Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English–Pashto)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Galatians 1–6, cited by chapter of first/significant occurrence. Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and their established Pashto rendering is repeated verbatim, per the hard rule that established renderings must never be altered. Newly identified terms specific to Galatians are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for promotion into translation memory in Phase 2. Risk tiers follow the four-tier convention defined in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Section A — Terms Reused from the Romans Baseline (Unchanged)
| Term (EN) | Pashto | Transliteration | Risk | Galatians Chapters | Status | Galatians-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | انجیل | Injil | High → Critical in Galatians | 1, 2 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Elevated risk given the curriculum’s explicit “True Gospel versus False Gospels” doctrine; see another_gospel below. |
| grace | فضل | fazal | High | 1, 2, 5, 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Central to grace/law and grace doctrine throughout. |
| faith | ایمان | iman | High | 2, 3, 5, 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Thesis term of the whole letter; distinguish from the fruit-of-Spirit sense (faithfulness, وفاداري, new term below) in Gal 5:22. |
| righteousness | صداقت | sadaqat | Critical | 2, 3, 5 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Core passage term (2:16, 2:21); Abraham/Ibrahim proof-text (3:6) heightens collision with Qur’anic Ibrahim paradigm — see notes in Section B. |
| justification | صادق ګڼل کیدل | sadiq ganal kedal | Critical | 2, 3, 5 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Verb form δικαιοῦται (2:16, 2:17) must render with the same compound. |
| imputed_righteousness | محسوبه شوی صداقت | mahsuba shway sadaqat | Critical | 3 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Applied directly to Abraham/Ibrahim (Gal 3:6, citing Gen 15:6) — the letter’s proof-text for justification apart from law/ritual. |
| apostle | رسول | rasul | High | 1, 2 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Sharpened by Paul’s insistence on unmediated divine commissioning (1:1, 1:11-12). |
| called / calling | بلل شوی / بلنه | balal shaway / balana | High / Medium | 1, 5 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | 1:6 “called you in the grace of Christ”; 5:8, 5:13. |
| holy / sanctification | مقدس / تقدیس | moqaddas / taqdis | Medium / High | (conceptual background to separation_unto_gods_service) | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | No direct occurrence of the noun forms in Galatians but the underlying doctrine undergirds ch. 5’s flesh/Spirit ethics. |
| adoption | زوی نیول | zoy neyol | Critical | 4 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Galatians 4:5 is a parallel adoption text to Romans 8; same patrilineal-inheritance collision risk applies with equal force. |
| resurrection | بیا راژوندي کیدل | bya rajwandi kedal | Critical | (implied throughout, undergirding resurrection_of_christ doctrine referenced via crucified_with_christ) | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Must be taught alongside curse/crucified_with_christ (3:13, 2:20) so the cross is never presented without its resurrection vindication. |
| lord | خداوند | Khudawand | Critical | 1, 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Closing benediction (6:18) and salutation (1:3) both confess Christ’s Lordship. |
| son_of_god | د خدای زوی | da Khudai zoy | Critical | 2, 4 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Gal 2:20 and 4:4; must remain visibly distinct from the plural believer-sonship term (sons_of_god, new, Section B). |
| incarnation | تجسد | tajassud | Critical | 4 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Pair with periphrastic “God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law” (4:4) per baseline guidance. |
| peace | سوله | sola | Medium | 1, 5, 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Salutation (1:3) and fruit of the Spirit (5:22). |
| fellowship | ملګرتیا | malgartia | Low | 2 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “Right hand of fellowship” (2:9). |
| church | کلیسا | kalisa | Critical | 1 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Never امت; Paul’s former persecution of the church (1:13). |
| kingdom_of_god | د خدای پاچاهي | da Khudai pachahi | Medium | 5 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “Will not inherit the kingdom of God” (5:21). |
| law | ناموس | namus | Critical | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | NEVER شریعت; central term throughout the “Law and Grace” and “The Law’s Purpose” doctrines. |
| sin | ګناه | gunah | High | 2, 3 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “Sinners from among the Gentiles” (2:15); “Scripture imprisoned everything under sin” (3:22). |
| gentiles | غیر یهودیان | gheyr yahudian | Medium | 2, 3 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Central to the Titus-circumcision dispute (2:3) and Abrahamic blessing to the nations (3:8, 3:14). |
| glory | جلال | jalal | Medium | 1 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “They glorified God because of me” (1:24). |
| messiah | مسیح | Masih | Critical | throughout | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Every occurrence of “Christ.” |
| covenant | تړون | tarun | High | 3 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “No one annuls a covenant once ratified” (3:15). |
| intercession | منځګړیتوب | manzgaritob | Medium | 3 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Root-shared with new term mediator (منځګړی), Section B. |
| providence | د خدای تدبیر | da Khudai tadbir | Medium | 4 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “The fullness of time” (4:4) reflects God’s purposive timing. |
| david | داود | Dawud | Medium | (implied genealogical background) | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Not directly named in Galatians but background to Abrahamic-promise typology fulfilled in Christ. |
| israel | اسرائیل | Esra’il | High | 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “The Israel of God” (6:16) — see Section B for the added exegetical-sensitivity note. |
| jesus | عیسی | Isa | Critical | throughout | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | |
| god | خدای | Khudai | Critical | throughout | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | |
| holy_spirit | روح القدس | Rooh-ul-Qudus | Critical | 3, 4, 5, 6 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Central to fruit_of_the_spirit and flesh_vs_spirit doctrines. |
| father | پلار | plar | Critical | 1, 4 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | “God our Father” (1:4); “Abba, Father” (4:6). |
| abba | ابا | Abba | High | 4 | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Gal 4:6, parallel to Romans 8:15. |
| power_of_god | د خدای قدرت | da Khudai qodrat | Medium | (implied, undergirds resurrection) | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | No direct Galatians occurrence of the exact phrase; conceptually present. |
| spiritual_gifts | روحاني ورکړې | rohani warkane | Medium | (contrast term for fruit_of_the_spirit, ch. 5) | [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Must be kept distinct from fruit_of_the_spirit — see Section B note. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced in Galatians (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Pashto | Pashto Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| another_gospel / false gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | heteron euangelion | بل انجیل | bal Injil | Critical | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1 | Must be marked unambiguously as a false, condemned claimant (1:8-9), not a legitimate alternative — acute given the shared regional tahrif assumption that other/prior revelations may supersede the NT record. |
| revelation (apostolic) | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | مکاشفه | mukashifa | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1 | Risks collision with Qur’anic wahy (verbatim dictation model) and must be framed as a unique, unrepeatable founding commission, not an ongoing model for private revelation-claims. |
