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
Recognized local church leaders addressed directly by Peter as a fellow elder (5:1, 5:5). مشر is the exact vocabulary of Pashtunwali’s jirga tribal council of elders; jirga-elder authority operates by consensus, tribal-law enforcement, and inherited age/status, not the willing, non-coercive, example-setting model Peter prescribes — this distinction must be taught explicitly.
Shepherd
Approved rendering: شپون کول / شپون
Transliteration: shpon kawul / shpon
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμαίνω / ποίμνιον
Category: Church
The pastoral task of shepherding God’s flock, first applied to Christ himself (2:25) and then to elders (5:2). Christ’s own shepherd title must be taught as prior to and foundational for human elders’ application of the same title, so elders are never read as autonomous authorities.
Overseer
Approved rendering: نګران
Transliteration: nigaran
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπέω
Category: Church
Exercising watchful oversight over the flock, first Christ’s own title (2:25) then the elders’ task (5:2). Avoid clergy-hierarchy overtones inconsistent with the priesthood-of-all-believers ecclesiology established in ch. 2.
Domineering
Approved rendering: واکمني کول
Transliteration: wakmani kawul
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Church
Lording over those in one’s charge, explicitly prohibited to elders (5:3). Must be sharply distinguished from ordinary, legitimate exercise of authority; the prohibition targets a coercive, self-serving manner of leading, modeled implicitly against tribal khan/chieftain authority-by-dominance patterns.
Chief Shepherd
Approved rendering: لوی شپون
Transliteration: loi shpon
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Christology
Christ’s unique title as the supreme Shepherd over all human elders, whose appearing brings the unfading crown of glory (5:4). Must never be assumed or claimed by any human elder, given the strong cultural instinct to vest ultimate authority in a single senior figure (khan, jirga chief, mullah).
Humility
Approved rendering: عاجزي
Transliteration: ajezi
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη
Category: Church
Mutual, reciprocal lowliness of mind, vividly pictured as ‘tying on’ a servant’s garment toward one another, including elders toward younger (5:5; cf. 3:8). Compatible with the Islamic virtue of tawadhu’, but the vivid imagery and mutual, reciprocal direction must be preserved, not flattened into generic piety.
Medium Risk Terms
Calling
Approved rendering: بلنه
Transliteration: balana
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Noun form; recurs conceptually alongside ‘called’ throughout 1 Peter’s calling vocabulary. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: moqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Grounded directly in God’s own character via the Leviticus 11:44 citation (1:15-16) and applied corporately to the church as ‘a holy nation’ and ‘holy priesthood’ (2:5, 2:9); the relational/moral sense must be reinforced especially strongly here given the dense ritual-sounding priesthood/sacrifice vocabulary surrounding it. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Peace
Approved rendering: سوله
Transliteration: sola
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Appears in the letter’s opening greeting (1:2) and closing benediction (5:14); its war-ending, negotiated-settlement resonance (sola jirga) remains a genuine asset for a persecuted, conflict-familiar readership at both bookends of the letter. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: روحاني ورکړې
Transliteration: rohani warkane
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Believers serve one another ‘as good stewards of God’s varied grace’ (4:10); always retain روحاني so the gift is not read as a natural talent stewarded independently of God’s grace. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Gentiles
Approved rendering: غیر یهودیان
Transliteration: gheyr yahudian
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: امتونه
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Describes observing outsiders among whom believers must maintain honorable conduct (2:12) and the readers’ own former manner of life (4:3). NEVER امتونه. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalal
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
The letter’s single most repeated theological noun after ‘suffering’ itself (1:7-8, 1:11, 1:21, 1:24, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10); must be anchored consistently to Christ’s specific historical glory and its future revelation, not left as generalized mystical splendor. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Power Of God
Approved rendering: د خدای قدرت
Transliteration: da Khudai qodrat
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
God’s power actively guards believers ‘through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed’ (1:5); ensure the guarding sense is not misheard as a guarantee of physical safety from persecution. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Providence
Approved rendering: د خدای تدبیر
Transliteration: da Khudai tadbir
Doctrine: Providence
Original: πρόνοια (implied; cf. μέλει περὶ ὑμῶν, 5:7)
Category: God
Expressed in the call to ‘cast all your anxiety on him, because he cares for you’ (5:7) and grounded in his prior foreknowledge (1:2, 1:20); must be kept distinct from folk qadar fatalism, since God’s care here is personally responsive to a suffering community. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: مخکینی پوهه
Transliteration: makhkeni pohana
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Elect Exiles
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: God
Grounds believers’ election (1:2) and Christ’s redemptive role (1:20) in the Father’s own prior knowledge/purpose; must be taught as personal and relational, not an impersonal predetermined script, to avoid collapsing into folk qadar fatalism.