| zeal / zealous | ζῆλος / ζηλωτής | zēlos / zēlōtēs | غیرت | ghairat | Critical | Paul’s Apostleship (background); True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1, 4 | Directly names Pashtunwali’s honor-code animating concept and contemporary religious-zealotry rhetoric; text presents this zeal (1:14) as sinful and later repudiated, and a second occurrence (4:17-18) is manipulative false-teacher behavior — neither may be read as endorsing “ghairat” as a virtue without qualification. |
| accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | لعنتی | la’nati | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1 | Collides with folk beliefs in active, quasi-magical curses (evil eye, sorcery); must be taught as solemn apostolic covenantal pronouncement, not folk-curse language. |
| set apart (from birth) | ἀφορίζω | aphorizō | بېلول | belawul | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship / Divine Calling | 1 | Reinforces baseline divine_calling; no independent high risk. |
| false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | pseudadelphoi | درواغجن وروڼه | drwaghjan wrunah | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 2 | Straightforward descriptive compound; low ambiguity. |
| freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | ازادي | azadi | High | Freedom in Christ | 2, 5 | A politically resonant, positively-charged term in the conflict-affected Pashto-speaking world; must be explicitly anchored to freedom from the law’s condemnation and legalistic performance, not conflated with political/social liberation. |
| circumcision | περιτομή | peritomē | ختنه | khatna | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2, 5, 6 | Uniquely acute for Pashto: khatna is a near-universal childhood religious/cultural practice for Pashtun Muslim males, unlike Paul’s adult Gentile audience; teaching emphasis must shift explicitly from the physical practice to law-works reliance as the actual target of Paul’s argument. |
| truth of the gospel | ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | hē alētheia tou euangeliou | د انجیل رښتیا | da Injil rishtia | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2 | ”Truth” here means doctrinal/behavioral integrity with the gospel, not a textual-preservation claim, though that resonance is unavoidable given the shared tahrif assumption. |
| hypocrisy (situational) | ὑπόκρισις | hypokrisis | دوه مخي (preferred) | dohu makhi | High | Law and Grace | 2 | منافقت is explicitly rejected as an alternative — it names a specific, heavily loaded Qur’anic category of professed-but-false belief (نفاق) far exceeding the text’s sense of situational inconsistency. |
| to Judaize | ἰουδαΐζειν | ioudaizein | د یهودیانو په څیر ژوند کول | da yahudian pa tsir zhwand kawal | Medium | Law and Grace | 2 | Descriptive rendering; low independent ambiguity beyond circumcision/law cautions already flagged. |
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | erga nomou | د ناموس کړنې | da namus krune | Critical | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | 2, 3 | The letter’s central polemical target; must be distinguished from good works generally (5:6, 6:2) and from the deeds-weighing framework already flagged under baseline salvation/universal_human_accountability. |
| faith in/of Jesus Christ (πίστις Χριστοῦ) | πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | pisteōs Iēsou Christou | عیسی مسیح باندې ایمان | Isa Masih bande iman | High | Justification by Faith | 2, 3 | Genitive ambiguity (objective/subjective) is theologically significant; default to “faith in Christ” per majority tradition, flag alternative per Ambiguity Handling rules. |
| cross / crucifixion | σταυρός | stauros | صلیب | salib | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2, 5, 6 | Directly names the event denied in the Qur’an (4:157), sharing the root ص-ل-ب; foundational to multiple doctrines across the letter. |
| crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω | synestaurōmai | له مسیح سره صلیب شوی | da Masih sara salib shaway | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2, 5 | Compounds the crucifixion-denial collision with an honor-shame culture’s aversion to identifying with a shameful death; requires oral/narrative apologetic support and mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | سرغړوونکی | sarghrawunkay | Low-Medium | Law and Grace | 2 | Distinct from general “sinner”; keep separate to preserve Paul’s self-incrimination logic (2:18). |
| nullify / set aside | ἀθετέω | atheteō | باطلول | batilawul | High | Justification by Faith | 2, 3 | Deliberately avoids any ن-س-خ (naskh/abrogation) root to prevent collision with Islamic abrogation doctrine already flagged under baseline fulfillment_of_prophecy. |
| bewitched | βασκαίνω | baskainō | جادو کړی | jadu kray | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3 | Vivid rhetorical image colliding with widespread folk belief in the evil eye/sorcery; risk of literal (mis)reading as an occult claim. |
| Abraham (as justification paradigm) | Ἀβραάμ | Abraam | ابراهیم | Ibrahim | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3 | Directly overturns the ritual/legal-submission-centered Qur’anic Ibrahim paradigm (Hajj origins, near-sacrifice narrative); must be taught with explicit awareness of the contrast. |
| seed / offspring (singular argument) | σπέρμα | sperma | نسل | nasl | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3 | Genuine linguistic asset (Pashto نسل is an unmarked collective noun like Greek σπέρμα), but translators must not force a plural marker that would foreclose Paul’s singular-referent argument. |
| curse (of the law / became a curse) | κατάρα | katara | لعنت | la’nat | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3 | The Messiah “becoming a curse” collides with both the crucifixion denial and the Islamic doctrine that prophets are protected from disgrace (ismah); requires explicit substitutionary framing plus resurrection vindication. |
| redeem / redemption | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | خلاص کړی / خلاصون | khlas kray / khlasun | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Adoption and Sonship | 3, 4 | فدیه (fidya, Islamic ransom-payment concept) offered as a calibrated cultural bridge, paralleling the baseline’s نانوتی discipline; must clarify Christ himself, not a sum of money, is the payment. |
| promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | وعده | wa’da | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3, 4 | Must retain the specific covenantal, unilateral sense per baseline covenant caution. |
| mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | منځګړی | manzgaray | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3 | Built on baseline intercession root; the law’s mediated origin vs. the promise’s direct, unmediated giving is a point of contact with tawhid emphasis on God’s oneness. |
| law as guardian/tutor | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | روزونکی | rozawunkay | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3 | No exact Pashtunwali equivalent institution; render descriptively, distinguish from ongoing tribal-elder guardianship (which does not terminate). |
| imprisoned under sin | συγκλείω | synkleiō | بندي کول | bandi kawal | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3 | Straightforward legal-custody metaphor. |
| sons of God (believers, plural) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ | huioi theou | د خدای زامن | da Khudai zaman | High | Adoption and Sonship | 3, 4 | Must remain visibly distinct from the singular, unique د خدای زوی reserved for Christ (baseline sonship_of_christ, Critical). |
| baptism | βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα | baptizō / baptisma | تعمید | Ta’mid | High | Adoption and Sonship (contextual) | 3 | Must use the established Christian loanword, NEVER غسل (Islamic ritual-purity bath), to avoid collapsing baptism into an existing Islamic ritual category. |
| clothed with Christ | ἐνδύω | endyō | مسیح یې واغوستی | Masih ye waghustay | Medium | Christian Identity in Christ (cross-cf. Romans baseline) | 3 | Vivid, translatable garment metaphor; low independent ambiguity. |
| neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female | — | — | نه یهودی شته نه یونانی، نه غلام نه ازاد، نه نر نه ښځه | — | High | Freedom in Christ; Unity doctrine (cross-cf. Romans baseline) | 3 | The “male and female” clause is a distinct high-risk addition beyond ethnic unity, given strongly patriarchal Pashtun norms; must be taught as positional equality in salvation standing, not a general social-egalitarian claim detached from context. |
| heirs | κληρονόμοι | klēronomoi | وارثان | warisan | High | Adoption and Sonship | 3 | Sharply reverses both Islamic farā’iḍ and Pashtunwali patrilineal inheritance defaults; reinforces baseline adoption caution. |
| guardians and managers | ἐπίτροπος / οἰκονόμος | epitropos / oikonomos | سرپرستان / مدیران | sarparastan / mudiran | Low-Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 4 | Descriptive; low independent ambiguity. |
| fullness of time | τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | to plērōma tou chronou | د وخت بشپړتیا | da wakht bashpartia | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4 | Reinforces baseline providence. |
| elemental spirits of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | د دنیا لومړني اصول (ارواح) | da dunya lumrhani usul (arwa) | High | Law and Grace; Freedom in Christ | 4 | Double-edged: resonant bridge with folk jinn/spiritual-power beliefs, but risks endorsing literal folk theology rather than Paul’s polemical point about defeated old religious systems. |
| zeal (manipulative, false teachers) | ζηλόω | zēloō | غیرت | ghairat | Critical | (cross-ref: True Gospel versus False Gospels) | 4 | Same critical root as ch.1; distinguish carefully from any endorsement of “good” ghairat without qualification. |
| birth pains / travail | ὠδίνω | ōdinō | زیږون خوږونه | zeghun khwazuna | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (pastoral tone) | 4 | Vivid maternal image from a male apostle in a patriarchal culture; flag for natural, non-flattened rendering. |
| allegory | ἀλληγορούμενα | allēgoroumena | تمثیل | tamsil | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4 | Standard rhetorical-literary term. |
| Hagar / Ishmael | Ἁγάρ / Ἰσμαήλ | Hagar / Ismaēl | هاجره / اسماعیل | Hajira / Ismail | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4 | Most culturally sensitive passage in the letter: Hajira/Ismail are venerated Hajj-central figures in Islam; Paul’s covenant-typology (not ethnic) argument must be taught with the greatest care to avoid being heard as an ethnic/religious slight. |
| Sarah / Isaac | Σάρρα / Ἰσαάκ | Sarra / Isaak | ساره / اسحاق | Sara / Es’haq | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4 | Paired directly with the Hagar/Ishmael caution above. |
| Jerusalem above / present Jerusalem | ἡ ἄνω / νῦν Ἰερουσαλήμ | hē anō / nyn Ierousalēm | پورتنی / اوسنی یروشلم | portani / osani Yerushalem | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4 | Cross-references baseline israel political-sensitivity caution; must remain covenant-typological, not geopolitical. |
| yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας | zygos douleias | د غلامۍ جغه | da ghulami jugha | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 5 | Familiar rural agrarian image; genuine cultural asset. |
| fallen from grace / severed from Christ | ἐξέπεσατε / κατηργήθητε | exepesate / katērgēthēte | له فضل نه لوېدلی / له مسیح نه بېل شوی | la fazal na lwedalay / la Masih na bel shaway | High | Law and Grace | 5 | Must be harmonized with baseline assurance_of_salvation so the warning against seeking law-righteousness is not read as contradicting genuine believers’ eternal security. |
| hope (of righteousness) | ἐλπίς | elpis | هیله | hila | Medium | Justification by Faith | 5 | Not present in Romans baseline TM; promoted here as load-bearing. |
| faith working through love | πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | هغه ایمان چې د مینې له لارې کار کوي | hagha iman che da mine la lare kar kawi | High | Faith Working through Love | 5 | Must not slide into works-righteousness (faith-plus-love-works justifies) nor be flattened to bare intellectual assent; it is faith’s necessary fruit, not its ground. |
| leaven | ζύμη | zymē | خمیره | khamira | Low | Law and Grace | 5 | Familiar baking image. |
| stumbling block / offense of the cross | σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ | skandalon tou staurou | د صلیب رټنه | da salib ratna | High | Crucified with Christ | 5 | Names, within the text itself, the very reaction many Pashto readers already feel toward the crucifixion; a teaching asset if handled directly rather than smoothed over. |
| opportunity for the flesh | ἀφορμὴ τῇ σαρκί | aphormē tē sarki | د نفس لپاره موقع | da nafs lapara mowqa | High | Freedom in Christ; Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | Reuses نفس; see flesh/Spirit entry below. |
| enslaved to one another through love | δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης | douleuete allēlois dia tēs agapēs | د مینې له لارې یو بل ته خدمت وکړئ | da mine la lare yaw bal ta khidmat wakrai | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 5 | Paul’s δουλ- root wordplay (slavery vs. loving service) cannot be reproduced with a single Pashto root; note the loss for translators. |
| flesh (ethical sense) / Spirit | σάρξ / πνεῦμα | sarx / pneuma | نفس / روح | nafs / rooh | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5, 6 | نفس is a genuine bridge to Islamic/Sufi moral psychology (نفس اماره) but risks importing an ascetic self-effort framework Paul is specifically arguing against; victory over the flesh is by the Spirit’s work, not self-discipline alone. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | erga tēs sarkos | د نفس کړنې | da nafs krune | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | Distinct category from works_of_the_law; must not be conflated despite surface similarity. |
| sexual immorality | πορνεία | porneia | زنا | zina | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | زنا carries specific Islamic hadd-law penal associations; must be taught as a pastoral moral category, not a civil/criminal charge. |
| idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | بت پرستي | but-parasti | Low-Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | Genuine common ground with Islamic tawhid’s rejection of idolatry. |
| sorcery | φαρμακεία | pharmakeia | جادوګري | jadugari | Medium-High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | Ties to folk-magic beliefs flagged under bewitched/elemental spirits. |
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | karpos tou pneumatos | د روح القدس مېوه | da Rooh-ul-Qudus mewa | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | Must preserve singular “fruit” (Spirit-produced character) vs. plural “works” (human-produced) contrast; keep distinct from baseline spiritual_gifts. |
| love (fruit sense) | ἀγάπη | agapē | مینه | mina | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | Everyday Pashto usage skews romantic/affectionate; must retain sacrificial, covenantal sense (cf. 2:20). |
| joy | χαρά | chara | خوښي | khwakhi | Low | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | |
| patience | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | زغم (cf. صبر) | zaghm (cf. sabr) | Low | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | Genuine positive resonance with the major Islamic virtue of sabr. |
| kindness / goodness | χρηστότης / ἀγαθωσύνη | chrēstotēs / agathōsynē | مهرباني / نیکي | mehrabani / neki | Low | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | |
| faithfulness (fruit sense) | πίστις | pistis | وفاداري | wafadari | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | Deliberately distinct from ایمان (doctrinal faith) to prevent sense-confusion. |
| gentleness / self-control | πραΰτης / ἐγκράτεια | prautēs / enkrateia | نرمي / ځان ساتنه | narmi / dzan satana | Low-Medium | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | Self-control must be taught as Spirit-produced, not self-generated ascetic achievement. |
| bear one another’s burdens | βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων | bastazete ta barē allēlōn | د یو بل درانه بارونه پورته کړئ | da yaw bal drana barona porta krai | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6 | Genuine positive cultural bridge with Pashtunwali communal mutual-aid customs. |
| law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | nomos tou Christou | د مسیح ناموس | da Masih namus | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6 | Not a new parallel legal code; shorthand for Christ’s love-command fulfilled through the Spirit. |
| one’s own load (distinct from shared burden) | φορτίον | phortion | خپل بار / پېټی | khpal bar / peti | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6 | Should use a distinguishable word from βάρος (6:2) to preserve Paul’s communal-vs-individual distinction. |