Trial
Approved rendering: ازموینه
Transliteration: azmoina
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Suffering
External hardship testing character, distinct from internal enticement to sin (1:6, 4:12). Must consistently carry the ‘testing,’ not ‘temptation-to-sin,’ sense throughout, avoiding any suggestion that God tempts believers to evil — a point shared with Islamic theology’s own denial of the same.
Genuineness Of Faith
Approved rendering: د ایمان ازمویل شوی والی
Transliteration: da iman azmoyal shaway wali
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Faith
The proven, refined quality of faith after testing, likened to gold refined by fire (1:7). Requires a descriptive phrase rather than a single word; must convey refinement/proof of what is already genuine, not a pass/fail test determining salvation’s validity retroactively.
Blood
Approved rendering: وینه
Transliteration: wina
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: αἷμα
Category: Christology
Christ’s precious, sacrificial blood, both the price of redemption (1:19) and the substance of covenant sprinkling (1:2). Broadly compatible vocabulary; anchor specifically and repeatedly to Christ’s unique, once-for-all sacrifice, not a generalized ritual substance.
Gods Own Possession
Approved rendering: د خدای ځانګړی قوم
Transliteration: da Khudai dzangari qawm
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church
The church as the people God has specially claimed for himself (2:9), fulfilling Israel’s Exodus/Isaiah identity. Compatible descriptive phrase; used only inside this fixed compound, never with قوم standing alone (to avoid tribal-lineage drift).
Mercy
Approved rendering: رحمت
Transliteration: rahmat
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
God’s abundant compassion, the ground of the believer’s new birth (1:3) and of Gentile inclusion into what was once Israel’s covenant identity (2:10). Shares vocabulary with Islamic divine-attribute language (Ar-Rahman/Ar-Rahim); must be anchored specifically to God’s mercy in raising Christ and begetting new life, not left as a generalized shared attribute.
Conduct
Approved rendering: چلند
Transliteration: chalend
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification
Visible, observable manner of life, the letter’s most repeated ethical term (1:15, 1:18, 2:12, 3:1-2, 3:16). Low lexical risk but high doctrinal weight; its recurrence as public behavior under a hostile watching gaze must be emphasized at every occurrence.
King Governor
Approved rendering: پاچا / والي
Transliteration: pacha / wali
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: βασιλεύς / ἡγεμών
Category: Authority
Roman imperial administrative offices named as examples of civil authority to be honored (2:13-14, 2:17). Avoid implying blanket, unconditional endorsement of any current political regime; the fourfold command of 2:17 relativizes the king’s claim relative to God’s.
Gentle And Quiet Spirit
Approved rendering: نرم او آرام روح
Transliteration: narm aw aram rooh
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
Inner character commended as costly to God, contrasted with reliance on external adornment (3:4). Must be taught as character available to and commended for all believers (cf. 3:16’s gentleness for all), not an exclusively gender-mandated trait implying women’s silence or passivity.
Good Conscience
Approved rendering: ښه وجدان
Transliteration: kha wijdan
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: συνείδησις ἀγαθή
Category: Sanctification
The inner faculty of moral self-awareness before God, maintained under slander (3:16) and appealed to in baptism (3:21). Ensure it denotes moral standing specifically before God, not merely social reputation.
Ark
Approved rendering: کشتۍ
Transliteration: kashti
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: κιβωτός
Category: Covenant
Noah’s ark, the vessel through which eight souls were saved through water (3:20). Shared narrative background with the Qur’anic Noah account, a genuine positive bridge, but the two accounts differ in key theological particulars (e.g., the fate of Noah’s son) and must be distinguished as background is used.
Soul
Approved rendering: ساه
Transliteration: saah
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: نفس
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
The whole inner person/life, the object of salvation (1:9), of the eight persons saved in Noah’s flood (3:20), and entrusted to a faithful Creator in suffering (4:19). Prefer ساه over نفس, which carries a specifically negative charge (nafs al-ammara, ‘the soul that commands to evil’) in Islamic anthropology.
Antitype
Approved rendering: مثال
Transliteration: misal
Doctrine: Baptism as an Appeal to God for a Good Conscience
Original: ἀντίτυπον
Category: Church
The NT-technical term for a later reality corresponding to and fulfilling an earlier OT ‘type,’ applied to baptism as fulfilling the flood (3:21). Requires explanation of the OT-type/NT-fulfillment structure for readers unfamiliar with typological reasoning.
Pledge Of Conscience
Approved rendering: ژمنه
Transliteration: zmana
Doctrine: Baptism as an Appeal to God for a Good Conscience
Original: ἐπερώτημα
Category: Church
A formal appeal or pledge made to God, defining baptism positively as a covenantal request grounded in a cleansed conscience (3:21). Rare, technically difficult term; render as a descriptive phrase and ensure it reinforces, not contradicts, the immediately preceding anti-ritual-washing clarification.