| sow and reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | کرل / رېبل | karal / rebal | Low-Medium | The Law’s Purpose (contextual); Flesh versus Spirit | 6 | Highly resonant agrarian image. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | تلپاتې ژوند | talpate zhwand | Medium-High | (cross-cf. Romans baseline salvation) | 6 | Not in Romans baseline TM; must be distinguished from Islamic deeds-weighing framework for Paradise. |
| household of faith | οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως | hoi oikeioi tēs pisteōs | د ایمان کورنۍ | da iman kornۍ | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6 | Positive family-metaphor asset requiring the same calibration as baseline adoption regarding tribal-kinship transcendence. |
| boasting | καυχάομαι | kauchaomai | فخر کول | fakhr kawal | Medium-High | Crucified with Christ | 6 | Paul’s paradoxical boasting in a shameful death inverts ordinary honor-shame logic; a powerful, deliberately countercultural teaching point. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | نوی مخلوق | nawi makhluq | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6 | مخلوق’s shared root with خلق (a divine attribute in Islamic theology) is a genuine asset; must convey decisive ontological renewal, not gradual self-improvement. |
| rule / standard | κανών | kanōn | معیار | meyar | Low | (general) | 6 | |
| the Israel of God | ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | ho Israēl tou theou | د خدای اسرائیل | da Khudai Esra’il | High | (cross-cf. Romans baseline israel, unity_of_jews_and_gentiles) | 6 | Sits atop the baseline’s political-sensitivity caution and raises a genuine exegetical question (church vs. ethnic Israel) with supersessionist misreading potential; requires theologian review to settle teaching framing. |
| marks of Jesus | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | ta stigmata tou Iēsou | د عیسی نښې | da Isa nishe | Medium | (Paul’s Apostleship, closing authentication) | 6 | Must be distinguished from ritual self-mortification/scarification practices in some regional folk-Sufi traditions. |
Section C — Proper Names (Established or Newly Confirmed Forms)
| Name (EN) | Pashto | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paul | پولوس | Pulos | Low | 1–6 | Per baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md transliteration standard. |
| Titus | طیطس | Titos | Low | 2 | Uncircumcised Greek test-case companion. |
| Cephas / Peter | کیفا / پطرس | Kifa / Petros | Medium | 1, 2 | Both forms occur in Galatians (Κηφᾶς and Πέτρος); keep consistent per occurrence in the Greek text. |
| Barnabas | برنباس | Barnabas | Low | 2 | |
| James | یعقوب | Ya’qub | Medium | 1, 2 | Shares its Pashto form with the OT patriarch Jacob/Yaqub, a respected shared Qur’anic prophet figure — a positive point of name-recognition, not a doctrinal claim of identity between the two. |
| Abraham | ابراهیم | Ibrahim | High | 3, 4 | See Section B entry above for the Qur’anic-paradigm collision note. |
| Sarah | ساره | Sara | High | 4 | See Hagar/Sarah entry above. |
| Hagar | هاجره | Hajira | Critical | 4 | See Hagar/Ishmael entry above. |
| Isaac | اسحاق | Es’haq | High | 4 | See Hagar/Sarah entry above. |
| Ishmael | اسماعیل | Ismail | Critical | 4 | See Hagar/Ishmael entry above. |
| Moses | موسی | Musa | Low | (implied, law-background) | Per baseline transliteration standard; no direct Galatians occurrence but background to law doctrine. |
Coverage Confirmation
This glossary cites load-bearing terms from every chapter of Galatians (1–6). No chapter was found to contribute zero new theological vocabulary. All terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are reused with their exact recorded Pashto rendering (Section A); all newly identified Galatians-specific terms are proposed for promotion into translation memory with assigned risk tiers consistent with the baseline’s four-tier framework (Section B); proper names follow established or newly confirmed Pashto Christian Bible-translation-tradition forms (Section C).
Critical Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: انجیل
Transliteration: Injil
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: زیری
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (originally High risk); elevated to Critical for Galatians because the letter explicitly names and curses a rival ‘different gospel’ (1:6-9). Must be taught as the NT record itself, not a corrupted successor to a lost original revelation, per the shared regional tahrif assumption.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: صداقت
Transliteration: sadaqat
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Applied directly to Abraham/Ibrahim (3:6), sharpening the collision with the Qur’anic Ibrahim paradigm of ritual/legal submission; introduce honor-restoration bridging here without letting namus-keeping or ghairat re-enter as a supplementary basis of standing.
Justification
Approved rendering: صادق ګڼل کیدل
Transliteration: sadiq ganal kedal
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Thesis verb of the whole letter (δικαιοῦται, 2:16-17); must render with this identical compound at every occurrence including chs. 3 and 5.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: محسوبه شوی صداقت
Transliteration: mahsuba shway sadaqat
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: لاسته راوړی صداقت
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians’ own proof-text applied directly to Ibrahim (3:6, citing Gen 15:6), overturning the ritual/works-based reading of Ibrahim dominant in Islamic tradition. NEVER ‘earned righteousness’.
Adoption
Approved rendering: زوی نیول
Transliteration: zoy neyol
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5 is a parallel adoption text to Romans 8, reinforced by 3:29 and 4:7’s inheritance language; the baseline caution about rigid Pashtun patrilineal qawm/khel inheritance norms applies with full force.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: بیا راژوندي کیدل
Transliteration: bya rajwandi kedal
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Not named directly in Galatians but doctrinally required alongside every crucifixion/curse reference (2:20, 3:13) so the cross is never taught without its resurrection vindication.
Lord
Approved rendering: خداوند
Transliteration: Khudawand
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation of Christ
Rejected alternatives: مالک
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the salutation (1:3) and closing benediction (6:18), framing the whole letter; NEVER مالک.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: د خدای زوی
Transliteration: da Khudai zoy
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:20 and 4:4; must remain visibly distinct from the plural believer-sonship term د خدای زامن used at 3:26.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: تجسد
Transliteration: tajassud
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation of Christ
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:4 (‘born of a woman, born under the law’) is the letter’s own compact incarnation statement compounding three Critical doctrines at once; pair تجسد with the periphrastic sending-and-birth statement.
Church
Approved rendering: کلیسا
Transliteration: kalisa
Doctrine: Church as a Persecuted New Covenant Community
Rejected alternatives: امت
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; NEVER امت. Galatians 1:13 records Paul’s own former violent persecution of the church, sober background for this readership’s own dispersed, often secret communities.
Law
Approved rendering: ناموس
Transliteration: namus
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: شریعت
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (originally Critical); risk deepened for Galatians because ناموس also carries a live, emotionally load-bearing colloquial Pashto sense of ‘family honor’ (esp. female chastity), one of Pashtunwali’s three defining pillars alongside gold and land. Given Galatians’ dense, repeated use of this term across nearly every chapter, this collision surface is larger than in Romans. Gloss explicitly as ‘د موسی ناموس’ (the Law of Moses) at first occurrence per lesson unit; never شریعت.
Messiah
Approved rendering: مسیح
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at nearly every load-bearing doctrinal point across all six chapters; every occurrence must actively assert Christ’s unique redemptive sufficiency against the Qur’anic honored-prophet-only reading.
Jesus
Approved rendering: عیسی
Transliteration: Isa
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout; the Qur’anic prophet-only, non-crucified, non-divine narrative must be actively corrected at every occurrence, especially alongside صلیب (cross) references.