Angels Authorities Powers
Approved rendering: پرښتې، واکونه
Transliteration: preshte, wakuna
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: ἄγγελοι καὶ ἐξουσίαι καὶ δυνάμεις
Category: Christology
Every spiritual and political power subjected to the risen and exalted Christ (3:22). Islamic angelology is highly developed (named archangels, jinn distinct from angels); care must be taken that ‘authorities and powers’ is not collapsed into ‘angels’ alone.
Reviling
Approved rendering: توهین کول
Transliteration: tohin kawul
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: کفر
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: Suffering
To speak abusively or slanderously against believers (4:4, 4:14). Avoid کفر, which in Islamic usage denotes the specific theological status of unbelief/apostasy, not mere verbal insult; using it would wrongly cast the persecutors’ insults as a formal declaration of disbelief.
Love Covers Sins
Approved rendering: مینه د ډېرو ګناهونو پرده کوي
Transliteration: mina da dero gunahuno parda kawi
Doctrine: Hospitality and Love within the Community
Original: ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sanctification
Committed love’s community-preserving function of overlooking others’ faults (4:8, Proverbs 10:12 echo). Must not be misread as implying love earns forgiveness of sin before God; the covering in view is relational/communal, not atoning.
Hospitality
Approved rendering: مېلمه پالنه
Transliteration: melma palana
Doctrine: Hospitality and Love within the Community
Original: φιλοξενία
Category: Sanctification
Love of strangers/guest-friendship, commended without grumbling (4:9). A genuine positive bridge to Pashtunwali’s melmastia hospitality code, one of its three central pillars; care must be taken that this hospitality is taught as freely offered, not reciprocity-creating.
Fiery Trial
Approved rendering: د اور ازموینه
Transliteration: da aur azmoina
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πύρωσις
Category: Suffering
A refining, burning ordeal not to be treated as strange or surprising (4:12). Echoes 1:7’s gold-refining image; keep the rendering consistent across both occurrences.
Judgment
Approved rendering: قضاوت / محاکمه
Transliteration: qazawat / muhakama
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Accountability
Original: κρίμα
Category: Eschatology
The verdict that begins first at God’s own household before extending to the disobedient (4:17). Broadly compatible with the shared Qiyamah/Day-of-Judgment framework; specify Christ as Judge rather than leaving the judge generic.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: امین پیدا کوونکی
Transliteration: amin paida kawunkay
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
God as the trustworthy Creator to whom suffering believers entrust their souls while continuing to do good (4:19). امین carries a minor, low-severity echo of Muhammad’s honorific title ‘Al-Amin,’ not a doctrinal collision, since it functions here simply as a common adjective for God’s character.
Example
Approved rendering: بېلګه
Transliteration: belga
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: τύπος
Category: Church
The positive model elders are to become for the flock, contrasted with domineering leadership (5:3).
Brotherhood
Approved rendering: د وروڼو ډله
Transliteration: da wruno dala
Doctrine: The Church’s Global Solidarity in Suffering
Original: ἀδελφότης
Category: Church
The corporate family-of-faith identity, sharing the same sufferings worldwide (2:17, 5:9); valuable for combating isolation in a dispersed, often secret house-church context.
Restore Confirm Strengthen Establish
Approved rendering: جوړ کول، ټینګول، زورور کول، بنسټ درکول
Transliteration: jor kawul, tingawul, zorawar kawul, bansat darkawul
Doctrine: The Church’s Global Solidarity in Suffering
Original: καταρτίζω, στηρίζω, σθενόω, θεμελιόω
Category: Suffering
A four-verb chain describing God’s comprehensive restoration of believers after a season of suffering (5:10). Preserve as a distinct four-verb chain rather than collapsing to one generic ‘strengthen.‘
Babylon
Approved rendering: بابل
Transliteration: Babil
Doctrine: The Church’s Global Solidarity in Suffering
Original: Βαβυλών
Category: Church
Likely a coded reference to Rome, the location from which the closing greeting is sent (5:13). بابل carries its own separate Qur’anic association (Surah 2:102, the angels Harut and Marut and sorcery at Babil), unrelated to this verse’s probable cryptonym use; a brief clarifying note is advisable in teaching materials.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ملګرتیا
Transliteration: malgartia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: شراکت
Original: κοινωνέω
Category: Church
Verbal form at 4:13 describes sharing in Christ’s sufferings; must be distinguished from adding to or completing Christ’s atoning suffering, which is ἅπαξ, once-for-all. Believers share the pattern and fellowship of suffering, not its redemptive function. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوت
Transliteration: nabuwat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
The Spirit-inspired testimony of Christ’s sufferings and glories announced beforehand (1:10-12). (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Exhort
Approved rendering: هڅول
Transliteration: hakol
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Used of Peter’s own appeal to sojourners (2:11) and to elders (5:1, 5:12); context-sensitive between admonition and encouragement. (Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly per baseline.)