God
Approved rendering: خدای
Transliteration: Khudai
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الله
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Strict tawhid theology must be distinguished from the Trinitarian conception denoted by the same word throughout Galatians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: روح القدس
Transliteration: Rooh-ul-Qudus
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to chs. 3-6 (receiving the Spirit by faith, 3:2-5; walking by the Spirit, 5:16-25); the created-being-vs-divine-Person distinction from the Jibril identification must be made explicit at every occurrence.
Father
Approved rendering: پلار
Transliteration: plar
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:4 (‘God our Father’) and 4:6 (‘Abba! Father!’); the intimate, warm sense must be foregrounded against both tawhid transcendence and Pashtun patriarchal stern-authority connotations.
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: بل انجیل
Transliteration: bal Injil
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Must be marked unambiguously as a false, condemned claimant (1:8-9), never a legitimate alternative revelation, given the shared regional tahrif assumption that a later or prior revelation may supersede the NT record. Paul’s double curse-formula (even an angel, even Paul himself) must be retained at full force.
Zeal
Approved rendering: غیرت
Transliteration: ghairat
Doctrine: Zeal and False Religious Motive
Original: ζῆλος / ζηλωτής / ζηλόω
Category: Sin
NEW. Directly names Pashtunwali’s honor-code animating concept, widely invoked in contemporary regional rhetoric to justify religious-political militancy. Paul’s own pre-conversion zeal that led him to violently persecute the church (1:13-14) and the false teachers’ manipulative zeal (4:17-18) are both presented as misguided or self-serving, never as a model needing only redirection. Never pair with a positively-valenced modifier. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: ختنه
Transliteration: khatna
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW. Uniquely acute for Pashto: khatna is a near-universal childhood religious/cultural practice for virtually all Pashtun Muslim males, unlike Paul’s adult Gentile audience for whom it was a live decision. Every occurrence (2:3-5, 5:2-6, 6:12-15) must reframe circumcision as shorthand for reliance on Torah-identity/law-works, never as commentary on the physical practice itself. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: د ناموس کړنې
Transliteration: da namus krune
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW. The letter’s central polemical target (2:16, 3:2-10). Highest risk in the entire book: Pashto/Sunni readers instinctively hear this as a critique of shari’a-keeping generally, or as devaluing good deeds as such, colliding with the deeds-weighing framework already flagged under the baseline salvation doctrine. Must be distinguished from good works as fruit of faith (5:6, 5:22-23, 6:2). Mandatory theologian review.
Cross
Approved rendering: صلیب
Transliteration: salib
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW. Directly names the event denied in the Qur’an (4:157, ‘wa mā ṣalabūhū’), sharing the root ص-ل-ب with صلیب itself. Foundational to Crucified-with-Christ, the offense of the cross (5:11), and boasting-in-the-cross (6:14) doctrines. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: له مسیح سره صلیب شوی
Transliteration: da Masih sara salib shaway
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Compounds the crucifixion-denial collision with an honor-shame culture’s aversion to identifying with a shameful, criminal death. Must never be softened to a metaphor of mere self-denial; requires oral/narrative apologetic support. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence (2:20, 5:24, 6:14).
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: لعنت
Transliteration: la’nat
Doctrine: The Curse of the Law and Christ’s Redemption
Original: κατάρα
Category: Christology
NEW. Doubly explosive: (1) invokes the crucifixion the Qur’an denies, and (2) mainstream Islamic theology holds prophets are protected from disgrace (ismah doctrine), making the idea of the Messiah ‘becoming cursed’ deeply counter-intuitive unless explained as Christ’s voluntary, substitutionary bearing of a curse rightly ours, followed by resurrection vindication (3:13). Mandatory theologian review.
Hagar Ishmael
Approved rendering: هاجره / اسماعیل
Transliteration: Hajira / Ismail
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἁγάρ / Ἰσμαήλ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Likely the single most culturally sensitive term-set in Galatians: Hajira and Ismail are venerated Hajj-central figures in Islamic tradition (well of Zamzam, sa’i ritual) and Ismail is honored as a prophet and ancestral figure. Paul’s allegorical use to represent slavery-under-law risks being heard as an ethnic/religious slight against Ishmael’s line and the broader Muslim community. Must be taught as covenant-typology (law vs. promise), never a claim about any ethnic group’s spiritual status today. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence (4:24-25, 4:28-30).
Flesh Spirit
Approved rendering: نفس / روح
Transliteration: nafs / rooh
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: جسم
Original: σάρξ / πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
NEW. نفس is a genuine, substantial bridge to Islamic/Sufi moral psychology (نفس اماره, ‘the soul that commands to evil,’ Q12:53), but Sufi tradition frames victory over the نفس chiefly as ascetic self-discipline (mujahada al-nafs), whereas Galatians 5 teaches victory comes through walking by the Spirit’s active work, not human self-effort (cf. 3:3). This distinction must be made explicit at every occurrence in chs. 5-6, or the doctrine risks absorption into the very self-effort framework Paul argues against. جسم (mere physical body) is rejected as too weak to carry the inner, morally-charged sense intended. Mandatory theologian review.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: زنا
Transliteration: zina
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sin
NEW. زنا is a specific, severely legally-freighted term in Islamic law (a hadd offense with prescribed penal consequences). Using it for the New Testament’s broader ethical category (5:19) risks readers assuming the biblical category matches the narrow civil/criminal Islamic legal-penal apparatus, dangerously so given honor-killing risk in some regional contexts. Must be taught as a moral category addressed pastorally within the church, never as language authorizing or referencing civil/criminal penalty.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: فضل
Transliteration: fazal
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Central to 1:6, 2:21, 5:4; must be actively guarded against Pashtunwali’s melmastia reciprocity expectation throughout the letter’s dense chs. 3-5 law/grace argument.
Faith
Approved rendering: ایمان
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Letter’s thesis term (2:16, 3:6-26, 5:6); must be kept visibly distinct from the fruit-of-the-Spirit sense of the same Greek root in 5:22 (rendered وفاداري) so believing and character-faithfulness are not confused.
Apostle
Approved rendering: رسول
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 sharpens the risk: Paul’s insistence on unmediated divine commissioning structurally parallels Muhammad’s direct, unlettered-prophet claim; must be balanced with 2:1-10’s confirmation from the Jerusalem apostles.
Called
Approved rendering: بلل شوی
Transliteration: balal shaway
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:6 (‘called you in the grace of Christ’) and 1:15 both require the direction of address (God to the person) to be explicit.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: تقدیس
Transliteration: taqdis
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: پاکوالی
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; NEVER پاکوالی. Conceptual background to the entire Flesh-versus-Spirit and Fruit-of-the-Spirit teaching in chs. 5-6.
Sin
Approved rendering: ګناه
Transliteration: gunah
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:15 (‘sinners from among the Gentiles’) names the very Jewish insider/outsider boundary Paul then dismantles; 3:22 is a universal-accountability statement.
Covenant
Approved rendering: تړون
Transliteration: tarun
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:15, ‘no one annuls a covenant once ratified’ — a unilateral, gracious pact, not a negotiated pact between relative equals as Pashtunwali treaty-making typically assumes.