Guarded
Approved rendering: ساتل شوی
Transliteration: satal shaway
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: φρουρέω
Category: Salvation
Believers are actively protected by God’s power until the inheritance is revealed (1:5), a garrison/sentry image. Positive protective resonance in Pashto; ensure not misread as a guarantee of physical safety from persecution rather than the ultimate eschatological safekeeping of the soul.
Spiritual Milk
Approved rendering: خالص روحاني شيدې
Transliteration: khalis rohani shede
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: γάλα τὸ λογικόν
Category: Sanctification
Pure, word-related nourishment for spiritual growth (2:2). The λογικόν/λόγος wordplay is largely untranslatable in Pashto; render descriptively rather than forcing a single lexical equivalent.
Freedom
Approved rendering: آزاد
Transliteration: azad
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἐλεύθερος
Category: Authority
Freedom exercised through voluntary service to God rather than as license (2:16); the paradox of freedom-through-service should be taught explicitly since it is a distinctly Christian, not generic, formulation.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: د خدای بنده
Transliteration: da Khudai banda
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: θεοῦ δοῦλος
Category: Authority
Living as God’s servant, the true ground of Christian freedom (2:16). Positively resonant, shared devotional vocabulary (banda-i-Khuda); low collision.
Household Servant
Approved rendering: کورنی نوکر
Transliteration: kornai nokar
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: οἰκέτης
Category: Authority
A domestic servant instructed to submit even to an unjust master (2:18); low collision risk.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: بت پرستي
Transliteration: but-parasti
Doctrine: Rejection of Idolatry and Former Vices
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
Literal cultic idol worship, named among the vices of the readers’ former Gentile life (4:3). Condemnation of idolatry is fully shared common ground with Islamic anti-shirk theology, a genuine asset; ensure teaching notes the surrounding vice-catalogue (sensuality, drunkenness) is included under this heading.
Steward
Approved rendering: منتظم
Transliteration: muntazim
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
A household manager entrusted with another’s resources, applied to believers as stewards of God’s varied grace (4:10). Household-manager image; low collision risk.
Crown Of Glory
Approved rendering: د جلال تاج
Transliteration: da jalal taj
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: στέφανος τῆς δόξης
Category: Eschatology
The unfading victor’s-wreath reward promised to faithful elders at Christ’s appearing (5:4); not a royal diadem.
Proud
Approved rendering: مغرور
Transliteration: maghrur
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: متکبر
Original: ὑπερήφανος
Category: Church
Arrogance, which God opposes, contrasted with humility (5:5, Proverbs 3:34 citation). Avoid متکبر when describing this vice’s ultimate divine-opposition context, since Al-Mutakabbir is a divine-attribute name in Islamic theology; مغرور is the safer general choice as a human vice-term.
Anxiety
Approved rendering: اندېښنه
Transliteration: andeshna
Doctrine: Providence
Original: μέριμνα
Category: God
Anxious care, to be cast on God because he cares for believers personally (5:7); standard vocabulary, low collision.
Devil
Approved rendering: دښمن / شیطان
Transliteration: dushman / shaitan
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Vigilance
Original: διάβολος / ἀντίδικος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
The believer’s adversary, prowling like a roaring lion seeking someone to devour (5:8); شیطان is fully shared, compatible demonological vocabulary across the region’s religious traditions.
Roaring Lion
Approved rendering: غاړونکی زمری
Transliteration: gharunkay zmaray
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Vigilance
Original: λέων ὠρυόμενος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
The image of predatory danger applied to the devil’s activity (5:8). زمری is also a richly positive Pashtun courage-symbol deliberately inverted here; a brief teaching note is recommended so the positive lion-association is not accidentally imported.
Steadfast
Approved rendering: کلک
Transliteration: kalak
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Vigilance
Original: στερεός
Category: Faith
Firmness in faith while resisting the devil (5:9); low collision, standard resistance vocabulary.
Dominion
Approved rendering: واک
Transliteration: wak
Doctrine: Providence
Original: κράτος
Category: God
God’s sovereign might, praised in the letter’s closing doxology (5:11); standard doxological vocabulary.
Kiss Of Love
Approved rendering: د مینې ښکل
Transliteration: da mine shkul
Doctrine: The Church’s Global Solidarity in Suffering
Original: φίλημα ἀγάπης
Category: Church
The early church’s customary greeting of affection, commanded at the letter’s close (5:14); culturally compatible closing greeting custom in much of the Pashto-speaking region among same-gender relations.
Referenced passages