Israel
Approved rendering: اسرائیل
Transliteration: Esra’il
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:16, ‘the Israel of God,’ compounds the political-sensitivity caution with a genuine exegetical ambiguity (church vs. ethnic Israel) requiring theologian review before teaching.
Abba
Approved rendering: ابا
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββᾶ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:6, parallel to Romans 8:15; the Spirit of the Son crying ‘Abba, Father’ in the believer’s heart evidences genuine, intimate sonship.
Apostolic Revelation
Approved rendering: مکاشفه
Transliteration: mukashifa
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Faith
NEW. Risks collision with the Qur’anic wahy verbatim-dictation model; must be framed as a unique, unrepeatable apostolic commissioning event (1:12), not an ongoing model legitimizing later private revelation-claims.
Anathema
Approved rendering: لعنتی
Transliteration: la’nati
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Collides with widespread regional folk belief in active, quasi-magical curses (nazar, evil eye, sorcery); must be taught as a solemn apostolic pronouncement of covenantal exclusion (1:8-9), not folk-curse language.
Freedom
Approved rendering: ازادي
Transliteration: azadi
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation
NEW. The single highest positive-emotional-charge word in modern Pashto political vocabulary (independence movements, anti-occupation rhetoric, the Taliban’s own ‘Islamic Emirate’ liberation framing). Every occurrence (2:4, 5:1, 5:13) must be explicitly anchored in the same clause to freedom from the law’s condemnation and legalistic performance, never left as an unqualified standalone noun.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: د انجیل رښتیا
Transliteration: da Injil rishtia
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Salvation
NEW. What Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship violated (2:5, 2:14); ‘truth’ means doctrinal/behavioral integrity with the one gospel, not a textual-preservation claim, though that resonance is unavoidable given the shared tahrif assumption.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: دوه مخي
Transliteration: dohu makhi
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: منافقت
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Sin
NEW. منافقت is explicitly rejected: it names the specific, heavily loaded Qur’anic category of professed-but-inwardly-rejecting belief (نفاق, Surah al-Munafiqun), a damnable spiritual state bordering on apostasy — far exceeding the text’s sense of Peter’s situational inconsistency (2:13).
Faith In Christ
Approved rendering: عیسی مسیح باندې ایمان
Transliteration: Isa Masih bande iman
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
NEW. Occurs at 2:16 (x3), 2:20, 3:22. The genitive πίστις Χριστοῦ is ambiguous (objective ‘faith in Christ’ vs. subjective ‘the faithfulness of Christ’); default to ‘faith in Jesus Christ’ per majority translation tradition, footnote the alternative per Ambiguity Handling rules, and flag every occurrence for native-speaker/theologian review.
Nullify
Approved rendering: باطلول
Transliteration: batilawul
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: نسخ کول
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Deliberately avoids any ن-س-خ (naskh/abrogation) root, since نسخ کول is the specific Islamic term for Qur’anic abrogation (later revelation superseding earlier revelation) — using it here (2:21, cf. 3:15’s cognate) would make Paul sound like he invokes the very framework his argument refutes.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: جادو کړی
Transliteration: jadu kray
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: βασκαίνω
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 3:1. Pashtun folk culture holds strong, widespread belief in nazar (evil eye) and jadu (sorcery), including protective taweez; risks being received as a literal claim about occult activity rather than Paul’s rhetorical alarm. Flag for native speaker review to calibrate tone.
Abraham
Approved rendering: ابراهیم
Transliteration: Ibrahim
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Directly overturns the Qur’anic Ibrahim paradigm, in which Ibrahim is celebrated chiefly as the model of ritual/legal submission (near-sacrifice narrative, Ka’ba/Hajj origins) rather than as the exemplar of justification apart from any legal or ritual act (3:6-9). Must be taught with explicit awareness of the contrast.
Seed Of Promise
Approved rendering: نسل
Transliteration: nasl
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Genuine linguistic asset: Pashto نسل, like Greek σπέρμα, is a collective noun not inherently marked for number, reproducing Paul’s singular/plural argument in 3:16. Translators must not add a plural suffix that would foreclose the singular reading (‘who is Christ’) Paul needs.
Redeem
Approved rendering: خلاص کړی / خلاصون
Transliteration: khlas kray / khlasun
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. فدیه (fidya), a recognized Islamic legal ransom-payment concept, is offered as a calibrated cultural bridge similar to the baseline’s nanawatai discipline (3:13, 4:5); must clarify Christ himself, not a sum of money, is the payment.
Sons Of God Believers
Approved rendering: د خدای زامن
Transliteration: da Khudai zaman
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:26; must remain visibly distinct from the singular, unique د خدای زوی reserved for Christ alone, to avoid implying believers become divine in the same unique sense Christ is.
Baptism
Approved rendering: تعمید
Transliteration: Ta’mid
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: غسل
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 3:27, ‘as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ.’ Must use the established Christian loanword تعمید; NEVER غسل, the Islamic term for a ritual purification bath, which would collapse baptism into an existing Islamic ritual-purity category.
Unity Formula
Approved rendering: نه یهودی شته نه یونانی، نه غلام نه ازاد، نه نر نه ښځه
Transliteration: na yahudi shta na yunani, na ghulam na azad, na nar na khza
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:28. The ‘male and female’ clause is a distinct high-risk addition beyond ethnic unity: in strongly patriarchal Pashtun tribal culture, a flat statement of male-female equality risks either outright cultural rejection or over-reading as erasing all household/ministry role distinctions taught elsewhere in the NT. Must be taught precisely as positional equality in salvation standing, not a general social-egalitarian manifesto.
Heirs
Approved rendering: وارثان
Transliteration: warisan
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμοι
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:29, 4:7. Islamic farā’iḍ and Pashtunwali tribal inheritance are both strictly gender- and lineage-structured; Paul’s declaration that Gentile, slave, and female believers are equally heirs alongside free Jewish males sharply reverses both systems’ default expectations.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: د دنیا لومړني اصول (ارواح)
Transliteration: da dunya lumrhani usul (arwa)
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Sin
NEW. Double-edged for a culture with strong, live folk belief in jinn and spiritual forces (4:3, 4:9): a resonant bridge for ‘enslaving spiritual powers now broken in Christ,’ but risks endorsing literal jinn-possession folk theology rather than Paul’s polemical point that even law-observance functions like slavery to old, defeated powers. Flag for native speaker calibration.
Sarah Isaac
Approved rendering: ساره / اسحاق
Transliteration: Sara / Es’haq
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Σάρρα / Ἰσαάκ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Paired directly with the Hagar/Ishmael caution above; the covenant-of-promise line, fulfilled in Christ (4:23, 4:28).
Jerusalem Above Present
Approved rendering: اوسنی یروشلم / پورتنی یروشلم
Transliteration: osani Yerushalem / portani Yerushalem
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ νῦν Ἰερουσαλήμ / ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:25-26. Cross-references the baseline israel entry’s political-sensitivity caution; care is required so this is understood as covenant-typological, not a claim about contemporary geopolitics.
Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: له مسیح نه بېل شوی / له فضل نه لوېدلی
Transliteration: la Masih na bel shaway / la fazal na lwedalay
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ / τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 5:4. Must be harmonized with the baseline assurance_of_salvation doctrine so this warning against seeking law-righteousness is understood as a self-defeating, faith-abandoning path, not a claim that genuine faith in Christ can be lost through ordinary sin or weakness. Flag for theologian review wherever both doctrines are taught in the same curriculum.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: هغه ایمان چې د مینې له لارې کار کوي
Transliteration: hagha iman che da mine la lare kar kawi
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 5:6. Must be calibrated so it is never read as ‘faith plus loving works together justify’ (reintroducing works-righteousness against 2:16’s polemic), nor flattened to bare intellectual assent without observable fruit; it names faith’s necessary, organic expression, not its ground.
Stumbling Block Of Cross
Approved rendering: د صلیب رټنه
Transliteration: da salib ratna
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 5:11. Names, within the text itself, the very stumbling-block reaction many Pashto readers already feel toward the crucifixion — a teaching asset if handled directly rather than smoothed over by adding law-requirements to make the gospel more palatable.
Opportunity For Flesh
Approved rendering: د نفس لپاره موقع
Transliteration: da nafs lapara mowqa
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἀφορμὴ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:13; reuses نفس, sharing the flesh_spirit entry’s caution that self-mastery is Spirit-enabled, not a matter of ascetic self-discipline alone.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: د نفس کړنې
Transliteration: da nafs krune
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sin
NEW. Parallel surface structure to works_of_the_law but a distinct category (moral vices vs. legal observances, 5:19-21); translators must not conflate the two despite the shared ‘works’ word.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: جادوګري
Transliteration: jadugari
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 5:20; ties directly to the folk-magic beliefs already flagged under bewitched and elemental_spirits (evil eye, jinn, amulets); reinforces that these are condemned practices, not neutral folk custom.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: د روح القدس مېوه
Transliteration: da Rooh-ul-Qudus mewa
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23. Must preserve Paul’s deliberate grammatical contrast: plural, human-produced ‘works’ of the flesh versus singular, Spirit-produced ‘fruit’ — one unified character, not a checklist of achievements. Never pluralize to مېوې. Must be kept distinct from spiritual_gifts (روحاني ورکړې).
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: د مسیح ناموس
Transliteration: da Masih namus
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Must be clarified as not a new parallel legal code alongside Mosaic law/shari’a/Pashtunwali, but shorthand for Christ’s love-command fulfilled through the Spirit’s fruit (5:14, 5:22-23), given the letter’s whole argument against relying on any law-code for righteousness. Risk of implying a self-undermining new legal system if not fenced.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: تلپاتې ژوند
Transliteration: talpate zhwand
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 6:8. Not present in the Romans baseline TM though clearly load-bearing; must be distinguished from the Islamic deeds-weighing framework for entry into Paradise already flagged under the baseline salvation doctrine — eternal life here flows from the Spirit’s gift, not a balance-of-deeds outcome.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: د ایمان کورنۍ
Transliteration: da iman kornai
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:10. کورنۍ (family) is an intensely meaningful, structuring category in Pashtun tribal society — a genuine asset — but requires the same calibration as the baseline adoption doctrine: this spiritual family transcends, without necessarily replacing, blood-kinship (qawm/khel) obligations.
Boasting
Approved rendering: فخر کول
Transliteration: fakhr kawal
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 6:14. فخر/pride-vocabulary is default-negative in Islamic ethical discourse (kibr, condemned arrogance); Paul’s paradoxical positive boasting in a shameful instrument of execution inverts ordinary honor-shame logic and must be taught explicitly as a deliberate paradox, never softened into a plain humility statement nor rejected as sinful self-exaltation.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: د خدای اسرائیل
Transliteration: da Khudai Esra’il
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 6:16. Sits atop the baseline israel entry’s political-sensitivity caution and raises a genuine exegetical ambiguity (church vs. ethnic Israel) with real potential for supersessionist misreading if handled carelessly; requires theologian review to settle the teaching framing before this verse is taught.
Medium Risk Terms
Calling
Approved rendering: بلنه
Transliteration: balana
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις / κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:8, 5:13 (‘called to freedom’).
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: moqaddas
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. No standalone noun occurrence in Galatians but underlies the whole flesh/Spirit ethical section (chs. 5-6).
Peace
Approved rendering: سوله
Transliteration: sola
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the salutation (1:3) and as a fruit of the Spirit (5:22); the sola/war-ending resonance remains a cultural asset.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: د خدای پاچاهي
Transliteration: da Khudai pachahi
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:21: those who practice the works of the flesh ‘will not inherit the kingdom of God.‘
Gentiles
Approved rendering: غیر یهودیان
Transliteration: gheyr yahudian
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: امتونه
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; NEVER امتونه. Central to the Titus-circumcision dispute (2:3) and the Abrahamic blessing extending to the nations (3:8, 3:14).
Glory
Approved rendering: جلال
Transliteration: jalal
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:24, ‘they glorified God because of me.‘
Intercession
Approved rendering: منځګړیتوب
Transliteration: manzgaritob
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης (related concept)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Shares its root with the new term منځګړی (mediator, 3:19-20); Christ’s unique New Covenant mediating role is the positive counterpoint to the law’s mediated giving.
Providence
Approved rendering: د خدای تدبیر
Transliteration: da Khudai tadbir
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου (related concept)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:4, ‘the fullness of time’ — God’s sovereign, purposive timing in sending his Son; keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: د خدای قدرت
Transliteration: da Khudai qodrat
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ (implied)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in Galatians but conceptually undergirds the Spirit’s transformative work (3:5, 5:16-25).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: روحاني ورکړې
Transliteration: rohani warkane
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: χαρίσματα (contrast concept)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept vocabulary-distinct from the new term د روح القدس مېوه (fruit of the Spirit, ch. 5): gifts are Spirit-given abilities distributed variously; fruit is Spirit-formed character given to every believer.
Set Apart
Approved rendering: بېلول
Transliteration: belawul
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 1:15, ‘God, who set me apart before I was born’; reinforces Divine Calling. No independent high risk beyond standard care.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: درواغجن وروڼه
Transliteration: drwaghjan wrunah
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:4, those who ‘sneaked in to spy out our freedom.’ Straightforward descriptive compound; low independent ambiguity.
Judaize
Approved rendering: د یهودیانو په څیر ژوند کول
Transliteration: da yahudian pa tsir zhwand kawal
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἰουδαΐζειν
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:14; descriptive rendering rather than a coined verb. Low independent ambiguity beyond the circumcision/law cautions already flagged.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: سرغړوونکی
Transliteration: sarghrawunkay
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:18; keep distinct from ګناهکار (sinner) so Paul’s specific self-incrimination logic (rebuilding what he tore down) remains visible.
Promise
Approved rendering: وعده
Transliteration: wa’da
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Central Old Testament thread of chs. 3-4 (3:14-29, 4:23, 4:28); must retain the specific covenantal, unilateral sense per the baseline covenant doctrine’s caution against reading it as a negotiated pact between equals.
Mediator
Approved rendering: منځګړی
Transliteration: manzgaray
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:19-20: the law came through an intermediary while the promise was given directly, since ‘God is one’ — a point of positive contact with tawhid’s oneness emphasis, before pivoting to Christ’s unique mediatorial role.
Law As Guardian
Approved rendering: روزونکی
Transliteration: rozawunkay
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25; no exact Pashtunwali equivalent institution exists. Render descriptively with an explicit termination clause (‘until faith came’) to distinguish from ongoing, non-terminating tribal-elder guardianship.
Imprisoned Under Sin
Approved rendering: بندي کول
Transliteration: bandi kawal
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: συγκλείω
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 3:22, ‘Scripture imprisoned everything under sin.’ Straightforward legal-custody metaphor; low independent ambiguity.
Clothed With Christ
Approved rendering: مسیح یې واغوستی
Transliteration: Masih ye waghustay
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: ἐνδύω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 3:27; vivid and directly translatable garment metaphor with low independent ambiguity.
Guardians Managers
Approved rendering: سرپرستان / مدیران
Transliteration: sarparastan / mudiran
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἐπίτροπος / οἰκονόμος
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:1-2; descriptive rendering with low independent ambiguity beyond the law_as_guardian entry’s cautions.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: د وخت بشپړتیا
Transliteration: da wakht bashpartia
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: God
NEW. Galatians 4:4; reinforces the baseline providence doctrine’s caution against folk qadar fatalism.
Birth Pains
Approved rendering: زیږون خوږونه
Transliteration: zeghun khwazuna
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ὠδίνω
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 4:19, Paul’s pastoral anguish ‘until Christ is formed in you.’ A vivid maternal image applied by the male apostle to himself; flag for native speaker review so the pastoral force is retained, not flattened for cultural comfort.
Allegory
Approved rendering: تمثیل
Transliteration: tamsil
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:24, introducing the Hagar-Sarah reading; standard rhetorical-literary term with low independent ambiguity.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: د غلامۍ جغه
Transliteration: da ghulami jugha
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 5:1; جغه (yoke) is a familiar rural agrarian image in Pashto-speaking farming communities, a genuine cultural asset for vividness.
Hope
Approved rendering: هیله
Transliteration: hila
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 5:5, ‘we ourselves eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness.’ Not present in the Romans baseline TM; promoted here as load-bearing.
Enslaved Through Love
Approved rendering: د مینې له لارې یو بل ته خدمت وکړئ
Transliteration: da mine la lare yaw bal ta khidmat wakrai
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 5:13. Paul’s deliberate δουλ- root wordplay (slavery vs. loving service) cannot be reproduced with a single Pashto root; translators should note this loss and may supply a teaching note explaining the connection.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: بت پرستي
Transliteration: but-parasti
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 5:20; genuine common ground with Islamic tawhid’s own rejection of idolatry — an asset rather than primarily a risk.
Love Fruit
Approved rendering: مینه
Transliteration: mina
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. مینه commonly carries romantic/affectionate connotations in everyday Pashto usage; care is needed to ensure the sacrificial, covenantal sense already modeled in 2:20 (‘who loved me’) is understood, not mere sentiment.
Faithfulness Fruit
Approved rendering: وفاداري
Transliteration: wafadari
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ایمان
Original: πίστις (fruit sense)
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Deliberately rendered وفاداري rather than ایمان (the doctrinal term for saving faith, 2:16) to prevent readers from confusing ‘the fruit of faithfulness’ (5:22) with ‘the act of believing.‘
Gentleness Self Control
Approved rendering: نرمي / ځان ساتنه
Transliteration: narmi / dzan satana
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: πραΰτης / ἐγκράτεια
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:23. Self-control (ځان ساتنه) must be taught as Spirit-produced fruit, not self-generated ascetic achievement, matching the flesh_spirit entry’s caution.
Bear Burdens
Approved rendering: د یو بل درانه بارونه پورته کړئ
Transliteration: da yaw bal drana barona porta krai
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Genuine positive cultural bridge: Pashtunwali’s communal mutual-aid customs (melmastia’s hospitality ethic, jirga’s collective problem-solving) provide fertile, resonant ground for this teaching.
Ones Own Load
Approved rendering: خپل بار / پېټی
Transliteration: khpal bar / peti
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: φορτίον
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:5. Uses a Pashto word distinguishable from بار used for the shared communal burden in 6:2, so Paul’s intentional contrast between communal burden-bearing and individual accountability is not flattened.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: کرل / رېبل
Transliteration: karal / rebal
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 6:7-8. Highly resonant agrarian image for a largely rural, farming-dependent Pashto-speaking population — a genuine cultural asset.
New Creation
Approved rendering: نوی مخلوق
Transliteration: nawi makhluq
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 6:15. مخلوق shares its root with خلق (a divine creative attribute in Islamic theology, Al-Khaliq) — a genuine positive asset — but must convey decisive ontological transformation, not a gradual reform project.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: د عیسی نښې
Transliteration: da Isa nishe
Doctrine: Church as a Persecuted New Covenant Community
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:17. Should be clearly taught as scars from real persecution suffered in gospel ministry, not ritual self-mortification or mystical scarification practices found in some regional folk-Sufi traditions, to avoid unintended conflation.
Cephas Peter
Approved rendering: کیفا / پطرس
Transliteration: Kifa / Petros
Doctrine: Law and Grace
NEW (proper name). Both forms (Κηφᾶς and Πέτρος) occur in Galatians; keep consistent per occurrence in the Greek text rather than harmonizing to a single form throughout.
James
Approved rendering: یعقوب
Transliteration: Ya’qub
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW (proper name). Shares its Pashto form with the OT patriarch Jacob/Yaqub, a respected shared Qur’anic prophet figure — a positive point of name-recognition, not a doctrinal claim of identity between the two figures.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ملګرتیا
Transliteration: malgartia
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: شراکت
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:9, ‘the right hand of fellowship’ confirming Paul and Barnabas’s gospel unity with the Jerusalem apostles.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dawud
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in Galatians but forms the covenantal-typological background to the Abrahamic promise fulfilled in Christ.
Leaven
Approved rendering: خمیره
Transliteration: khamira
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ζύμη
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 5:9, warning against tolerating even a small legalistic distortion. Familiar baking image.
Joy
Approved rendering: خوښي
Transliteration: khwakhi
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: χαρά
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22. Low independent ambiguity.
Patience
Approved rendering: زغم
Transliteration: zaghm
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22. Genuine positive resonance with the major Islamic virtue of sabr (صبر); an asset.
Kindness Goodness
Approved rendering: مهرباني / نیکي
Transliteration: mehrabani / neki
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: χρηστότης / ἀγαθωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22. Low independent ambiguity.
Rule Standard
Approved rendering: معیار
Transliteration: meyar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: κανών
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:16; standard word, low independent ambiguity.
Paul
Approved rendering: پولوس
Transliteration: Pulos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW (proper name). Established transliteration per baseline transliteration standard; author of the letter throughout.
Titus
Approved rendering: طیطس
Transliteration: Titos
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW (proper name). Galatians 2:1-3; the uncircumcised Greek test-case companion around whom the circumcision controversy crystallizes.
Barnabas
Approved rendering: برنباس
Transliteration: Barnabas
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW (proper name). Galatians 2:1, 2:9, 2:13; Paul’s companion and co-worker.
Moses
Approved rendering: موسی
Transliteration: Musa
Doctrine: Law and Grace
NEW (proper name). Not directly named in Galatians but background to the law doctrine; used in the mandatory disambiguating gloss ‘د موسی ناموس’ (the Law of Moses) required at first occurrence of ناموس per lesson unit.
Referenced passages